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Lista de problemas no resueltos en matemáticas

Se han planteado muchos problemas matemáticos , pero aún no se han resuelto. Estos problemas provienen de muchas áreas de las matemáticas , como la física teórica , la informática , el álgebra , el análisis , la combinatoria , las geometrías algebraica , diferencial , discreta y euclidiana , la teoría de grafos , la teoría de grupos , la teoría de modelos , la teoría de números , la teoría de conjuntos , la teoría de Ramsey , los sistemas dinámicos y las ecuaciones diferenciales parciales . Algunos problemas pertenecen a más de una disciplina y se estudian utilizando técnicas de diferentes áreas. A menudo se otorgan premios por la solución de un problema de larga data, y algunas listas de problemas sin resolver, como los Problemas del Premio del Milenio , reciben una atención considerable.

Esta lista es una combinación de problemas notables sin resolver mencionados en listas publicadas anteriormente, incluidas, entre otras, listas consideradas autorizadas, y los problemas enumerados aquí varían ampliamente tanto en dificultad como en importancia.

Listas de problemas no resueltos en matemáticas

Diversos matemáticos y organizaciones han publicado y promovido listas de problemas matemáticos no resueltos. En algunos casos, las listas han estado asociadas a premios para quienes descubren las soluciones.

La función zeta de Riemann , tema del célebre e influyente problema sin resolver conocido como la hipótesis de Riemann

Problemas del Premio del Milenio

De los siete problemas originales del Premio del Milenio enumerados por el Instituto de Matemáticas Clay en 2000, seis siguen sin resolverse hasta la fecha: [6]

El séptimo problema, la conjetura de Poincaré , fue resuelto por Grigori Perelman en 2003. [13] Sin embargo, una generalización llamada conjetura de Poincaré suave de cuatro dimensiones —es decir, si una esfera topológica de cuatro dimensiones puede tener dos o más estructuras suaves no equivalentes— está sin resolver. [14]

Cuadernos

Problemas sin resolver

Álgebra

En la representación de esfera de Bloch de un qubit , un SIC-POVM forma un tetraedro regular . Zauner conjeturó que existen estructuras análogas en espacios de Hilbert complejos de todas las dimensiones finitas.

Teoría de grupos

El grupo libre de Burnside es finito; en su grafo de Cayley , que se muestra aquí, cada uno de sus 27 elementos está representado por un vértice. La cuestión de qué otros grupos son finitos sigue abierta.

Teoría de la representación

Análisis

Combinatoria

Sistemas dinámicos

Detalle del conjunto de Mandelbrot . No se sabe si el conjunto de Mandelbrot está localmente conexo o no.

Juegos y rompecabezas

Juegos combinatorios

Juegos con información imperfecta

Geometría

Geometría algebraica

Cobertura y embalaje

Geometría diferencial

Geometría discreta

En tres dimensiones, el número de besos es 12, porque 12 esferas unitarias no superpuestas pueden ponerse en contacto con una esfera unitaria central. (Aquí, los centros de las esferas exteriores forman los vértices de un icosaedro regular ). Los números de besos solo se conocen con exactitud en las dimensiones 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 y 24.

Geometría euclidiana

Teoría de grafos

Teoría de grafos algebraicos

Juegos en gráficos

Coloración y etiquetado de gráficos

Un ejemplo de la conjetura de Erdős–Faber–Lovász: un grafo formado a partir de cuatro camarillas de cuatro vértices cada una, dos de las cuales se intersecan en un solo vértice, puede ser de cuatro colores.

Dibujo e incrustación de gráficos

Restricción de parámetros gráficos

Subgrafos

Representación de gráficos en palabras

Teoría de grafos miscelánea

Teoría de modelos y lenguajes formales

Teoría de la probabilidad

Teoría de números

General

6 es un número perfecto porque es la suma de sus divisores positivos propios, 1, 2 y 3. No se sabe cuántos números perfectos hay, ni si alguno de ellos es impar.

Teoría de números aditivos

Teoría algebraica de números

Teoría de números computacionales

Ecuaciones diofánticas

Aproximación diofántica y teoría de números trascendentales

El área de la región azul converge a la constante de Euler-Mascheroni , que puede ser o no un número racional.

Números primos

La conjetura de Goldbach establece que todos los números enteros pares mayores que 2 pueden escribirse como suma de dos primos. Aquí se ilustra esto para los números enteros pares del 4 al 28.

Teoría de conjuntos

Nota: Estas conjeturas se refieren a modelos de la teoría de conjuntos de Zermelo-Frankel con elección , y es posible que no puedan expresarse en modelos de otras teorías de conjuntos, como las diversas teorías de conjuntos constructivas o la teoría de conjuntos no bien fundamentada .

Topología

El problema del desanudamiento plantea la pregunta de si existe un algoritmo eficiente para identificar cuándo la forma presentada en un diagrama de nudos es en realidad el desanudamiento .

Problemas resueltos desde 1995

El flujo de Ricci , aquí ilustrado con una variedad 2D, fue la herramienta clave en la solución de Grigori Perelman de la conjetura de Poincaré .

Álgebra

Análisis

Combinatoria

Sistemas dinámicos

Teoría de juegos

Geometría

Siglo XXI

Siglo XX

Teoría de grafos

Teoría de grupos

Teoría de números

Siglo XXI

Siglo XX

Teoría de Ramsey

Informática teórica

Topología

Uncategorised

2010s

2000s

See also

Notes

  1. ^ An aperiodic monotile has been discovered and the formal proof is awaiting publication. A preprint of the proof is available.[70]
  2. ^ A disproof has been announced, with a preprint made available on arXiv.[164]

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