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Década de 2000

September 11 attacksEuroIraq WarWar on TerrorSocial media2008 Beijing OlympicsThe Great Recession2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
De izquierda a derecha, desde la parte superior: el World Trade Center en llamas y la Estatua de la Libertad durante los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre de 2001 ; el euro entra en la moneda europea en 2002; una estatua de Saddam Hussein es derribada durante la guerra de Irak en 2003, y en 2006, Hussein sería ejecutado por crímenes contra la humanidad; tropas estadounidenses se dirigen hacia un helicóptero del ejército en Afganistán durante la guerra contra el terrorismo ; las redes sociales a través de Internet se extienden por todo el mundo ; un soldado chino contempla los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2008 que comienzan en Beijing ; la mayor crisis económica desde la Gran Depresión golpea al mundo en 2008; un tsunami provocado por el terremoto del Océano Índico mata a más de 230.000 personas en 2004 y se convierte en el terremoto más fuerte desde el terremoto de Alaska de 1964

La década del 2000 (pronunciada "dos mil"; abreviada como ' 00s y conocida como los aughts o noughties ) fue una década que comenzó el 1 de enero de 2000 y terminó el 31 de diciembre de 2009.

La primera parte de la década fue testigo del esperado avance de los gigantes económicos de Asia, como India y China , que tuvieron un crecimiento de dos dígitos durante casi toda la década. También se benefició de un auge económico, que vio a los dos países más poblados convertirse en una fuerza económica cada vez más dominante. La rápida convergencia de las economías emergentes con los países desarrollados desató algunas tensiones proteccionistas durante el período y fue en parte responsable de un aumento de los precios de la energía y los alimentos al final de la década. Los acontecimientos económicos en el último tercio de la década estuvieron dominados por una recesión económica mundial, que comenzó con la crisis de la vivienda y el crédito en los Estados Unidos a fines de 2007 y condujo a la quiebra de los principales bancos y otras instituciones financieras. El estallido de esta crisis financiera mundial desencadenó una recesión mundial , que comenzó en los Estados Unidos y afectó a la mayor parte del mundo industrializado.

La década vio el auge de Internet , que creció de cubrir el 6,7% al 25,7% de la población mundial. Esto contribuyó a la globalización durante la década, lo que permitió una comunicación más rápida entre personas de todo el mundo; [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Los sitios de redes sociales surgieron como una nueva forma para que las personas se mantuvieran en contacto desde ubicaciones distantes, siempre que tuvieran acceso a Internet . Myspace fue el sitio web de redes sociales más popular hasta junio de 2009, cuando Facebook lo superó en número de usuarios estadounidenses. El correo electrónico continuó siendo popular durante toda la década y comenzó a reemplazar al " correo postal " como la forma principal de enviar cartas y otros mensajes a personas en ubicaciones distantes. Google , YouTube , Ask.com y Wikipedia surgieron para convertirse en uno de los 10 sitios web más populares. Amazon superó a eBay como el sitio de comercio electrónico más visitado en 2008. AOL perdió popularidad significativamente a lo largo de la década, pasando de ser el sitio web más popular a no estar entre los 10 primeros. Excite y Lycos quedaron fuera del top 10, y MSN cayó del segundo al sexto sitio más popular, aunque cuadriplicó sus visitas mensuales. Yahoo! mantuvo una popularidad relativamente estable, siendo el sitio web más popular durante la mayor parte de la década.

La guerra contra el terrorismo y la guerra en Afganistán comenzaron después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. La Corte Penal Internacional se formó en 2002. En 2003, una coalición liderada por los Estados Unidos invadió Irak , y la guerra de Irak llevó al fin del gobierno de Saddam Hussein como presidente iraquí y del Partido Baaz en Irak. Al-Qaeda y grupos militantes islamistas afiliados realizaron actos terroristas durante la década. La Segunda Guerra del Congo , el conflicto más mortífero desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, terminó en julio de 2003. Otras guerras que terminaron incluyeron la Guerra Civil Argelina , la Guerra Civil Angoleña , la Guerra Civil de Sierra Leona , la Segunda Guerra Civil Liberiana , la Guerra Civil Nepalesa y la Guerra Civil de Sri Lanka . Las guerras que comenzaron incluyeron el conflicto en el Delta del Níger , la insurgencia Houthi y la guerra contra las drogas en México .

El cambio climático y el calentamiento global se convirtieron en preocupaciones comunes en la década de 2000. Las herramientas de predicción hicieron avances significativos durante la década, las organizaciones patrocinadas por la ONU como el IPCC ganaron influencia y estudios como el Informe Stern influyeron en el apoyo público para pagar los costos políticos y económicos de contrarrestar el cambio climático. La temperatura global siguió aumentando durante la década. En diciembre de 2009, la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) anunció que la década de 2000 puede haber sido la década más cálida desde que comenzaron los registros en 1850, y que cuatro de los cinco años más cálidos desde 1850 ocurrieron en esta década. Los hallazgos de la OMM fueron posteriormente repetidos por la NASA y la NOAA . Los principales desastres naturales incluyeron el ciclón Nargis en 2008 y los terremotos en Pakistán y China en 2005 y 2008, respectivamente. El desastre natural más mortífero [a] y el terremoto más poderoso del siglo XXI ocurrieron en 2004, cuando un terremoto de 9,1 a 9,3 Mw y su posterior tsunami afectaron a varias naciones en el Océano Índico y mataron a 230.000 personas. [6]

El uso de imágenes generadas por computadora se hizo más común en las películas producidas durante la década de 2000, especialmente con el éxito de Shrek de 2001 y Buscando a Nemo de 2003 , este último convirtiéndose en el DVD más vendido de todos los tiempos. Las películas de anime ganaron más exposición fuera de Japón con el lanzamiento de El viaje de Chihiro . Avatar de 2009 se convirtió en la película más taquillera . Las películas documentales y falsos documentales , como March of the Penguins , Super Size Me , Borat y Surf's Up , fueron populares en la década de 2000. Fahrenheit 9/11 de 2004 de Michael Moore fue el documental más taquillero de todos los tiempos. Las películas en línea se hicieron populares y comenzó la conversión al cine digital . Las consolas de videojuegos lanzadas en esta década incluyeron PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , Wii , PlayStation 3 y Xbox 360 ; mientras que las consolas de videojuegos portátiles incluyeron Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS y PlayStation Portable . Wii Sports fue el videojuego de consola más vendido de la década, mientras que New Super Mario Bros. fue el videojuego portátil más vendido de la década. J. K. Rowling fue la autora más vendida de la década en general gracias a la serie de libros de Harry Potter , aunque no escribió el libro individual más vendido, siendo segunda después de El código Da Vinci . [7] Eminem fue nombrado el artista musical de la década por Billboard .

Durante esta década, la población mundial creció de 6.100 millones a 6.900 millones de personas. Nacieron aproximadamente 1.350 millones de personas y murieron 550 millones. [8]

Nombre de la década

Ortográficamente, la década puede escribirse como "2000s" o " '00s". En el mundo angloparlante, un nombre para la década no fue aceptado de inmediato como lo había sido para otras décadas como la de 1980 y 1990 ('80s, '90s). [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

El término aughts ( inglés americano ) [14] [15] [16] o noughties ( inglés británico ) [17] [18] proviene de las palabras aught y nothing respectivamente, ambas significando cero . El término noughties se convirtió en un nombre común para la década en el Reino Unido [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] y en Nueva Zelanda y Australia. [24] [25]

Aunque el uso de la palabra aught para referirse al cero no está muy extendido en los Estados Unidos, el uso de aughts para identificar la década se volvió común allí. [26] [27] [28]

Otras posibilidades de palabra hablada incluían "dos mil", "veinte cientos", "ohs", "oh ohs", "doble ohs", "ceros" y "doble cero". [29] [30] [31] Los años de la década pueden denominarse '01, '02, etc., pronunciados oh-uno, oh-dos, etc. [ cita requerida ]

Demografía

Política y guerras

La guerra contra el terrorismo y la guerra en Afganistán comenzaron después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. [37] [38] La Corte Penal Internacional se formó en 2002. En 2003, una coalición liderada por los Estados Unidos invadió Irak , y la guerra de Irak condujo al fin del gobierno de Saddam Hussein como presidente iraquí y del Partido Baaz en Irak. Al-Qaeda y grupos militantes islamistas afiliados realizaron actos terroristas a lo largo de la década. Estos actos incluyeron los atentados con bombas en los trenes de Madrid en 2004 , los atentados del 7 de julio en Londres en 2005 y los ataques de Mumbai en 2008 relacionados con Al-Qaeda. La Unión Europea amplió sus sanciones en medio del incumplimiento de Irán de sus obligaciones de transparencia en virtud del Tratado sobre la No Proliferación de las Armas Nucleares y las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas .

La guerra contra el terrorismo generó una controversia extrema en todo el mundo, con preguntas sobre la justificación de ciertas acciones de los EE. UU. que llevaron a una pérdida de apoyo al gobierno estadounidense, tanto dentro como fuera de los Estados Unidos. [39] El conflicto armado adicional ocurrió en el Medio Oriente , incluso entre Israel y Hezbolá , luego con Israel y Hamás . La pérdida de vidas más significativa debido a desastres naturales provino del terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004 , que causó un tsunami que mató a alrededor de un cuarto de millón de personas y desplazó a más de un millón.

Ataques terroristas

El World Trade Center de la ciudad de Nueva York , visto el 11 de septiembre de 2001. El vuelo 175 acaba de estrellarse contra la Torre Sur.

Los ataques terroristas más destacados cometidos contra la población civil durante la década incluyen:

Guerras

Los conflictos armados más destacados de la década incluyen:

Guerras internacionales

La guerra contra el terrorismo
La guerra de Irak
La guerra de Gaza (2008-2009)

Guerras civiles y guerras de guerrillas

Combatientes irregulares en Darfur del Norte. El texto en árabe en el parachoques dice " Ejército de Liberación de Sudán " (SLA).
Campo de refugiados de Darfur en Chad

Golpes de Estado

Golpe de Estado en Tailandia en 2006

Los golpes de Estado más destacados de la década incluyen:

Amenazas nucleares

Cañones antiaéreos que protegen la instalación nuclear de Natanz en Irán

Descolonización e independencia

Tendencias políticas

Sistema de partidos americano

Durante la década de 2000, las expectativas y las reglas tácitas de conducta aceptable entre los políticos estadounidenses afiliados a los partidos republicano o demócrata cambiaron debido al declive de los jefes políticos en las cuatro décadas anteriores y los acontecimientos trascendentales que sucedieron en Estados Unidos durante la década. [87]

En general, los candidatos presidenciales estadounidenses acataron y respetaron los procedimientos establecidos del proceso de nominación presidencial de ambos partidos principales . [87]

Transferencias pacíficas de poder

Durante esta década, la transferencia pacífica del poder a través de elecciones se produjo por primera vez en México, Indonesia, Taiwán , Colombia y varios otros países. (Véase más abajo.)

