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Baltimore

Baltimore [a] es la ciudad más poblada del estado estadounidense de Maryland . Con una población de 585.708 habitantes en el censo de 2020 , es la 30.ª ciudad más poblada de Estados Unidos . [15] Baltimore fue designada ciudad independiente por la Constitución de Maryland [b] en 1851, y es la ciudad independiente más poblada de la nación. En 2020 , la población del área metropolitana de Baltimore era de 2.838.327 habitantes, la vigésima área metropolitana más grande del país. [16] Cuando se combina el área estadística combinada (CSA) de Washington-Baltimore tenía una población en 2020 de 9.973.383 habitantes, la tercera más grande del país. [16] Aunque la ciudad no está ubicada dentro o bajo la jurisdicción administrativa de ningún condado del estado, es parte de la región central de Maryland, junto con el condado circundante que comparte su nombre .

La tierra que hoy es Baltimore fue utilizada como terreno de caza por los paleoindios . A principios del siglo XVII, los susquehannock comenzaron a cazar allí. [17] La ​​gente de la provincia de Maryland estableció el puerto de Baltimore en 1706 para apoyar el comercio de tabaco con Europa, y estableció la ciudad de Baltimore en 1729. Durante la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos , el Segundo Congreso Continental , huyendo de Filadelfia antes de su caída ante las tropas británicas , trasladó sus deliberaciones a Henry Fite House en West Baltimore Street desde diciembre de 1776 hasta febrero de 1777, lo que permitió que Baltimore sirviera brevemente como capital de la nación , antes de regresar a Filadelfia en marzo de 1777. La batalla de Baltimore fue fundamental durante la guerra de 1812 , que culminó con el fallido bombardeo británico de Fort McHenry , durante el cual Francis Scott Key escribió un poema que se convertiría en " The Star-Spangled Banner ", designado como himno nacional en 1931. [18] Durante el motín de Pratt Street de 1861 , la ciudad fue el escenario de algunos de los primeros actos de violencia asociados con la Guerra Civil estadounidense .

El ferrocarril de Baltimore y Ohio , el más antiguo del país, se construyó en 1830 y consolidó el estatus de Baltimore como centro de transporte, brindando a los productores del Medio Oeste y los Apalaches acceso al puerto de la ciudad . El Inner Harbor de Baltimore fue el segundo puerto de entrada principal para los inmigrantes a los EE. UU. y un importante centro manufacturero . [19] Después de un declive en la industria manufacturera importante, la industria pesada y la reestructuración de la industria ferroviaria , Baltimore ha cambiado a una economía orientada a los servicios . El Hospital y la Universidad Johns Hopkins son los principales empleadores. [20] Baltimore es el hogar de los Baltimore Orioles de las Grandes Ligas de Béisbol y los Baltimore Ravens de la Liga Nacional de Fútbol .

Muchos barrios de Baltimore tienen una rica historia. La ciudad alberga algunos de los primeros distritos históricos del Registro Nacional del país, incluidos Fell's Point , Federal Hill y Mount Vernon . Baltimore tiene más estatuas y monumentos públicos per cápita que cualquier otra ciudad del país. [21] Casi un tercio de los edificios (más de 65 000) están designados como históricos en el Registro Nacional , más que cualquier otra ciudad de EE. UU. [22] [23] Baltimore tiene 66 distritos históricos del Registro Nacional y 33 distritos históricos locales. [22] Los registros históricos del gobierno de Baltimore se encuentran en los Archivos de la Ciudad de Baltimore .

Historia

Preliquidación

El área de Baltimore había estado habitada por nativos americanos desde al menos el décimo milenio a. C. , cuando los paleoindios se establecieron por primera vez en la región. [24] Se han identificado un sitio paleoindio y varios sitios arqueológicos del período Arcaico y del período Woodland en Baltimore, incluidos cuatro del período Woodland tardío . [24] En diciembre de 2021, se encontraron varios artefactos nativos americanos del período Woodland en Herring Run Park en el noreste de Baltimore, que datan de hace entre 5000 y 9000 años. El hallazgo siguió a un período de inactividad en los hallazgos arqueológicos de la ciudad de Baltimore que había persistido desde la década de 1980. [25] Durante el período Woodland tardío, la cultura arqueológica conocida como el complejo Potomac Creek residió en el área desde Baltimore al sur hasta el río Rappahannock en la actual Virginia . [26]

Etimología

La ciudad debe su nombre a Cecil Calvert, segundo barón de Baltimore , [27] un noble inglés, miembro de la Cámara de los Lores irlandesa y propietario fundador de la provincia de Maryland . [28] [29] Los Calvert tomaron el título de barones de Baltimore de Baltimore Manor , una finca de plantación inglesa que se les concedió en el condado de Longford , Irlanda . [29] [30] Baltimore es una anglicización del nombre irlandés Baile an Tí Mhóir , que significa "ciudad de la casa grande". [29]

Siglo XVII

A principios del siglo XVII, la zona inmediata de Baltimore estaba escasamente poblada, si es que había alguna, por nativos americanos. El área del condado de Baltimore al norte era utilizada como terreno de caza por los susquehannock que vivían en el valle inferior del río Susquehanna . Este pueblo de habla iroquesa "controlaba todos los afluentes superiores del Chesapeake", pero "se abstenía de mucho contacto con los powhatan en la región del Potomac " y al sur de Virginia. [31] Presionada por los susquehannock, la tribu piscataway , un pueblo de habla algonquina , se quedó bastante al sur del área de Baltimore y habitó principalmente la orilla norte del río Potomac en lo que ahora son los condados de Charles y Prince George del sur en las áreas costeras al sur de Fall Line . [32] [33] [34]

La colonización europea de Maryland comenzó en serio con la llegada del barco mercante The Ark que transportaba a 140 colonos a la isla de San Clemente en el río Potomac el 25 de marzo de 1634. [35] Luego, los europeos comenzaron a establecerse en el área más al norte, en lo que ahora es el condado de Baltimore . [36] Dado que Maryland era una colonia, las calles de Baltimore recibieron nombres para mostrar lealtad a la madre patria, por ejemplo, las calles King, Queen, King George y Caroline. [37] La ​​sede original del condado , conocida hoy como Old Baltimore, estaba ubicada en Bush River dentro del actual Aberdeen Proving Ground . [38] [39] [40] Los colonos participaron en guerras esporádicas con los susquehannock, cuyo número disminuyó principalmente debido a nuevas enfermedades infecciosas, como la viruela , endémica entre los europeos. [36] En 1661, David Jones reclamó el área conocida hoy como Jonestown en la orilla este del arroyo Jones Falls . [41]

Siglo XVIII

Espacio verde abierto con casas bonitas y dispersas, barcos y agua limpia.
Baltimore, entonces conocida como Baltimore Town, en 1752

La Asamblea General colonial de Maryland creó el puerto de Baltimore en el antiguo Whetstone Point, ahora Locust Point , en 1706 para el comercio del tabaco . La ciudad de Baltimore, en el lado oeste de las cataratas Jones, se fundó el 8 de agosto de 1729, cuando el gobernador de Maryland firmó una ley que permitía "la construcción de una ciudad en el lado norte del río Patapsco". Los topógrafos comenzaron a trazar el trazado de la ciudad el 12 de enero de 1730. En 1752, la ciudad tenía solo 27 casas, incluida una iglesia y dos tabernas. [37] Jonestown y Fells Point se habían establecido al este. Los tres asentamientos, que cubrían 60 acres (24 ha), se convirtieron en un centro comercial y en 1768 fueron designados como sede del condado. [42]

La primera imprenta fue introducida en la ciudad en 1765 por Nicholas Hasselbach , cuyo equipo se utilizó más tarde en la impresión de los primeros periódicos de Baltimore, The Maryland Journal y The Baltimore Advertiser , publicados por primera vez por William Goddard en 1773. [43] [44] [45]

Baltimore creció rápidamente en el siglo XVIII, sus plantaciones producían granos y tabaco para las colonias productoras de azúcar del Caribe . Las ganancias provenientes del azúcar fomentaron el cultivo de caña en el Caribe y la importación de alimentos por parte de los plantadores de la zona. [46] Como Baltimore era la sede del condado, en 1768 se construyó un palacio de justicia para servir tanto a la ciudad como al condado. Su plaza era un centro de reuniones y debates comunitarios.

Baltimore estableció su sistema de mercado público en 1763. [47] El mercado de Lexington , fundado en 1782, es uno de los mercados públicos más antiguos que siguen funcionando de forma continua en los Estados Unidos en la actualidad. [48] El mercado de Lexington también fue un centro de tráfico de esclavos. Los esclavos negros eran vendidos en numerosos sitios del centro de la ciudad, y las ventas se anunciaban en The Baltimore Sun. [ 49] Tanto el tabaco como la caña de azúcar eran cultivos que requerían mucha mano de obra.

En 1774, Baltimore estableció el primer sistema de correos en lo que luego sería Estados Unidos, [50] y la primera compañía de agua autorizada en la nación recién independizada, Baltimore Water Company, en 1792. [51] [52]

Baltimore desempeñó un papel importante en la Revolución estadounidense . Los líderes de la ciudad, como Jonathan Plowman Jr., llevaron a muchos residentes a resistirse a los impuestos británicos y los comerciantes firmaron acuerdos en los que se negaban a comerciar con Gran Bretaña. [53] El Segundo Congreso Continental se reunió en la Casa Henry Fite desde diciembre de 1776 hasta febrero de 1777, convirtiendo a la ciudad en la capital de los Estados Unidos durante este período. [54]

Baltimore, Jonestown y Fells Point se incorporaron como la ciudad de Baltimore en 1796-1797.

Siglo XIX

Una bandera estadounidense ondeando en Fort McHenry después del bombardeo del fuerte por parte de la Marina Real en la Batalla de Baltimore en 1814 inspiró a Francis Scott Key a escribir el poema que luego se convirtió en " Star Spangled Banner ". [55]
El Monumento a la Batalla , el emblema oficial de Baltimore
El 6.º Regimiento de Caballería lucha contra los huelguistas del ferrocarril en Baltimore el 20 de julio de 1877 [56]

La ciudad siguió siendo parte del condado circundante de Baltimore y continuó sirviendo como su sede desde 1768 hasta 1851, después de lo cual se convirtió en una ciudad independiente . [57]

La batalla de Baltimore contra los británicos en 1814 inspiró el himno nacional de los Estados Unidos, " The Star-Spangled Banner ", y la construcción del Monumento a la Batalla , que se convirtió en el emblema oficial de la ciudad. Comenzó a tomar forma una cultura local distintiva y se desarrolló un horizonte único salpicado de iglesias y monumentos. Baltimore adquirió su apodo de "La ciudad monumental" después de una visita a Baltimore en 1827 por parte del presidente John Quincy Adams . En una función vespertina, Adams dio el siguiente brindis: "Baltimore: la ciudad monumental. Que los días de su seguridad sean tan prósperos y felices como los días de sus peligros han sido difíciles y triunfantes". [58] [59]

Baltimore fue pionera en el uso de iluminación a gas en 1816, y su población creció rápidamente en las décadas siguientes, con el desarrollo concomitante de la cultura y la infraestructura. La construcción de la Carretera Nacional financiada por el gobierno federal , que más tarde se convirtió en parte de la Ruta 40 de EE. UU. , y el ferrocarril privado Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B. & O.) hicieron de Baltimore un importante centro de transporte y fabricación al conectar la ciudad con los principales mercados del Medio Oeste . En 1820, su población había alcanzado los 60.000 habitantes y su economía había pasado de basarse en las plantaciones de tabaco al aserradero , la construcción naval y la producción textil . Estas industrias se beneficiaron de la guerra, pero se trasladaron con éxito al desarrollo de infraestructuras durante los tiempos de paz. [60]

Baltimore tuvo uno de los peores disturbios del Sur antes de la guerra en 1835, cuando las malas inversiones llevaron al motín bancario de Baltimore . [61] Fueron estos disturbios los que llevaron a que la ciudad fuera apodada "Mobtown". [62] Poco después, la ciudad creó la primera facultad de odontología del mundo, el Baltimore College of Dental Surgery , en 1840, y compartió la primera línea telegráfica del mundo , entre Baltimore y Washington, DC , en 1844.

