Situado en uno de los puertos naturales más grandes del mundo , el distrito está delimitado por los ríos Hudson , East y Harlem e incluye varias pequeñas islas adyacentes , entre ellas las islas Roosevelt , U Thant y Randalls y Wards . También incluye el pequeño barrio de Marble Hill , ahora en el continente estadounidense . La isla de Manhattan está dividida en tres componentes delimitados informalmente, cada uno de los cuales atraviesa el eje largo del distrito: Lower Manhattan, Midtown y Upper Manhattan . Manhattan es uno de los lugares más densamente poblados del mundo, con una población del censo de 2020 de 1.694.250 habitantes que viven en una superficie de 22,66 millas cuadradas (58,69 km 2 ), [3] [18] o 72.918 habitantes por milla cuadrada (28.154 habitantes/km 2 ), y coextensivo con el condado de Nueva York, su propiedad residencial tiene el precio de venta por pie cuadrado más alto de los Estados Unidos. [19]
Manhattan fue históricamente parte del territorio Lenapehoking habitado por las tribus Munsee , Lenape , [26] y Wappinger . [27] Hubo varios asentamientos Lenape en el área, incluidos Sapohanikan , Nechtanc y Konaande Kongh , que estaban interconectados por una serie de senderos. El sendero principal en la isla, que luego se convertiría en Broadway , iba desde lo que ahora es Inwood en el norte hasta Battery Park en el sur. [28] Hubo varios sitios para pescar y plantar establecidos por los Lenape en todo Manhattan. [11] El nombre Manhattan se originó de la lengua de los Lenape , Munsee , manaháhtaan (donde manah- significa "recoger", -aht- significa " arco " y -aan es un elemento abstracto utilizado para formar raíces verbales ). La palabra Lenape se ha traducido como "el lugar donde conseguimos arcos" o "lugar para recolectar la (madera para hacer) arcos". Según una tradición de Munsee registrada por Albert Seqaqkind Anthony en el siglo XIX, la isla recibió ese nombre debido a un bosque de árboles de nogal en su extremo sur que se consideraba ideal para la fabricación de arcos. [29]
Era colonial
En abril de 1524, el explorador florentino Giovanni da Verrazzano , navegando al servicio de Francisco I de Francia , se convirtió en el primer europeo documentado en visitar el área que se convertiría en la ciudad de Nueva York. [30] Verrazzano entró en el estrecho de mareas ahora conocido como The Narrows y nombró la tierra alrededor del puerto superior de Nueva York Nueva Angulema , en referencia al apellido del rey Francisco I; navegó lo suficientemente lejos en el puerto para avistar el río Hudson , y nombró la bahía de Santa Margarita , lo que ahora es la bahía superior de Nueva York, en honor a Marguerite de Navarre , la hermana mayor del rey. [31] [32]
Manhattan fue cartografiado por primera vez durante un viaje de Henry Hudson en 1609. [33] Hudson se topó con la isla de Manhattan y con los nativos que vivían allí, y continuó río arriba por el río que más tarde llevaría su nombre, el río Hudson . [34] Manhattan fue registrado por primera vez por escrito como Manna-hata , en el diario de a bordo de Robert Juet, un oficial del viaje. [35]
Una presencia europea permanente en Nueva Holanda comenzó en 1624, con la fundación de un asentamiento holandés de comercio de pieles en Governors Island . [36] En 1625, se inició la construcción de la ciudadela de Fort Amsterdam en la isla de Manhattan, más tarde llamada Nueva Amsterdam ( Nieuw Amsterdam ), en lo que ahora es el Bajo Manhattan. [37] [38] El establecimiento de Fort Amsterdam es reconocido como el nacimiento de la ciudad de Nueva York. [39]
En 1647, Peter Stuyvesant fue designado como el último Director General holandés de la colonia. [40] Nueva Amsterdam se incorporó formalmente como ciudad el 2 de febrero de 1653. [41] En 1664, las fuerzas inglesas conquistaron Nueva Holanda y la rebautizaron como "Nueva York" en honor al duque inglés de York y Albany , el futuro rey Jaime II. [42] En agosto de 1673, los holandeses reconquistaron la colonia, rebautizándola como "Nueva Orange", pero la devolvieron permanentemente a Inglaterra al año siguiente según los términos del Tratado de Westminster que puso fin a la Tercera Guerra Anglo-Holandesa . [43] [44]
Manhattan estuvo en el corazón de la Campaña de Nueva York , una serie de batallas importantes en las primeras etapas de la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . El Ejército Continental se vio obligado a abandonar Manhattan después de la Batalla de Fort Washington el 16 de noviembre de 1776. [46] La ciudad, muy dañada por el Gran Incendio de Nueva York durante la campaña, se convirtió en el centro militar y político británico de operaciones en América del Norte durante el resto de la guerra. [47] La ocupación británica duró hasta el 25 de noviembre de 1783, cuando George Washington regresó a Manhattan, un día celebrado como el Día de la Evacuación , que marca el momento en que las últimas fuerzas británicas abandonaron la ciudad. [48]
Nueva York creció como centro económico, primero como resultado de las políticas y prácticas de Alexander Hamilton como el primer Secretario del Tesoro en expandir el papel de la ciudad como centro de comercio e industria. [54] Para 1810, la ciudad de Nueva York, entonces confinada a Manhattan, había superado a Filadelfia como la ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos. [55] El Plan de los Comisionados de 1811 trazó la isla de Manhattan en su familiar plan de cuadrícula . [56] El papel de la ciudad como centro económico creció con la apertura del Canal de Erie en 1825, reduciendo los costos de transporte en un 90% en comparación con el transporte por carretera y conectando el puerto del Atlántico con los vastos mercados agrícolas del Medio Oeste de los Estados Unidos y Canadá . [57] [58] [59]
El "Mapa sanitario y topográfico de la ciudad y la isla de Nueva York", comúnmente conocido como el Mapa Viele, desarrollado por Egbert Ludovicus Viele en 1865
La ciudad de Nueva York jugó un papel complejo en la Guerra Civil estadounidense . La ciudad tenía fuertes lazos comerciales con el Sur , pero la ira en torno al reclutamiento , el resentimiento contra las políticas de guerra de Lincoln y la paranoia sobre los negros libres que tomaban los trabajos de los inmigrantes pobres [65] culminaron en los disturbios del reclutamiento de Nueva York de tres días de duración en julio de 1863, uno de los peores incidentes de desorden civil en la historia estadounidense. [66] La tasa de inmigración desde Europa aumentó abruptamente después de la Guerra Civil, y Manhattan se convirtió en la primera parada para millones de personas que buscaban una nueva vida en los Estados Unidos, un papel reconocido por la dedicación de la Estatua de la Libertad en 1886. [67] [68] Esta inmigración trajo consigo más agitación social. En una ciudad de viviendas repletas de trabajadores mal pagados de docenas de naciones, la ciudad se convirtió en un semillero de revolución (incluidos anarquistas y comunistas , entre otros), sindicalismo , crimen organizado y sindicalización . [ cita requerida ]
En 1883, la apertura del Puente de Brooklyn sobre el East River estableció una conexión vial con Brooklyn y el resto de Long Island . [69] En 1898, la ciudad de Nueva York se consolidó con tres condados vecinos para formar "la Ciudad del Gran Nueva York ", y Manhattan se estableció como uno de los cinco distritos de la ciudad de Nueva York . [70] [71] El Bronx siguió siendo parte del condado de Nueva York hasta 1914, cuando se estableció el condado del Bronx. [72]
A pesar de la Gran Depresión , algunos de los rascacielos más altos del mundo se completaron en Manhattan durante la década de 1930, incluidas numerosas obras maestras del Art Decó que aún forman parte del horizonte de la ciudad, en particular el Empire State Building, el Chrysler Building y el 30 Rockefeller Plaza . [81] Un auge económico de posguerra condujo al desarrollo de enormes desarrollos de viviendas dirigidos a los veteranos que regresaban, siendo el más grande Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village , que se inauguró en 1947. [82] [83] Las Naciones Unidas se trasladaron a una nueva sede que se completó en 1952 a lo largo del East River. [84] [85] [86]
En la década de 1970, las pérdidas de empleo debido a la reestructuración industrial hicieron que la ciudad de Nueva York, incluido Manhattan, sufriera problemas económicos y un aumento de las tasas de criminalidad. [91] Si bien un resurgimiento de la industria financiera mejoró en gran medida la salud económica de la ciudad en la década de 1980, la tasa de criminalidad de Nueva York continuó aumentando durante la década y hasta principios de la década de 1990. [92] La década de 1980 vio un renacimiento de Wall Street , y Manhattan recuperó su papel como centro financiero del mundo , y el empleo en Wall Street se duplicó entre 1977 y 1987. [93] La década de 1980 también vio a Manhattan en el corazón de la crisis del SIDA , con Greenwich Village en su epicentro. [94]
En la década de 1990, las tasas de criminalidad comenzaron a caer drásticamente [97] [98] y la ciudad volvió a convertirse en el destino de inmigrantes de todo el mundo, uniéndose a las bajas tasas de interés y los pagos de bonos de Wall Street para impulsar el crecimiento del mercado inmobiliario. [99] Nuevos sectores importantes, como Silicon Alley , surgieron en el Distrito Flatiron , consolidando la tecnología como un componente clave de la economía de Manhattan. [100]
El atentado del World Trade Center de 1993 , descrito por el FBI como "una especie de ensayo general mortal para el 11 de septiembre", fue un ataque terrorista en el que seis personas murieron cuando una furgoneta bomba llena de explosivos fue detonada en un estacionamiento debajo de la Torre Norte del complejo del World Trade Center . [101]
El 11 de septiembre de 2001, las Torres Gemelas del World Trade Center original fueron impactadas por aviones secuestrados y se derrumbaron en los ataques del 11 de septiembre lanzados por terroristas de Al Qaeda . El derrumbe causó grandes daños a los edificios y rascacielos circundantes en el Bajo Manhattan, y resultó en la muerte de 2.606 de las 17.400 personas que se encontraban en los edificios cuando los aviones impactaron, además de las que estaban en los aviones. [102] Desde 2001, la mayor parte del Bajo Manhattan ha sido restaurada, aunque ha habido controversia en torno a la reconstrucción. En 2014, el nuevo One World Trade Center , con 1.776 pies (541 m) medidos hasta la parte superior de su aguja, se convirtió en el edificio más alto del hemisferio occidental [103] y es el séptimo edificio más alto del mundo (a partir de 2023) . [104]
El 31 de octubre de 2017 , un terrorista condujo un camión por un sendero para bicicletas junto a la autopista West Side en el Bajo Manhattan, matando a ocho personas. [115]
Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos , el condado de Nueva York tiene una superficie total de 33,6 millas cuadradas (87 km² ) , de las cuales 22,8 millas cuadradas (59 km² ) son tierra y 10,8 millas cuadradas (28 km² ) (32 %) son agua. [1] El segmento norte del Alto Manhattan representa un panhandle geográfico . La isla de Manhattan tiene una superficie de 22,7 millas cuadradas (59 km² ) , 13,4 millas (21,6 km) de largo y 2,3 millas (3,7 km) de ancho, en su punto más ancho, cerca de la calle 14. [116]
Marble Hill era parte del extremo norte de la isla de Manhattan, pero el canal marítimo del río Harlem , excavado en 1895 para conectar mejor los ríos Harlem y Hudson , lo separó del resto de Manhattan. [123] Antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial, la sección del canal original del río Harlem que separaba Marble Hill del Bronx se rellenó, y Marble Hill pasó a formar parte del continente. [124] Después de un fallo judicial de mayo de 1984 de que Marble Hill era simultáneamente parte del distrito de Manhattan (no del distrito del Bronx) y parte del condado del Bronx (no del condado de Nueva York), [125] el asunto se resolvió definitivamente más tarde ese año cuando la Legislatura de Nueva York aprobó por abrumadora mayoría una legislación que declaraba que el vecindario formaba parte tanto del condado de Nueva York como del distrito de Manhattan. [126] [127]
La isla Roosevelt , que tiene una población de 14.000 habitantes, se extiende por 2 millas (3,2 km) y en 1973 cambió su nombre a Welfare Island para honrar al presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt . [131]
El lecho de roca que subyace a gran parte de Manhattan consta de tres formaciones rocosas: mármol de Inwood , gneis de Fordham y esquisto de Manhattan , y es muy adecuado para los cimientos de los rascacielos de Manhattan . [132] Es parte de la región fisiográfica de Manhattan Prong .