Eventos políticos destacados

George W. Bush , 43.º presidente de los Estados Unidos, 2001-2009
Barack Obama , el primer presidente afroamericano de los Estados Unidos, asumió el cargo en 2009.

Los acontecimientos políticos más destacados de la década incluyen:

América del norte

Canadá
Tierra Verde
México
Estados Unidos

Sudamerica

Asia

Manifestantes en Teherán durante las protestas por las elecciones iraníes de 2009
Saddam Hussein

Europa

Tratado de Lisboa
Tarja Halonen fue la undécima presidenta de Finlandia y la primera mujer jefa de Estado entre 2000 y 2012.

Líderes mundiales

Asesinatos e intentos

Entre los asesinatos, asesinatos selectivos e intentos de asesinato más destacados se incluyen los siguientes:

Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Birendra de Nepal
Zoran Djindjic
Rafik Hariri
Benazir Bhutto

Desastres

Desastres naturales

Terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004. El tsunami causado por el terremoto del 26 de diciembre de 2004 golpea Ao Nang , Tailandia.

La década del 2000 experimentó algunos de los peores y más destructivos desastres naturales de la historia.

Terremotos (incluidos tsunamis)

Ciclones tropicales, otros fenómenos meteorológicos e incendios forestales

Inundaciones de 2005 en Nueva Orleans , causadas por el huracán Katrina .

Epidemias

La resistencia a los antibióticos es un fenómeno grave y creciente en la medicina contemporánea y ha surgido como uno de los principales problemas de salud pública del siglo XXI, en particular en lo que respecta a los organismos patógenos (el término no es especialmente relevante para los organismos que no causan enfermedades en los seres humanos).

El brote de fiebre aftosa en el Reino Unido en 2001 provocó una crisis en la agricultura y el turismo británicos. Esta epizootia provocó 2.000 casos de la enfermedad en granjas de la mayor parte de la campiña británica y mató a más de 6 millones de ovejas y vacas. [119]

Entre noviembre de 2002 y julio de 2003 se produjo en Hong Kong un brote de síndrome respiratorio agudo y grave (SARS), que según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) causó 8.273 casos y 775 muertes en todo el mundo (9,6% de mortalidad). En cuestión de semanas, el SARS se propagó desde Hong Kong e infectó a personas de 37 países a principios de 2003.

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina : la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas informó de 1.629 muertes relacionadas con el SARM en Inglaterra y Gales durante 2005, lo que indica una tasa de mortalidad relacionada con el SARM que es la mitad de la de los Estados Unidos en 2005, aunque se explicó que las cifras de la fuente británica eran altas debido a "la mejora de los niveles de notificación, posiblemente provocada por el continuo alto perfil público de la enfermedad" durante las elecciones generales del Reino Unido de 2005. Se cree que el SARM causó 1.652 muertes en 2006 en el Reino Unido, frente a las 51 de 1993.

La gente en la Ciudad de México usa máscaras en un tren debido al brote de gripe porcina , abril de 2009

La pandemia de gripe H1N1 (gripe porcina) de 2009 también se consideró un desastre natural. El 25 de octubre de 2009, el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, declaró oficialmente que la H1N1 era una emergencia nacional . [120] A pesar de la preocupación del presidente Obama, una encuesta de PublicMind de la Universidad Fairleigh Dickinson en octubre de 2009 reveló que una abrumadora mayoría de los habitantes de Nueva Jersey (74%) no estaban muy preocupados o no estaban preocupados en absoluto por contraer el virus de la gripe H1N1. [121]

Un estudio realizado en coordinación con el Servicio de Salud de la Universidad de Michigan está previsto que se publique en el American Journal of Roentgenology de diciembre de 2009, advirtiendo que la gripe H1N1 puede causar embolia pulmonar , considerada como una de las principales causas de muerte en esta pandemia actual. Los autores del estudio sugieren que el médico evalúe la presencia de embolias pulmonares mediante tomografías computarizadas con contraste cuando se atienda a pacientes diagnosticados con complicaciones respiratorias a causa de un caso "grave" de gripe H1N1. [122]

Al 30 de mayo de 2010, según lo indicado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, más de 214 países y territorios o comunidades de ultramar han notificado casos confirmados en laboratorio de gripe pandémica H1N1 2009, incluidas más de 18.138 muertes. [123]

Nota

La tragedia de Walkerton es una serie de eventos que acompañaron la contaminación del suministro de agua de Walkerton, Ontario, Canadá, por la bacteria Escherichia coli en mayo de 2000. A partir del 11 de mayo de 2000, muchos residentes de la comunidad de aproximadamente 5.000 personas comenzaron a experimentar simultáneamente diarrea sanguinolenta , infecciones gastrointestinales y otros síntomas de infección por E. coli . Siete personas murieron directamente por beber el agua contaminada con E. coli, que podrían haberse salvado si la Comisión de Servicios Públicos de Walkerton hubiera admitido antes el agua contaminada, y alrededor de 2.500 enfermaron.

En 2001, un brote similar en North Battleford , Saskatchewan, causado por el protozoo Cryptosporidium, afectó al menos a 5.800 personas.

Desastres no naturales

Accidentes de vehículos

Estampidas

La estampida del puente de Bagdad de 2005 ocurrió el 31 de agosto de 2005, cuando 953 personas murieron tras una estampida en el puente Al-Aaimmah, que cruza el río Tigris en la capital iraquí de Bagdad .

Ciencias económicas

La evolución más significativa de la década de 2000 en el panorama económico fue el avance largamente predicho del gigante económico China , cuyo PIB creció de 1,21 billones a 5,1 billones (en USD 2022). [124] En menor medida, India también se benefició de un auge económico (creciendo de 438,39 mil millones a 1,34 billones) [125] que vio a los dos países más poblados convertirse en una fuerza económica cada vez más dominante. [126] La rápida puesta al día de las economías emergentes con los países desarrollados desató algunas tensiones proteccionistas durante el período y fue en parte responsable de un aumento de los precios de la energía y los alimentos al final de la década. Los desarrollos económicos en el segundo tercio de la década estuvieron dominados por una recesión económica mundial, que comenzó con la crisis de la vivienda y el crédito en los Estados Unidos a fines de 2007, y condujo a la quiebra de los principales bancos y otras instituciones financieras. [127] El estallido de esta crisis financiera mundial desencadenó una recesión mundial, que comenzó en Estados Unidos y afectó a la mayor parte del mundo industrializado.

La riqueza combinada de los "millonarios de 10 millones de dólares" aumentó a casi 41 billones de dólares en 2008. [128]

El período toma su nombre de Gordon Brown , el entonces Ministro de Hacienda del Reino Unido (que luego se convirtió en Primer Ministro ), quien decidió vender aproximadamente la mitad de las reservas de oro del Reino Unido en una serie de subastas. En ese momento, las reservas de oro del Reino Unido valían alrededor de US$6.5 mil millones, lo que representaba aproximadamente la mitad de los US$13 mil millones de reservas netas de moneda extranjera del Reino Unido . [135]

Crecimiento económico en el mundo

Shanghai se convierte en un símbolo del reciente auge económico de China.

Entre 1999 y 2009, según las estadísticas del Banco Mundial sobre el PIB: [140] [141]

La globalización y sus descontentos

La subcontratación de puestos de trabajo en el extranjero, como este centro de llamadas en la India, aumentó significativamente durante la década, ya que muchas corporaciones multinacionales trasladaron su producción y servicios desde países occidentales a países en desarrollo .

La eliminación de las barreras comerciales y de inversión , el crecimiento de los mercados internos , las monedas artificialmente bajas , la proliferación de la educación , el rápido desarrollo de las industrias de alta tecnología y sistemas de información y el crecimiento de la economía mundial conducen a un crecimiento significativo de la subcontratación en el extranjero durante la década, ya que muchas corporaciones multinacionales aumentaron significativamente la subcontratación de manufacturas (y cada vez más, servicios ) a través de las fronteras nacionales en los países en desarrollo y particularmente en China e India, debido a muchos beneficios y principalmente porque los dos países que son los dos países más poblados del mundo proporcionan enormes reservas de las cuales encontrar talento y porque ambos países son países de abastecimiento de bajo costo. Como resultado de este crecimiento, muchos de estos países en desarrollo acumularon capital y comenzaron a invertir en el extranjero. Otros países, incluidos los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Australia, Brasil y Rusia, se beneficiaron de la mayor demanda de sus recursos minerales y energéticos que generó el crecimiento global. El vaciamiento de la manufactura se sintió en Japón y partes de los Estados Unidos y Europa que no habían podido desarrollar industrias innovadoras exitosas. Los opositores señalan que la práctica de la externalización por parte de países con salarios más altos conduce a la reducción de su propio empleo y de la inversión interna. Como resultado, muchos empleos de atención al cliente, así como puestos de trabajo en los sectores de la tecnología de la información ( procesamiento de datos , programación informática y asistencia técnica ) en países como Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido se han visto o pueden verse afectados.

Si bien el comercio mundial aumentó en el decenio (en parte impulsado por el ingreso de China a la OMC en 2001), hubo pocos avances en el sistema multilateral de comercio. El comercio internacional siguió expandiéndose durante el decenio, ya que las economías emergentes y los países en desarrollo, en particular China y los países del sur de Asia, se beneficiaron de los bajos costos salariales y, en la mayoría de los casos, de monedas subvaluadas. Sin embargo, las negociaciones globales para reducir los aranceles no avanzaron mucho, ya que los países miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio no lograron encontrar acuerdos para ampliar el alcance del libre comercio . [146] La Ronda de negociaciones de Doha, lanzada en 2001 por la OMC para promover el desarrollo, no pudo completarse debido a las crecientes tensiones entre las áreas regionales. La Conferencia de Cancún en 2003 tampoco encontró un consenso sobre el comercio de servicios [147] y los subsidios agrícolas . [148]

El ascenso comparativo de China, India y otros países en desarrollo también contribuyó a su creciente influencia en los foros internacionales . En 2009, se decidió que el G20 , originalmente un foro de ministros de finanzas y gobernadores de bancos centrales, reemplazaría al G8 como principal consejo económico.

Retiros de exportaciones chinas de 2007 : en 2007, las instituciones de seguridad de productos de los Estados Unidos , Canadá , la Unión Europea , Australia y Nueva Zelanda impusieron una serie de retiros de productos y prohibiciones de importacióncontra productos fabricados y exportados desde el territorio continental de la República Popular China (RPC) debido a numerosos supuestosproblemas de seguridad para el consumidor .