Maryland, un estado esclavista con un apoyo popular limitado a la secesión , especialmente en los tres condados del sur de Maryland, siguió siendo parte de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense , tras la votación de 55 a 12 de la Asamblea General de Maryland contra la secesión. Más tarde, la ocupación estratégica de la ciudad por parte de la Unión en 1861 aseguró que Maryland no volvería a considerar la secesión. [63] [64] La capital de la Unión, Washington, DC, estaba bien situada para impedir la comunicación o el comercio de Baltimore y Maryland con la Confederación . Baltimore experimentó algunas de las primeras bajas de la Guerra Civil el 19 de abril de 1861, cuando los soldados del Ejército de la Unión en ruta desde la estación de President Street a Camden Yards se enfrentaron con una turba secesionista en el motín de Pratt Street .

En medio de la Larga Depresión que siguió al Pánico de 1873 , la compañía de ferrocarril de Baltimore y Ohio intentó reducir los salarios de sus trabajadores, lo que provocó huelgas y disturbios en la ciudad y más allá . Los huelguistas se enfrentaron a la Guardia Nacional , dejando 10 muertos y 25 heridos. [65] Los inicios del trabajo del movimiento de asentamiento en Baltimore se hicieron a principios de 1893, cuando el reverendo Edward A. Lawrence se alojó con su amigo Frank Thompson, en una de las viviendas de los Winans , estableciéndose poco después la Casa Lawrence en 814-816 West Lombard Street. [66] [67]

Siglo XX

El gran incendio de Baltimore de 1904, fotografiado desde las calles Pratt y Gay en Baltimore; el incendio destruyó más de 1.500 edificios de Baltimore en 30 horas.

El 7 de febrero de 1904, el Gran Incendio de Baltimore destruyó más de 1.500 edificios en 30 horas, y dejó más de 70 manzanas del centro de la ciudad calcinadas. Los daños se estimaron en 150 millones de dólares de 1904. [68] A medida que la ciudad se reconstruía durante los dos años siguientes, las lecciones aprendidas del incendio llevaron a mejoras en los estándares de los equipos de extinción de incendios. [69]

El abogado de Baltimore Milton Dashiell abogó por una ordenanza que prohibiera a los afroamericanos mudarse al barrio de Eutaw Place en el noroeste de Baltimore. Propuso reconocer los bloques residenciales de mayoría blanca y los bloques residenciales de mayoría negra y evitar que la gente se mudara a viviendas en dichos bloques donde serían una minoría. El Consejo de Baltimore aprobó la ordenanza y se convirtió en ley el 20 de diciembre de 1910, con la firma del alcalde demócrata J. Barry Mahool . [70] La ordenanza de segregación de Baltimore fue la primera de su tipo en los Estados Unidos. Muchas otras ciudades del sur siguieron con sus propias ordenanzas de segregación, aunque la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos falló en contra de ellas en Buchanan v. Warley (1917). [71]

La ciudad creció en área mediante la anexión de nuevos suburbios de los condados circundantes hasta 1918, cuando la ciudad adquirió partes del condado de Baltimore y el condado de Anne Arundel . [72] Una enmienda constitucional estatal, aprobada en 1948, requirió una votación especial de los ciudadanos en cualquier área de anexión propuesta, previniendo efectivamente cualquier expansión futura de los límites de la ciudad. [73] Los tranvías permitieron el desarrollo de áreas de vecindarios distantes como Edmonson Village, cuyos residentes podían viajar fácilmente al trabajo en el centro. [74]

Impulsada por la migración desde el sur profundo y por la suburbanización blanca , el tamaño relativo de la población negra de la ciudad creció del 23,8% en 1950 al 46,4% en 1970. [75] Alentadas por las técnicas de destrucción de terrenos , las áreas blancas recientemente pobladas rápidamente se convirtieron en barrios totalmente negros, en un proceso rápido que fue casi total en 1970. [76]

El motín de Baltimore de 1968 , que coincidió con levantamientos en otras ciudades , siguió al asesinato de Martin Luther King Jr. el 4 de abril de 1968. El orden público no se restableció hasta el 12 de abril de 1968. El levantamiento de Baltimore le costó a la ciudad unos 10 millones de dólares (88 millones de dólares estadounidenses en 2024). Se ordenó el envío de un total de 12.000 soldados de la Guardia Nacional de Maryland y tropas federales a la ciudad. [77] La ​​ciudad experimentó desafíos nuevamente en 1974 cuando maestros, trabajadores municipales y oficiales de policía realizaron huelgas. [78]

A principios de la década de 1970, el centro de Baltimore, conocido como Inner Harbor, había sido descuidado y estaba ocupado por una colección de almacenes abandonados. El apodo de "Charm City" surgió de una reunión de anunciantes de 1975 que buscaban mejorar la reputación de la ciudad. [79] [80] Los esfuerzos para reurbanizar el área comenzaron con la construcción del Centro de Ciencias de Maryland , que se inauguró en 1976, el Baltimore World Trade Center (1977) y el Centro de Convenciones de Baltimore (1979). Harborplace , un complejo urbano de venta minorista y restaurantes, abrió sus puertas en la costa en 1980, seguido por el Acuario Nacional , el destino turístico más grande de Maryland, y el Museo de Industria de Baltimore en 1981. En 1995, la ciudad abrió el Museo de Arte Visionario Americano en Federal Hill. Durante la epidemia de VIH/SIDA en los Estados Unidos , el funcionario del Departamento de Salud de la Ciudad de Baltimore, Robert Mehl, persuadió al alcalde de la ciudad para que formara un comité para abordar los problemas alimentarios. La organización benéfica Moveable Feast, con sede en Baltimore, surgió de esta iniciativa en 1990. [81] [82] [83]

En 1992, el equipo de béisbol Baltimore Orioles se mudó del Memorial Stadium al Oriole Park en Camden Yards , ubicado en el centro de la ciudad cerca del puerto. El Papa Juan Pablo II celebró una misa al aire libre en Camden Yards durante su visita papal a los Estados Unidos en octubre de 1995. Tres años después, el equipo de fútbol Baltimore Ravens se mudó al M&T Bank Stadium junto a Camden Yards. [84]

Baltimore ha tenido una alta tasa de homicidios durante varias décadas, alcanzando su pico máximo en 1993 y nuevamente en 2015. [85] [86] Estas muertes han tenido un costo especialmente severo dentro de la comunidad negra. [87] Después de la muerte de Freddie Gray en abril de 2015, la ciudad experimentó grandes protestas y atención de los medios internacionales, así como un enfrentamiento entre jóvenes locales y la policía que resultó en una declaración de estado de emergencia y un toque de queda. [88]

Siglo XXI

Baltimore ha visto la reapertura del Teatro Hippodrome en 2004, [89] la apertura del Museo Reginald F. Lewis de Historia y Cultura Afroamericana de Maryland en 2005, y el establecimiento del Museo Nacional Eslavo en 2012. El 12 de abril de 2012, Johns Hopkins celebró una ceremonia de dedicación para marcar la finalización de uno de los complejos médicos más grandes de los Estados Unidos, el Hospital Johns Hopkins en Baltimore, que cuenta con la Torre de Cuidados Intensivos y Cardiovasculares Sheikh Zayed y el Centro Infantil Charlotte R. Bloomberg. El evento, celebrado en la entrada de la instalación de 1,6 millones de pies cuadrados de 1.100 millones de dólares, honró a los numerosos donantes, incluido el jeque Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan , primer presidente de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , y Michael Bloomberg . [90] [91]

En septiembre de 2016, el Ayuntamiento de Baltimore aprobó un acuerdo de emisión de bonos por 660 millones de dólares para el proyecto de reurbanización de Port Covington , valorado en 5500 millones de dólares y promovido por el fundador de Under Armour, Kevin Plank, y su empresa inmobiliaria Sagamore Development. Port Covington superó al proyecto de Harbor Point como el mayor acuerdo de financiación con incremento de impuestos en la historia de Baltimore y uno de los proyectos de reurbanización urbana más grandes del país. [92] Se prevé que el desarrollo de la zona costera, que incluye la nueva sede de Under Armour, así como tiendas, viviendas, oficinas y espacios de fabricación, cree 26 500 puestos de trabajo permanentes con un impacto económico anual de 4300 millones de dólares. [93] Goldman Sachs invirtió 233 millones de dólares en el proyecto de reurbanización. [94]

El puente Francis Scott Key, parcialmente derrumbado tras ser impactado por el MV Dali

En las primeras horas del 26 de marzo de 2024, el puente Francis Scott Key de 2,6 km de largo de la ciudad , que constituía una parte sureste de la Baltimore Beltway , fue golpeado por un barco portacontenedores y se derrumbó por completo . Se lanzó una importante operación de rescate con las autoridades estadounidenses intentando rescatar a las personas en el agua. [95] Ocho trabajadores de la construcción, que estaban trabajando en el puente en ese momento, cayeron al río Patapsco . [96] Dos personas fueron rescatadas del agua, [97] y los cuerpos de las seis restantes fueron encontrados el 7 de mayo. [98] El reemplazo del puente se estimó en mayo de 2024 a un costo cercano a los $ 2 mil millones para una finalización en el otoño de 2028. [99]

Geografía

Baltimore se encuentra en el centro-norte de Maryland, sobre el río Patapsco , cerca de su desembocadura en la bahía de Chesapeake . La ciudad está situada en la línea de caída entre la meseta de Piedmont y la llanura costera del Atlántico , que divide a Baltimore en "ciudad baja" y "ciudad alta". La elevación de la ciudad varía desde el nivel del mar en el puerto hasta los 480 pies (150 m) en la esquina noroeste cerca de Pimlico . [6]

Según el censo de 2010, la ciudad tiene una superficie total de 239 km² (92,1 millas cuadradas ) , de las cuales 210 km² (80,9 millas cuadradas ) son tierra y 29 km² (11,1 millas cuadradas ) son agua. [100] La superficie total es 12,1 por ciento agua.

Baltimore está prácticamente rodeada por el condado de Baltimore, pero es políticamente independiente de él. Limita al sur con el condado de Anne Arundel .

Paisaje urbano

Una vista panorámica de Baltimore en septiembre de 2016, incluidos los puertos interior y exterior al anochecer, vista desde el condominio HarborView

Arquitectura

Una casa adosada de estilo italiano revestida de piedra caliza en el oeste de Baltimore

Baltimore exhibe ejemplos de cada período de la arquitectura a lo largo de más de dos siglos, y obras de arquitectos como Benjamin Latrobe , George A. Frederick , John Russell Pope , Mies van der Rohe e IM Pei .

Baltimore es una ciudad rica en edificios de gran importancia arquitectónica de distintos estilos. La Basílica de Baltimore (1806-1821) es un diseño neoclásico de Benjamin Latrobe y una de las catedrales católicas más antiguas de los Estados Unidos. En 1813, Robert Cary Long Sr. construyó para Rembrandt Peale la primera estructura importante de los Estados Unidos diseñada expresamente como museo. Restaurada, ahora es el Museo Municipal de Baltimore, o popularmente conocido como el Museo Peale .

La Escuela Libre McKim fue fundada y dotada por John McKim. El edificio fue construido por su hijo Isaac en 1822 según un diseño de William Howard y William Small. Refleja el interés popular por Grecia cuando la nación estaba asegurando su independencia y un interés académico por los dibujos recientemente publicados de las antigüedades atenienses.