Según la clasificación climática de Köppen , la ciudad de Nueva York presenta tanto un clima subtropical húmedo ( Cfa ) como un clima continental húmedo ( Dfa ); [133] es la ciudad más septentrional del continente norteamericano con un clima subtropical húmedo. La ciudad tiene un promedio de 234 días con al menos algo de sol al año. [134]
Los inviernos son fríos y húmedos, y los patrones de viento predominantes que soplan en alta mar atenúan los efectos moderadores del océano Atlántico , sin embargo, el Atlántico y el blindaje parcial del aire más frío por los Apalaches mantienen a la ciudad más cálida en el invierno que las ciudades del interior de América del Norte en latitudes similares o menores. La temperatura media diaria en enero, el mes más frío del área, es de 32,6 °F (0,3 °C); [135] las temperaturas suelen bajar a 10 °F (−12 °C) varias veces por invierno, [135] [136] y alcanzan los 60 °F (16 °C) varios días en el mes de invierno más frío. [135] La primavera y el otoño son impredecibles y pueden variar de fríos a cálidos, aunque generalmente son suaves con baja humedad. Los veranos suelen ser cálidos a calurosos y húmedos, con una temperatura media diaria de 76,5 °F (24,7 °C) en julio. [135] Las condiciones nocturnas suelen verse exacerbadas por el fenómeno de la isla de calor urbana , que hace que el calor absorbido durante el día se irradie de vuelta por la noche, lo que aumenta las temperaturas hasta en 7 °F (4 °C) cuando los vientos son lentos. [137] Las temperaturas diurnas superan los 90 °F (32 °C) en promedio 17 días cada verano [138] y en algunos años superan los 100 °F (38 °C). Las temperaturas extremas han oscilado entre los -15 °F (-26 °C), registrados el 9 de febrero de 1934, hasta los 106 °F (41 °C) el 9 de julio de 1936. [138] Manhattan se encuentra en la zona de rusticidad de plantas 7b del USDA (5 a 10 °F/-15 a -12,2 °C). [139]
Manhattan recibe anualmente 1270 mm de precipitaciones , que se distribuyen de manera relativamente uniforme a lo largo del año. La nevada media invernal entre 1981 y 2010 ha sido de 66 cm, cifra que varía considerablemente de un año a otro. [138]
Los numerosos barrios de Manhattan no reciben su nombre de acuerdo a ninguna convención en particular, ni tienen límites oficiales. Algunos son geográficos ( Upper East Side ) o étnicamente descriptivos ( Little Italy ). Otros son acrónimos , como TriBeCa (por "TRIángulo debajo de la calle Canal") o SoHo ("Sur de Houston"), NoLIta ("North of Little ITAly") y NoMad ("North of MADison Square Park"). [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] Harlem es un nombre de la era colonial holandesa en honor a Haarlem , una ciudad en los Países Bajos. [147] Algunos tienen nombres folclóricos simples , como Hell's Kitchen , junto con su título más oficial pero menos utilizado (en este caso, Clinton). [148]
Manhattan tiene dos distritos comerciales centrales, el Distrito Financiero en el extremo sur de la isla y Midtown Manhattan . El término uptown también se refiere a la parte norte de Manhattan por encima de la calle 72 y downtown a la porción sur por debajo de la calle 14 , [161] con Midtown cubriendo el área intermedia, aunque las definiciones pueden ser fluidas. La Quinta Avenida divide aproximadamente la isla de Manhattan y actúa como la línea de demarcación para las designaciones este/oeste. [161] [162] Al sur de Waverly Place , la Quinta Avenida termina y Broadway se convierte en la línea de demarcación este/oeste. [ cita requerida ] En Manhattan, uptown significa norte y downtown significa sur. [163] Este uso difiere del de la mayoría de las ciudades estadounidenses, donde downtown se refiere al distrito comercial central.
Según el censo de 2020 , la población de Manhattan había aumentado un 6,8% durante la década hasta alcanzar los 1.694.250 habitantes, lo que representa el 19,2% de la población de la ciudad de Nueva York, de 8.804.194 habitantes, y el 8,4% de la población del estado de Nueva York, de 20.201.230 habitantes. [3] La densidad de población del condado de Nueva York era de 70.450,8 habitantes por milla cuadrada (27.201,2/km 2 ) en 2022, la densidad de población más alta de cualquier condado de los Estados Unidos y superior a la densidad de cualquier ciudad individual de los EE. UU . [164] [165] En el censo de 2010 , había 1.585.873 personas viviendo en Manhattan, un aumento del 3,2% respecto a las 1.537.195 contabilizadas en el censo de 2000. [166]
Religión
En 2010, el grupo religioso organizado más grande en Manhattan fue la Arquidiócesis de Nueva York , con 323.325 católicos que adoraban en 109 parroquias, seguido por 64.000 judíos ortodoxos con 77 congregaciones, un estimado de 42.545 musulmanes con 21 congregaciones, 42.502 seguidores no denominacionales con 54 congregaciones, 26.178 episcopales de la TEC con 46 congregaciones, 25.048 bautistas ABC-USA con 41 congregaciones, 24.536 judíos reformistas con 10 congregaciones, 23.982 budistas Mahayana con 35 congregaciones, 10.503 presbiterianos de la PC-USA con 30 congregaciones y 10.268 presbiterianos de la RCA con 10 congregaciones. En total, el 44,0% de la población fue declarada miembro por las congregaciones religiosas, aunque los miembros de denominaciones históricamente afroamericanas estaban subrepresentados debido a la información incompleta. [171] En 2014, Manhattan tenía 703 organizaciones religiosas, la decimoséptima mayor cantidad de todos los condados de EE. UU. [172] Hay un gran templo budista en Manhattan ubicado al pie del Puente de Manhattan en Chinatown . [173]
Idiomas
En 2015, el 60,0% (927.650) de los residentes de Manhattan, de cinco años o más, hablaban solo inglés en casa, mientras que el 22,63% (350.112) hablaba español, el 5,37% (83.013) chino, el 2,21% (34.246) francés, el 0,85% (13.138) coreano, el 0,72% (11.135) ruso y el 0,70% (10.766) japonés. En total, el 40,0% de la población de Manhattan, de cinco años o más, hablaba un idioma distinto del inglés en casa. [174]
El rascacielos , que ha dado forma al distintivo horizonte de Manhattan , ha estado estrechamente asociado con la identidad de la ciudad de Nueva York desde finales del siglo XIX. [178] Estructuras como el Equitable Building de 1915, que se eleva verticalmente cuarenta pisos desde la acera, impulsaron la aprobación de la Resolución de Zonificación de 1916 , que requiere que los edificios nuevos contengan retranqueos que se retiran progresivamente en un ángulo definido desde la calle a medida que se elevan, para preservar una vista del cielo a nivel de la calle. [179] El horizonte de Manhattan incluye varios edificios que son simbólicos de Nueva York, en particular el Chrysler Building [180] : 14 y el Empire State Building , que recibe alrededor de 4 millones de visitantes al año. [181]
En 1961, la empresa Pennsylvania Railroad, que estaba en dificultades , dio a conocer sus planes de derribar la antigua Penn Station y reemplazarla por un nuevo Madison Square Garden y un complejo de edificios de oficinas . [182] Las protestas organizadas tenían como objetivo preservar la estructura diseñada por McKim, Mead & White, terminada en 1910, considerada ampliamente una obra maestra del estilo Beaux-Arts y una de las joyas arquitectónicas de la ciudad de Nueva York. [183] A pesar de estos esfuerzos, la demolición de la estructura comenzó en octubre de 1963. [184] La pérdida de Penn Station condujo directamente a la promulgación en 1965 de una ley local que establecía la Comisión de Preservación de Monumentos Históricos de la Ciudad de Nueva York , que es responsable de preservar el " patrimonio histórico, estético y cultural de la ciudad ". [185] Al movimiento de preservación histórica desencadenado por la desaparición de Penn Station se le atribuye la retención de alrededor de un millón de estructuras en todo el país, incluidas más de 1000 en la ciudad de Nueva York. [186] En 2017, se dio a conocer un plan de reconstrucción multimillonario para restaurar la grandeza histórica de Penn Station, en el proceso de mejorar el estatus del hito como un centro de transporte crítico . [187]
El Moynihan Train Hall de 700 000 pies cuadrados (65 000 m2 ) , desarrollado como una renovación y expansión de $1600 millones de la estación Penn en el edificio James A. Farley , el antiguo edificio principal de correos de la ciudad, se inauguró en enero de 2021. [188]
Parkland cubre un total de 2659 acres (10,76 km 2 ), lo que representa el 18,2% de la superficie del distrito; el Central Park de 840 acres (3,4 km 2 ) es el parque más grande del distrito, que comprende el 31,6% de los parques de Manhattan. [189] Diseñado por Frederick Law Olmsted y Calvert Vaux , el parque está anclado por el Great Lawn de 12 acres (4,9 ha) [190] y ofrece extensos senderos para caminar , dos pistas de patinaje sobre hielo , un santuario de vida silvestre y varios céspedes y áreas deportivas, así como 21 áreas de juegos infantiles, [191] y una carretera de 6 millas (9,7 km) desde la cual el tráfico de automóviles ha sido prohibido desde 2018. [192] Si bien gran parte del parque parece natural, está casi en su totalidad ajardinado; La construcción de Central Park en la década de 1850 fue uno de los proyectos de obras públicas más masivos de la época, con unos 20.000 trabajadores moviendo 5 millones de yardas cúbicas (3,8 millones de metros cúbicos) de material para dar forma a la topografía y crear el paisaje pastoral de estilo inglés que Olmsted y Vaux buscaban. [193]