Entre los acontecimientos que dieron lugar a la crisis de confianza se encuentran la retirada de productos de consumo como alimentos para mascotas , juguetes , pasta de dientes , lápiz labial y la prohibición de determinados tipos de mariscos . También se incluyen informes sobre la escasa seguridad en caso de colisión de los automóviles chinos, cuya entrada en los mercados estadounidense y europeo está prevista para 2008. Esto tuvo consecuencias adversas para la confianza en la seguridad y la calidad de los productos manufacturados de China continental en la economía global.

La era de la turbulencia

Personas haciendo cola afuera de una sucursal del banco Northern Rock en Birmingham , Reino Unido, el 15 de septiembre de 2007, para retirar sus ahorros debido a la crisis de las hipotecas de alto riesgo .

La década estuvo marcada por dos crisis financieras y económicas. En 2001, estalló la burbuja punto-com , lo que provocó turbulencias en los mercados financieros y una caída de la actividad económica en las economías desarrolladas, en particular en Estados Unidos. [149] Sin embargo, el impacto de la crisis sobre la actividad fue limitado gracias a la intervención de los bancos centrales, en particular la Reserva Federal estadounidense . En efecto, Alan Greenspan , líder de la Reserva Federal hasta 2006, redujo los tipos de interés varias veces para evitar una recesión grave, [150] lo que permitió una reactivación económica en Estados Unidos. [151]

A medida que la Reserva Federal mantenía bajas las tasas de interés para favorecer el crecimiento económico, comenzó a aparecer una burbuja inmobiliaria en Estados Unidos. En 2007, el aumento de las tasas de interés y el colapso del mercado inmobiliario provocaron una ola de incumplimientos de pago de préstamos en EE. UU. La crisis hipotecaria posterior provocó una crisis financiera mundial , porque las hipotecas subprime habían sido titulizadas y vendidas a bancos internacionales y fondos de inversión. A pesar de la amplia intervención de los bancos centrales, incluida la nacionalización parcial y total de los principales bancos europeos, [152] [153] la crisis de la deuda soberana se volvió particularmente aguda, primero en Islandia , aunque como lo demostrarían los eventos de principios de la década de 2010, no fue un ejemplo europeo aislado. La actividad económica se vio gravemente afectada en todo el mundo en 2008 y 2009, [154] con consecuencias desastrosas para los fabricantes de automóviles . [155]

En 2007, el Ministro de Hacienda del Reino Unido, Gordon Brown , pronunció su último discurso en la Mansion House como Ministro de Hacienda antes de mudarse al Número 10. Dirigiéndose a los financieros: "Se ha creado un nuevo orden mundial", todos debían seguir el "gran ejemplo" de la ciudad, "una era que la historia registrará como el comienzo de una nueva Edad de Oro". [156]

Las reacciones de los gobiernos de todos los países desarrollados y en desarrollo contra la desaceleración económica se inspiraron en gran medida en la economía keynesiana . El final de la década se caracterizó por un resurgimiento keynesiano , [157] mientras que la influencia y la popularidad mediática de los economistas de izquierda [158] Joseph Stiglitz y Paul Krugman (ganadores del Premio Nobel en 2001 y 2008, respectivamente) no dejaron de crecer durante la década. [159] Se organizaron varias cumbres internacionales para encontrar soluciones contra la crisis económica e imponer un mayor control sobre los mercados financieros. El G20 se convirtió en 2008 y 2009 en una organización importante, ya que los líderes de los países miembros celebraron dos cumbres importantes en Washington en noviembre de 2008 y en Londres en abril de 2009 para regular los sectores bancario y financiero, [160] y también lograron coordinar su acción económica y evitar reacciones proteccionistas.

Crisis energética

Aumento de los precios del petróleo
Precios de la gasolina a finales de mayo de 2008

Desde mediados de los años 1980 hasta septiembre de 2003, el precio ajustado a la inflación del barril de petróleo crudo en la Bolsa de Nueva York (NYMEX) fue generalmente inferior a 25 dólares por barril. Durante 2003, el precio subió por encima de los 30 dólares, llegó a 60 dólares el 11 de agosto de 2005 y alcanzó un máximo de 147,30 dólares en julio de 2008. [161] Los comentaristas atribuyeron estos aumentos de precios a muchos factores, incluidos los informes del Departamento de Energía de los Estados Unidos y otros que mostraban una disminución de las reservas de petróleo, las preocupaciones por el pico del petróleo , la tensión en Oriente Medio y la especulación sobre el precio del petróleo. [162]

Durante un tiempo, los acontecimientos geopolíticos y los desastres naturales indirectamente relacionados con el mercado petrolero mundial tuvieron fuertes efectos a corto plazo sobre los precios del petróleo. Entre estos acontecimientos y desastres se encontraban las pruebas de misiles de Corea del Norte , el conflicto de 2006 entre Israel y el Líbano, las preocupaciones sobre las plantas nucleares iraníes en 2006 y el huracán Katrina . En 2008, esas presiones parecieron tener un impacto insignificante en los precios del petróleo, dado el inicio de la recesión mundial. La recesión provocó una contracción de la demanda de energía a finales de 2008 y principios de 2009 y el precio también se desplomó. Sin embargo, volvió a subir en mayo de 2009, llevándolo de nuevo a los niveles de noviembre de 2008. [163]

Muchas economías de rápido crecimiento en todo el mundo, especialmente en Asia, también fueron un factor importante en el rápido aumento de la demanda de combustibles fósiles , lo que, junto con menos nuevos descubrimientos de petróleo, mayores costos de extracción y agitación política, forzó otras dos tendencias: un aumento vertiginoso del precio de los productos derivados del petróleo y un impulso de los gobiernos y las empresas para promover el desarrollo de tecnología respetuosa con el medio ambiente (conocida informalmente como tecnología "verde"). Sin embargo, un efecto secundario del impulso de algunas naciones industriales para "volverse ecológicas" y utilizar biocombustibles fue una disminución en el suministro de alimentos y un posterior aumento en el precio de los mismos. En parte provocó la crisis de precios de los alimentos de 2007 , que afectó gravemente a las naciones más pobres del mundo con una escasez aún más severa de alimentos. [164]

El ascenso del euro

El euro se convirtió en la moneda de los miembros de la eurozona .

En 1999 se estableció electrónicamente una moneda común para la mayoría de los estados miembros de la UE, el euro , que vinculó oficialmente entre sí todas las monedas de cada nación participante. La nueva moneda se puso en circulación en 2002 y las monedas antiguas se eliminaron gradualmente. Sólo tres países de los entonces 15 estados miembros decidieron no unirse al euro (el Reino Unido, Dinamarca y Suecia). En 2004, la UE emprendió una importante ampliación hacia el este, admitiendo a 10 nuevos estados miembros (ocho de los cuales eran antiguos estados comunistas). Dos más, Bulgaria y Rumania , se unieron en 2007, estableciendo una unión de 27 naciones.

Desde entonces, el euro se ha convertido en la segunda moneda de reserva más importante y la segunda moneda más comercializada del mundo después del dólar estadounidense. [165] En octubre de 2009 , con más de 790 mil millones de euros en circulación, el euro era la moneda con el mayor valor combinado de billetes y monedas en circulación en el mundo, habiendo superado al dólar estadounidense. [nota 1]

Ciencia y tecnología

Ciencia

Marcas científicas por campo

Arqueología
Biología
Matemáticas
Física
Espacio
Concepto artístico de un vehículo explorador de la NASA en Marte
Estas imágenes muestran agua en un cráter lunar muy joven en el lado de la Luna que mira hacia el lado opuesto a la Tierra.

Tecnología

Automóviles

Comunicaciones

La popularidad de los teléfonos móviles y los mensajes de texto aumentó en la década de 2000 en el mundo occidental.

Computación e Internet

En la década de 2000, Internet se convirtió en un pilar fundamental, fortaleciendo su influencia en la sociedad occidental y volviéndose cada vez más accesible en el mundo en desarrollo. La proporción de la población mundial que utiliza Internet aumentó del 6,7% al 25,7%. [178]

Google se convierte en el sitio web más visitado de Internet.

Google , YouTube , Ask.com y Wikipedia surgieron como sitios web populares, convirtiéndose en el segundo, tercer, séptimo y noveno sitio web más popular para fines de la década respectivamente. Amazon superó a eBay como el sitio de comercio electrónico más visitado en 2008. AOL disminuyó significativamente en popularidad a lo largo de la década, cayendo de ser el sitio web más popular a ya no estar dentro del top 10. Excite y Lycos quedaron fuera del top 10, y MSN cayó del segundo al sexto sitio más popular, aunque cuadriplicó sus visitas mensuales (pasando de 325 a 1.2 mil millones de visitas mensuales). Yahoo! mantuvo una popularidad relativamente estable, siendo el sitio web más popular durante la mayor parte de la década. [187]

El auge de los reproductores de MP3 , la música descargable y los tonos de llamada para celulares a mediados de la década de 2000 puso fin al dominio de una década que el CD había mantenido hasta ese momento. [188]

Electrónica

A finales de 2004 y principios de 2005, se produjo un aumento significativo de los incidentes denunciados relacionados con punteros láser (véase Láseres y seguridad aérea) . La ola de incidentes puede haber sido provocada en parte por "imitadores" que leyeron artículos de prensa sobre incidentes con punteros láser. En un caso, David Banach, de Nueva Jersey, fue acusado en virtud de las leyes antiterroristas federales de la Ley Patriota , después de que supuestamente apuntara un puntero láser a un avión. [190]

El sistema Chip y PIN se puso a prueba en Northampton , Inglaterra , desde mayo de 2003 y, como resultado, se implementó a nivel nacional en el Reino Unido en 2004 con anuncios en la prensa y la televisión nacional que promocionaban el lema "Seguridad en números".

Los delitos cometidos en cajeros automáticos en Europa ascendieron a 485 millones de euros (423 millones de libras esterlinas) en 2008, tras un aumento del 149% en los ataques a cajeros automáticos. Las bandas están recurriendo a la tecnología inalámbrica Bluetooth para transmitir los datos de las tarjetas y el número de identificación personal (PIN) a ordenadores portátiles cercanos y están utilizando técnicas cada vez más sofisticadas para robar tarjetas.

Las computadoras portátiles se hicieron populares a finales de la década del 2000.

Según Enisa, la Agencia Europea de Seguridad de las Redes y de la Información , también están aumentando los ataques más convencionales de robo y hurto . La agencia informa de un aumento del 32% en los robos físicos en cajeros automáticos, que van desde asaltos con ariete hasta el uso de sierras rotativas, sopletes y taladros de diamante. La agencia atribuye el aumento a bandas criminales de Europa del Este. [192]

Robótica

El robot quirúrgico Da Vinci , que permite realizar cirugías robóticas precisas, se introdujo en la década de 2000.

Transporte

El Segway se presentó en diciembre de 2001.