La Torre Phoenix Shot (1828), de 71,40 m de altura, fue el edificio más alto de los Estados Unidos hasta la época de la Guerra Civil y es una de las pocas estructuras de este tipo que quedan. [101] Se construyó sin el uso de andamios exteriores. El Sun Iron Building, diseñado por RC Hatfield en 1851, fue el primer edificio con fachada de hierro de la ciudad y fue un modelo para toda una generación de edificios del centro de la ciudad. La Iglesia Presbiteriana Brown Memorial , construida en 1870 en memoria del financiero George Brown , tiene vidrieras de Louis Comfort Tiffany y ha sido llamada "uno de los edificios más importantes de esta ciudad, un tesoro de arte y arquitectura" por la revista Baltimore . [102] [103]

La sinagoga de Lloyd Street, de estilo neogriego , construida en 1845, es una de las sinagogas más antiguas de los Estados Unidos . El hospital Johns Hopkins , diseñado por el teniente coronel John S. Billings en 1876, fue un logro considerable para su época en cuanto a disposición funcional y protección contra incendios.

El World Trade Center de I. M. Pei (1977) es el edificio pentagonal equilátero más alto del mundo, con 123 m (405 pies) de altura.

En el área de Harbor East se han agregado dos nuevas torres cuya construcción ha finalizado: una torre de 24 pisos que es la nueva sede mundial de Legg Mason y un complejo hotelero Four Seasons de 21 pisos.

Las calles de Baltimore están organizadas en un patrón de cuadrícula y radios, alineadas con decenas de miles de casas adosadas . La mezcla de materiales en la fachada de estas casas adosadas también le da a Baltimore su aspecto distintivo. Las casas adosadas son una mezcla de revestimientos de ladrillo y piedra de forma, esta última una tecnología patentada en 1937 por Albert Knight. John Waters caracterizó la piedra de forma como "el poliéster del ladrillo" en un documental de 30 minutos, Little Castles: A Formstone Phenomenon . [104] En The Baltimore Rowhouse , Mary Ellen Hayward y Charles Belfoure consideraron la casa adosada como la forma arquitectónica que define a Baltimore como "quizás ninguna otra ciudad estadounidense". [105] A mediados de la década de 1790, los desarrolladores comenzaron a construir barrios enteros de casas adosadas de estilo británico, que se convirtieron en el tipo de casa dominante de la ciudad a principios del siglo XIX. [106]

Oriole Park at Camden Yards es un parque de béisbol de las Grandes Ligas , que abrió sus puertas en 1992 y fue construido como un parque de béisbol de estilo retro . Junto con el Acuario Nacional, Camden Yards ha ayudado a revitalizar el área de Inner Harbor, que antes era un distrito exclusivamente industrial lleno de almacenes en ruinas, y se ha convertido en un distrito comercial animado lleno de bares, restaurantes y establecimientos minoristas.

Tras un concurso internacional, la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Baltimore otorgó el primer premio a la firma alemana Behnisch Architekten por su diseño, que fue seleccionado para la nueva sede de la facultad. Tras la inauguración del edificio en 2013, el diseño ganó otros honores, incluido el premio ENR National "Best of the Best". [107]

El recientemente rehabilitado Teatro Everyman de Baltimore fue galardonado por Baltimore Heritage en la Celebración de Premios a la Preservación de 2013. El Teatro Everyman recibirá un Premio a la Reutilización Adaptativa y al Diseño Compatible como parte de la ceremonia de premios a la preservación histórica de 2013 de Baltimore Heritage. Baltimore Heritage es la organización sin fines de lucro de Baltimore dedicada a la preservación histórica y arquitectónica, que trabaja para preservar y promover los edificios y vecindarios históricos de Baltimore. [108]

Edificios más altos

Barrios

Un mapa de los barrios designados de Baltimore

Baltimore está dividido oficialmente en nueve regiones geográficas: Norte, Noreste, Este, Sureste, Sur, Suroeste, Oeste, Noroeste y Central, y cada distrito es patrullado por un respectivo Departamento de Policía de Baltimore . La Interestatal 83 y Charles Street hasta Hanover Street y Ritchie Highway sirven como línea divisoria este-oeste y Eastern Avenue hasta la Ruta 40 como línea divisoria norte-sur; sin embargo, Baltimore Street es la línea divisoria norte-sur para el Servicio Postal de los Estados Unidos . [120]

Centro de Baltimore

El centro de Baltimore, originalmente llamado Middle District, [121] se extiende al norte del Inner Harbor hasta el borde del parque Druid Hill . El centro de Baltimore ha servido principalmente como un distrito comercial con oportunidades residenciales limitadas; sin embargo, entre 2000 y 2010, la población del centro creció un 130 por ciento a medida que las antiguas propiedades comerciales fueron reemplazadas por propiedades residenciales. [122] Sigue siendo la principal zona comercial y distrito de negocios de la ciudad, incluye los complejos deportivos de Baltimore: Oriole Park en Camden Yards , M&T Bank Stadium y Royal Farms Arena ; y las tiendas y atracciones en el Inner Harbor: Harborplace , el Centro de Convenciones de Baltimore , el Acuario Nacional , el Centro de Ciencias de Maryland , Pier Six Pavilion y Power Plant Live . [120]

La Universidad de Maryland, Baltimore , el Centro Médico de la Universidad de Maryland y el Mercado de Lexington también se encuentran en el distrito central, así como el Hipódromo y muchos clubes nocturnos, bares, restaurantes, centros comerciales y varias otras atracciones. [120] [121] La parte norte de Central Baltimore, entre el centro y el parque Druid Hill, alberga muchas de las oportunidades culturales de la ciudad. Maryland Institute College of Art , el Peabody Institute (conservatorio de música), George Peabody Library , Enoch Pratt Free Library – Central Library, la Lyric Opera House , el Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall , el Walters Art Museum , el Maryland Center for History and Culture y su Enoch Pratt Mansion, y varias galerías se encuentran en esta región. [123]

Norte de Baltimore
Parque y flores en Sherwood Gardens, Guilford, Baltimore.
El barrio de Sherwood Gardens en Baltimore

En este distrito se encuentran varios barrios históricos y notables: Govans (1755), Roland Park (1891), Guilford (1913), Homeland (1924), Hampden , Woodberry , Old Goucher (el campus original de Goucher College ) y Jones Falls . A lo largo del corredor de York Road en dirección norte se encuentran los grandes barrios de Charles Village , Waverly y Mount Washington . El distrito de arte y entretenimiento Station North también se encuentra en North Baltimore. [124]

Sur de Baltimore
Casas adosadas de ladrillo con banderas
Casas adosadas en el barrio Federal Hill de Baltimore

El sur de Baltimore, una zona mixta industrial y residencial, está formada por la península "Old South Baltimore" debajo del Inner Harbor y al este de las vías de la antigua línea Camden del ferrocarril B&O y la calle Russell en el centro de la ciudad. Es una zona costera con diversidad cultural, étnica y socioeconómica, con barrios como Locust Point y Riverside alrededor de un gran parque del mismo nombre. [125] Justo al sur del Inner Harbor, el histórico barrio de Federal Hill , es el hogar de muchos profesionales, pubs y restaurantes. Al final de la península se encuentra el histórico Fort McHenry , un parque nacional desde el final de la Primera Guerra Mundial, cuando se derribó el antiguo hospital del ejército de los EE. UU. que rodeaba las almenas en forma de estrella de 1798. [126]

Al otro lado del puente de Hanover Street hay zonas residenciales como Cherry Hill . [127]

Noreste de Baltimore

Northeast es principalmente un barrio residencial, hogar de la Universidad Estatal Morgan , delimitada por la línea de la ciudad de 1919 en sus límites norte y este, Sinclair Lane , Erdman Avenue y Pulaski Highway al sur y The Alameda al oeste. También en esta cuña de la ciudad en la calle 33 se encuentra la escuela secundaria Baltimore City College , la tercera escuela secundaria pública activa más antigua de los Estados Unidos, fundada en el centro de la ciudad en 1839. [128] Al otro lado de Loch Raven Boulevard se encuentra el antiguo sitio del antiguo Memorial Stadium, sede de los Baltimore Colts , Baltimore Orioles y Baltimore Ravens , ahora reemplazado por un complejo deportivo y de viviendas de la YMCA . [129] [130] Lake Montebello se encuentra en el noreste de Baltimore. [121]

Este de Baltimore

Ubicado debajo de Sinclair Lane y Erdman Avenue , sobre Orleans Street , East Baltimore está compuesto principalmente por barrios residenciales. Esta sección de East Baltimore alberga el Hospital Johns Hopkins , la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Johns Hopkins y el Centro Infantil Johns Hopkins en Broadway . Los barrios notables incluyen: Armistead Gardens , Broadway East , Barclay , Ellwood Park , Greenmount y McElderry Park . [121]

Esta área fue el lugar de rodaje de Homicide: Life on the Street , The Corner y The Wire . [131]

Sureste de Baltimore

El sureste de Baltimore, ubicado debajo de Fayette Street , bordeando el Inner Harbor y la rama noroeste del río Patapsco al oeste, la línea de la ciudad de 1919 en sus límites orientales y el río Patapsco al sur, es un área industrial y residencial mixta. Patterson Park , el "mejor patio trasero de Baltimore", [132] así como el Highlandtown Arts District y el Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center se encuentran en el sureste de Baltimore. The Shops at Canton Crossing abrió en 2013. [133] El vecindario de Canton , está ubicado a lo largo de la principal costa de Baltimore. Otros vecindarios históricos incluyen: Fells Point , Patterson Park , Butchers Hill , Highlandtown , Greektown , Harbor East , Little Italy y Upper Fell's Point . [121]

Noroeste de Baltimore

Northwestern está delimitada por la línea del condado al norte y al oeste, Gwynns Falls Parkway al sur y Pimlico Road al este, es el hogar del hipódromo de Pimlico , el Hospital Sinai y la sede de la NAACP . Sus vecindarios son en su mayoría residenciales y están atravesados ​​por Northern Parkway . El área ha sido el centro de la comunidad judía de Baltimore desde después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los vecindarios notables incluyen: Pimlico , Mount Washington , Cheswolde y Park Heights . [134]

Oeste de Baltimore

West Baltimore se encuentra al oeste del centro de la ciudad y del bulevar Martin Luther King Jr. y está delimitado por Gwynns Falls Parkway, Fremont Avenue y West Baltimore Street . El distrito histórico Old West Baltimore incluye los barrios de Harlem Park , Sandtown-Winchester , Druid Heights , Madison Park y Upton . [135] [136] Originalmente un barrio predominantemente alemán, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, Old West Baltimore albergaba a una parte importante de la población negra de la ciudad. [135]

Se convirtió en el barrio más grande para la comunidad negra de la ciudad y su centro cultural, político y económico. [135] La Universidad Estatal de Coppin , el centro comercial Mondawmin y Edmondson Village se encuentran en este distrito. Los problemas de delincuencia de la zona han proporcionado material para series de televisión, como The Wire . [137] Las organizaciones locales, como Sandtown Habitat for Humanity y el Comité de Planificación de Upton, han estado transformando de manera constante partes de áreas anteriormente deterioradas de West Baltimore en comunidades limpias y seguras. [138] [139]

Suroeste de Baltimore

El suroeste de Baltimore está delimitado por la línea del condado de Baltimore al oeste, West Baltimore Street al norte y Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard y Russell Street/Baltimore-Washington Parkway (Maryland Route 295) al este. Los barrios notables del suroeste de Baltimore incluyen: Pigtown , Carrollton Ridge , Ridgely's Delight , Leakin Park , Violetville , Lakeland y Morrell Park . [121]

El Hospital St. Agnes en las avenidas Wilkens y Caton [121] está ubicado en este distrito con la vecina Cardinal Gibbons High School , que es el antiguo sitio del alma mater de Babe Ruth , St. Mary's Industrial School. [ cita requerida ] A través de este segmento de Baltimore corrían los inicios de la histórica National Road , que se construyó a partir de 1806 a lo largo de Old Frederick Road y continuó hacia el condado en Frederick Road hasta Ellicott City, Maryland . [ cita requerida ] Otros lados en este distrito son: Carroll Park , uno de los parques más grandes de la ciudad, la mansión colonial Mount Clare y Washington Boulevard , que data de los días anteriores a la Guerra de la Independencia como la ruta principal para salir de la ciudad hacia Alexandria, Virginia , y Georgetown en el río Potomac . [ cita requerida ]

Comunidades adyacentes

Baltimore limita con las siguientes comunidades, todas ellas lugares designados por el censo no incorporados .

