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Lista de pueblos indígenas

No existe una definición generalmente aceptada de pueblos indígenas , [a] [1] [2] [3] aunque en el siglo XXI el enfoque se ha centrado en la autoidentificación, la diferencia cultural con otros grupos en un estado, una relación especial con su territorio tradicional y una experiencia de subyugación y discriminación bajo un modelo cultural dominante. [4]

Se estima que la población de los pueblos indígenas oscila entre 250 y 600 millones. [5] Hay unos 5.000 pueblos indígenas distintos repartidos por todas las zonas climáticas y continentes habitados del mundo. [6] [7] La ​​mayoría de los pueblos indígenas son minoría en el estado o territorio tradicional que habitan y han experimentado la dominación de otros grupos, especialmente pueblos no indígenas. [8] [9] Aunque muchos pueblos indígenas han experimentado la colonización por parte de colonos de naciones europeas, [10] la identidad indígena no está determinada por la colonización occidental. [4]

Los derechos de los pueblos indígenas están consagrados en la legislación nacional, los tratados y el derecho internacional. El Convenio sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) de 1989 protege a los pueblos indígenas de la discriminación y especifica sus derechos al desarrollo, las leyes consuetudinarias, las tierras, los territorios y los recursos, el empleo, la educación y la salud. [11] En 2007, las Naciones Unidas (ONU) adoptaron una Declaración sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, que incluye sus derechos a la libre determinación y a proteger sus culturas, identidades, idiomas, ceremonias y acceso al empleo, la salud, la educación y los recursos naturales. [12]

Los pueblos indígenas siguen enfrentándose a amenazas a su soberanía, bienestar económico, idiomas, patrimonio cultural y acceso a los recursos de los que dependen sus culturas. [13] En el siglo XXI, los grupos indígenas y los defensores de los pueblos indígenas han puesto de relieve numerosas violaciones aparentes de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas.

Definición

Las comunidades, pueblos y naciones indígenas son aquellas que tienen una continuidad histórica con las sociedades anteriores a la invasión y precoloniales que se desarrollaron en sus territorios, y pueden considerarse distintas de otros sectores de las sociedades que prevalecen actualmente en esos territorios o partes de ellos. Forman en la actualidad sectores no dominantes de la sociedad y están decididos a preservar, desarrollar y transmitir a las generaciones futuras sus territorios ancestrales y su identidad étnica, como base de su existencia continua como pueblos, de conformidad con sus propios patrones culturales, instituciones sociales y sistema jurídico. [14]

Esta continuidad histórica puede consistir en la continuación, durante un período prolongado que llegue hasta el presente, de uno o más de los siguientes factores:

África

Pueblo hadza , indígena de los Grandes Lagos africanos
Una danza tradicional masai
Bailarines pigmeos baka en la provincia oriental de Camerún
Pigmeo Batwa con arco y flecha tradicionales
Mujeres somalíes con tocados tradicionales
Mujeres tigrayanas con atuendos tradicionales
Jefe Wolayta
La gente de Berta tocando trompetas durante una ceremonia de boda
Hombres nilóticos en Kapoeta , Sudán del Sur
Hombre zulú del siglo XIX con atuendo de guerrero
Mujeres sotho con la tradicional manta Seana Marena
Madre y niño makua
Hombre damara vistiendo el ǃgūb, un atuendo tradicional

Grandes lagos africanos

África central

Cuerno de África

Sudán

África del Sur

África occidental

Un cazador dogón con un mosquete de chispa , 2010.
Vigilia cultural de Serer en Senegal.

África del Norte

Los bereberes Shilha en Marruecos
Bailarines tradicionales bereberes de Sanhaja

Asia occidental y central

Asia occidental

Árabes de las marismas/Ma'dan arreando una pata de mashoof en las marismas de Mesopotamia
Una mujer asiria con ropa tradicional en Zakho
Samaritanos en el monte Gerizim
Hombres de Soqotri
  • Existen reivindicaciones contrapuestas de que los árabes y judíos palestinos son indígenas de la Palestina histórica / Tierra de Israel . [85] [86] [87] El argumento entró en el conflicto israelí-palestino en la década de 1990, cuando los palestinos reclamaban el estatus indígena como población preexistente desplazada por los asentamientos judíos y que actualmente constituyen una minoría en el Estado de Israel. [88] Los judíos israelíes, a su vez, han reclamado la indigeneidad basándose en vínculos históricos con la región y han cuestionado la autenticidad de las reivindicaciones palestinas. [89] [90] En 2007, los beduinos del Néguev fueron oficialmente "reconocidos como un pueblo indígena de Israel" por las Naciones Unidas. [91] Esto ha sido criticado tanto por académicos asociados con el Estado israelí, que cuestionan la reivindicación de indigeneidad de los beduinos, [92] como por aquellos que argumentan que reconocer a un solo grupo de palestinos como indígenas corre el riesgo de socavar las reivindicaciones de los demás y "fetichizar" las culturas nómadas. [93]
Mujeres armenias en Diyarbakir
Kurdos con ropa tradicional
Festival Yazidi en Lalish
Baluchistán de la provincia de Nimruz , Afganistán

Cáucaso

Ropa tradicional adyghe .

Asia central

Pueblo pamiri de Tayikistán

Asia del Sur

Kalash con traje tradicional
Hombres Kodava con atuendo tradicional, India
Una mujer indígena asamés de Assam
Jefe veddha Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, líder del pueblo indígena de Sri Lanka

Subcontinente indio

Islas Andamán y Nicobar

Noreste asiático

Niñas Miao ( Hmong ) en China
Bailarina Bunun

Porcelana

China occidental

China del Norte

China del Sur

Mongolia

Taiwán

Japón

Corea

Siberia

Representación de una familia chukchi por Louis Choris (1816)
Chamán Buryat de Olkhon , lago Baikal en el este de Siberia.
Niño Nenet

Más de 40 pueblos distintos, cada uno con su propia lengua y cultura en la parte asiática de Rusia ( Siberia / Norte de Asia ).