Video

Misceláneas

En 2003, el farmacéutico chino Hon Lik inventó el vaporizador .

Religión e irreligión

Eventos y tendencias destacados durante la década del 2000:

Población y cuestiones sociales

Medio ambiente y cambio climático

El cambio climático y el calentamiento global se convirtieron en palabras de uso común en la década de 2000. Las herramientas de predicción lograron avances significativos durante la década, las organizaciones patrocinadas por la ONU, como el IPCC , ganaron influencia y estudios como el informe Stern influyeron en el apoyo público para pagar los costos políticos y económicos de contrarrestar el cambio climático.

La temperatura global siguió aumentando durante la década. En diciembre de 2009, la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) anunció que la década de 2000 podría haber sido la más cálida desde que se empezaron a llevar registros en 1850, y que cuatro de los cinco años más cálidos desde 1850 se produjeron en esta década. [246] [247] La ​​NASA y la NOAA se hicieron eco posteriormente de las conclusiones de la OMM. [248]

Los estudios científicos sobre el clima ayudaron a establecer un consenso.

Los grandes desastres naturales se hicieron más frecuentes y ayudaron a cambiar la opinión pública. Una de las olas de calor más mortíferas de la historia de la humanidad ocurrió durante la década de 2000, principalmente en Europa, con la ola de calor europea de 2003 que mató a 37.451 personas durante los meses de verano. [249] En febrero de 2009, una serie de incendios forestales altamente destructivos comenzaron en Victoria, Australia, que duraron hasta el mes siguiente. Si bien se cree que los incendios fueron provocados, se informó ampliamente que fueron alimentados por una ola de calor excesiva que se debió en parte al cambio climático. También se ha alegado que el cambio climático fue una causa del aumento de la intensidad de las tormentas, en particular en el caso del huracán Katrina .

Acciones internacionales

El cambio climático se convirtió en un tema de gran importancia para los gobiernos, las poblaciones y los científicos. Los debates sobre el calentamiento global y sus causas avanzaron significativamente, ya que las negaciones del cambio climático fueron refutadas por la mayoría de los estudios científicos . Informes decisivos como el Informe Stern y el Informe del IPCC de 2007 casi establecieron un consenso sobre el cambio climático. [250] Las acciones de las ONG y el compromiso de personalidades políticas (como el ex vicepresidente estadounidense Al Gore ) también impulsaron reacciones internacionales contra el cambio climático. Las películas documentales Una verdad incómoda y Hogar pueden haber tenido un impacto decisivo. [251]

Bajo los auspicios de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el Protocolo de Kioto (destinado a combatir el calentamiento global) entró en vigor el 16 de febrero de 2005. A noviembre de 2009, 187 estados han firmado y ratificado el protocolo. [252] Además, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático ayudó a coordinar los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional para luchar contra los efectos potencialmente desastrosos de la actividad humana en el planeta e inició negociaciones para establecer un ambicioso programa de reducción de emisiones de carbono que comenzó en 2007 con la Hoja de Ruta de Bali . Sin embargo, los representantes de los entonces 192 países miembros de las Naciones Unidas reunidos en diciembre de 2009 para la Conferencia de Copenhague no lograron llegar a un acuerdo vinculante para reducir las emisiones de carbono debido a las divisiones entre áreas regionales.

Sin embargo, como las tecnologías ambientales iban a constituir un mercado potencial, algunos países realizaron grandes inversiones en energías renovables , conservación de energía y transporte sostenible . Muchos gobiernos lanzaron planes nacionales para promover la energía sostenible. En 2003, los miembros de la Unión Europea crearon un esquema de comercio de emisiones y en 2007 elaboraron un paquete de medidas sobre clima y energía para reducir aún más sus emisiones de carbono y mejorar su eficiencia energética. En 2009, la administración Obama de los Estados Unidos puso en marcha el Green New Deal , un plan para crear millones de puestos de trabajo en sectores relacionados con el ambientalismo .

La Ley de Reciclaje de Residuos Domésticos de 2003 exige que las autoridades locales de Inglaterra proporcionen a cada hogar una recogida separada de al menos dos tipos de materiales reciclables para el año 2010. [253]

Cultura

Arquitectura

La comercialización y la globalización dieron lugar a una migración masiva de personas de las zonas rurales a las zonas urbanas, lo que dio lugar a la construcción de rascacielos de gran altura en Asia y Europa. En Asia, se construyeron rascacielos en la India , China, Tailandia , Corea del Sur y Japón.

Bellas artes

Literatura

Cultura popular

Película

Películas de acción real

La película más taquillera de la década fue Avatar (2009)

El uso de imágenes generadas por computadora se generalizó en las películas durante la década de 2000. Las películas documentales y falsos documentales , como March of the Penguins , Borat y Super Size Me , fueron populares en la década de 2000. Fahrenheit 9/11 de Michael Moore de 2004 es el documental más taquillero de todos los tiempos. Las películas en línea se hicieron populares y comenzó la conversión al cine digital . En la década se estrenaron películas aclamadas por la crítica, incluidas las más destacadas como Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind y Lost in Translation .

Avatar , una película de ciencia ficción estadounidense escrita y dirigida por James Cameron , de diciembre de 2009 , hizo un uso extensivo de técnicas de filmación de captura de movimiento de vanguardia y se lanzó para visualización tradicional, visualización en 3D (usando los formatos RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D e IMAX 3D ). También se lanzó en " 4D " en cines selectos de Corea del Sur. [270]

Las películas en 3D tuvieron cada vez más éxito a lo largo de la década de 2000, culminando con el éxito sin precedentes de las presentaciones en 3D de Avatar .

In July 2005, it was reported that the Scottish actor and producer Sir Sean Connery had decided to retire, due to disillusionment with the "idiots now in Hollywood"' Telling The New Zealand Herald: "I'm fed up with the idiots... the ever-widening gap between people who know how to make movies and the people who greenlight the movies."[274]

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, a 2003 epic fantasy-drama film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won all the categories for which it was nominated.[275] The film is tied for largest number of awards won with Ben-Hur (1959) and Titanic (1997).

The Passion of the Christ, a 2004 American film directed by Mel Gibson and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ, was highly controversial[276] and received mixed reviews; however, it was a major commercial hit, grossing in excess of $600 million worldwide during its theatrical release.[277]

The superhero film genre experienced renewed and intense interest throughout the 2000s. With high ticket and DVD sales, several new superhero films were released every year. DC Comics and Marvel Comics feature full-length superhero films including Superman, Batman, Spider-Man and X-Men. Some media commentators attributed the increased popularity of such franchises to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11th attacks,[278] although others argued advances in special effects technology played a more significant role.[279]

Animated films

The animated feature film market changed radically. Computer animated films became hugely popular following the release of Toy Story in the mid-1990s. After failures such as The Road to El Dorado, The Wild Thornberrys Movie, Rugrats Go Wild, Osmosis Jones, Hey Arnold!: The Movie and Looney Tunes: Back in Action, studios have stopped their production of traditional 2D animated films, and gradually changed their focus into CGI animation in the late 2000s. Traditional 2D animated films that did well in the first half of the decade include Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, and Lilo & Stitch as well as anime films such as Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away, The Cat Returns, Howl's Moving Castle, and Ponyo.

Disney would begin making 3D animated films such as Dinosaur, Chicken Little, Meet the Robinsons, and Bolt as well as continuing to make traditional animated films from the past decades such as The Emperor's New Groove, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Treasure Planet, Brother Bear, Home on the Range, and The Princess and the Frog. All of these films would underperform at the box office and receive adequate reviews although they would become cult classics.

Meanwhile, computer-animated films saw the rise of Pixar throughout the 2000s with their critically and commercially films like Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars, Ratatouille, WALL-E, and Up.

DreamWorks also began to take its rise albeit to a lesser extent as the 2003 movie Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas became the last traditional animated DreamWorks film. These films include Shrek, Shrek 2, Madagascar, Over the Hedge, Flushed Away, Shrek the Third, Bee Movie, Kung Fu Panda, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, and Monsters vs. Aliens.

20th Century Fox Animation's works in that decade include the Ice Age series, Robots and Horton Hears a Who! which were all made by its Blue Sky Studios subsidiary, and Titan A.E., Waking Life, The Simpsons Movie, and Fantastic Mr. Fox.

In 2006, Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow Pictures animated film Happy Feet.

Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation films such as Open Season, Surf's Up, and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.

In 2009, computer-animated science fiction comedy film Planet 51.

Stop motion animated films in that decade which mostly use live-action or computer animation methods included Chicken Run, Team America: World Police, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Corpse Bride, Flushed Away, Coraline, and Mary and Max. Independent animated works in that decade included The Triplets of Belleville, Laura's Star, A Scanner Darkly, Renaissance, Persepolis, Sita Sings the Blues, The Secret of Kells and A Town Called Panic.

Award winners

The 20 highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing)

Avatar, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, The Dark Knight, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Shrek 2, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Spider-Man 3, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Finding Nemo, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and Shrek the Third.[324]

The top 15 highest-grossing film series of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing)Harry Potter film series, The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Pirates of the Caribbean film series, Spider-Man film series, Shrek film series, Ice Age film series, Transformers film series, X-Men film series, Batman film series' Batman Begins and The Dark Knight, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons, The Matrix film series' The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, The Chronicles of Narnia film series, Mission: Impossible film series' and The Mummy film series.[324]

Music

Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters performing in 2005. Foo Fighters are widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant rock bands of the 2000s.[325] The decade saw Foo Fighters win the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album a record-breaking three times; in 2001, 2004, and 2008.

In the 2000s, the Internet allowed consumers unprecedented access to music. The Internet also allowed more artists to distribute music relatively inexpensively and independently without the previously necessary financial support of a record label. Music sales began to decline following the year 2000, a state of affairs generally attributed to unlicensed uploading and downloading of sound files to the Internet, a practice which became more widely prevalent during this time. Business relationships called 360 deals—an arrangement in which a company provides support for an artist, and, in exchange, the artist pays the company a percentage of revenue earned not only from sales of recorded music, but also live performances and publishing—became a popular response by record labels to the loss of music sales attributed to online copyright infringement.[326][327]

Eminem (left) and Beyoncé were two of the best-selling musical artists and most-culturally significant figures of the decade, pictured here in 2003 and 2007 respectively.

In the 2000s, hip hop reached a commercial peak and heavily influenced various aspects of popular culture, dominating the musical landscape of the decade.[328][329] The best-selling musical artist of the decade was American rapper Eminem, who sold 32 million albums. Other popular hip hop artists included Jay-Z, Nas, Busta Rhymes, Kanye West, Ludacris, Common, Ja Rule, Mos Def, DMX, Missy Elliot, OutKast, Lil Jon, Fat Joe, Cam'ron, Pharrell, Gorillaz, Snoop Dogg, Twista, 50 Cent, Nelly, Lil Wayne, T.I., Young Jeezy and The Game. The genre was extremely diverse stylistically, including subgenres such as gangsta rap and crunk. Many hip hop albums were released to widespread critical acclaim.