El 70% restante de los parques de Manhattan incluye 204 áreas de juegos, 251 calles verdes, 371 canchas de baloncesto y muchas otras comodidades. [194] El siguiente parque más grande de Manhattan, el Hudson River Park , se extiende 4,5 millas (7,2 km) a lo largo del río Hudson y comprende 550 acres (220 ha). [195] Otros parques importantes incluyen: [189]
Manhattan es el motor económico de la ciudad de Nueva York , con sus 2,45 millones de trabajadores provenientes de toda el área metropolitana de Nueva York que representan casi más de la mitad de todos los empleos en la ciudad de Nueva York. [196] La fuerza laboral de Manhattan se centra abrumadoramente en profesiones de cuello blanco . En 2010, la población diurna de Manhattan estaba aumentando a 3,94 millones, con los viajeros que añadían un total de 1,48 millones de personas a la población, junto con visitantes, turistas y estudiantes que viajaban diariamente. La afluencia de 1,61 millones de trabajadores que llegaban diariamente a Manhattan fue la mayor de cualquier condado o ciudad del país. [197]
Manhattan tuvo el ingreso per cápita más alto , $186,848 en 2022, entre los condados de los Estados Unidos con más de 50,000 residentes. [198] Según los datos del censo del condado de Nueva York para 2018-2022, el ingreso familiar promedio fue de $99,880 y la tasa de pobreza fue del 17.2%. [3] En el segundo trimestre de 2023, Manhattan tenía un salario semanal promedio de $2,590, ocupando el cuarto lugar entre los 360 condados más grandes del país. [196] Los datos de 2022 de la Oficina del Censo mostraron una creciente desigualdad: los que se encuentran en el 20 % superior tienen un ingreso familiar promedio de $545,549, más de 50 veces mayor que el ingreso promedio de $10,529 del 20 % más bajo de los hogares, la brecha más grande de cualquier condado del país y "más grande... que en muchos países en desarrollo", [199] [200] con una desigualdad que crece de manera constante desde 2010. [201] En 2023 [update], el costo de vida de Manhattan era el más alto de los Estados Unidos. [202]
La ciudad de Nueva York alberga la mayor cantidad de sedes corporativas de cualquier ciudad de los Estados Unidos, la abrumadora mayoría con sede en Manhattan. [203] Manhattan tenía más de 520 millones de pies cuadrados (48 millones de metros cuadrados) de espacio de oficina en 2022, [204] lo que lo convierte en el mercado de oficinas más grande de los Estados Unidos; mientras que Midtown Manhattan , con más de 400 millones de pies cuadrados (37 millones de metros cuadrados), es el distrito comercial central más grande del mundo. [205] Lower Manhattan es el tercer distrito comercial central más grande de EE. UU. (después del Chicago Loop ). [206] [207] El papel de la ciudad de Nueva York como el principal centro mundial de la industria publicitaria se conoce metonímicamente como "Madison Avenue" . [208]
Times Square es el centro del distrito teatral de Broadway y un importante centro cultural de Manhattan con 50 millones de turistas al año, lo que lo convierte en uno de los destinos turísticos más populares del mundo. [21]
El turismo es vital para la economía de Manhattan, y los lugares emblemáticos de Manhattan son el foco de atención de los turistas de la ciudad de Nueva York, con un récord de 66,6 millones de visitantes en 2019, lo que generó $47.4 mil millones en ingresos por turismo. El número de visitantes se redujo en dos tercios en 2020 durante la pandemia de COVID-19 , y volvió a subir a 63,3 millones de visitantes en 2023. [224] [225]
Según The Broadway League , los espectáculos de Broadway vendieron aproximadamente US$1.54 mil millones en entradas en las temporadas 2022-2023 y 2023-2024, con una asistencia de aproximadamente 12,3 millones cada una. [226]
Bienes raíces
Los bienes raíces son una fuerza importante que impulsa la economía de Manhattan. Manhattan ha sido perennemente el hogar de algunos de los bienes raíces más valiosos del mundo, incluido el Time Warner Center , que tuvo el valor de mercado más alto en la ciudad en 2006 con US$1.1 mil millones, [227] para ser superado posteriormente en octubre de 2014 por el Waldorf Astoria New York , que se convirtió en el hotel más caro jamás vendido después de ser comprado por Anbang Insurance Group , con sede en China, por US$1.95 mil millones . [228] Cuando 450 Park Avenue se vendió el 2 de julio de 2007 por US$510 millones, aproximadamente US$1.589 por pie cuadrado (US$17.104/m²), rompió el récord de apenas un mes para un edificio de oficinas estadounidense de US$1.476 por pie cuadrado (US$15.887/m²) basado en la venta de 660 Madison Avenue . [229] En 2014, Manhattan albergaba seis de los diez principales códigos postales de los Estados Unidos por precio medio de vivienda. [230] En 2019, la venta de vivienda más cara de la historia en los Estados Unidos se produjo en Manhattan, a un precio de venta de 238 millones de dólares estadounidenses, por un ático de 24.000 pies cuadrados (2.200 m 2 ) con vistas a Central Park , [231] mientras que Central Park Tower , que alcanzó los 1.550 pies (472 m) en 2019, es el edificio residencial más alto del mundo , seguido a nivel mundial en altura por 111 West 57th Street y 432 Park Avenue , ambos también ubicados en Midtown Manhattan.
La industria de la televisión se desarrolló en Manhattan y es un empleador importante en la economía del distrito. Las cuatro principales cadenas de transmisión estadounidenses, ABC , CBS , NBC y Fox , [238] así como Univision , tienen su sede en Manhattan, al igual que muchos canales de cable, incluidos CNN , MSNBC , MTV , Fox News , HBO y Comedy Central . En 1971, WLIB se convirtió en la primera estación de radio de propiedad negra de la ciudad de Nueva York [239] y comenzó a realizar transmisiones orientadas a la comunidad afroamericana en 1949. [240] WQHT , también conocida como Hot 97 , afirma ser la principal estación de hip-hop en los Estados Unidos. [241] WNYC , que transmite tanto en señal AM como FM, tiene la audiencia de radio pública más grande de la nación y es la estación de radio comercial o no comercial más escuchada en Manhattan. [242] WBAI , propiedad de la fundación sin fines de lucro Pacifica Foundation , transmite música ecléctica, así como noticias políticas, debates y opiniones desde un punto de vista de izquierda . [243]
El canal de televisión por cable de acceso público más antiguo de los Estados Unidos es Manhattan Neighborhood Network , fundado en 1971, que ofrece una programación local ecléctica que va desde una hora de jazz hasta debates sobre cuestiones laborales, pasando por programación en idiomas extranjeros y religiosa. [244] NY1 , el canal de noticias local de Charter Communications , es conocido por su cobertura del Ayuntamiento y la política estatal. [245]
Según datos de la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense de 2011-2015 , el 59,9 % de los residentes de Manhattan mayores de 25 años tienen una licenciatura . [249] En 2005, aproximadamente el 60 % de los residentes eran graduados universitarios y alrededor del 25 % había obtenido títulos avanzados, lo que le daba a Manhattan una de las concentraciones más densas de personas con un alto nivel educativo del país. [250]
Manhattan es el distrito más estrechamente asociado con la ciudad de Nueva York por los no residentes; los residentes dentro del área metropolitana de la ciudad de Nueva York , incluidos los distritos de la ciudad de Nueva York fuera de Manhattan, a menudo describirán un viaje a Manhattan como "ir a la ciudad". [261] El poeta Walt Whitman caracterizó las calles de Manhattan como atravesadas por "multitudes apresuradas, febriles y eléctricas". [262]
Manhattan ha sido escenario de muchos movimientos culturales globales y estadounidenses importantes. El Renacimiento de Harlem en la década de 1920 estableció el canon literario afroamericano en los Estados Unidos e introdujo a los escritores Langston Hughes y Zora Neale Hurston . La escena de arte visual de Manhattan en las décadas de 1950 y 1960 fue un centro del movimiento de arte pop , que dio origen a gigantes como Jasper Johns y Roy Lichtenstein . El movimiento de arte pop del centro de la ciudad de finales de la década de 1970 incluyó al artista Andy Warhol y clubes como Serendipity 3 y Studio 54 , donde socializaba.
Manhattan es el epicentro de la cultura LGBT y el nodo central del ecosistema sociopolítico LGBTQ+ . [273] El distrito es ampliamente aclamado como la cuna del movimiento moderno por los derechos LGBTQ , con su inicio en los disturbios de Stonewall de 1969. [88] [274] [275] [89] [276] Brian Silverman, autor de Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day, escribió que la ciudad tiene "una de las comunidades LGBT más grandes, ruidosas y poderosas del mundo", y "La cultura gay y lésbica es una parte tan importante de la identidad básica de Nueva York como los taxis amarillos , los edificios de gran altura y el teatro de Broadway " — [277] irradiando desde este eje central, como afirma la guía de viajes LGBT Queer in the World , "La fabulosidad de Gay New York no tiene rival en la Tierra, y la cultura queer se filtra en cada rincón de sus cinco distritos". [278] Se han desarrollado varios pueblos gay , que abarcan toda la longitud del distrito, desde el Lower East Side , East Village y Greenwich Village, pasando por Chelsea y Hell's Kitchen , hasta Morningside Heights .