Sudeste asiático

Una mujer Wa llevando a su hijo

Sudeste asiático continental (península de Indochina)

Niñas S'gaw Karen del distrito de Khun Yuam , provincia de Mae Hong Son , Tailandia
Niña Akha en Laos
Mujeres Yi /Nuosu
Una dama de Tai Dam

Sudeste asiático marítimo(Archipiélago malayo)

Un hombre Murut (miembro de una de las etnias Dayak ) en la Aldea Cultural Monsopiad, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, Penampang , Sabah , Isla de Borneo
Mujer Ati , Filipinas , 2007 [101] Los negritos fueron los primeros habitantes del sudeste asiático. [102]

Europa

Viajeros irlandeses en Cork

Algunas fuentes describen a los sami como el único pueblo indígena reconocido en Europa, [104] [105] [106] mientras que otras los describen como el único pueblo indígena en la Unión Europea . [107] [108] [109] [110] Otros grupos, particularmente en Europa central, occidental y meridional, que podrían considerarse que encajan en la descripción de pueblos indígenas en el Convenio sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales, 1989 , como los sorbios , generalmente se clasifican como minorías nacionales . [111]

Europa del Norte

Europa Oriental

Europa occidental

Américas

Las Américas están formadas por el supercontinente que comprende América del Norte y del Sur , y las islas asociadas.

Lista de pueblos por agrupación geográfica y etnolingüística:

América del norte

América del Norte incluye todo el continente y las islas al este del estrecho de Bering y al norte del istmo de Panamá ; incluye Groenlandia , Canadá , Estados Unidos , México , países de América Central y el Caribe . Sin embargo, se puede hacer una distinción entre una América del Norte más amplia y una América del Norte y América Central más estrecha debido a características étnicas y culturales.

Ártico

Dos mujeres inuit con sus tradicionales amauti (parkas)

Subártico

Costa noroeste del Pacífico

Meseta del Noroeste-Gran Cuenca-California

Meseta del Noroeste
Gran Cuenca
California

Grandes llanuras

Bosques del Este

Bosques del noreste
Bosques del sudeste

Suroeste

Mesoamérica

Bailarines tzeltales esperando para actuar, San Cristóbal
Familia maya de Yucatán
Amuzgos con vestimenta tradicional
Niñas mazatecas realizando un baile en Huautla de Jiménez
Mujer y niño huicholes

América Central

Centroamérica se define generalmente como una subregión de América del Norte ubicada entre el Istmo de Tehuantepec y el Tapón del Darién .

Gente mam

Mesoamérica

Área Istmo-Colombiana

Una mujer Kuna con traje tradicional
Umalali presenta al Colectivo Garífuna en el escenario mundial del Cuerpo de Paz en el Festival de Folklore del Smithsonian 2011

Sudamerica

Mujeres Emberá
Chamán Urarina , 1988
Hombre Bororo -Boe de Mato Grosso en los Juegos Indígenas de Brasil, 2007
Pueblo Pai Tavytera en el departamento de Amambay , Paraguay, 2012
Mujer y niño quechua en el Valle Sagrado , Perú

América del Sur incluye en general todo el continente y las islas al sur del istmo de Panamá .

Área Istmo-Colombiana

Amazonas

Guayanas

Altiplano Oriental (Altiplano Brasileño)

Chaco

Andes centrales

Cono Sur

Araucanía
Pampa
Patagonia

caribe

Retrato de Kali'na expuesto en el Jardín de Aclimatación de París en 1892

Las Indias Occidentales , o el Caribe , generalmente incluyen las cadenas de islas del mar Caribe , a saber, el archipiélago de Lucaya , las Antillas Mayores y las Antillas Menores .

Oceanía

Oceanía incluye la mayoría de las islas del Océano Pacífico, Nueva Guinea , Nueva Zelanda y el continente de Australia .

Lista de pueblos por agrupación geográfica y etnolingüística:

Australia

Agricultores aborígenes en Victoria, Australia, 1858

Los australianos indígenas incluyen a los aborígenes australianos del continente y de las islas Tiwi , así como a los pueblos de las islas del Estrecho de Torres .

Desierto occidental

Kimberley

Noroeste

Suroeste

Cuenca de Fitzmaurice

Arnhem Land

Top End

Gulf Country

Cape York

West Cape
East Cape

Daintree Rainforest

Lake Eyre Basin

Spencer Gulf

Murray-Darling Basin

Northeast

Southeast

Tasmania

Torres Strait Islands

Melanesia

Fijians

Melanesia generally includes New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the Arafura Sea out to Fiji. The region is mostly inhabited by the Melanesian peoples.

Micronesia

Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the Micronesian peoples.

Polynesia

Samoan family

Polynesia includes New Zealand and the islands of Oceania, and has various Indigenous populations.[118]

Polynesians

Polynesian outliers

Circumpolar

Circumpolar peoples is an umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of the Arctic.

List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as First peoples, First nations, Aboriginal peoples, Native peoples, Indigenous Natives, or Autochthonous peoples. Since 2020, most style guides have recommend capitalization of "Indigenous" when referring to specific Indigenous peoples as ethnic groups, nations, and the citizens or members of these groups.[121][122][123][124][125]
  2. ^ The Indigenous people of Vanuatu make up more than 95 percent of a country of just under a quarter of a million people (who speak more than 111 different languages), recognized by the United Nations as simultaneously having Least Developed status and having the world’s greatest cultural and linguistic diversity.[120]

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