R&B also gained prominence throughout the decade, and included artists such as D'Angelo, Aaliyah, Usher, Akon, Black Eyed Peas, R. Kelly, Amy Winehouse, Mary J. Blige, Jamie Foxx, Chris Brown, John Legend and Alicia Keys.

In alternative rock, the garage rock revival and post-punk revival entered the mainstream, with bands such as The Strokes, Interpol, The Killers, Arctic Monkeys, Bloc Party, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The White Stripes seeing commercial success. Indie rock also saw a proliferation in the 2000s with numerous bands experiencing commercial success, including Modest Mouse, TV on the Radio, Franz Ferdinand, Death Cab for Cutie, Arcade Fire, Vampire Weekend, LCD Soundsystem, The Shins, Wilco, Bright Eyes, Spoon, The Decemberists, Broken Social Scene, Grizzly Bear, Fleet Foxes and many more.

Other genres such as post-grunge, post-Britpop, nu metal and metalcore also achieved notability during the decade. Popular metal or hard rock bands consisted of Avenged Sevenfold, Bullet for My Valentine, Disturbed,[330] Breaking Benjamin,[331] Linkin Park, Slipknot, Mudvayne, Tenacious D, Incubus, System of a Down, Mastodon, The Mars Volta, Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age, Three Days Grace, Godsmack, Shinedown, Limp Bizkit, Killswitch Engage, Evanescence, Tool, Deftones, Opeth, and Seether.

Pop-punk and emo-pop became popular in the decade, with bands like Blink-182, The Offspring, Green Day, Good Charlotte, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco.[332][333][334][335]

In the early and mid 2000s, disco-inspired dance genres became popular; many french house and funky house songs broke into the charts.[336] Popular tracks such as Daft Punk's "One More Time" Fonzerelli's "Moonlight Party", Kylie Minogue's "Spinning Around", Jamiroquai's "Little L", Michael Gray's "The Weekend" and Freemasons "Love on My Mind".

For Latin music Shakira dominated the charts with Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 being the 2nd best-selling Spanish album of all-time and the best-selling Spanish album of the 2000s being 11× platinum to date.

Billboard magazine named Eminem as the "artist of the decade" with the best performance on the Billboard charts[337][note 2] and Beyoncé as the "female artist of the decade", with Nickelback as the "band of the decade".[339][340] In the UK, the biggest selling artist of the decade was Robbie Williams and the biggest selling band of the decade was Westlife.

On August 25, 2001, Aaliyah Haughton – a recording artist, dancer, actress and model – as well as eight others onboard were killed in an airplane crash in The Bahamas after filming the music video for the single "Rock the Boat". On November 29, 2001, George Harrison – best known as a member of the Beatles, one of the most popular bands in history – died of lung cancer at the age of 58. On April 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes (aka Left Eye) – a rapper, dancer and singer-songwriter best known as a member of the R&B/hip hop girl group TLC – was killed in a car crash in La Ceiba, Honduras. On October 30, 2002, Jason William Mizell (aka Jam Master Jay) – a member of the pioneering hip hop group Run-D.M.C – was shot and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Jamaica, Queens. On December 25, 2006, James Brown – a recording artist known as the "Godfather of Soul" – died of pneumonia at the age of 73. On September 12, 2003, Johnny Cash – a country musician known as the "Man in Black" – died of diabetes at the age of 71. On June 10, 2004, Ray Charles – one of the pioneers of soul music – died of liver failure at the age of 73. On June 25, 2009, recording artist and dancer Michael Jackson – one of the highest-selling musicians of all time – died of a drug overdose, creating the largest global public mourning since the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.[341][342][343] Other notable deaths of musical artists in the 2000s were Joey Ramone and Chet Atkins in 2001, Waylon Jennings in 2002, Maurice Gibb and Elliott Smith in 2003, Rick James and Ol' Dirty Bastard in 2004, J Dilla in 2006, Ike Turner and Dan Fogelberg in 2007, and Les Paul in 2009.

In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a record-breaking £80 million contract with EMI.[344] So far it is the biggest music deal in British history.

The 2000s gave rise to a new trend in music production with the growing use of auto-tune. The effect was first popularized in the early 2000s by Eiffel 65 with their 1998 hit song "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", which came to global prominence in 2000. It was also used in certain tracks off critically acclaimed 2001 albums from Daft Punk (with Discovery) and Radiohead (with Amnesiac).[327] By 2008, auto-tune was part of the music mainstream with artists such as Lil Wayne, T-Pain and Kanye West utilizing it in their hit albums Tha Carter III, Three Ringz and 808s & Heartbreak respectively. Towards the end of the decade, electronic dance music began to dominate western charts (as it would proceed to in the following decade), and in turn helped contribute to a diminishing amount of rock music in the mainstream.[345][346] Hip hop music also saw a decline in the mainstream in the late 2000s because of electronic music's rising popularity.[347]

According to The Guardian, music styles during the 2000s changed very little from how they were in the latter half of the 1990s.[348] The 2000s had a profound impact on the condition of music distribution. Recent advents in digital technology have fundamentally altered industry and marketing practices as well as players in unusual rapidity.[349][350][351] According to Nielsen Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years.[352]

Grime is a style of music that emerged from Bow, East London, England in the early 2000s, primarily as a development of UK garage, drum & bass, hip hop and dancehall. Pioneers of the style include English rappers Dizzee Rascal, Wiley, Roll Deep and Skepta.

Michael Jackson's final album, Invincible, released on October 30, 2001, and costing $30m to record, was the most expensive record ever made.[353]

The end of the 2000s decade also saw the dramatic rise of new pop stars such as Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj and Lady Gaga, all of whom would go on to become some of the best-selling musicians in history.[354]

The general socio-political fallout of Iraq War also extended to popular music. In July 2002, the release of English musician George Michael's song "Shoot the Dog" proved to be controversial. It was critical of George W. Bush and Tony Blair in the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The video showed a cartoon version of Michael astride a nuclear missile in the Middle East and Tony and Cherie Blair in bed with President Bush. The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band. During a London concert ten days before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, lead vocalist Maines said, "we don't want this war, this violence, and we're ashamed that the President of the United States [George W. Bush] is from Texas".[355] The positive reaction to this statement from the British audience contrasted with the boycotts that ensued in the U.S., where "the band was assaulted by talk-show conservatives",[356] while their albums were discarded in public protest.[356] The original music video for the title song from American pop singer Madonna's American Life album was banned as music television stations thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. She also made her widely considered "comeback" album with her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor which topped the charts worldwide in a record 40 countries. As of 2016 the album has sold more than 11 million copies worldwide. Madonna also made history by completing her Sticky & Sweet Tour which became the highest-grossing tour by a female artist and the tenth highest-grossing tour by an artist during 2008–2009.[357]

Live 8 concert in Rome, Italy, 2005

Live 8 was a string of benefit concerts that took place on July 2, 2005, in the G8 states and in South Africa. They were timed to precede the G8 conference and summit held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland from July 6 to 8, 2005; they also coincided with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. Run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call for Action Against Poverty, ten simultaneous concerts were held on July 2 and one on July 6. On July 7, the G8 leaders pledged to double 2004 levels of aid to poor nations from US$25 billion to US$50 billion by the year 2010. Half of the money was to go to Africa. More than 1,000 musicians performed at the concerts, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.[358]

In November 2006, the Rolling Stones' 'A Bigger Bang' tour was declared the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million.

In December 2009, a campaign was launched on Facebook by Jon and Tracy Morter, from South Woodham Ferrers, which generated publicity in the UK and took the 1992 Rage Against the Machine track "Killing in the Name" to the Christmas Number One slot in the UK Singles Chart, which had been occupied the four consecutive years from 2005 by winners from the TV show The X Factor. Rage's Zack de la Rocha spoke to BBC One upon hearing the news, stating that:

"...We want to thank everyone that participated in this incredible, organic, grass-roots campaign. It says more about the spontaneous action taken by young people throughout the UK to topple this very sterile pop monopoly."

During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware.[359] Much of 2000s hip hop was characterized as the "bling era", following the success of B.G.'s 1999 single Bling Bling, referring to forms of opulence and the material commodities that were popular from the early-to-mid part of the decade in hip-hop culture.[360][361][362] However, by the end of the decade, an antecedent emotional rap subgenre gained prominence, with musical projects like Kanye West's fourth studio album 808s & Heartbreak (2008), Kid Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day (2009), and Drake's career catalyzing mixtape So Far Gone (2009) garnering significant popularity and ushering in a new era of hip hop.[363]

Reunions

The original five members of the English new wave band Duran Duran reunited in the early 2000s.

On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards.[364]

On May 9, 2006, British five-piece vocal pop Take That returned to the recorded music scene after more than ten years of absence, signing with Polydor Records. The band's comeback album, Beautiful World, entered the UK album chart at no. 1.[365]

On December 10, 2007, English rock band Led Zeppelin reunited for the one-off Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. According to Guinness World Records 2009, Led Zeppelin set the world record for the "Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert" as 20 million requests for the reunion show were rendered online.[366]

Internet

In early 2001, Wikipedia was launched, which quickly became the largest and most popular online encyclopedia, and one of the most viewed sites on the web. In 2003, the first beta version of the Skype telephony software was launched. By the end of the decade, Skype will have over 600 million users. In 2004, the social network Facebook was launched. By the end of the decade, the site will be ranked 7th in its popularity on the web, and will have over 350 million active users worldwide. Co-founder Mark Zuckerberg pictured above in the site's infancy. YouTube was launched in 2005 and it quickly became the main site for video sharing,MySpace was one of the most popular social media sites in the 2000s but declined after the popularity of Facebook in 2008. Facebook launched in 2004. In 2008, Facebook surpassed MySpace as the most used social network. Facebook was mostly used by college students. Twitter was founded in 2006, and by 2009, moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site. WhatsApp, founded in 2009, rose to success and was eventually purchased by Facebook in the next decade.

Fashion

Paris Hilton was a fashion icon of the 2000s.
Mountain Dew bottles and cans from the 2000s decade, c. 2007

Fashion trends of the decade drew much inspiration from 1960s, 1970s and 1980s styles. Hair styles included the bleached and spiked hair for boys and men and long and straight hair for girls and women continued, as well as many other hairstyles from the mid-late 1990s. Kelly Clarkson made chunky highlights fashionable in 2002 on American Idol and lasted until about 2007.[368] Both women and men highlighted their hair until the late 2000s.[369]

The decade started with the futuristic Y2K fashion which was built on hype surrounding the new millennium. This dark, slinky style remained popular until 9/11 occurred and casual fashions had made a comeback once again.[370] Low rise pants were the go-to for women in the early to mid 2000s. Baggy cargo pants were extremely popular among both sexes[371] throughout the early and mid 2000s until about late 2007. Bell-bottoms were the dominant pant style for women until about 2006 when fitted pants began rising in popularity.[372] The late 1990s-style baggy pants remained popular throughout the early 2000s, but by 2003 boot-cut pants and jeans became the standard among men[373] until about 2008.