Clima

Un gráfico del clima de Baltimore

Baltimore tiene un clima subtropical húmedo ( Cfa ) en la clasificación climática de Köppen , con veranos cálidos, inviernos fríos y un pico de precipitación anual en verano. [140] [141] Baltimore es parte de las zonas de rusticidad de plantas del USDA 7b y 8a. [142] Los veranos son normalmente cálidos, con tormentas eléctricas ocasionales al final del día. Julio, el mes más cálido, tiene una temperatura media de 80,3 °F (26,8 °C). Los inviernos varían de fríos a suaves, pero varían, con nevadas esporádicas: enero tiene un promedio diario de 35,8 °F (2,1 °C), [143] aunque las temperaturas alcanzan los 50 °F (10 °C) con bastante frecuencia, y ocasionalmente pueden caer por debajo de los 20 °F (−7 °C) cuando las masas de aire del Ártico afectan el área. [143] Según Vox , los inviernos se están calentando más rápido que los veranos. [141]

La primavera y el otoño son suaves, siendo la primavera la estación más lluviosa en términos de número de días de precipitación. Los veranos son calurosos y húmedos, con una media diaria en julio de 27,1 °C (80,7 °F). [143] La combinación de calor y humedad da lugar a tormentas eléctricas ocasionales. Una brisa de bahía del sudeste procedente de Chesapeake suele producirse en las tardes de verano cuando el aire caliente se eleva sobre las zonas del interior. Los vientos predominantes del suroeste que interactúan con esta brisa, así como con el UHI de la ciudad propiamente dicha, pueden exacerbar gravemente la calidad del aire. [144] [145] A finales del verano y principios del otoño, la trayectoria de los huracanes o sus remanentes puede provocar inundaciones en el centro de Baltimore, a pesar de que la ciudad está muy alejada de las zonas típicas de marejadas ciclónicas costeras . [146]

La nevada estacional media es de 48 cm (19 pulgadas). [147] Varía mucho según el año: en algunas estaciones solo se ven acumulaciones mínimas de nieve, mientras que en otras se ven varias tormentas del noreste importantes . [c] Debido a la isla de calor urbana (UHI) reducida en comparación con la ciudad propiamente dicha y a la distancia de la bahía de Chesapeake, que se modera, las zonas periféricas e interiores del área metropolitana de Baltimore suelen ser más frescas, especialmente por la noche, que la ciudad propiamente dicha y las ciudades costeras. Por lo tanto, en los suburbios del norte y el oeste, las nevadas invernales son más significativas y algunas áreas tienen un promedio de más de 76 cm (30 pulgadas) de nieve por invierno. [149]

No es raro que se forme una línea de lluvia y nieve en el área metropolitana. [150] En algunos inviernos, en la zona se producen lluvias heladas y aguanieve, ya que el aire cálido se impone al aire frío en los niveles bajos y medios de la atmósfera. Cuando el viento sopla desde el este, el aire frío se bloquea contra las montañas del oeste y el resultado es lluvia helada o aguanieve.

Al igual que todo Maryland , Baltimore corre el riesgo de sufrir mayores impactos del cambio climático . Históricamente, las inundaciones han arruinado casas y casi han matado a gente, especialmente en los barrios de ingresos bajos de mayoría negra, y han causado atascos en las aguas residuales, dado el deterioro actual del sistema de agua de Baltimore. [151]

Las temperaturas extremas varían desde -22 °C (-7 °F) el 9 de febrero de 1934 y el 10 de febrero de 1899 , [d] hasta 42 °C (108 °F) el 22 de julio de 2011. [152] [153] En promedio, se producen temperaturas de 38 °C (100 °F) o más durante tres días al año, 32 °C (90 °F) o más durante 43 días, y hay nueve días en los que la máxima no alcanza el punto de congelación. [143]

Ver o editar datos gráficos sin procesar.

Demografía

Población

Baltimore alcanzó una población máxima de 949.708 en el censo de EE. UU. de 1950. En cada censo de diez años desde entonces, la ciudad ha perdido población, con su población del censo de 2020 en 585.708. En 2011, la entonces alcaldesa Stephanie Rawlings-Blake dijo que uno de sus objetivos era aumentar la población de la ciudad, mejorando los servicios de la ciudad para reducir la cantidad de personas que abandonan la ciudad y aprobando una legislación que protegiera los derechos de los inmigrantes para estimular el crecimiento. [163] Baltimore es identificada como una ciudad santuario . [164] En 2019, el entonces alcalde Jack Young dijo que Baltimore no ayudaría a los agentes de ICE con las redadas de inmigración. [165]

La población de la ciudad de Baltimore disminuyó de 620.961 en 2010 a 585.708 en 2020, lo que representa una caída del 5,7%. En 2020, Baltimore perdió más población que cualquier otra ciudad importante de los Estados Unidos . [166] [7] [167]

La gentrificación ha aumentado desde el censo de 2000, principalmente en el este de Baltimore, el centro y la zona central de Baltimore, con un 14,8% de las áreas censales que han experimentado un crecimiento de los ingresos y una apreciación del valor de las viviendas a un ritmo superior al de la ciudad en general. Muchos de los barrios en proceso de gentrificación, pero no todos, son zonas predominantemente blancas que han experimentado una renovación de los hogares de ingresos bajos a los de ingresos altos. Estas zonas representan la expansión de las zonas gentrificadas existentes o la actividad en torno al Inner Harbor, el centro o el campus de Johns Hopkins Homewood. [168] En algunos barrios del este de Baltimore, la población hispana ha aumentado, mientras que tanto la población blanca no hispana como la población negra no hispana han disminuido. [169]

Después de la ciudad de Nueva York , Baltimore fue la segunda ciudad de los Estados Unidos en alcanzar una población de 100.000 habitantes. [170] [171] Desde los censos de EE. UU. de 1820 a 1850, Baltimore fue la segunda ciudad más poblada, [171] [172] antes de ser superada por Filadelfia y la entonces independiente Brooklyn en 1860, y luego ser superada por San Luis y Chicago en 1870. [173] Baltimore estuvo entre las 10 ciudades con mayor población en los Estados Unidos en todos los censos hasta el de 1980. [174] Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Baltimore tenía una población cercana al millón, hasta que la población comenzó a caer después del censo de 1950.

Características

Mapa de distribución racial de Baltimore, censo de EE. UU. de 2010. Cada punto representa 25 personas: Blanco  Negro  asiático  hispano  Otro

En el censo de 2010 , la población de Baltimore era 63,7% negra , 29,6% blanca (6,9% alemana , 5,8% italiana , 4% irlandesa , 2% estadounidense , 2% polaca , 0,5% griega ), 2,3% asiática (0,54% coreana , 0,46% india , 0,37% china , 0,36% filipina , 0,21% nepalí , 0,16% paquistaní ) y 0,4% nativa americana y nativa de Alaska. Entre las razas, el 4,2% de la población es de origen hispano, latino o español (1,63% salvadoreña , 1,21% mexicana , 0,63% puertorriqueña , 0,6% hondureña ). [15]

Según el censo de 2020, el 8,1% de los residentes entre 2016 y 2020 eran personas nacidas en el extranjero. [175] Las mujeres constituían el 53,4% de la población. La edad media era de 35 años, con un 22,4% de menores de 18 años, un 65,8% de entre 18 y 64 años y un 11,8% de 65 años o más. [15]

Baltimore tiene una gran población caribeña-estadounidense , siendo los grupos más numerosos los jamaiquinos y los trinitenses . La comunidad jamaiquina de Baltimore se concentra principalmente en el barrio de Park Heights , pero generaciones de inmigrantes también han vivido en el sudeste de Baltimore. [181]

En 2005, aproximadamente 30.778 personas (6,5%) se identificaron como homosexuales, lesbianas o bisexuales . [182] En 2012, se legalizó el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en Maryland , que entró en vigor el 1 de enero de 2013. [183]

Ingresos y vivienda

Entre 2016 y 2020, el ingreso familiar promedio fue de $52,164 y el ingreso per cápita promedio fue de $32,699, en comparación con los promedios nacionales de $64,994 y $35,384, respectivamente. [175] En 2009, el ingreso familiar promedio fue de $42,241 y el ingreso per cápita promedio fue de $25,707, en comparación con el ingreso nacional promedio de $53,889 por hogar y $28,930 per cápita. [15]

En 2009, el 23,7% de la población vivía por debajo del umbral de pobreza, en comparación con el 13,5% a nivel nacional. [15] En el censo de 2020, el 20% de los residentes de Baltimore vivían en la pobreza, en comparación con el 11,6% a nivel nacional. [175]

La vivienda en Baltimore es relativamente barata para ciudades grandes y cercanas a la costa de su tamaño. El precio de venta medio de las viviendas en Baltimore en diciembre de 2022 fue de 209.000 dólares, frente a los 95.000 dólares de 2012. [184] [185] A pesar del desplome de los precios de la vivienda a finales de la década de 2000, y junto con las tendencias nacionales, los residentes de Baltimore todavía se enfrentaban a un aumento lento del alquiler, que subió un 3% en el verano de 2010. [186] El valor medio de las unidades de vivienda ocupadas por sus propietarios entre 2016 y 2020 fue de 242.499 dólares. [175]

La población sin hogar de Baltimore está aumentando de forma constante. En 2011 superó las 4.000 personas. El aumento de la cantidad de jóvenes sin hogar fue especialmente grave. [187]

Esperanza de vida

En 2015, la esperanza de vida en Baltimore era de 74 a 75 años, en comparación con el promedio de los EE. UU. de 78 a 80. Catorce vecindarios tenían una esperanza de vida más baja que Corea del Norte . La esperanza de vida en Downtown/Seton Hill era comparable a la de Yemen . [188]

Religión

Basílica de Baltimore , la primera catedral católica construida en Estados Unidos

En 2015, el 25% de los adultos en Baltimore no declaró ninguna afiliación religiosa. El 50% de la población adulta de Baltimore son protestantes . [h] El catolicismo es la segunda afiliación religiosa más grande, constituyendo el 15% de la población, seguido por el judaísmo (3%) y el islam (2%). Alrededor del 1% se identifica con otras denominaciones cristianas . [189] [190] [191]

Idiomas

En 2010, el 91% (526.705) de los residentes de Baltimore de cinco años o más hablaban solo inglés en casa. Cerca del 4% (21.661) hablaba español. Otros idiomas, como las lenguas africanas , el francés y el chino, son hablados por menos del 1% de la población. [192]

Economía

Baltimore, que en el pasado fue una ciudad predominantemente industrial, con una base económica centrada en el procesamiento de acero, el transporte marítimo, la fabricación de automóviles (General Motors Baltimore Assembly ) y el transporte, experimentó una desindustrialización , que costó a los residentes decenas de miles de empleos de baja cualificación y altos salarios. [193] Baltimore ahora depende de una economía de servicios de bajos salarios , que representa el 31% de los empleos de la ciudad. [194] [195] A principios del siglo XX, Baltimore era el principal fabricante estadounidense de whisky de centeno y sombreros de paja . Lideró la refinación de petróleo crudo, que llegaba a la ciudad por oleoducto desde Pensilvania. [196] [197] [198]

En marzo de 2018, la tasa de desempleo de Baltimore era del 5,8%. [199] En 2012, una cuarta parte de los residentes de Baltimore y el 37% de los niños de Baltimore vivían en la pobreza. [200] Se espera que el cierre en 2012 de una importante planta siderúrgica en Sparrows Point tenga un mayor impacto en el empleo y la economía local. [201] En 2013, 207.000 trabajadores viajaban a la ciudad de Baltimore cada día. [202] El centro de Baltimore es el principal activo económico de la ciudad de Baltimore y la región, con 29,1 millones de pies cuadrados de espacio de oficina. El sector tecnológico está creciendo rápidamente, ya que el área metropolitana de Baltimore ocupa el octavo lugar en el Informe de talento tecnológico de CBRE entre las 50 áreas metropolitanas de EE. UU. por su alta tasa de crecimiento y número de profesionales tecnológicos. [203] En 2013, Forbes clasificó a Baltimore en el cuarto lugar entre los "nuevos puntos calientes tecnológicos" de Estados Unidos. [204]

La ciudad alberga el Hospital Johns Hopkins . Otras grandes empresas de Baltimore son Under Armour , [205] BRT Laboratories , Cordish Company , [206] Legg Mason , McCormick & Company , T. Rowe Price y Royal Farms . [207] Una refinería de azúcar propiedad de American Sugar Refining es uno de los íconos culturales de Baltimore. Las organizaciones sin fines de lucro con sede en Baltimore incluyen Lutheran Services in America y Catholic Relief Services .