La Marcha del Orgullo Gay de Nueva York (o desfile del orgullo gay ) recorre la Quinta Avenida hacia el sur y termina en Greenwich Village; el desfile de Manhattan es el desfile del orgullo más grande del mundo y atrae a decenas de miles de participantes y millones de espectadores en las aceras cada junio. [271] [272] Stonewall 50: WorldPride NYC 2019 fue la celebración internacional del Orgullo más grande de la historia, producida por Heritage of Pride . Los eventos se realizaron en asociación con la división LGBT del programa I ❤ NY , conmemorando el 50 aniversario del levantamiento de Stonewall, con 150.000 participantes y cinco millones de espectadores en Manhattan. [279]
El distrito está representado en varios modismos destacados . La frase New York minute pretende transmitir un tiempo extremadamente corto, como un instante, [280] a veces en forma hiperbólica, como en "quizás más rápido de lo que creerías que es posible", refiriéndose al rápido ritmo de vida en Manhattan. [281] [282] La expresión " crisol de razas " se acuñó popularmente por primera vez para describir los barrios de inmigrantes densamente poblados del Lower East Side en la obra de Israel Zangwill The Melting Pot , que fue una adaptación de Romeo y Julieta de William Shakespeare ambientada en la ciudad de Nueva York en 1908. [283] Se dice que el icónico edificio Flatiron fue la fuente de la frase " 23 skidoo " o "lárgate", de lo que los policías gritaban a los hombres que intentaban vislumbrar los vestidos de las mujeres que volaban por los vientos creados por el edificio triangular. [284] El término " Gran Manzana " se remonta a la década de 1920, cuando un periodista escuchó el término utilizado por los mozos de cuadra de Nueva Orleans para referirse a las pistas de carreras de caballos de la ciudad de Nueva York y tituló su columna sobre carreras "Around The Big Apple" (Alrededor de la Gran Manzana). Los músicos de jazz adoptaron el término para referirse a la ciudad como la capital mundial del jazz, y una campaña publicitaria de la década de 1970 de la Oficina de Convenciones y Visitantes de Nueva York ayudó a popularizar el término. [285]
Manhattan es bien conocido por sus desfiles callejeros , que celebran una amplia gama de temas, incluidos días festivos, nacionalidades, derechos humanos y victorias en campeonatos de equipos deportivos de las grandes ligas. La mayoría de los desfiles de mayor perfil en la ciudad de Nueva York se llevan a cabo en Manhattan. La orientación principal de los desfiles callejeros anuales es típicamente de norte a sur, marchando a lo largo de las avenidas principales. El desfile anual del Día de Acción de Gracias de Macy's es el desfile más grande del mundo, [286] comenzando junto a Central Park y procesando hacia el sur hasta la tienda insignia Macy's Herald Square ; [289] el desfile se ve en transmisiones televisivas en todo el mundo y atrae a millones de espectadores en persona. [286]
Manhattan does not currently host a professional baseball franchise. The original New York Giants played primarily in the various incarnations of the Polo Grounds from their inception in 1883 until they headed to California with the Brooklyn Dodgers after the 1957 season.[297] The New York Yankees began their franchise as the Highlanders, named for Hilltop Park, where they played from their creation in 1903 until 1912.[298] The team moved to the Polo Grounds with the 1913 season, where they were officially christened the New York Yankees, remaining there until they moved across the Harlem River in 1923 to Yankee Stadium.[299] The New York Mets played in the Polo Grounds in 1962 and 1963, their first two seasons, before Shea Stadium was completed in 1964.[300] After the Mets departed, the Polo Grounds was demolished in April 1964.[301][302]
The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[303] The New York Knicks started play in 1946 as one of the National Basketball Association's original teams, playing their first home games at the 69th Regiment Armory, before making Madison Square Garden their permanent home.[304] The New York Liberty of the WNBA shared the Garden with the Knicks from their creation in 1997 as one of the league's original eight teams through the 2017 season,[305] after which the team moved nearly all of its home schedule to White Plains, New York.[306]Rucker Park in Harlem is a playground court, famed for its streetball style of play, where many NBA athletes have played in the summer league.[307]
Although both of New York City's football teams play today in MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, both teams started out playing in the Polo Grounds. The New York Giants played side-by-side with their baseball namesakes from the time they entered the National Football League in 1925, until crossing over to Yankee Stadium in 1956.[308] The New York Jets, originally known as the Titans of New York, started out in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, before joining the Mets in Queens at Shea Stadium in 1964.[309]
The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League have played in the various locations of Madison Square Garden since the team's founding in the 1926–1927 season. The Rangers were predated by the New York Americans, who started play in the Garden the previous season, lasting until the team folded after the 1941–1942 NHL season, a season it played in the Garden as the Brooklyn Americans.[310]
The New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League played their home games at Downing Stadium for two seasons, starting in 1974. The playing pitch and facilities at Downing Stadium were in unsatisfactory condition, however, and as the team's popularity grew they too left for Yankee Stadium, and then Giants Stadium. The stadium was demolished in 2002 to make way for the $45 million, 4,754-seat Icahn Stadium.[311][312]
Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Manhattan has been governed by the New York City Charter; its 1989 revision provided for a strong mayor–council system.[313] The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Manhattan.
The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the US Supreme Court declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.[314] Since 1990, the largely powerless Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations.[citation needed] Manhattan's current Borough President is Mark Levine, elected as a Democrat in November 2021.
Alvin Bragg, a Democrat, is the District Attorney of New York County. Manhattan has ten City Council members, the third largest contingent among the five boroughs. It also has twelve administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents.
As the host of the United Nations, the borough is home to the world's largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates general and honorary consulates.[315] It is also the home of New York City Hall, the seat of New York City government housing the Mayor of New York City and the New York City Council. The mayor's staff and thirteen municipal agencies are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, completed in 1914, one of the largest governmental buildings in the world.[316]
The Democratic Party holds most public offices. Registered Republicans are a minority in the borough, constituting 9.88% of the electorate as of April 2016[update]. Registered Republicans are more than 20% of the electorate only in the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Financial District as of 2016[update]. Democrats accounted for 68.41% of those registered to vote, while 17.94% of voters were unaffiliated.[320][321]
Starting in the mid-19th century, the United States became a magnet for immigrants seeking to escape poverty in their home countries. After arriving in New York, many new arrivals ended up living in squalor in the slums of the Five Points neighborhood, an area between Broadway and the Bowery, northeast of New York City Hall. By the 1820s, the area was home to many gambling dens and brothels, and was known as a dangerous place to go. In 1842, Charles Dickens visited the area and was appalled at the horrendous living conditions he had seen.[324] The predominantly Irish Five Points Gang was one of the country's first major organized crime entities.
As Italian immigration grew in the early 20th century many joined ethnic gangs, including Al Capone, who got his start in crime with the Five Points Gang.[325]The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) first developed in the mid-19th century in Sicily and spread to the US East Coast during the late 19th century following waves of Sicilian and Southern Italian emigration. Lucky Luciano established Cosa Nostra in Manhattan, forming alliances with other criminal enterprises, including the Jewish mob, led by Meyer Lansky, the leading Jewish gangster of that period.[326] From 1920 to 1933, Prohibition helped create a thriving black market in liquor, upon which the Mafia was quick to capitalize.[326]
New York City as a whole experienced a sharp increase in crime during the post-war period.[327] The murder rate in Manhattan hit an all-time high of 42 murders per 100,000 residents in 1979.[328] Manhattan retained the highest murder rate in the city until 1985 when it was surpassed by the Bronx.[328] Most serious violent crime has been historically concentrated in Upper Manhattan and the Lower East Side, though robbery in particular was a major quality of life concern throughout the borough. Through the 1990s and 2000s, levels of violent crime in Manhattan plummeted to levels not seen since the 1950s,[329] with murders in Manhattan dropping from 503 in 1990, at the citywide peak, to 78 in 2022, a decline of 84%.[330]
Today crime rates in most of Lower Manhattan, Midtown, the Upper East Side, and the Upper West Side are consistent with other major city centers in the United States. However, crime rates remain high in the Upper Manhattan neighborhoods of East Harlem, Harlem, Washington Heights, Inwood, and New York City Housing Authority developments across the borough, despite significant reductions. After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, there had been an increase in violent crime, particularly in Upper Manhattan.[331] Mirroring a nationwide trend, rates of shootings and violent crimes in 2023 declined from their peaks during the pandemic.[332][333][334]
Housing
Tenement houses in 1936
The rise of immigration near the turn of the 20th century left major portions of Manhattan, especially the Lower East Side, densely packed with recent arrivals, crammed into unhealthy and unsanitary housing. Tenements were usually five stories high, constructed on the then-typical 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5 m) lots, with "cockroach landlords" exploiting the new immigrants.[335][336] By 1929, a new housing code effectively ended construction of tenements, though some survive today on the East Side of the borough.[336] Conversely, there were also areas with luxury apartment developments, the first of which was the Dakota on the Upper West Side.[337]
Manhattan offers a wide array of private housing, as well as public housing, which is administered by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA). Affordable rental and co-operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the Mitchell–Lama Housing Program.[338] There were 923,302 housing units in 2022[3] at an average density of 40,745 units per square mile (15,732/km2). As of 2003[update], only 24.3% of Manhattan residents lived in owner-occupied housing, the second-lowest rate of all counties in the nation, after the Bronx.[339] Public housing administered by NYCHA accounts for nearly 100,000 residents in more than 50,000 units in 2023.[340] Completed in 1935, the First Houses in the East Village were one of the country's first publicly-funded low-income housing projects.[341][342] At $2,024 in 2022, Manhattan has the highest average cost for rent of any county in the US, although a lower percentage of annual income than in several other American cities.[343]
Manhattan's real estate market for luxury housing continues to be among the most expensive in the world,[344] and Manhattan residential property continues to have the highest sale price per square foot in the United States.[19] Manhattan's apartments cost $1,773 per square foot ($19,080/m2), compared to San Francisco housing at $1,185 per square foot ($12,760/m2), Boston housing at $751 per square foot ($8,080/m2), and Los Angeles housing at $451 per square foot ($4,850/m2).[345] As of the fourth quarter of 2021, the median value of homes in Manhattan was $1,306,208, second highest among US counties.[346]
Manhattan is unique in the U.S. for intense use of public transportation and lack of private car ownership. While 88% of Americans nationwide drive to their jobs, with only 5% using public transport, mass transit is the dominant form of travel for residents of Manhattan, with 72% of borough residents using public transport to get to work, while only 18% drove.[347][348] According to the 2000 United States Census, 77.5% of Manhattan households do not own a car.[349] In 2008, Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a congestion pricing system to regulate entering Manhattan south of 60th Street, but the state legislature rejected the proposal.[350]
The New York City Subway, the largest subway system in the world by number of stations, is the primary means of travel within the city, linking every borough except Staten Island. There are 151 subway stations in Manhattan, out of the 472 stations.[351] A second subway, the PATH system, connects six stations in Manhattan to northern New Jersey. Passengers pay fares with pay-per-ride MetroCards, which are valid on all city buses and subways, as well as on PATH trains.[352][353]Commuter rail services operating to and from Manhattan are the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), which connects Manhattan and other New York City boroughs to Long Island; the Metro-North Railroad, which connects Manhattan to Upstate New York and Southwestern Connecticut; and NJ Transit trains, which run to various points in New Jersey.