The 2000s saw a revival of 1980s fashion trends such as velour tracksuits in the early 2000s (an early 1980s fashion), and tapered pants in the later years (a late 1980s fashion). Skinny jeans became a staple clothing for young women and men. By 2009 with the Jerkin' movement playing a large part in the popularization of skinny jeans. Mass brands Gap and Levi launched their own lines for skinny jeans.[374][375]

Throughout the early and mid 2000s, adults and children wore Skechers shoes.[376] The company used many celebrities to their advantage, including Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Carrie Underwood, and Ashlee Simpson.[376] By the late 2000s, flatter and more compact shoes came into style as chunky sneakers were no longer the mode.

"Geek chic" refers to a minor fashion trend that arose in the mid-2000s in which young individuals adopted stereotypically "geeky" fashions, such as oversized black Horn-rimmed glasses, suspenders/braces, and highwater trousers. The glasses—worn with non-prescription lenses or without lenses—quickly became the defining aspect of the trend, with the media identifying various celebrities as "trying geek" or "going geek" for their wearing such glasses, such as David Beckham,[377] Justin Timberlake[378] and Myleene Klass.[379] Meanwhile, in the sports world, many NBA players wore "geek glasses" during post-game interviews, drawing comparisons to Steve Urkel.[380][381]

Emo fashion became popular amongst teenagers for most of the 2000s, associated with the success of bands tied to the subculture (many of whom started at the beginning of the 2000s and rose to fame during the middle part of the decade, such as Brand New, The Used, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Paramore, Panic! at the Disco and more). The style is commonly identified with wearing black/dark coloured skinny jeans, T-shirts bearing the name of emo music groups and long side-swept bangs, often covering one or both eyes.[382] The Scene subculture that emerged in the mid-late 2000s drew much inspiration from Emo style.[383]

Hip hop fashion was popular throughout the 2000s with clothing and shoe brands such as Rocawear, Phat Farm, G-Unit clothing, Billionaire Boys Club, Dipset clothing, Pelle Pelle, BAPE, Nike, Fubu, and Air Jordan. Followers of Hip Hop wore oversized shorts, jewelry, NFL and NBA jerseys, pants, and T-shirts. By the late 2000s this gave way more to fitted and vibrantly colored clothing, with men wearing skinny jeans as influenced by the Hyphy and Jerkin' movements.[384][better source needed]

In cosmetic applications, a Botox injection, consisting of a small dose of Botulinum toxin, can be used to prevent development of wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles.[385] As of 2007, it is the most common cosmetic operation, with 4.6 million procedures in the United States, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

Journalism

Print media

Radio

The 2000s saw a decrease in the popularity of radio as more listeners starting using MP3 players in their cars to customize driving music. Satellite radio receivers started selling at a much higher rate, which allowed listeners to pay a subscription fee for thousands of ad-free stations. Clear Channel Communications was the largest provider of radio entertainment in the United States with over 900 stations nationwide. Many radio stations began streaming their content over the Internet, allowing a market expansion far beyond the reaches of a radio transmitter.

During the 2000s, FM radio faced its toughest competition ever for in-car entertainment. iPod, satellite radio, and HD radio were all new options for commuters. CD players had a steady decline in popularity throughout the 2000s but stayed prevalent in most vehicles, while cassette tapes became virtually obsolete.

Television

Live-action television

The television genre Reality TV gained massive popularity in America over the decade with reality TV programs such as Survivor,The Simple Life, Jersey Shore, American Idol (pictured) and Big Brother, for which local adaptations were produced in many countries

American television in the 2000s saw the sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with numerous competition shows such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars, Survivor and The Apprentice attracting large audiences, as well as documentary or narrative style shows such as Big Brother, The Hills, The Real Housewives, Cheaters, among many others. Keeping Up with the Kardashians also aired during the decade, in 2007, and would run for 14 years and 20 seasons, thrusting the Kardashian family into the global pop-culture spotlight. Chappelle's Show was one of the most popular comedy shows of the decade. Upon its release in 2004, the first-season DVD set became the best-selling TV series set of all time.[410]

Australian television in the 2000s also saw a sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with their own version of shows such as Big Brother and Dancing With The Stars, other shows in the country also saw an increase with comedy such as Spicks and Specks and game show Bert's Family Feud.

The decade has since seen a steady decline in the number of sitcoms and an increase in reality shows, crime and medical dramas, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015), it's spinoffs CSI: Miami (2002–2012) and CSI: NY (2004–2013), NCIS (2003–present), Without a Trace (2002–2009), House M.D. (2004–2012), and Grey's Anatomy (2005–present), paranormal/crime shows like Medium (2005–2011) and Ghost Whisperer (2005–2010), and action/drama shows, including 24 (2001–2010) and Lost (2004–2009). Comedy-dramas became more serious, dealing with such hot button issues, such as drugs, teenage pregnancy, and gay rights. Popular comedy-drama programs include Desperate Housewives (2004–2012), Ugly Betty (2006–2010), and Glee (2009–2015).

Disney Channel had seen a rise in views and popularity from kids as young as 6 years old. In 2001, Disney Channel premiered one of their original television series Lizzie McGuire. That's So Raven premiered in 2003, which was Disney Channel's first TV series starring a black female character. Shows that were also popularly known including Hannah Montana, Even Stevens, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and Wizards of Waverly Place.

Nickelodeon premiered Drake & Josh and Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide in 2004. iCarly was Nickelodeon's most watched TV series from its premiere in 2007–2012, then was rebooted in 2021 and cancelled in 2023.[411] Other shows that were also popular hits on the network were Victorious, Zoey 101, and Big Time Rush.

Although there were less in this decade than there were in the 1990s, the 2000s still saw many popular and notable sitcoms, including 3rd Rock from the Sun, Two Guys and a Girl, Just Shoot Me!, The Drew Carey Show, Frasier, Friends, That '70s Show, Becker, Spin City, Dharma & Greg, Will & Grace, Yes, Dear, According to Jim, 8 Simple Rules, Less than Perfect, Still Standing, George Lopez, Grounded for Life, Hope & Faith, My Wife and Kids, Sex and the City, Everybody Loves Raymond, Malcolm in the Middle, Girlfriends, The King of Queens, Arrested Development, How I Met Your Mother, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, What I Like About You, Reba, The Office, Entourage, My Name Is Earl, Everybody Hates Chris, The New Adventures of Old Christine, Rules of Engagement, Two and a Half Men, 'Til Death, The Big Bang Theory, Samantha Who?, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and 30 Rock, among many others. A trend seen in several sitcoms of the late 2000s was the absence of a laugh track.[412]

The decade also saw the rise of premium cable dramas such as The Sopranos, The Wire, Battlestar Galactica, Deadwood, The Shield, Nip/Tuck, Sons of Anarchy, Mad Men, and Breaking Bad. The critic Daniel Mendelsohn wrote a critique of Mad Men[413] in which he also claimed this last decade was a golden age for episodic television, citing Battlestar Galactica, The Wire, and the network series Friday Night Lights as especially deserving of critical and popular attention.

The decade also saw the return of prime time soap operas, a genre that had been popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Dawson's Creek (1998–2003), The O.C. (2003–2007) and One Tree Hill (2003–2012). Desperate Housewives (2004–2012) was perhaps the most popular television series of this genre since Dallas and Dynasty in the 1980s. The medical soap opera Grey's Anatomy was another prime time serial that found immense success, helped by its original time slot following Desperate Housewives during its first two seasons, ER started in 1994 and ended its run on NBC in 2009, after 15 years, with its ratings sharply declining after Grey's Anatomy's premiere in 2005.

Animated shows

Adult-oriented animated programming also continued a sharp upturn in popularity with controversial cartoons like South Park (1997–present), Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–present) and Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2023–present) along with the longtime running cartoon The Simpsons (1989–present), while new animated adult series were also produced in that decade such as American Dad!, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Robot Chicken, Archer, Drawn Together, The Cleveland Show, and Sealab 2021. Adult Swim was launched on Cartoon Network in September 2001 and was an immediate success, becoming one of the cornerstone brands of adult animation.

Anime series that achieved popularity during the decade included Naruto, Bleach, Code Geass, Death Note, Fullmetal Alchemist, Inuyasha, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Hellsing Ultimate, Black Lagoon, Monster, Beyblade, Samurai Champloo, Bakugan, Gintama and Gurren Lagann.

Other animated programs debuting and achieving popularity in that decade included Avatar: The Last Airbender, SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–present), Teen Titans, Phineas and Ferb, Kim Possible, The Fairly OddParents, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Ben 10, Camp Lazlo, Megas XLR, Samurai Jack, Invader Zim, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Chowder, The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack, Codename: Kids Next Door, Iron Kid and Star Wars: The Clone Wars.

Sports channels

The WWE made a split in 2002 for the brands Raw and Smackdown!, also known as the WWE Brand Extension. This resulted in the WWE's purchase of their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension would last until 2011. It also saw the rise of popular wrestlers like John Cena, Randy Orton, Dave Bautista, Jeff Hardy, CM Punk, Chris Jericho, Edge and Brock Lesnar. The match between veteran wrestlers Ric Flair and Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 24 in 2008 was named as the "match of the decade" by popular professional wrestling magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated.[414] Pro Wrestling Illustrated would also name veteran wrestler Triple H as the wrestler of the decade.[415]

The 2001 World Series between the New York Yankees and Arizona Diamondbacks became the first World Series to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Super Bowl XXXVI between the New England Patriots and the St. Louis Rams became the first Super Bowl to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks.