A mediados de 2013, casi una cuarta parte de los empleos en la región de Baltimore estaban relacionados con la ciencia, la tecnología, la ingeniería y las matemáticas, un hecho atribuido en parte a las extensas escuelas de pregrado y posgrado de la ciudad; en este recuento se incluyeron expertos en mantenimiento y reparación. [208]

Puerto

El centro del comercio internacional de la región es el World Trade Center de Baltimore . Alberga la Administración Portuaria de Maryland y las oficinas centrales en EE. UU. de las principales líneas navieras. Baltimore ocupa el noveno lugar en valor total en dólares de carga y el decimotercero en tonelaje de carga para todos los puertos de EE. UU. En 2014, la carga total que se movió a través del puerto totalizó 29,5 millones de toneladas, por debajo de los 30,3 millones de toneladas en 2013. El valor de la carga que pasó por el puerto en 2014 llegó a $52,5 mil millones, por debajo de los $52,6 mil millones en 2013. El Puerto de Baltimore genera $3 mil millones en salarios y sueldos anuales, además de sustentar 14.630 empleos directos y 108.000 empleos relacionados con el trabajo portuario. En 2014, el puerto generó más de $300 millones en impuestos. [209]

El puerto da servicio a más de 50 transportistas marítimos, que realizan cerca de 1.800 visitas anuales. Entre todos los puertos de Estados Unidos, Baltimore es el primero en cuanto a tráfico de automóviles, camiones ligeros, maquinaria agrícola y de construcción, así como de productos forestales importados, aluminio y azúcar. El puerto es el segundo en exportaciones de carbón. La industria de cruceros del puerto de Baltimore, que ofrece viajes durante todo el año en varias líneas, sustenta más de 500 puestos de trabajo y aporta más de 90 millones de dólares anuales a la economía de Maryland. El crecimiento en el puerto continúa con los planes de la Administración del Puerto de Maryland de convertir el extremo sur de la antigua fábrica de acero en una terminal marítima, principalmente para envíos de automóviles y camiones, y para nuevos negocios previstos que llegarán a Baltimore después de la finalización del proyecto de ampliación del Canal de Panamá . [209]

Turismo

La historia y las atracciones de Baltimore la han convertido en un destino turístico popular. En 2014, la ciudad recibió a 24,5 millones de visitantes, que gastaron 5200 millones de dólares. [210] El Centro de Visitantes de Baltimore, que es operado por Visit Baltimore , está ubicado en Light Street en el Inner Harbor. Gran parte del turismo de la ciudad se centra alrededor del Inner Harbor, y el Acuario Nacional es el principal destino turístico de Maryland. La restauración del puerto de Baltimore lo ha convertido en "una ciudad de barcos", con varios barcos históricos y otras atracciones en exhibición y abiertas al público. El USS Constellation , el último buque de la era de la Guerra Civil a flote, está atracado en la cabecera del Inner Harbor; el USS Torsk , un submarino que tiene el récord de inmersiones de la Armada (más de 10 000); y el guardacostas WHEC-37 , el último buque de guerra estadounidense superviviente que estuvo en Pearl Harbor durante el ataque japonés el 7 de diciembre de 1941, y que se enfrentó a aviones Zero japoneses durante la batalla. [211]

También está atracado el buque faro Chesapeake , que durante décadas marcó la entrada a la bahía de Chesapeake; y el faro Seven Foot Knoll, el faro de pilotes enroscados más antiguo que aún se conserva en la bahía de Chesapeake, que una vez marcó la desembocadura del río Patapsco y la entrada a Baltimore. Todas estas atracciones son propiedad de la organización Historic Ships in Baltimore y están a su cargo . El Inner Harbor también es el puerto base del Pride of Baltimore II , el barco "embajador de buena voluntad" del estado de Maryland, una reconstrucción de un famoso barco Baltimore Clipper . [211]

Otros destinos turísticos incluyen lugares deportivos como Oriole Park en Camden Yards , M&T Bank Stadium y Pimlico Race Course , Fort McHenry , los vecindarios de Mount Vernon , Federal Hill y Fells Point , Lexington Market , Horseshoe Casino y museos como el Museo de Arte Walters , el Museo de Industria de Baltimore , el lugar de nacimiento y museo de Babe Ruth , el Centro de Ciencias de Maryland y el Museo del Ferrocarril B&O .

Cultura

El Monumento a Washington , erigido en 1815 en Baltimore en honor a George Washington
La Torre Emerson Bromo-Seltzer , construida en 1911, incluye 15 pisos que se han transformado en espacios de estudio para artistas visuales y literarios.

Baltimore ha sido históricamente una ciudad portuaria de clase trabajadora, a veces llamada "ciudad de barrios". Comprende 72 distritos históricos designados [212] tradicionalmente ocupados por distintos grupos étnicos. Hoy en día, los más notables son tres áreas del centro a lo largo del puerto: el Inner Harbor, frecuentado por turistas debido a sus hoteles, tiendas y museos; Fells Point, que alguna vez fue un lugar de entretenimiento favorito para los marineros, pero que ahora ha sido remodelado y aburguesado (y aparece en la película Sleepless in Seattle ); y Little Italy , ubicada entre las otras dos, donde se encuentra la comunidad italoamericana de Baltimore y donde creció la presidenta de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos, Nancy Pelosi .

Further inland, Mount Vernon is the traditional center of cultural and artistic life of the city. It is home to a distinctive Washington Monument, set atop a hill in a 19th-century urban square, that predates the monument in Washington, D.C. by several decades. Baltimore has a significant German American population,[213] and was the second-largest port of immigration to the United States behind Ellis Island in New York and New Jersey. Between 1820 and 1989, almost 2 million who were German, Polish, English, Irish, Russian, Lithuanian, French, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Italian came to Baltimore, mostly between 1861 and 1930. By 1913, when Baltimore was averaging forty thousand immigrants per year, World War I closed off the flow of immigrants. By 1970, Baltimore's heyday as an immigration center was a distant memory. There was a Chinatown dating back to at least the 1880s, which consisted of 400 Chinese residents. A local Chinese-American association remains based there, with one Chinese restaurant as of 2009.

Beer making thrived in Baltimore from the 1800s to the 1950s, with over 100 old breweries in the city's past.[214] The best remaining example of that history is the old American Brewery Building on North Gay Street and the National Brewing Company building in the Brewer's Hill neighborhood. In the 1940s the National Brewing Company introduced the nation's first six-pack. National's two most prominent brands, were National Bohemian Beer colloquially "Natty Boh" and Colt 45. Listed on the Pabst website as a "Fun Fact", Colt 45 was named after running back #45 Jerry Hill of the 1963 Baltimore Colts and not the .45 caliber handgun ammunition round. Both brands are still made today, albeit outside of Maryland, and served all around the Baltimore area at bars, as well as Orioles and Ravens games.[215] The Natty Boh logo appears on all cans, bottles, and packaging. Merchandise featuring him can be found in shops in Maryland, including several in Fells Point.

Each year the Artscape takes place in the city in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, close to the Maryland Institute College of Art. Artscape styles itself as the "largest free arts festival in America".[citation needed] Each May, the Maryland Film Festival takes place in Baltimore, using all five screens of the historic Charles Theatre as its anchor venue. Many movies and television shows have been filmed in Baltimore. Homicide: Life on the Street was set and filmed in Baltimore, as well as The Wire. House of Cards and Veep are set in Washington, D.C. but filmed in Baltimore.[216]

Baltimore has cultural museums in many areas of study. The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum are internationally renowned for their collections of art. The Baltimore Museum of Art has the largest holding of works by Henri Matisse in the world.[217] The American Visionary Art Museum has been designated by Congress as America's national museum for visionary art.[218] The National Great Blacks In Wax Museum is the first African American wax museum in the country, featuring more than 150 life-size and lifelike wax figures.[51]

Cuisine

Baltimore is known for its Maryland blue crabs, crab cake, Old Bay Seasoning, pit beef, and the "chicken box". The city has many restaurants in or around the Inner Harbor. The most known and acclaimed are the Charleston, Woodberry Kitchen, and the Charm City Cakes bakery featured on the Food Network's Ace of Cakes. The Little Italy neighborhood's biggest draw is the food. Fells Point also is a foodie neighborhood for tourists and locals and is where the oldest continuously running tavern in the country, "The Horse You Came in on Saloon", is located.[219]

Many of Baltimore's upscale restaurants are found in Harbor East. Five public markets are located across Baltimore. The Baltimore Public Market System is the oldest continuously operating public market system in the United States.[220] Lexington Market is one of the longest-running markets in the world and the longest running in the country, having been around since 1782. The market continues to stand at its original site. Baltimore is the last place in America where one can still find arabbers, vendors who sell fresh fruits and vegetables from a horse-drawn cart that goes up and down neighborhood streets.[221] Food- and drink-rating site Zagat ranked Baltimore second in a list of the 17 best food cities in the US in 2015.[222]

Local dialect

Baltimore city, along with its surrounding regions, is home to a unique local dialect known as the Baltimore dialect. It is part of the larger Mid-Atlantic American English group and is noted to be very similar to the Philadelphia dialect.[223][224]

The so-called "Bawlmerese" accent is known for its characteristic pronunciation of its long "o" vowel, in which an "eh" sound is added before the long "o" sound (/oʊ/ shifts to [ɘʊ], or even [eʊ]).[225] It adopts Philadelphia's pattern of the short "a" sound, such that the tensed vowel in words like "bath" or "ask" does not match the more relaxed one in "sad" or "act".[223]

Baltimore native John Waters parodies the city and its dialect extensively in his films. Most are filmed in Baltimore, including the 1972 cult classic Pink Flamingos, as well as Hairspray and its Broadway musical remake.

Performing arts

The Hippodrome Theatre

Baltimore has four state-designated arts and entertainment districts: The Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts and Entertainment District, Station North Arts and Entertainment District, Highlandtown Arts District, and the Bromo Arts & Entertainment District.[226][227][228]

The Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts, a non-profit organization, produces events and arts programs as well as managing several facilities. It is the official Baltimore City Arts Council. BOPA coordinates Baltimore's major events, including New Year's Eve and July 4 celebrations at the Inner Harbor, Artscape, which is America's largest free arts festival, Baltimore Book Festival, Baltimore Farmers' Market & Bazaar, School 33 Art Center's Open Studio Tour, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Parade.[229]

The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra is an internationally renowned orchestra, founded in 1916 as a publicly funded municipal organization. Its most recent music director was Marin Alsop, a protégé of Leonard Bernstein's. Centerstage is the premier theater company in the city and a regionally well-respected group. The Lyric Opera House is the home of Lyric Opera Baltimore, which operates there as part of the Patricia and Arthur Modell Performing Arts Center. Shriver Hall Concert Series, founded in 1966, presents classical chamber music and recitals featuring nationally and internationally recognized artists.[230]

The Baltimore Consort has been a leading early music ensemble for over twenty-five years. The France-Merrick Performing Arts Center, home of the restored Thomas W. Lamb-designed Hippodrome Theatre, has afforded Baltimore the opportunity to become a major regional player in the area of touring Broadway and other performing arts presentations. Renovating Baltimore's historic theatres has become widespread throughout the city. Renovated theatres include the Everyman, Centre, Senator, and most recently Parkway Theatre. Other buildings have been reused. These include the former Mercantile Deposit and Trust Company bank building, which is now The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company Theater.