MTA New York City Transit offers a wide variety of local buses within Manhattan under the brand New York City Bus. An extensive network of express bus routes serves commuters and other travelers heading into Manhattan.[362] The bus system served 784 million passengers citywide in 2011, placing the bus system's ridership as the highest in the nation, and more than double the ridership of the second-place Los Angeles system.[363]
The Roosevelt Island Tramway, one of two commuter cable car systems in North America, takes commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan in less than five minutes, and has been serving the island since 1978.[364][365]
The Staten Island Ferry, which runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, annually carries over 21 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Manhattan and Staten Island. Each weekday, five vessels transport about 65,000 passengers on 109 boat trips.[366][367] The ferry has been fare-free since 1997.[368] In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.[369][370] The first routes of NYC Ferry opened in 2017.[371][372] All of the system's routes have termini in Manhattan, and the Lower East Side and Soundview routes also have intermediate stops on the East River.[373]
The metro region's commuter rail lines converge at Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, on the west and east sides of Midtown Manhattan, respectively. They are the two busiest rail stations in the United States. About one-third of users of mass transit and two-thirds of railway passengers in the country live in New York and its suburbs.[376]Amtrak provides inter-city passenger rail service from Penn Station to Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C.; Upstate New York and New England; cross-Canadian border service to Toronto and Montreal; and destinations in the Southern and Midwestern United States.
The Port Authority Bus Terminal is the city's main intercity bus terminal and the world's busiest bus station. It serves 250,000 passengers on 7,000 buses each workday in a 1950 building designed to accommodate 60,000 daily passengers. A 2021 plan announced by the Port Authority would spend $10 billion to expand capacity and modernize the facility.[375][377][374] In 2024, the Port Authority announced plans for a new terminal that would be completed by 2032 and include a pair of office buildings to defray the costs of the project.[378]
New York's iconic yellow taxicabs, which number 13,087 citywide and must have a medallion authorizing the pickup of street hails, are ubiquitous in the borough.[379] Private vehicle for hire companies provide significant competition for taxicabs.[380]
The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 called for twelve numbered "avenues" running north and south roughly parallel to the Hudson River, each 100 feet (30 m) wide, with First Avenue on the east side and Twelfth Avenue on the west side.[56][382] There are several intermittent avenues east of First Avenue, including four additional lettered avenues running from Avenue A eastward to Avenue D in an area now known as Alphabet City.[383] The numbered streets in Manhattan run east–west, and are generally 60 feet (18 m) wide, with about 200 feet (61 m) between streets.[56] The address algorithm of Manhattan is used to estimate the closest east–west cross street for building numbers on north–south avenues.[384]
According to the original Commissioner's Plan, there were 155 numbered crosstown streets,[385] but later the grid was extended up to the northernmost corner of Manhattan Island, where the last numbered street is 220th Street, though the grid continues to 228th Street in the borough's Marble Hill neighborhood.[386][387] Fifteen crosstown streets were designated as 100 feet (30 m) wide, including 34th, 42nd, 57th and 125th Streets,[388] which became some of the borough's most significant transportation and shopping venues. Broadway, following the route of a Native American trail, is the most notable of many exceptions to the grid, starting at Bowling Green in Lower Manhattan and continuing north for 13 miles (21 km) into the Bronx.[389] In much of Midtown Manhattan, Broadway runs at a diagonal to the grid, creating major named intersections at Union Square, Madison Square, Herald Square, Times Square, and Columbus Circle.[390][391]
"Crosstown streets" refers primarily to major east-west streets connecting Manhattan's East Side and West Side. The trip is notoriously frustrating for drivers because of heavy congestion on narrow local streets; absence of express roads other than the Trans-Manhattan Expressway at the far north end of Manhattan Island; and restricted to very limited crosstown automobile travel within Central Park. Proposals to build highways traversing the island through Manhattan's densest neighborhoods, namely the Mid-Manhattan Expressway across 34th Street and the Lower Manhattan Expressway through SoHo, failed in the 1960s.[392][393] In New York City, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present, significantly shaping traffic patterns in Manhattan.[394]
Another consequence of the strict grid plan of most of Manhattan, and the grid's skew of approximately 28.9 degrees, is a phenomenon sometimes referred to as Manhattanhenge (by analogy with Stonehenge).[395] On May 28 and July 12, the sunset is aligned with the street grid lines, with the result that the sun is visible at or near the western horizon from street level.[395][396] A similar phenomenon occurs with the sunrise on the eastern horizon on December 5 and January 8.[397]
Several tunnels also link Manhattan Island to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[403] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sail through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel.[404] The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940;[405] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.[406] The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.
Several ferry services operate between New Jersey and Manhattan.[407] These ferries mainly serve midtown, Battery Park City, and Wall Street.
Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison. Manhattan witnessed the doubling of its natural gas supply when a new gas pipeline opened on November 1, 2013.[409]Con Edison operates the world's largest district steam system, which consists of 105 miles (169 km) of steam pipes, providing steam for heating, hot water, and air conditioning[410] by some 1,800 Manhattan customers.[411] Cable service is provided by Time Warner Cable and telephone service is provided by Verizon Communications, although AT&T is available as well.
The New York City Department of Sanitation is responsible for garbage removal.[412] The bulk of the city's trash is disposed at mega-dumps in Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, and Ohio (via transfer stations in New Jersey, Brooklyn and Queens) since the 2001 closure of the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island.[413] A small amount of trash processed at transfer sites in New Jersey is sometimes incinerated at waste-to-energy facilities.
New York City has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet, which also operates in Manhattan, in the country. It also has some of the first hybrid taxis, most of which operate in Manhattan.[414]
Health care
There are many hospitals in Manhattan, including two of the 25 largest in the United States (as of 2017):[415]
New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[416] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the US with a majority of drinking water pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.[417] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[418] Water comes to Manhattan through the tunnels 1 and 2, and in the future through Tunnel No. 3, begun in 1970.[419]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[140]
^The presidential election results for the years 1876–1912 are not strictly comparable with the earlier and later ones because New York County included the West Bronx after 1874 and all of what is now the Borough of the Bronx (Bronx County, New York) from 1895 until The Bronx became a separate borough in 1914.
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^Michael Kimmelman (September 30, 2016). "Penn Station Reborn". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^Sarah Waxman. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. Retrieved January 12, 2024. Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side.
^"New York's Fifth Avenue Retains its Top Ranking as the World's Most Expensive Retail Destination". Cushman & Wakefield. November 20, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
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^Magazine, Smithsonian. "The True Native New Yorkers Can Never Truly Reclaim Their Homeland". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^Broadway, Society of Architectural Historians. Accessed November 30, 2023. "Predating the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, Broadway was initially a Native American trading trail running the length of Manhattan. Various indigenous peoples living on the island—including Lenni Lenape, Delaware Lenape, and Wickquasgeck—used the route, known as the Wickquasgeck Trail, to exchange goods with each other. Following Dutch settlement in 1609 and the establishment of Fort Amsterdam in lower Manhattan, the Wickquasgeck Trail's southern endpoint became a site for trading between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists."
^Goddard, Ives (2010). "The Origin and Meaning of the Name "Manhattan"". New York History. 91 (4): 277–293. hdl:10088/16790. ISSN 0146-437X – via Smithsonian Research Online.
^Giovanni da Verrazzano, Mariners' Museum and Park. Accessed December 24, 2023. "Verrazzano sailed onward, continuing his search for the Northwest Passage. In mid-April 1524, Verrazzano and his crew became the first known Europeans to sail into New York Bay. Once again they were greeted peacefully by the Native Americans and treated well."
^R. J. Knecht: Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I; p. 372. Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0-521-57885-X
^Rankin, Rebecca B.; Cleveland Rodgers (1948). New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper.
^"Henry Hudson and His Exploration" Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback MachineScientific American, September 25, 1909. Accessed May 1, 2007. "This was a vain hope however, and the conviction must finally have come to the heart of the intrepid adventurer that once again he was foiled in his repeated quest for the northwest passage ... On the following day the Half Moon let go her anchor inside of Sandy Hook. The week was spent in exploring the bay with a shallop, or small boat, and "they found a good entrance between two headlands" (the Narrows) "and thus entered on the 12th of September into as fine a river as can be found""
^Juet, Robert (2006) [1625]. "Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage, from the 1625 Edition of Purchas His Pilgrimes". The New York Times. Translated by Brea Barthel. p. 16. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^History, Governor's Island. Accessed December 24, 2023. "The Dutch West India Company first arrived to New Amsterdam and opted to set up camp on the small, 70-acre Island rather than brave the wilderness that lay across the water on the island that would later be known as Manhattan."
^Dutch Colonies Archived May 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, National Park Service. Accessed May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."
^GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance Archived August 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Tolerance Park. Accessed November 20, 2016. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.