Criticism and controversy

Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy: Super Bowl XXXVIII, which was broadcast live on February 1, 2004, from Houston, Texas, on the CBS television network in the United States, was noted for a controversial halftime show in which singer Janet Jackson's breast, adorned with a nipple shield, was exposed by singer Justin Timberlake for about half a second, in what was later referred to as a "wardrobe malfunction". The incident, sometimes referred to as Nipplegate, was widely discussed. Along with the rest of the halftime show, it led to an immediate crackdown and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting.[416]

The X Factor in the UK has been subject to much controversy and criticism since its launch in September 2004.[417] The Jeremy Kyle Show, which launched a year later on the same network, ITV, was met with similar controversy. Both shows were cancelled in 2019, The X Factor due to low ratings, and in the case of The Jeremy Kyle Show due to the suicide of a recent participant on the programme.[418]

January 2005 – Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy, when its UK television broadcast on BBC Two elicited 55,000 complaints. It was, at the time, the most complained about television event in the country ever, a record that is now held by ITV's Good Morning Britain.[419]

In May 2005, UK viewers inundated the Advertising Standards Authority with complaints regarding the continuous airing of the latest Crazy Frog advertisements. The intensity of the advertising was unprecedented in British television history. According to The Guardian, Jamster bought 73,716 spots across all TV channels in May alone — an average of nearly 2,378 slots daily — at a cost of about £8 million, just under half of which was spent on ITV. 87% of the population saw the Crazy Frog adverts an average of 26 times, 15% of the adverts appeared twice during the same advertising break and 66% were in consecutive ad breaks. An estimated 10% of the population saw the advert more than 60 times. This led to many members of the population finding the crazy frog, as its original name suggests, immensely irritating.[420][421]

Blue Peter (the world's longest-running children's television programme) rigged a phone-in competition supporting the UNICEF "Shoe Biz Appeal" on November 27, 2006. The person who appeared to be calling in the competition was actually a Blue Peter Team Player who was visiting that day. The visitor pretended to be a caller from an outside line who had won the phone-in and the chance to select a prize. The competition was rigged due to a technical error with receiving the calls.[422] In July 2007, Blue Peter was given a £50,000 fine, by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) as a result of rigging the competition.[423]

I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! is a reality television game show series, originally created in the United Kingdom, and licensed globally to other countries. In its 2009 series, celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The Australian RSPCA investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined £1,600 and the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offense by the New South Wales Police.

Ended series

The PBS series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood aired its final episode on August 31, 2001. Two years later, its host and creator, Fred Rogers, died from stomach cancer.

Law & Order was a police procedural drama that premiered on NBC on September 13, 1990, and ran for 20 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("Rubber Room") on May 24, 2010, but later returned on February 24, 2022.

Tomorrow's World was a long-running BBC television series, showcasing new developments in the world of science and technology. First aired on July 7, 1965, on BBC1, it ran for 38 years until it was cancelled in early 2003.

That '70s Show was an American television period sitcom based on the 1970s decade. The 1970s retro style permeated the 2000s decade. The show ended on May 18, 2006.

Brookside is a British soap opera set in Liverpool, England, particularly well known for showcasing many topics that were considered taboo in English culture at the time, such as being the first television programme in the UK to show a lesbian kiss before the 9pm watershed. The series began on the launch night of Channel 4 on November 2, 1982, and ran for 21 years until November 4, 2003.

In January 2004, the BBC cancelled the Kilroy show (which had run for 18 years), after an article entitled 'We owe Arabs nothing' written by its host Robert Kilroy-Silk was published in the Sunday Express tabloid newspaper.

Friends is an American sitcom which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004. Friends received positive reviews throughout its run, and its series finale ("The Last One") ranked as the fifth most watched overall television series finale as well as the most watched single television episode of the 2000s on U.S. television.

The X-Files was a science fiction television series which aired for nine seasons on Fox that premiered on September 10, 1993. The show aired its series finale ("The Truth") on May 19, 2002.

Frasier, a spin-off TV series of Cheers (that ended in 1993), is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons from September 16, 1993, to May 13, 2004, (only a week after the broadcast of the final episode of Friends). It was one of the most successful spin-off and popular series in television history, as well as one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series.

On June 20, 2006, after 42 years, British music chart show Top of the Pops was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on July 30, 2006.

Grandstand is a British television sport program. Broadcast between 1958 and 2007, it was one of the BBC's longest running sports shows.

After 30 years, British television drama series Grange Hill (originally made by the BBC) was cancelled and the last episode was shown on September 15, 2008.

ER is a medical drama that premiered on NBC on September 19, 1994, and ran for 15 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("And in the End...") on April 2, 2009.

Series returns

The Flower Pot Men is a British children's programme, produced by BBC television, first transmitted in 1952, and repeated regularly for more than twenty years, which was produced in a new version in 2000.

Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a British sitcom. The show has had an extended and sporadic run. The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995, followed by a series finale in the form of a two-part television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996. Its creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a fourth series in 2001.

Gadget and the Gadgetinis is a spinoff of the classic series Inspector Gadget (1983–1986), developed by DiC in cooperation with Haim Saban's SIP Animation and produced from 2001 to 2003. There are 52 episodes.

Basil Brush from 1962 to 1984, The Basil Brush Show from 2002 to 2007.Basil Brush is a fictional anthropomorphic red fox, best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet.

Shooting Stars is a British television comedy panel game broadcast on BBC Two as a pilot in 1993, then as 3 full series from 1995 to 1997, then on BBC Choice from January to December 2002 with 2 series before returning to BBC Two for another 3 series from 2008 until its cancellation in 2011.

Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The show is a significant part of British popular culture. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005.

Family Fortunes is a British game show, based on the American game show Family Feud. The programme ran on ITV from January 6, 1980, to December 6, 2002, before being revived by the same channel in 2006 under the title of All Star Family Fortunes. Revived episodes are currently being shown on ITV on Sunday evenings and have been presented by Vernon Kay since 2006.

Gladiators is a British television entertainment series, produced by LWT for ITV, and broadcast between October 10, 1992, and January 1, 2000. It is an adaptation of the American format American Gladiators. The success of the British series spawned further adaptations in Australia and Sweden. The series was revived in 2008, before again being cancelled in 2009.

Rab C. Nesbitt is a British sitcom which began in 1988. The first series began on September 27, 1990, and continued for seven more, ending on June 18, 1999, and returning with a one-off special on December 23, 2008.[424]

Red Dwarf is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises ten series (including a ninth mini-series named Back To Earth) of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 and on Dave in 2009.

Primetime Emmy Award for Best Drama

Video games

Video-game hardware and software

PlayStation 2 was released in 2000 and became the best-selling gaming console of the decade and of all time.
First Xbox released in 2001
GameCube released in 2001 and is the successor to the Nintendo 64

The world of video games reached the 6th generation of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2, the Xbox, and the GameCube, which started technically in 1998 with the release of Sega's Dreamcast, although some consider the true start in 2000 with the release of Sony's PlayStation 2. The 6th gen remained popular throughout the decade, but decreased somewhat in popularity after its 7th gen successors released technically starting in November 2005 with the release of Microsoft's Xbox 360, however, most people agree that 2006 is a 6th gen year since most games being released still released on 6th gen including the Xbox even though the 360 was already released, and the PlayStation 3 and the Wii didn't release until late 2006 which most people consider to be the true start of the 7th gen. It reached 7th Generation in the form of consoles like the Wii, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 by the mid-2000s. The number-one-selling game console of the decade, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000 and remained popular up to the end of the decade, even after the PlayStation 3 was released. The PlayStation 2 was discontinued in January 2013. The Nintendo DS launched in Japan in 2004 and by 2005 was available globally. All Nintendo DS models combined have sold over 154.02 million units, thus making it the best selling handheld of all time and the second best selling video game console of all time behind the PlayStation 2.[425][426]

Neo Geo is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK. The brand originated in 1990 with the release of an arcade system, the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart, the Neo Geo AES. The Neo Geo brand was officially discontinued in 2004.

MMORPGs, originating in the mid-to-late 1990s, become a popular PC trend and virtual online worlds become a reality as games such as RuneScape (2001), Final Fantasy XI (2002), Eve Online (2003), Tony Hawk's Underground (2003), World of Warcraft (2004), and EverQuest II (2004), The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007) and Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (2008) are released. These worlds come complete with their own economies and social organization as directed by the players as a whole. The persistent online worlds allow the games to remain popular for many years. World of Warcraft, premiered in 2004, remains one of the most popular games in PC gaming and is still being developed into the 2010s.

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[427] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[428] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[429] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[430]

Cross-platform Game engines originating in the very late-1990s, became extremely popular in the 2000s, as they allowed development for indie games for digital distribution. Noteworthy software include GameMaker and Unity. Well-known indie games made in that decade include I Wanna Be the Guy, Spelunky, Braid, Clean Asia!, Castle Crashers, World of Goo, Dino Run, The Impossible Game and Alien Hominid.

In the late 2000s, motion controlled video games grew in popularity, from the PlayStation 2's EyeToy to Nintendo's successful Wii console. During the decade 3D video games become the staple of the video-game industry, with 2D games nearly fading from the market. Partially 3D and fully 2D games were still common in the industry early in the decade, but these have now become rare as developers look almost exclusively for fully 3D games to satisfy the increasing demand for them in the market. An exception to this trend is the indie gaming community, which often produces games featuring 'old-school' or retro gaming elements, such as Minecraft and Shadow Complex. These games, which are not developed by the industry giants, are often available in the form of downloadable content from services such as Microsoft's Xbox Live or Apple's App Store and usually cost much less than more major releases.

Prominent video-games

Game Boy Advance SP is upgraded version of the original Game Boy Advance system and it is the second last Game Boy handheld

The Grand Theft Auto series sparked a fad of Mature-rated video games based on including gang warfare, drug use, and perceived "senseless violence" into gameplay. Though violent video games date back to the early 1990s, they became much more common after 2000. Despite the controversy, the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the best selling PlayStation 2 game of all time, with 17.33 million copies sold for that console alone, from a total of 21.5 million in all formats by 2009;[431] as of 2011, 27.5 million copies of San Andreas were sold worldwide.[432]

The Nintendo DS awakened an interest in casual play that had never really existed before.[433]
PlayStation Portable (PSP-1000) Sony handheld games console

The Call of Duty series was extremely popular during the 2000s, the diverse shooter franchise released multiple games throughout the 2000s that were positively critically reviewed and commercially successful.

The Sims series developed by Maxis became one of the most popular life simulation games series with over 200 million copies sold worldwide since the series' first game was released in 2000.[434]

Gears of War was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful third-person shooter franchise that released two games during the mid-late 2000s. Gears of War 1 was released in 2006 and was the first installment to the franchise, it was universally critically acclaimed and went on to sell over 5 million copies. The second installment to the franchise Gears of War 2 was released in 2008 and received widespread critical acclaim and also went on to sell over 5 million copies.

Manhunt 2, a controversial stealth-based psychological horror video game published by Rockstar Games, was suspended by Take-Two Interactive (Rockstar's parent company) when it was refused classification in the United Kingdom, Italy and Ireland, and given an Adults Only (AO) rating in the United States. As neither Sony, Microsoft or Nintendo allow AO titles on their systems, it made Rockstar bring the game down to a Mature (M) game and release in October 2007.

The sixth generation sparked a rise in first person shooter games led by Halo: Combat Evolved, which changed the formula of the first person shooter. Halo 2 started online console gaming and was on top of the Xbox Live charts until its successor, Halo 3 (for Xbox 360), took over. Some other popular first-person shooters during the 2000s include the Medal of Honor series, with Medal of Honor: Frontline's release in 2002 bringing the first game in the series to 6th generation consoles.