Baltimore has a wide array of professional (non-touring) and community theater groups. Aside from Center Stage, resident troupes in the city include The Vagabond Players, the oldest continuously operating community theater group in the country, Everyman Theatre, Single Carrot Theatre, and Baltimore Theatre Festival. Community theaters in the city include Fells Point Community Theatre and the Arena Players Inc., which is the nation's oldest continuously operating African American community theater.[231] In 2009, the Baltimore Rock Opera Society, an all-volunteer theatrical company, launched its first production.[232]

Baltimore is home to the Pride of Baltimore Chorus, a three-time international silver medalist women's chorus, affiliated with Sweet Adelines International. The Maryland State Boychoir is located in the northeastern Baltimore neighborhood of Mayfield.

Baltimore is the home of non-profit chamber music organization Vivre Musicale. VM won a 2011–2012 award for Adventurous Programming from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and Chamber Music America.[233]

The Peabody Institute, located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, is the oldest conservatory of music in the United States.[234] Established in 1857, it is one of the most prestigious in the world,[234] along with Juilliard, Eastman, and the Curtis Institute. The Morgan State University Choir is also one of the nation's most prestigious university choral ensembles.[235] The city is home to the Baltimore School for the Arts, a public high school in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore. The institution is nationally recognized for its success in preparation for students entering music (vocal/instrumental), theatre (acting/theater production), dance, and visual arts.

In 1981, Baltimore hosted the first International Theater Festival, the first such festival in the country. Executive producer Al Kraizer staged 66 performances of nine shows by international theatre companies, including from Ireland, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Israel.[236] The festival proved to be expensive to mount, and in 1982 the festival was hosted in Denver, called the World Theatre Festival,[237] at the Denver Center for Performing Arts, after the city had asked Kraizer to organize it.[238]

In June 1986, the 20th Theatre of Nations, sponsored by the International Theatre Institute, was held in Baltimore, the first time it had been held in the U.S.[239]

Sports

Baseball

Oriole Park at Camden Yards, home to the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball

Baltimore has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team, which was active from 1903 to 1914. After playing one season in 1915 as the Richmond Climbers, the team returned the following year to Baltimore, where it played as the Orioles until 1953.[citation needed]

The team currently known as the Baltimore Orioles has represented Major League Baseball locally since 1954 when the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore. The Orioles advanced to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983, winning three times (1966, 1970 and 1983), while making the playoffs all but one year (1972) from 1969 through 1974.[240]

In 1995, local player (and later Hall of Famer) Cal Ripken Jr. broke Lou Gehrig's streak of 2,130 consecutive games played, for which Ripken was named Sportsman of the Year by Sports Illustrated magazine.[citation needed] Six former Orioles players, including Ripken (2007), and two of the team's managers have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Since 1992, the Orioles' home ballpark has been Oriole Park at Camden Yards, which has been hailed as one of the league's best since it opened.[241]

Football

M&T Bank Stadium, home to the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League

Prior to a National Football League team moving to Baltimore, there had been several attempts at a professional football team prior to the 1950s, which were blocked by the Washington team and its NFL friends. Most were minor league or semi-professional teams. The first major league to base a team in Baltimore was the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), which had a team named the Baltimore Colts. The AAFC Colts played for three seasons in the AAFC (1947, 1948, and 1949), and when the AAFC folded following the 1949 season, moved to the NFL for a single year (1950) before going bankrupt.

In 1953, the NFL's Dallas Texans folded. Its assets and player contracts were purchased by an ownership team headed by Baltimore businessman Carroll Rosenbloom, who moved the team to Baltimore, establishing a new team also named the Baltimore Colts. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Colts were one of the NFLs more successful franchises, led by Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas who set a then-record of 47 consecutive games with a touchdown pass. The Colts advanced to the NFL Championship twice (1958 & 1959) and Super Bowl twice (1969 & 1971), winning all except Super Bowl III in 1969. After the 1983 season, the team left Baltimore for Indianapolis in 1984, where they became the Indianapolis Colts.

The NFL returned to Baltimore when the former Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens in 1996. Since then, the Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in 2000 and 2012, seven AFC North division championships (2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019 and 2023), and appeared in five AFC Championship Games (2000, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2023).[242]

Baltimore also hosted a Canadian Football League franchise, the Baltimore Stallions for the 1994 and 1995 seasons. Following the 1995 season, and ultimate end to the Canadian Football League in the United States experiment, the team was sold and relocated to Montreal.

Other teams and events

The Preakness Stakes, the second leg of the Triple Crown, is run every May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore.

The first professional sports organization in the United States, The Maryland Jockey Club, was formed in Baltimore in 1743. Preakness Stakes, the second race in the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, has been held every May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore since 1873.

College lacrosse is a common sport in the spring, as the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has won 44 national championships, the most of any program in history. In addition, Loyola University won its first men's NCAA lacrosse championship in 2012.

The Baltimore Blast are a professional arena soccer team that play in the Major Arena Soccer League at the SECU Arena on the campus of Towson University. The Blast have won nine championships in various leagues, including the MASL. A previous entity of the Blast played in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 1980 to 1992, winning one championship. The Baltimore Kings, a Baltimore Blast affiliate,[243] joined MASL 3 in 2021 to begin play in 2022.[244]

FC Baltimore 1729 was a semi-professional soccer club in the NPSL league, with the goal of bringing a community-oriented competitive soccer experience to Baltimore. Their inaugural season started on May 11, 2018, and they played their home games at CCBC Essex Field. Baltimore City F.C. is an Eastern Premier Soccer League club that plays since 2023 at Middle Branch Fitness Center in Cherry Hill.

The Baltimore Blues were a semi-professional rugby league club which began competition in the USA Rugby League in 2012.[245] The Baltimore Bohemians were an American soccer club which competed in the USL Premier Development League, the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. Their inaugural season started in the spring of 2012.

The Baltimore Grand Prix debuted along the streets of the Inner Harbor section of the city's downtown on September 2–4, 2011. The event played host to the American Le Mans Series on Saturday and the IndyCar Series on Sunday. Support races from smaller series were also held, including Indy Lights. After three consecutive years, on September 13, 2013, it was announced that the event would not be held in 2014 or 2015 due to scheduling conflicts.[246]

The athletic equipment company Under Armour is also based in Baltimore. Founded in 1996 by Kevin Plank, a University of Maryland alumnus, the company's headquarters are located in Tide Point, adjacent to Fort McHenry and the Domino Sugar factory. The Baltimore Marathon is the flagship race of several races. The marathon begins at Camden Yards and travels through many diverse neighborhoods of Baltimore, including the scenic Inner Harbor waterfront area, historic Federal Hill, Fells Point, and Canton, Baltimore. The race then proceeds to other important focal points of the city such as Patterson Park, Clifton Park, Lake Montebello, the Charles Village neighborhood, and the western edge of downtown. After winding through 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) of Baltimore, the race ends at virtually the same point at which it starts.

The Baltimore Brigade were an Arena Football League team based in Baltimore that, from 2017 to 2019, played at Royal Farms Arena. In 2019, the team ceased operations along with the rest of the league.

Parks and recreation

Patterson Park in October

Baltimore has over 4,900 acres (1,983 ha) of parkland.[247] The Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks manages the majority of parks and recreational facilities in the city, including Patterson Park, Federal Hill Park, and Druid Hill Park.[248] The city is home to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, a coastal star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812. As of 2015, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, ranks Baltimore 40th among the 75-largest U.S. cities.[247]

Law, government, and politics

Baltimore is an independent city, and not part of any county. For most governmental purposes under Maryland law, Baltimore City is treated as a county-level entity. The United States Census Bureau uses counties as the basic unit for presentation of statistical information in the United States, and treats Baltimore as a county equivalent for those purposes.

Baltimore has been a Democratic stronghold for over 150 years, with Democrats dominating every level of government. In virtually all elections, the Democratic primary is the real contest.[249] As of the 2020 elections, registered Democrats outnumbered registered Republicans by almost 10-to-1.[250] No Republican has been elected to the City Council since 1939. The city's last Republican mayor, Theodore McKeldin, left office in 1967. No Republican candidate since then has received 25 percent or more of the vote. In the 2016 and 2020 mayoral elections, the Republicans were pushed into third place by write-in and independent candidates, respectively. The last Republican candidate for president to win the city was Dwight Eisenhower in his successful reelection bid in 1956.

The city hosted the first six Democratic National Conventions, from 1832 through 1852, and hosted the DNC again in 1860, 1872, and 1912.[251]

Voter registration

City government

Mayor

Brandon Scott is the current mayor of Baltimore. He was elected in 2020 and took office on December 8, 2020.

Scott succeeded Jack Young, who took office on May 2, 2019. Young had been the president of the Baltimore City Council when Mayor Catherine Pugh was accused of a self-dealing book-sales arrangement. He became acting mayor on April 2 when she took a leave of absence, then mayor upon her resignation.[253][254]

Pugh, a Democrat, won the 2016 mayoral election with 57.1% of the vote and took office on December 6, 2016.[255]

Stephanie Rawlings-Blake assumed the office of Mayor on February 4, 2010, when predecessor Dixon's resignation became effective.[256] Rawlings-Blake had been serving as City Council President at the time. She was elected to a full term in 2011, defeating Pugh in the primary election and receiving 84% of the vote.[257]

Sheila Dixon became the first female mayor of Baltimore on January 17, 2007. As the former City Council President, she assumed the office of Mayor when former Mayor Martin O'Malley took office as Governor of Maryland.[258] On November 6, 2007, Dixon won the Baltimore mayoral election. Mayor Dixon's administration ended less than three years after her election, the result of a criminal investigation that began in 2006 while she was still City Council President. She was convicted on a single misdemeanor charge of embezzlement on December 1, 2009. A month later, Dixon made an Alford plea to a perjury charge and agreed to resign from office; Maryland, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office.[259][260]

Baltimore City Hall

Baltimore City Council

Grassroots pressure for reform, voiced as Question P, restructured the city council in November 2002, against the will of the mayor, the council president, and the majority of the council. A coalition of union and community groups, organized by the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), backed the effort.[261]

Baltimore City Council is made up of 14 single-member districts and one elected at-large council president.[262][263]

Law enforcement

Courthouse East in Baltimore is a historic combined post office and federal courthouse in Battle Monument Square.

The Baltimore City Police Department is the current primary law enforcement agency serving Baltimore citizens. It was founded 1784 as a "Night City Watch" and day Constables system and later reorganized as a City Department in 1853, with a later reorganization under State of Maryland supervision in 1859, with appointments made by the Governor of Maryland after a period of civic and elections violence with riots in the later part of the decade. Campus and building security for the city's public schools is provided by the Baltimore City Public Schools Police, established in the 1970s.

In the four-year span of 2011 to 2015, 120 lawsuits were brought against Baltimore police for alleged brutality and misconduct. The Freddie Gray settlement of $6.4 million exceeds the combined total settlements of the 120 lawsuits, as state law caps such payments.[264]

Maryland Transportation Authority Police under the Maryland Department of Transportation, originally established as the "Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Police" when opened in 1957, is the primary law enforcement agency on the Fort McHenry Tunnel Thruway on I-95 and the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway, which goes underneath the northwestern branch of Patapsco River, and Interstate 395, which has three ramp bridges crossing the middle branch of the Patapsco River that are under MdTA jurisdiction, and have limited concurrent jurisdiction with the Baltimore Police Department under a memorandum of understanding.