^City Seal and Flag Archived April 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New York City. Accessed November 20, 2016. "Date: Beneath the horizontal laurel branch the date 1625, being the year of the establishment of New Amsterdam."
^Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646., Library of Congress. Accessed August 6, 2023. "The West India Company removed Kieft from his post in 1647 and replaced him with Peter Stuyvesant, the last director-general of New Netherland before the colony was taken over by the English in 1664."
^New Netherlands Becomes New York, University of Houston Digital History. Accessed January 3, 2024. "In 1664, the English sent a fleet to seize New Netherlands, which surrendered without a fight. The English renamed the colony New York, after James, the Duke of York, who had received a charter to the territory from his brother King Charles II."
^Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
^"History of New York City - 1600s NYC", History 101 NYC. Accessed January 3, 2024. "1673: A pivotal moment in New York City's history when Dutch forces briefly reclaimed it during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The city, captured by the English in 1664 and renamed New York, was temporarily dubbed New Orange in honor of William of Orange.... 1674: The Treaty of Westminster, signed in February, officially concluded the Third Anglo-Dutch War. This treaty marked a crucial turn in colonial history, transferring New York permanently to English control."
^"The Inauguration of George Washington, 1789". Eyewitness to History. Ibis Communications, Inc. 2005. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
^Fort Washington, American Battlefield Trust. Accessed November 30, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."
^Axelson, Erik Peter."Happy Evacuation Day" Archived October 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, November 23, 2005. Accessed December 24, 2023. "During the Revolutionary War, New York City was occupied by British forces (from September 15, 1776 to November 25, 1783). For generations afterward, New Yorkers celebrated its repatriation from the British as Evacuation Day."
^"January Highlight: Superintending Independence, Part 1", Harvard University Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 24, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."
^The Nine Capitals of the United States Archived March 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. United States Senate Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, The Nine Capitals of the United States, York, Pennsylvania: Maple Press, 1948...
^"Birthplace of American Government". National Park Service. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
^Lynch, Jack. "Debating the Bill of Rights". Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
^History & Culture: Federal Hall National Memorial, National Park Service. Accessed November 30, 2023. "After the American Revolution, the Continental Congress met at City Hall and, in 1787, adopted the Northwest Ordinance, establishing procedures for creating new states."
^Historic New York, American Experience. Accessed December 24, 2023. "But New York's enormous Revolutionary War debt had the federal government hovering on the brink of bankruptcy, so Alexander Hamilton struck a momentous deal with Thomas Jefferson.... Alexander Hamilton's extraordinary early vision helped invent the economic future not only for his adoptive city, but also for the rest of the United States. Although the country was 90% agrarian, Hamilton understood that the future lay in manufacturing. As the first Secretary of the Treasury in New York City in 1789, he mapped out a blueprint for a new kind of nation – one based not on plantations and slave labor, but on commerce, manufacturing, and immigrant toil."
^Dunlap, David W. "Last Time New York Had Just 27 House Seats? The City Was on the Rise", Archived September 24, 2014, at the Wayback MachineThe New York Times, December 1, 2010. Accessed December 24, 2023. "Even as war with Britain seemed more and more inevitable, however, New York spent much of 1810 — boisterously and confidently — developing into the American metropolis. New York, just as I pictured it. This was the year New York surpassed Philadelphia in population to become the largest city of the young republic, with 96,373 people; 94,687 of whom were free, 1,686 of whom were enslaved."
^ a b cThe Commissioners' Plan, 1811, Museum of the City of New York. Accessed December 1, 2023. "The avenues are 100 feet wide, the standard cross street is 60 feet, and major cross streets are 100 feet.... The second pattern derives from block dimensions: all blocks are 200 feet north to south, but their dimensions east to west vary, diminishing in width from the center of the island to the shorelines."
^Bridges, William (1811). Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan with Explanatory Remarks and References.
^Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.
^Canal History, New York State Canal Corporation. Accessed January 3, 2024. "In 1825, Governor Dewitt Clinton officially opened the Erie Canal as he sailed the packet boat Seneca Chief along the Canal from Buffalo to Albany.... The explosion of trade prophesied by Governor Clinton began, spurred by freight rates from Buffalo to New York of $10 per ton by Canal, compared with $100 per ton by road.... The Erie Canal played an integral role in the transformation of New York City into the nation's leading port, a national identity that continues to be reflected in many songs, legends and artwork today."
^"Sachems & Sinners An Informal History Of Tammany Hall", Time, August 22, 1955. Accessed December 1, 2023. "Born in Philadelphia, Wood went to New York to become an actor, but turned instead to politics and rose to become the first real Boss of Tammany Hall. In 1854 he became Mayor of New York City."
^Blair, Cynthia. "1858: Central Park Opens", Newsday. Accessed May 29, 2007. "Between 1853 and 1856, city commissioners purchased more than 700 acres (280 ha) from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park, the nation's first public park [sic] as well as its first landscaped park." In actuality, Boston Common is the nation's first public park. Boston Common Archived December 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Thefreedomtrail.org.
^Rybczynski, Witold. "Olmsted's Triumph" Archived December 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Smithsonian (magazine), July 2003. Accessed November 20, 2016. "By 1876, landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy, treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States."
^Morgan, David. "New York's Central Park", CBS News, July 21, 2019. Accessed December 24, 2023. "America's first major landscaped public park, Manhattan's 840-acre Central Park welcomes more than 37 million visitors every year."
^Harris, Leslie M. "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863" excerpted from In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, University of Chicago Press. Accessed November 20, 2016.
^Ward, Geoffrey C. "Gangs of New York" Archived July 16, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, a review of Paradise Alley by Kevin Baker, The New York Times, October 6, 2002. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history: according to the historian Adrian Cook, 119 people are known to have been killed, mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops, brought back from the battlefield to restore order, started shooting."
^"New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty I. Rejected" Archived March 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, October 6, 1987. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court, without comment, turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state."
^Brooklyn Bridge, New York City Department of Transportation. Accessed November 30, 2023. "The Brooklyn Bridge was designed by John A. Roebling. Construction began in 1869 and was completed in 1883.... The Brooklyn Bridge connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River."
^Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898, New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Accessed November 30, 2023. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York. Movements for consolidation had been considered as far back as 1820, but by the end of the 19th century proponents were claiming that a single metropolitan jurisdiction stretching over five boroughs would run more efficiently and cement New York as the economic and cultural capital of the nation."
^McFadden, Robert D. "Rockets' Red Glare Marked Birth of Merged City in 1898", The New York Times, January 1, 1973. Accessed November 30, 2023.
^"Birth of a Borough", A Walk Through the Bronx. Accessed January 3, 2024. "After consolidation in 1898, the twenty-third and twenty-fourth wards became the borough of the Bronx, which with Manhattan remained part of New York County (the other boroughs were already separate counties).... It was not until 1912, however, that the state legislature established the County of the Bronx as the sixty-second county in the state, effective January 1, 1914."
^Opening ceremonies, New York subway, Oct. 27, 1904, Library of Congress. Accessed December 1, 2023.
^Dim, Joan Marans. "New York's Golden Age of Bridges", Fordham University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8232-5308-1. Accessed December 4, 2023. "The Williamsburg followed in 1903, the Queensboro (renamed the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge) and the Manhattan in 1909, the George Washington in 1931, the Triborough (renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) in 1936, the Bronx-Whitestone in 1939, the Throgs Neck in 1961, and the Verrazano-Narrows in 1964."
^Barr, Jason M. "Why Doesn't New York Construct the World's Tallest Building Anymore?", Building the Skyline, December 23, 2020. Accessed December 4, 2023. "Generation II was the twentieth century before World War I. This crop included the Singer Building (1908, 674 feet, 205 meters, 41 stories), the Metropolitan Life Tower (1909, 700 feet, 210 meters, 50 stories), and the Woolworth Building (1913, 792 feet, 241 meters, 55 stories).... Left to Right: Bank of Manhattan Building (1930), Chrysler Building (1930), Empire State Building (1931)."
^ a b c d eGibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States, United States Census Bureau, February 2005. Accessed December 27, 2023.
^The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed December 1, 2023. "One hundred years ago on March 25, fire spread through the cramped Triangle Waist Company garment factory on the 8th, 9th and 10th floors of the Asch Building in lower Manhattan. Workers in the factory, many of whom were young women recently arrived from Europe, had little time or opportunity to escape. The rapidly spreading fire killed 146 workers."
^Markel, Howard. "How the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire transformed labor laws and protected workers' health", PBS NewsHour, March 31, 2021. Accessed December 4, 2023. "Activists kept their memory alive by lobbying their local and state leaders to do something in the name of building and worker safety and health. Three months later, John Alden Dix, then the governor of New York, signed a law empowering the Factory Investigating Committee, which resulted in eight more laws covering fire safety, factory inspection, and sanitation and employment rules for women and children. The following year, 1912, activists and legislators in New York State enacted another 25 laws that transformed its labor protections among the most progressive in the nation."
^"Skyscraper boom tied to market crash". Real Estate Weekly. February 19, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
^"Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today", p. 19, The New York Times, August 1, 1947. Accessed December 4, 2023.
^"A History of StuyTown & Peter Cooper Village" Archived December 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Stuytown, January 12, 2019. Accessed December 27, 2023. "Construction of StuyTown took place between 1945-1947, encompassing 110 buildings and 11,250 apartments."
^About Us, United Nations. Accessed December 27, 2023. "Construction began on UN Day (24 October) 1949 and was completed in 1952. Since then, the iconic buildings have gracefully 'hovered' over the East River, using the natural landscape to emphasize the brilliance of the 'glass curtain' wall of the Secretariat (the first of its kind in Manhattan), like a beacon of light to the world."
^Rosenthal, A. M.. "U.N. Vacates Site at Lake Success; Peace Building Back to War Output", The New York Times, May 19, 1951. Accessed December 27, 2023.
^Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
^ a b"Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S." University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^"Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". North Jersey Media Group. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
^Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". The Digital Journalist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
^Christopher Effgen (September 11, 2001). "New York Crime Rates 1960–2009". Disastercenter.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
^David, Greg. "New York City: Then & Now", Crain's New York, June 27, 2010. Accessed December 3, 2023. "Still, Wall Street stands apart, not only as the engine of the city's rebirth and the dominant figure on the New York business landscape, but as the singular ingredient that the city can no longer live without, for better and for worse.... Back in 1977, Wall Street's ranks had been winnowed to 70,000, a decline of 30% during the decade. Those jobs accounted for only 5% of all the wages in the city.... The securities industry in the city more than doubled in size in the decade to 160,000. The pay its people received increased sixfold, accounting for almost 13% of all the wages in the city."