Dance Dance Revolution was released in Japan and later the United States, where it became immensely popular among teenagers. Other dance games like Just Dance was released in 2009 and went on to be the most popular game from Nintendo all over the world. Another music game, Guitar Hero, was released in North America in late 2005 and had a huge cultural impact on both the music and video games industries. It became a worldwide billion-dollar franchise within three years, spawning several sequels and leading to the creation of a competing franchise, Rock Band.

Gaming industry

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[435] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[436] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[437]

Japanese media giant Nintendo released 9 out of the 10 top selling games of the 2000s, further establishing the company's dominance over the market.[438]

Sega Corporation, usually styled as SEGA, is a Japanese multinational video game software developer and an arcade software and hardware development company headquartered in Japan, with various offices around the world. Sega previously developed and manufactured its own brand of home video game consoles from 1983 to 2001, but a restructure was announced on January 31, 2001, that ceased continued production of its existing home console (Dreamcast), effectively exiting the company from the home console business.[439] In spite of that, SEGA would go on to produce several videogames such as Super Monkey Ball franchise, the Sega Ages 2500 PlayStation 2 games,[440] Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA, Sonic Adventure 2, Sonic Heroes, Rez, Shadow the Hedgehog, Virtua Fighter 4, After Burner Climax, Valkyria Chronicles, Sonic Pinball Party, Bayonetta, Jet Set Radio, Puyo Pop Fever, Thunder Force VI, Shenmue II, Phantasy Star Online, Yakuza 2, Gunstar Super Heroes, Astro Boy: Omega Factor, OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games.[441]

Game of the Year

from the Game Developers Choice Awards starting in 2001 (awards are given to games of the previous calendar year).

Best selling games of every year

In some years, sources disagree on the best-selling game.

Writing

Sports

Major sporting events

Michael Phelps holds his gold medal on the podium during the 2008 Olympics. Pictured with Ryan Lochte (left) and László Cseh (right)

The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, followed the centennial anniversary of the modern era Olympic Games, held in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens 2004 Summer Olympics, were a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games were also major events, though slightly less popular.

Association football's important events included two World Cups, one organized in South Korea and Japan, which saw Brazil win a record fifth title, and the other in Germany, which saw Italy win its fourth title. The regional competitions, the Copa América and UEFA European Championship, saw five nations rising the cup: Colombia (2001) and Brazil (2004, 2007) won the Copa América, while France (2000), Greece (2004) and Spain (2008) won the European Championship.

In 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, both the National Football League and Major League Baseball canceled their upcoming games for a week. As a result, the World Series would be played in November for the first time and the Super Bowl would be played in February for the first time.

The expansion and rise of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) occurred after the airing of The Ultimate Fighter in 2005.

Rugby increased in size and audience, as the Rugby World Cup became the third most watched sporting event in the world with the 2007 Rugby World Cup organized in France.

Bloodgate is the nickname for a rugby union scandal involving the English team Harlequins in their Heineken Cup match against the Irish side Leinster on April 12, 2009. It was so called because of the use of fake blood capsules, and has been seen by some as one of the biggest scandals in rugby since professionalization in the mid-1990s, indeed even as an argument against the professional ethos. The name is a pun on Watergate.

The New York Yankees won the first Major League Baseball World Series of the decade in 2000, as well as the last World Series of the decade in 2009. The Boston Red Sox won their first World Series since 1918 in 2004 and then again in 2007.

The Pittsburgh Steelers won a record sixth Super Bowl on February 1, 2009, against the Arizona Cardinals. Pittsburgh's Super Bowl win would remain the championship record for an NFL franchise until a decade later when the New England Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams to tie the Super Bowl championship record.

Athletes

One of the most prominent events of the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing was the achievement of Michael Phelps the American swimmer, frequently cited as the greatest swimmer and one of the greatest Olympians of all time.[447][448][449] He has won 14 career Olympic gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of August 2, 2009, Phelps has broken thirty-seven world records in swimming. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics, his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972.

Kobe Bryant (left) and Shaquille O'Neal both helped the Lakers 3 peat during the early 2000s.

Usain Bolt of Jamaica dominated the male sprinting events at the Beijing Olympics, in which he broke three world records, allowing him to be the first man to ever accomplish this at a single Olympic game. He holds the world record for the 100 metres (despite slowing down before the finish line to celebrate), the 200 metres and, along with his teammates, the 4 × 100 metres relay.

The Los Angeles Lakers won 3 NBA championships in a row from 2000 to 2002, also known as a Three-peat, led by Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal.

In 2003, Michael Jordan retired from the NBA after 2 season with the Washington Wizards, the official NBA website reading in 2006: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time."[450]

Popular extreme sports athletes of the decade included Tony Hawk, Shaun White, Kelly Slater, Travis Pastrana, Matt Hoffman, Shaun Murray, Sarah Burke, and more.

Michelle Kwan performing in the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships

Towards the middle of the decade, Michelle Kwan became the most decorated figure skater in U.S. history.[451]

Michael Schumacher, the most titled F1 driver, won five F1 World Championships during the decade and finally retired in 2006, yet eventually confirming his come-back to F1 for 2010. Lance Armstrong won all the Tour de France between 1999 and 2005, also an all-time record, but was later stripped of all his titles when evidence emerged of his use of performance-enhancing drugs. Swiss tennis player Roger Federer won 16 Grand Slam titles to become the most titled player.

The decade saw the continued rise of several of the most notable and popular quarterbacks in NFL history, including Peyton Manning, Tom Brady, Brett Favre, Drew Brees, Ben Roethlisberger, Donovan McNabb, Kurt Warner, Eli Manning, Steve McNair, Tony Romo and others.

Timeline of sporting events

In May 2004, Arsenal became the only top-tier team to go through an entire league season (2003/4) unbeaten when they won the English Premier League and became 'The Invincibles'. This feat had also been achieved in the 19th century, when the league was in its infancy and there were far fewer matches in a season, but not in the modern era. Arsenal's unbeaten run extended to 49 matches in total, and into the subsequent season.

In September 2004, Chelsea footballer Adrian Mutu failed a drugs test for cocaine and was released on October 29, 2004. He also received a seven-month ban and a £20,000 fine from The Football Association.

The 2006 Italian football scandal, also known as "Calciopoli", involved Italy's top professional football leagues, Serie A and Serie B. The scandal was uncovered in May 2006 by Italian police, implicating league champions Juventus, and other major teams including A.C. Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio and Reggina when a number of telephone interceptions showed a thick network of relations between team managers and referee organisations. Juventus were the champions of Serie A at the time. The teams have been accused of rigging games by selecting favourable referees.

The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final in Berlin, Zinedine Zidane widely considered by experts and fans as one of the greatest football players of all time, was sent off in the 110th minute of the game, which was to be the last match of his career. After headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest, Zidane did not participate in the penalty shootout, which Italy won 5–3. It was later discovered through interviews that Materazzi had insulted Zidane's mother and sister that last moment which is what led to Zidane's heightened anger and reaction.

January 11, 2007 – When English footballer David Beckham joined the Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy, he was given the highest player salary in the league's history; with his playing contract with the Galaxy over the next three years being worth US$6.5 million per year.[452][453][454][455]

October 2007 – US world champion track and field athlete Marion Jones admitted that she took performance-enhancing drugs as far back as the 2000 Summer Olympics, and that she had lied about it to a grand jury investigating performance-enhancer creations.

November 29, 2007 – Portsmouth football manager Harry Redknapp angrily denied any wrongdoing after being arrested by police investigating alleged corruption in football: "If you are telling me this is how you treat anyone, it is not the society I grew up in."[456]

The 2008 Wimbledon final between Roger Federer of Switzerland and Rafael Nadal of Spain, has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts.[457][458][459][460]

British Formula One racing driver Lewis Hamilton, was disqualified from the 2009 Australian Grand Prix for providing "misleading evidence" during the stewards' hearing. He later privately apologised to FIA race director Charlie Whiting for having lied to the stewards.

In 2009, the World football transfer record was set by Spanish football club Real Madrid when it purchased Manchester United's Cristiano Ronaldo for £80 million (€93 million). Manchester United veteran Sir Bobby Charlton said the world-record offer shocked him:

"It's a lot of money, it's crazy really. If you want to be in the race, you have to pay the price, it seems sometimes a little bit vulgar."[461]

Controversies in sports

A number of concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics surfaced before, during, and after the 2008 Summer Olympics, and which received major media coverage. Leading up to the Olympics, there were concerns about human rights in China, such that many high-profile individuals, such as politicians and celebrities, announced intentions to boycott the games to protest China's role in the Darfur conflict, and Myanmar, its stance towards Tibet, or other aspects of its human rights record. In a 2008 Time article entitled "Why Nobody's Boycotting Beijing", Vivienne Walt wrote: 'Leaders in power are more mindful of China's colossal clout in an increasingly shaky world economy, and therefore of the importance of keeping good relations with its government.'[462]

Ron Atkinson, is an English former football player and manager. In recent years he has become one of Britain's best-known football pundits. Ron Atkinson's media work came to an abrupt halt on April 21, 2004, when he was urged to resign from ITV by Brian Barwick after he broadcast a racial remark live on air about the black Chelsea player Marcel Desailly; believing the microphone to be switched off, he said, "...he [Desailly] is what is known in some schools as a lazy nigger".[463]

Steroids also spread the sports world throughout the decade, mainly used in Major League Baseball. Players involved included Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Alex Rodriguez.[464]

The sport of fox hunting is controversial, particularly in the UK, where it was banned in Scotland in 2002, and in England and Wales in November 2004 (law enforced from February 2005), though shooting foxes as vermin remained legal around the world.

See also

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

2000s

Footnotes

  1. ^ Pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are typically classified in their own category whilst natural disasters include earthquakes, storms, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.
  1. ^ As of October 30, 2009:
    Total EUR currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 771.5 (banknotes) + 21.032 (coins) =792.53 billion EUR *1.48 (exchange rate) = 1,080 billion USD
    Total USD currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 859 billion USD
    • "Table 2: Euro banknotes, values (EUR billions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)" (PDF). ECB. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 2009, October: Total banknotes: 771.5 (billion EUR)
    • "Table 4: Euro coins, values (EUR millions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)" (PDF). ECB. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 2009, October: Total coins: 21,032 (million EUR)
    • "Money Stock Measures". Federal Reserve Statistical Release. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Table 5: Not Seasonally Adjusted Components of M1 (Billions of dollars), not seasonally adjusted, October 2009: Currency: 859.3 (billion USD)
    • "Euro foreign exchange reference rates". ECB. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Exchange rate October 30, 2009: 1 EUR = 1.48 USD
  2. ^ Billboard awards are based on album and digital songs sales, radio airplay, streaming, touring and social engagement.[338]

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Further reading

External links