Law enforcement on the fleet of transit buses and transit rail systems serving Baltimore is the responsibility of the Maryland Transit Administration Police, which is part of the Maryland Transit Administration of the state Department of Transportation. The MTA Police also share jurisdiction authority with the Baltimore City Police, governed by a memorandum of understanding.[265]

As the enforcement arm of the Baltimore circuit and district court system, the Baltimore City Sheriff's Office, created by state constitutional amendment in 1844, is responsible for the security of city courthouses and property, service of court-ordered writs, protective and peace orders, warrants, tax levies, prisoner transportation and traffic enforcement. Deputy Sheriffs are sworn law enforcement officials, with full arrest authority granted by the constitution of Maryland, the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission and the Sheriff of Baltimore.[266]

The United States Coast Guard, operating out of their shipyard and facility (since 1899) at Arundel Cove on Curtis Creek, (off Pennington Avenue extending to Hawkins Point Road/Fort Smallwood Road) in the Curtis Bay section of southern Baltimore City and adjacent northern Anne Arundel County. The U.S.C.G. also operates and maintains a presence on Baltimore and Maryland waterways in the Patapsco River and Chesapeake Bay. "Sector Baltimore" is responsible for commanding law enforcement and search & rescue units as well as aids to navigation.

Crime
A Baltimore Police Department patrol car, May 2018

Baltimore is considered one of the most dangerous cities in the U.S.[267] Experts say an emerging gang presence and heavy recruitment of adolescent boys into these gangs, who are statistically more likely to get serious charges reduced or dropped, are major reasons for the sustained crime crises in the city.[268][269] Overall reported crime dropped by 60% from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s, but homicides and gun violence remain high and far exceed the national average.[270]

The worst years for crime in Baltimore overall were from 1993 to 1996, with 96,243 crimes reported in 1995. Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015 represented the highest homicide rate in the city's recorded history—52.5 per 100,000 people, surpassing the record ratio set in 1993—and the second-highest for U.S. cities behind St. Louis and ahead of Detroit. Of Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015, 321 (93.3%) of the victims were African-American.[270]

Drug use and deaths by drug use, particularly drugs used intravenously, such as heroin, are a related problem which has impaired Baltimore for decades. Among cities greater than 400,000, Baltimore ranked 2nd in its opiate drug death rate in the United States. The DEA reported that 10% of Baltimore's population – about 64,000 people – are addicted to heroin, most of which is trafficked into the city from New York.[271][272][273][274][275]

In 2011, Baltimore police reported 196 homicides, the lowest number in the city since 197 homicides in 1978, and far lower than the peak homicide count of 353 slayings in 1993. City leaders at the time credited a sustained focus on repeat violent offenders and increased community engagement for the continued drop, reflecting a nationwide decline in crime.[276][277]

In August 2014, Baltimore's new youth curfew law went into effect. It prohibits unaccompanied children under age 14 from being on the streets after 9 p.m. and those aged 14–16 from being out after 10 p.m. during the week and 11 p.m. on weekends and during the summer. The goal is to keep children out of dangerous places and reduce crime.[278]

Crime in Baltimore reached another peak in 2015 when the year's tally of 344 homicides was second only to the record 353 in 1993, when Baltimore had about 100,000 more residents. The killings in 2015 were on pace with recent years in the early months of 2015, but skyrocketed after the unrest and rioting of late April following the killing of Freddie Gray by police. In five of the next eight months, killings topped 30–40 per month. Nearly 90 percent of 2015's homicides resulted from shootings, renewing calls for new gun laws. In 2016, there were 318 murders in the city.[279] This total marked a 7.56 percent decline in homicides from 2015.

In an interview with The Guardian on November 2, 2017,[280] David Simon, himself a former police reporter for The Baltimore Sun, ascribed the most recent surge in murders to the high-profile decision by Baltimore state's attorney, Marilyn Mosby, to charge six city police officers following the death of Freddie Gray after he was paralyzed during a "rough-ride" in a police van while in police custody in April 2015, dying from the injury a week later. "What Mosby basically did was send a message to the Baltimore police department: 'I'm going to put you in jail for making a bad arrest.' So officers figured it out: 'I can go to jail for making the wrong arrest, so I'm not getting out of my car to clear a corner,' and that's exactly what happened post-Freddie Gray."[280]

In Baltimore, "arrest numbers have plummeted from more than 40,000 in 2014, the year before Gray's death and the charges against the officers, to about 18,000 [as of November 2017]. This happened as homicides soared from 211 in 2014 to 344 in 2015 – an increase of 63%."[280] Simon's HBO miniseries We Own This City aired in April 2022 and covered many of the events surrounding the death of Freddie Gray and the work slowdown by the Baltimore Police Department during that time period.

In the six years between 2016 and 2022, Baltimore tallied 318, 342, 309, 348, 335, 338, and 335 homicides, respectively.[281] In 2023, Baltimore saw a 20% drop in homicides to 263.[282]

Baltimore City Fire Department

Baltimore is protected by the over 1,800 professional firefighters of the Baltimore City Fire Department (BCFD). It was founded in December 1858 and began operating the following year. Replacing several warring independent volunteer companies since the 1770s and the confusion resulting from a riot involving the "Know-Nothing" political party two years before, the establishment of a unified professional fire fighting force was a major advance in urban governance. The BCFD operates out of 37 fire stations located throughout the city and has a long history and sets of traditions in its various houses and divisions.

State government

Since the legislative redistricting in 2002, Baltimore has had six legislative districts located entirely within its boundaries, giving the city six seats in the 47-member Maryland Senate and 18 in the 141-member Maryland House of Delegates.[283][284] During the previous 10-year period, Baltimore had four legislative districts within the city limits, but four others overlapped the Baltimore County line.[285] As of January 2011, all of Baltimore's state senators and delegates were Democrats.[283]

State agencies

Federal government

Two of the state's eight congressional districts include portions of Baltimore: the 2nd, represented by Dutch Ruppersberger and the 7th, represented by Kweisi Mfume. Both are Democrats. A Republican has not represented a significant portion of Baltimore in Congress since John Boynton Philip Clayton Hill represented the 3rd District in 1927, and has not represented any of Baltimore since the Eastern Shore-based 1st District lost its share of Baltimore after the 2000 census. It was represented by Republican Wayne Gilchrest at the time.

Maryland's senior United States senator, Ben Cardin, is from Baltimore. He is one of three people in the last four decades to have represented the 3rd District before being elected to the United States Senate. Paul Sarbanes represented the 3rd from 1971 until 1977, when he was elected to the first of five terms in the Senate. Sarbanes was succeeded by Barbara Mikulski, who represented the 3rd from 1977 to 1987. Mikulski was succeeded by Cardin, who held the seat until handing it to John Sarbanes upon his election to the Senate in 2007.[286]

The Postal Service's Baltimore Main Post Office is located at 900 East Fayette Street in the Jonestown area.[288]

The national headquarters for the United States Social Security Administration is located in Woodlawn, just outside of Baltimore.

Education

Colleges and universities

Baltimore is the home of numerous places of higher learning, both public and private. 100,000 college students from around the country attend Baltimore City's 10 accredited two-year or four-year colleges and universities.[289][290] Among them are:

Private

Keyser Quadrangle at Johns Hopkins University, the nation's first research university
The interior of George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University is renowned for its beauty.[291]

Public

Primary and secondary schools

The city's public schools are managed by Baltimore City Public Schools,[292] and include: Carver Vocational-Technical High School, the first African American vocational high school and center that was established in the state of Maryland; Digital Harbor High School, one of the secondary schools that emphasizes information technology, Lake Clifton Eastern High School, which is the largest school campus in Baltimore in physical size, the historic Frederick Douglass High School, which is the second oldest African American high school in the United States;[293] Baltimore City College, the third-oldest public high school in the nation,[294] and Western High School, the oldest public all-girls school in the nation.[295]

Baltimore City College and Baltimore Polytechnic Institute share the nation's second-oldest high school football rivalry.[296]

Transportation

A Baltimore Light RailLink train stops at Convention Center station, just west of Baltimore Convention Center on Pratt Street

Baltimore has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 30.7 percent of Baltimore households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 28.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Baltimore averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[297]

Roads and highways

I-95 northbound in Baltimore

Baltimore's highway growth has done much to influence the development of the city and its suburbs. The first limited-access highway serving Baltimore was the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, which opened in stages between 1950 and 1954. Maintenance of it is split: the half closest to Baltimore is maintained by the state of Maryland, and the half closest to Washington by the National Park Service. Trucks are only permitted to use the northern part of the parkway. Trucks (tractor-trailers) continued to use U.S. Route 1 (US 1) until Interstate 95 (I-95) between Baltimore and Washington opened in 1971.

The Interstate highways serving Baltimore are I-70, I-83 (the Jones Falls Expressway), I-95, I-395, I-695 (the Baltimore Beltway), I-795 (the Northwest Expressway), I-895 (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway), and I-97. The city's mainline Interstate highways—I-95, I-83, and I-70—do not directly connect to each other, and in the case of I-70 end at a park and ride lot just inside the city limits, because of freeway revolts in Baltimore. These revolts were led primarily by Barbara Mikulski, a former United States senator for Maryland, which resulted in the abandonment of the original plan.

There are two tunnels traversing Baltimore Harbor within the city limits: the four-bore Fort McHenry Tunnel (opened in 1985 and serving I-95) and the two-bore Harbor Tunnel (opened in 1957 and serving I-895). Until its collapse in March 2024, the Baltimore Beltway crossed south of Baltimore Harbor over the Francis Scott Key Bridge.

The first interstate highway built in Baltimore was I-83, called the Jones Falls Expressway (first portion built in the early 1960s). Running from the downtown toward the northwest (NNW), it was built through a natural corridor over the Jones Falls River, which meant that no residents or housing were directly displaced. A planned section from what is now its southern terminus to I-95 was abandoned. Its route through parkland received criticism.

Planning for the Baltimore Beltway antedates the creation of the Interstate Highway System. The first portion completed was a small strip connecting the two sections of I-83, the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway and the Jones Falls Expressway.

The only U.S. Highways in the city are US 1, which bypasses downtown, and US 40, which crosses downtown from east to west. Both run along major surface streets, US 40 utilizes a small section of a freeway cancelled in the 1970s in the west side of the city, originally intended for Interstate 170. State routes in the city travel along surface streets, with the exception of Maryland Route 295, which carries the Baltimore–Washington Parkway.