^St. Vincent's Hospital Manhattan, NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Accessed December 3, 2023. "By the time HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was first identified in 1983, St. Vincent's had become the epicenter of the epidemic in New York City with patients overwhelming the emergency room, its hallways, and beds."
^Chakraborty, Deblina. "When Times Square was sleazy", CNN, April 18, 2016. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The sex market and drug trade thrived in the area, and homeless encampments dotted its streets. Many local theaters – once legitimate operations showcasing the performances of renowned actors like Lionel Barrymore – had become home to peep shows and porn movies.... In 1981, Rolling Stone magazine called West 42nd Street, located in the heart of Times Square, the 'sleaziest block in America.'"
^Bagli, Charles V.; and Kennedy, Randy. "Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. And Rescued a Stalled Dream", The New York Times, April 5, 1998. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Only five years later, a relative blink of the eye in the world of New York City development, that 42d Street is a dim memory. Times Square is a swirl of theaters, theme restaurants, tourist buses and construction cranes. It has become arguably the most sought-after 13 acres of commercial property in the world."
^Fagan, Jeffrey; Zimring, Franklin E.; and Kim, June. "Declining Homicide in New York City: A Tale of Two Trends", Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Summer 1998. Accessed December 3, 2023. "The peak year in Manhattan and the Bronx was 1990, while Brooklyn and Queens had their highest levels in 1991. Still, the temporal pattern during the late 1980s and early 1990s was pretty consistent across boroughs."
^"1990s Drop in NYC Crime Not Due to CompStat, Misdemeanor Arrests, Study Finds", New York University, February 4, 2013. Accessed December 3, 2023. "New York City experienced a historic decline in crime rates during the 1990s, but it was not due to the implementation of CompStat or enhanced enforcement of misdemeanor offenses, according to an analysis by NYU sociologist David Greenberg."
^Hevesi, Dennis. "In Much of the City, A Robust Market" Archived March 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 16, 1997. Accessed June 29, 2009.
^Gallagher, Fergal. "The Mysterious Origins of the Term Silicon Alley Revealed", Built in NYC, November 4, 2015. Accessed December 3, 2023. "The moniker 'Silicon Alley' first emerged in the mid-1990s as a way to group the wave of new media tech startups that were located around the Flatiron neighborhood of Manhattan near Madison Square Park. The physical alley refers to the corridor that connects Midtown to Lower Manhattan, running past the Flatiron building at Madison Square Park and Union Square towards Soho."
^World Trade Center Bombing 1993, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Accessed December 3, 2023. "On February 26, 1993, at about 17 minutes past noon, a thunderous explosion rocked lower Manhattan. The epicenter was the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center, where a massive eruption carved out a nearly 100-foot crater several stories deep and several more high.... The attack turned out to be something of a deadly dress rehearsal for 9/11; with the help of Yousef's uncle Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, al Qaeda would later return to realize Yousef's nightmarish vision."
^Jackson, Patrick. "September 11 attacks: What happened on 9/11?", BBC News, August 3, 2021. Accessed December 3, 2023. "How many people died?... At the Twin Towers, 2,606 people died - then or later of injuries... When the first plane struck, an estimated 17,400 people were in the towers."
^Boyette, Chris; and Hetter, Katia. "It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper", CNN, November 12, 2013. Accessed December 3, 2023. "One World Trade Center in New York will be the United States' tallest building when completed, beating out Chicago's Willis Tower, according to an announcement Tuesday by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.... The spire reaches from that parapet to the new building's height of 1,776 feet."
^"Hundreds of protesters descend to 'Occupy Wall Street'", CNN Money, September 17, 2011. Accessed December 1, 2023.
^Greene, Brian. "How 'Occupy Wall Street' Started and Spread", U. S. News & World Report, October 17, 2011. Accessed December 1, 2023.
^Long, Colleen & Peltz, Jennifer (October 30, 2012). "Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstorm". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
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^"Tracking Storm Sandy Recovery". Reuters. October 30, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
^Bhasin, Kim (October 30, 2012). "MTA: In 108 Years, The NYC Subway System Has Never Faced A Disaster As Devastating As This". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
^"Hurricane Sandy forces mass transit closure, evacuations". MyFoxNY. November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
^Robert S. Eshelman (November 15, 2012). "Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form". E&E Publishing. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^"New York Terrorist Attack: Truck Driver Kills Eight in Lower Manhattan" Archived April 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, NBC News, November 1, 2017. Accessed November 1, 2017.
^Passikoff, Ben. The Writing on the Wall: Rediscovering New York City's "Ghost Signs", p. 61. Simon and Schuster, 2017. ISBN 9781510702950. Accessed January 1, 2024. "Manhattan is 22.7 square miles of land, measuring 2.3 miles wide at 14th Street and 13.4 miles long."
^New York City Administrative Code Section 2-202 Division into boroughs and boundaries thereof – Division Into Boroughs And Boundaries Thereof. Archived January 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Justia. Accessed November 20, 2016. "The borough of Manhattan shall consist of the territory known as New York county, which shall contain all that part of the city and state, including that portion of land commonly known as Marble Hill and included within the county of New York and borough of Manhattan for all purposes pursuant to chapter nine hundred thirty-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred eighty-four and further including the islands called Manhattan Island, Governor's Island, Bedloe's Island, Ellis Island, Franklin D. Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island and Oyster Island..."
^Martin Dunford; Jack Holland (2002). The Rough Guide to New York City. Rough Guides. p. v.
^Brian J. Cudahy (1990). Over and Back: The History of Ferryboats in New York Harbor. Fordham University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8232-1245-3.
^Aileen Jacobson (August 15, 2018). "Battery Park City: A Resort-Like Community Built on Landfill". The New York Times.
^Michael Kimmelman (May 20, 2021). "A New $260 Million Park Floats on the Hudson. It's a Charmer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021. Little Island, developed by Barry Diller, with an amphitheater and dramatic views, opens on Hudson River Park. Opponents battled it for years.
^Gray, Christopher. "Streetscapes: Spuyten Duyvil Swing Bridge; Restoring a Link In the City's Lifeline" Archived January 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, March 6, 1988. Accessed December 26, 2023. "At some point, the wooden bridge was replaced by an iron one, certainly by 1895 when the Spuyten Duyvil Creek and the Harlem River were widened and joined as the Harlem River Ship Canal, linking the East and Hudson Rivers."
^Jackson, Nancy Beth. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; Tiny Slice of Manhattan on the Mainland" Archived March 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, January 26, 2003. Accessed December 26, 2023. "The building of the Harlem River Ship Canal turned the hill into an island in 1895, but when Spuyten Duyvel Creek on the west was filled in before World War I, the 51 acres became firmly attached to the mainland and the Bronx."
^Chambers, Marcia. "Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill", The New York Times, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."
^"Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status", The New York Times, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."
^Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth., Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."
^Ken Jennings (November 18, 2013). "You Think You Know Which State Owns Ellis Island, but You're Probably Wrong". Condé Nast Traveler.
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^Roosevelt Island, The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Accessed December 26, 2023. "Called Blackwell Island beginning in the 18th century, this 147-acre, two-mile-long island in the East River was sold to the City of New York in 1828....In 1973 the island was renamed for Franklin D. Roosevelt, during which time Louis Kahn was commissioned to design a memorial park honoring Roosevelt's four freedoms speech, which was not completed until 2012. Today, the island is home to more than 14,000 residents."
^Sarah Bradford Landau; Carl W. Condit (1996). Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865–1913. Yale University Press. p. 24.
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^Southall, Ashley. "Crime in New York City Plunges to a Level Not Seen Since the 1950s", The New York Times, December 27, 2017. Accessed August 6, 2023. "It would have seemed unbelievable in 1990, when there were 2,245 killings in New York City, but as of Wednesday there have been just 286 in the city this year — the lowest since reliable records have been kept.... If the trend holds just a few more days, this year's homicide total will be under the city's previous low of 333 in 2014, and crime will have declined for 27 straight years, to levels that police officials have said are the lowest since the 1950s."
^Dale, Daniel. "Fact check: Here's the truth about crime in Manhattan", CNN, April 17, 2023. Accessed January 3, 2024. "New York City publishes crime statistics on its website, so the truth is easy to find. In 1990, when the city set its all-time record for total murders, there were 503 recorded murders in Manhattan, which is one of the city's five boroughs. In 2022, Manhattan recorded 78 murders – a decline of about 84% from 1990."
^Marcius, Chelsia Rose; and Shanhan, Ed. "Major Crimes Rose 22 Percent in New York City, Even as Shootings Fell", The New York Times, January 5, 2023. Accessed August 6, 2023. "The declines in murders and shootings last year appeared to be in line with similar drops in other U.S. cities, which, like New York, experienced a surge in such crimes in 2020 and 2021 amid the worst of the pandemic, criminal justice experts said.... Mr. Herrmann also noted that, based on his own analysis of Police Department data, the decline in shootings had yet to be felt in some neighborhoods long plagued by gun violence, including Brownsville and Bushwick in Brooklyn; Central Harlem and Inwood in Manhattan; and East Concourse and Claremont in the Bronx."
^Meko, Hurubie. "Shootings in New York Drop by a Quarter as Surge of Violence Eases; Murders and rapes were also down, part of a nationwide trend after a post-pandemic spike.", The New York Times, July 6, 2023. Accessed January 3, 2024. "Shootings in New York City dropped by about 25 percent through the first half of this year compared with the same period last year, extending a downward trend after a spike in violent crime during the pandemic. The sharp drop, which mirrored similar decreases across the United States, came amid widespread fears about crime in the city, which officials have blamed for keeping workers and suburbanites cloistered in their homes."
^Marcello, Philip. "FACT FOCUS: NYC crime is not worst ever, despite claims", Associated Press, April 18, 2023. Accessed January 3, 2024."