The Baltimore City Department of Transportation (BCDOT) is responsible for several functions of the road transportation system in Baltimore, including repairing roads, sidewalks, and alleys; road signs; street lights; and managing the flow of transportation systems.[298] In addition, the agency is in charge of vehicle towing and traffic cameras.[299][300]

BCDOT maintains all streets within the Baltimore. These include all streets that are marked as state and U.S. highways and portions of I-83 and I-70 within Baltimore's city limits. The only highways in the city that are not maintained by BCDOT are I-95, I-395, I-695, and I-895, which are maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority.[301]

Transit systems

Public transit

Charm City Circulator Van Hool on the Orange Line

Public transit in Baltimore is mostly provided by the Maryland Transit Administration (abbreviated "MTA Maryland") and Charm City Circulator. MTA Maryland operates a comprehensive bus network, including many local, express, and commuter buses, a light rail network connecting Hunt Valley in the north to BWI Airport and Glen Burnie in the south, and a subway line between Owings Mills and Johns Hopkins Hospital.[302] A proposed rail line, known as the Red Line, which would link the Social Security Administration's headquarters in Woodlawn to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in East Baltimore, was cancelled in June 2015 by former Governor Larry Hogan. In June 2023, Governor Wes Moore announced the relaunch of the Red Line project.[303]

The Charm City Circulator (CCC), a shuttle bus service operated by First Transit for the Baltimore City Department of Transportation, began operating in the downtown area in January 2010. Funded partly by a 16 percent increase in the city's parking fees, the Circulator provides free bus service seven days a week, picking up passengers every 15–25 minutes at designated stops during service hours.[304][305] The Charm City Circulator consists of four routes, the Green Route runs from City Hall to Johns Hopkins Hospital via Fells Point, the Purple Route runs from 33rd Street to Federal Hill, the Orange Route runs between Hollins Market and Harbor East, and the Banner Route runs from the Inner Harbor to Fort McHenry.[306]

Baltimore has a water taxi service, operated by Baltimore Water Taxi. The water taxi's six routes provide service throughout the city's harbor, and was purchased by Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank's Sagamore Ventures in 2016.[307]

In June 2017, the BaltimoreLink bus network redesign was launched. The BaltimoreLink redesign consisted of a dozen high frequency, color-coded routes branded CityLink, running every 10 to 15 minutes through downtown Baltimore, along with changes to local and express bus service, rebranded LocalLink and ExpressLink.[308]

Intercity rail

Baltimore Pennsylvania Station in Baltimore, the seventh-busiest rail station in the nation

Baltimore is a top destination for Amtrak along the Northeast Corridor. Baltimore's Penn Station is one of the busiest in the country. As of 2014, Penn Station was ranked the seventh-busiest rail station in the United States by number of passengers served each year.[309] The building sits on a raised "island" of sorts between two open trenches, one for the Jones Falls Expressway and the other for the tracks of the Northeast Corridor (NEC). The NEC approaches from the south through the two-track, 7,660 feet (2,330 m) Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel, which opened in 1873 and whose 30 mph (50 km/h) limit, sharp curves, and steep grades make it one of the NEC's worst bottlenecks. The NEC's northern approach is the 1873 Union Tunnel, which has one single-track bore and one double-track bore.

Just outside the city, Baltimore/Washington International (BWI) Thurgood Marshall Airport Rail Station is another stop. Amtrak's Acela Express, Palmetto, Carolinian, Silver Star, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Crescent, and Northeast Regional trains are the scheduled passenger train services that stop in the city. MARC commuter rail service connects the city's two main intercity rail stations, Camden Station and Penn Station, with Washington, D.C.'s Union Station as well as stops in between. The MARC consists of 3 lines; the Brunswick, Camden and Penn. On December 7, 2013, the Penn Line began weekend service.[310]

Airports

The interior of Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Baltimore's international commercial airport

Baltimore is served by two airports, both operated by the Maryland Aviation Administration, which is part of the Maryland Department of Transportation.[311] Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, generally known as "BWI", lies about 10 miles (16 km) to the south of Baltimore in neighboring Anne Arundel County. The airport is named after Thurgood Marshall, a Baltimore native who was the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. In terms of passenger traffic, BWI is the 22nd busiest airport in the United States.[312] As of 2014, BWI is the largest, by passenger count, of three major airports serving the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area. It is accessible by I-95 and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway via Interstate 195, the Baltimore Light Rail, and Amtrak and MARC Train at BWI Rail Station.

Baltimore is also served by Martin State Airport, a general aviation facility, to the northeast in Baltimore County. Martin State Airport is linked to downtown Baltimore by Maryland Route 150 (Eastern Avenue) and by MARC Train at its own station.

Pedestrians and bicycles

Baltimore has a comprehensive system of bicycle routes in the city. These routes are not numbered, but are typically denoted with green signs displaying a silhouette of a bicycle upon an outline of the city's border, and denote the distance to destinations, much like bicycle routes in the rest of the state. The roads carrying bicycle routes are also labelled with either bike lanes, sharrows, or Share the Road signs. Many of these routes pass through the downtown area. The network of bicycle lanes in the city continues to expand, with over 140 miles (230 km) added between 2006 and 2014.[313] Alongside bike lanes, Baltimore has also built bike boulevards, starting with Guilford Avenue in 2012.

Baltimore has three major trail systems within the city. The Gwynns Falls Trail runs from the Inner Harbor to the I-70 Park and Ride, passing through Gwynns Falls Park and possessing numerous branches. There are also many pedestrian hiking trails traversing the park. The Jones Falls Trail runs from the Inner Harbor to the Cylburn Arboretum. It is undergoing expansion. Long-term plans call for it to extend to the Mount Washington Light Rail Stop, and possibly as far north as the Falls Road stop to connect to the Robert E. Lee boardwalk north of the city. It will incorporate a spur alongside Western Run. The two aforementioned trails carry sections of the East Coast Greenway through the city.

The Herring Run Trail runs from Harford Road east, to its end beyond Sinclair Lane, utilizing Herring Run Park. Long-term plans call for its extension to Morgan State University and north to points beyond. Other major bicycle projects include a protected cycle track installed on both Maryland Avenue and Mount Royal Avenue, expected to become the backbone of a downtown bicycle network. Installation for the cycletracks is expected in 2014 and 2016, respectively.

In addition to the bicycle trails and cycletracks, Baltimore has the Stony Run Trail, a walking path that will eventually connect from the Jones Falls north to Northern Parkway, utilizing much of the old Ma and Pa Railroad corridor inside the city. In 2011, the city undertook a campaign to reconstruct many sidewalk ramps in the city, coinciding with mass resurfacing of the city's streets. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Baltimore the 14th-most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[314]

Port of Baltimore

The Inner Harbor in Baltimore
The Port of Baltimore with the Washington Monument in the background in 1849
Francis Scott Key Bridge crossing the Port of Baltimore in 2015

The port was founded in 1706, preceding the founding of Baltimore. The Maryland colonial legislature made the area near Locust Point as the port of entry for the tobacco trade with England. Fells Point, the deepest point in the natural harbor, soon became the colony's main ship building center, later on becoming leader in the construction of clipper ships.[315]

After Baltimore's founding, mills were built behind the wharves. The California Gold Rush led to many orders for fast vessels. Many overland pioneers also relied upon canned goods from Baltimore. After the Civil War, a coffee ship was designed here for trade with Brazil. At the end of the nineteenth century, European ship lines had terminals for immigrants. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made the port a major transshipment point.[316]: 17, 75  The port has major roll-on/roll-off facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling.[317]

Water taxis operate in the Inner Harbor. Governor Ehrlich participated in naming the port after Helen Delich Bentley during the 300th anniversary of the port.[318]

In 2007, Duke Realty Corporation began a new development near the Port of Baltimore, named the Chesapeake Commerce Center. This new industrial park is located on the site of a former General Motors plant. The total project comprises 184 acres (0.74 km2) in eastern Baltimore City, and the site will yield 2,800,000 square feet (260,000 m2) of warehouse/distribution and office space. Chesapeake Commerce Center has direct access to two major Interstate highways (I-95 and I-895) and is located adjacent to two of the major Port of Baltimore terminals. The Port of Baltimore is one of two seaports on the U.S. East Coast with a 50-foot (15 m) dredge to accommodate the largest shipping vessels.[319]

Along with cargo terminals, the port also has a passenger cruise terminal, which offers year-round trips on several lines, including Royal Caribbean's Grandeur of the Seas and Carnival's Pride. Overall five cruise lines have operated out of the port to the Bahamas and the Caribbean, while some ships traveled to New England and Canada. The terminal has become an embarkation point where passengers have the opportunity to park and board next to the ship visible from Interstate 95.[320]

Passengers from Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey make up a third of the volume, with travelers from Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and other regions accounting for the rest.[321]

Environment

Baltimore's Inner Harbor, known for its skyline waterscape and its tourist-friendly areas, was horribly polluted. The waterway was often filled with garbage after heavy rainstorms, failing its 2014 water quality report card. The Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore took steps to remediate the waterways, in hopes that the harbor would be fishable and swimmable once again.

Trash interceptors

The "Mr. Trash Wheel" trash interceptor at the mouth of the Jones Falls River in Baltimore's Inner Harbor

Baltimore has four water wheel trash interceptors for removing garbage in area waterways. One is at the mouth of Jones Falls in Baltimore's Inner Harbor, dubbed "Mr. Trash Wheel".[322] Another, "Professor Trash Wheel" was added at Harris Creek in the Canton neighborhood in 2016,[323][324] with "Captain Trash Wheel" following at Mason Creek in 2018[325] and "Gwynnda, the Good Wheel of the West" at the mouth of the Gwynns Falls in 2021.[326] A February 2015 agreement with a local waste-to-energy plant is believed to make Baltimore the first city to use reclaimed waterway debris to generate electricity.[327]

Other water pollution control

In August 2010, the National Aquarium assembled, planted, and launched a floating wetland island designed by Biohabitats in Baltimore's Inner Harbor.[328] Hundreds of years ago, Baltimore's harbor shoreline would have been lined with tidal wetlands. Floating wetlands provide many environmental benefits to water quality and habitat enhancement, which is why the Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore has included them in their Healthy Harbor Initiative pilot projects.[329] Biohabitats also developed a concept to transform a dilapidated wharf into a living pier that cleans Harbor water, provides habitat and is an aesthetic attraction. Currently under design, the top of the pier will become a constructed tidal wetland.[330]

Other projects to improve water quality include the Blue Alleys project, expanded street sweeping, and stream restoration.[322]

Air quality and pollution

Since 1985 the Wheelabrator incinerator, formerly known as the Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co., has operated as a waste-to-energy incinerator. The incinerator is a significant source of air pollution to nearby neighborhoods. Several environmental groups, such as the Environmental Integrity Project, and the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, have been successful in advocating for reinforced pollution monitoring. According to Shashawnda Campbell, the incinerator is "the city's single largest standing source of air pollution".[331]

Media

Baltimore's main media outlet since 2010 is The Baltimore Sun which was sold by its Baltimore owners in 1986 to the Times Mirror Company,[332] and then bought by the Tribune Company in 2000.[333] Since the sale, The Baltimore Sun prints some local news along with regional and national articles. The Baltimore News-American, another long-running paper that competed with the Sun, ceased publication in 1986.[334]

The city is home to the Baltimore Afro-American, an influential African American newspaper founded in 1892.[335][336]

In 2006, The Baltimore Examiner was launched to compete with The Sun. It was part of a national chain that includes The San Francisco Examiner and The Washington Examiner. In contrast to the paid subscription Sun, The Examiner was a free newspaper funded solely by advertisements. Unable to turn a profit and facing a deep recession, The Baltimore Examiner ceased publication on February 15, 2009.[337]

Despite being located 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C., Baltimore is a major media market in its own right, with all major English language television networks represented in the city. WJZ-TV 13 is a CBS owned and operated station, and WBFF 45 (Fox) is the flagship of Sinclair Broadcast Group, the largest station owner in the country. Other major television stations in Baltimore include WMAR-TV 2 (ABC), WBAL-TV 11 (NBC), WUTB 24 (TBD), WBFF-DT2 45.2 (MyNetworkTV), WNUV 54 (CW), and WMPB 67 (PBS). Baltimore is also served by low-power station WMJF-CD 39 (Ion), which transmits from the campus of Towson University.

Nielsen ranked Baltimore as the 27th-largest television market in 2009.[338] Arbitron's Fall 2010 rankings identified Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market.[339]

Notable people

International relations

Baltimore has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International.[340][341] Baltimore's own Sister City Committees recognize nine of these sister cities, which are shaded yellow and marked with a dagger (†):[342]

Three additional sister cities have "emeritus status":[340]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˌbɔːldɪˈmɔːr/ BAWL-dim-OR or /ˈbɔːlmər/ BAWL-mər[14]
  2. ^ The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.
  3. ^ Officially, seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 0.7 in (1.8 cm) in 1949–50 to 77.0 in (196 cm) in 2009–10. See North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall, and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of 50.0 in (127 cm), the most for any month.[147] If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.[148]
  4. ^ Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984.
  5. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  6. ^ For more information, see ThreadEx
  7. ^ a b From 15% sample
  8. ^ Including Evangelical Protestants (19%), Mainline Protestants (16%) and Historically Black Protestants (15%).[189]

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General bibliography

Further reading

External links