^Marcello, Philip. "FACT FOCUS: NYC crime is not worst ever, despite claims", Associated Press, April 18, 2023. Accessed January 3, 2024.""CLAIM: Crime in New York City is the worst it's ever been, especially in the borough of Manhattan where Trump faces criminal charges. THE FACTS: While it's true that major crimes in New York City rose last year compared to 2021, criminal justice experts say crime levels were significantly higher three decades ago, and that the current levels are more comparable to where New York was a decade ago, when people frequently lauded it as America's safest big city.... 'Virtually every major crime category is lower in Manhattan now than it was last year,' he wrote."
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^An Assessment of Staten Island Ferry Service and Recommendations for Improvement (PDF), New York City Council, November 2004. Accessed April 28, 2007. "Of the current fleet of seven vessels, five boats make 104 trips on a typical weekday schedule". Archived August 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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^ a bWilson, Colleen. "Port Authority Bus Terminal was once a marvel. Will the next one meet commuters' needs?", The Record, June 30, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "Becoming the busiest bus terminal in the world doesn't happen without also bearing the brunt of blame every time a commute goes horribly wrong — deserved or otherwise.... The popularity of bus commuting over the Hudson River has steadily risen over the last seven decades, with some 260,000 people a day coming through the terminal pre-pandemic.... A more efficient terminal should improve some of the delays through the Lincoln Tunnel and exclusive bus lane (XBL), the dedicated lane in the morning that converges all buses into a single lane from I-495 into the Lincoln Tunnel from New Jersey."
^ a bArchitect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal's North Wing, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, dated November 17, 2008. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The Port Authority Bus Terminal opened in 1950 and has become the busiest bus passenger facility in the world, handling 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters each day. It includes 223 bus gates, retail and commercial space, and public parking for 1,250 vehicles."
^McGeehan, Patrick; and Hu, Winnie. "'Notorious' Port Authority Bus Terminal May Get a $10 Billion Overhaul", The New York Times, January 21, 2021, updated September 23, 2021. Accessed January 4, 2024. "The bus terminal plan, which has been in the works for more than seven contentious years, would cost as much as $10 billion and could take a decade to complete.... More than 250,000 people passed through it on a typical weekday before the pandemic, according to the Port Authority.... The bus terminal, a brick hulk perched at the mouth of the Lincoln Tunnel, has long exceeded its capacity — when it opened in late 1950, it was expected to handle 60,000 passengers a day."
^McGeehan, Patrick. "A Look at the $10 Billion Design for a New Port Authority Bus Terminal The Port Authority unveiled a revised design for a replacement of the much-reviled transit hub, which opened in 1950.", The New York Times, February 1, 2024. Accessed February 9, 2024. "Instead of the dismal, brick hulk that has darkened two full blocks of Midtown Manhattan for more than 70 years, there would be a bright, modern transit hub topped by two office towers.... Construction is expected to take eight years, he said, meaning the project could be completed by 2032.... The revised plan eliminates those structures but includes a pair of office towers that could be more than 60 stories tall on Eighth Avenue at the corners of 40th and 42nd Streets. Payments from the developers of those buildings would help cover the cost of the project, Mr. Cotton said."
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^Gray, Christopher. "Are Manhattan's Right Angles Wrong?", The New York Times, October 23, 2005. Accessed December 1, 2023. "In 1811, the New York commissioners published their eight-foot-long map, showing 12 main north-south avenues and a dense network of east-west streets for much of Manhattan, with the old angled road of Broadway meandering through."
^Morris, Gouverneur; De Witt, Simeon; and Rutherfurd, John (March 1811) "Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807", Cornell University Library. Accessed December 30, 2023. "These are one hundred feet wide, and such of them as can be extended as far north as the village of Harlem are numbered (beginning with the most eastern, which passes from the west of Bellevue Hospital to the east of Harlem Church) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. This last runs from the wharf at Manhattanville nearly along the shore of the Hudson river, in which it is finally lost, as appears by the map. The avenues to the eastward of number one are marked A, B, C, and D."
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^Boland, Ed Jr. "F.Y.I.: By the Numbers", The New York Times, August 18, 2002. Accessed December 1, 2023. "Q. What is the highest numbered street in New York City?... The highest numbered street in Manhattan is 228th Street, but that is in Marble Hill, a section of Manhattan north of the Harlem River. The highest numbered street on Manhattan Island is 220th Street in Inwood. The northbound numerations that begin in Manhattan continue through the Bronx until New York City meets Yonkers at West 263rd Street."
^Remarks of the Commissioners for laying out streets and roads in the City of New York, under the Act of April 3, 1807 Archived June 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Cornell University. Accessed May 2, 2007. "These streets are all sixty feet wide except fifteen, which are one hundred feet wide, viz.: Numbers fourteen, twenty-three, thirty-four, forty-two, fifty-seven, seventy-two, seventy-nine, eighty-six, ninety-six, one hundred and six, one hundred and sixteen, one hundred and twenty-five, one hundred and thirty-five, one hundred and forty-five, and one hundred and fifty-five—the block or space between them being in general about two hundred feet."
^Broadway, Society of Architectural Historians. Accessed December 30, 2023. "Broadway is a 13-mile roadway running from the southern tip to the northernmost point of the island of Manhattan.... Predating the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, Broadway was initially a Native American trading trail running the length of Manhattan. Various indigenous peoples living on the island—including Lenni Lenape, Delaware Lenape, and Wickquasgeck—used the route, known as the Wickquasgeck Trail, to exchange goods with each other."
^"Grow the Green Line", Urban Design Forum, February 26, 2018. Accessed December 30, 2023. "Broadway today is an anomaly, unneeded for vehicular traffic, that cuts through a standardized urban form. It is an extra street modulating an otherwise functioning grid. However, it is the only road that connects four of the most important public spaces in the city: Union Square, Madison Square, Herald Square, and Times Square; each found where this diagonal route crosses an avenue and marks a major street."
^Union Square, Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace. Accessed December 30, 2023. "New York's famed thoroughfare Broadway is responsible for some of the city's most famous parks. The irregularity of Broadway's span created space for Union Square, Madison Square, Herald Square, Times Square, and Columbus Circle.... Therefore Broadway does not run parallel to the north-south avenues of the grid. Broadway runs diagonally, intersecting other avenues and slicing uniform rectangles into small awkward blocks."
^Sagalyn, Lynne B. "The Cross Manhattan Expressway", Museum of the City of New York, November 14, 2016. Accessed January 3, 2024. "In 1959, the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, under the control and direction of New York City's 'master builder' Robert Moses, put forth ambitious plans for two expressways crossing Manhattan. These elevated highways would cut through neighborhoods and across the island, connecting New York with its wider metropolitan region.... Moses was particularly dedicated to pushing the Lower Manhattan Expressway through after another plan for Mid-Manhattan failed.... The citizen-led opposition campaign that led to the high-profile defeat of the Lower Manhattan Expressway in 1967 saved the neighborhood of SoHo and triggered a new, broader appreciation for preservation in areas that were of historical significance for cultural and economic reasons."
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^ a bSilverman, Justin Rocket (May 27, 2006). "Sunny delight in city sight". Newsday. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2020. 'Manhattanhenge' occurs Sunday, a day when a happy coincidence of urban planning and astrophysics results in the setting sun lining up exactly with every east-west street in the borough north of 14th Street. Similar to Stonehenge, which is directly aligned with the summer-solstice sun, "Manhattanhenge" catches the sun descending in perfect alignment between buildings. The local phenomenon occurs twice a year, on May 28 and July 12...
^"Special Feature—City of Stars: Sunset on 34th Street Along the Manhattan". Natural History. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
^Morris, Hugh. "Manhattanhenge is coming: what is it, and how can I see it?", The Daily Telegraph, May 31, 2019. Accessed December 30, 2023. "It is worth noting that the time when the rising sun aligns with Manhattan's streets, around December 5 and January 8, on either side of the winter solstice, is also known as Manhattanhenge but nobody seems that fussed about it. Poor Winter"
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Sources
Burke, Katie. ed. Manhattan Memories: A Book of Postcards of Old New York (2000); Postcards lacking the (c) symbol are in the public domain.
Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. Empire City: New York Through the Centuries (2005), 1015 pages of excerpts
Still, Bayrd, ed. Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present (New York University Press, 1956)
Virga, Vincent, ed. Historic Maps and Views of New York (2008)
Stokes, I.N. Phelps. The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections (6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see The Iconography of Manhattan Island All volumes are on line free at:
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915 v. 1. The period of discovery (1524–1609); the Dutch period (1609–1664). The English period (1664–1763). The Revolutionary period (1763–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital (1783–1811)
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916 v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers (1725–1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918 v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812–1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island (1876–1909)
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922; v. 4. The period of discovery (565–1626); the Dutch period (1626–1664). The English period (1664–1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763–1776)
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783–1811). The War of 1812 (1812–1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); Period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island (1876–1909)
I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index.
Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History (2004) 640pp; Excerpt and text search; Popular history concentrating on violent events & scandals
Homberger, Eric. The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History (2005)
Kouwenhoven, John Atlee. The Columbia Historical Portrait of New York: An Essay in Graphic History. (1953)
Lankevich, George J. New York City: A Short History (2002)
McCully, Betsy. City at the Water's Edge: A Natural History of New York (2005), environmental history excerpt and text search
Reitano, Joanne. The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present (2010), Popular history with focus on politics and riots excerpt and text search
Filler, Martin (April 2015). New York: Conspicuous Construction. Analysis of architectural and social aspects of "ultra-luxury towers ... the smokestack-like protuberances that now disrupt the skyline of midtown Manhattan." The New York Review of Books
Story, Louise and Saul, Stephanie (February 2015). Towers of Secrecy. A series of 6 articles "examining people behind shell companies buying high-end real estate" in midtown Manhattan. Part 1: Time Warner Center: Symbol of the Boom, Part 2: The Mysterious Malaysian Financier, Part 3: The Besieged Indian Builder, Part 4: The Mexican Power Brokers, Part 5: The Russian Minister and Friends, Summary: The Hidden Money Buying Up New York Real Estate. The New York Times
New York City Government with links to Manhattan specific agencies
Maps
Maps of Building Heights and Land Value, plus theoretical and zoning-based maps of underdevelopment, all from Radicalcartography.net
Historical:
1729 map of Manhattan Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
William J. Broad, Why They Called It the Manhattan Project, The New York Times, October 2007. Ten sites in Manhattan that helped to build the first atomic bomb in the 1940s
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