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Monumentos y memoriales confederados

Los monumentos y memoriales confederados en los Estados Unidos incluyen exhibiciones públicas y símbolos de los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), líderes confederados o soldados confederados de la Guerra Civil estadounidense . Muchos monumentos y memoriales han sido o serán eliminados en medio de una gran controversia. Como parte de la conmemoración de la Guerra Civil estadounidense , estos símbolos incluyen monumentos y estatuas, banderas, días festivos y otras celebraciones, y los nombres de escuelas, carreteras, parques, puentes, edificios, condados, ciudades, lagos, presas, bases militares y otras estructuras públicas. [a] En un informe especial de diciembre de 2018, la revista Smithsonian declaró: "en los últimos diez años, los contribuyentes han destinado al menos 40 millones de dólares a monumentos confederados (estatuas, casas, parques, museos, bibliotecas y cementerios) y a organizaciones patrimoniales confederadas. ". [2]

Esta entrada no incluye conmemoraciones de figuras anteriores a la Guerra Civil relacionadas con los orígenes de la Guerra Civil o la supremacía blanca pero que no están directamente relacionadas con la Confederación, como el juez de la Corte Suprema Roger B. Taney , el congresista pro-esclavitud Preston Brooks , Carolina del Norte. El presidente del Tribunal Supremo Thomas Ruffin , [3] o el político sureño John C. Calhoun , aunque Calhoun fue venerado por la Confederación y los segregacionistas de la posguerra , y los monumentos a Calhoun "han sido los objetivos más consistentes" de los vándalos. [4] Tampoco incluye a los supremacistas blancos posteriores a la Guerra Civil , como el gobernador de Carolina del Norte, Charles Aycock , y el gobernador de Mississippi , James K. Vardaman .

Los monumentos y memoriales se enumeran alfabéticamente por estado y por ciudad dentro de cada estado. Los estados que no figuran en la lista no tienen elementos que califiquen para la lista. [5]

Historia

Construcción de monumentos y dedicatorias.

Se han erigido monumentos conmemorativos en espacios públicos (incluidos los terrenos de los juzgados), ya sea con fondos públicos o financiados por organizaciones privadas y donantes. También se han erigido numerosos monumentos privados.

Cuadro de símbolos públicos de la Confederación y sus líderes según la encuesta del Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), por año de establecimiento. La mayoría de estos fueron colocados durante la era de Jim Crow o durante el Movimiento de Derechos Civiles . [b] Estos dos períodos también coincidieron con los aniversarios 50 y 100 de la Guerra Civil. [c] [6]

Según la revista Smithsonian , "los monumentos confederados no son sólo reliquias familiares, artefactos de una época pasada. En cambio, los contribuyentes estadounidenses todavía hoy invierten mucho en estos tributos". [2] El informe también concluyó que los monumentos fueron construidos y se mantienen regularmente para promover la Causa Perdida , la mitología supremacista blanca, y durante las muchas décadas de su establecimiento, los líderes afroamericanos protestaron regularmente contra estos monumentos y lo que representaban. [2]

Durante la guerra se realizaron una pequeña cantidad de conmemoraciones, principalmente como nombres de barcos y lugares. Después de la guerra, Robert E. Lee dijo en varias ocasiones que se oponía a cualquier monumento, ya que, en su opinión, "mantendría abiertas las llagas de la guerra". [7] [8] Sin embargo, se continuaron dedicando monumentos y memoriales poco después de la Guerra Civil estadounidense. [9] [1] Antes de 1890, la mayoría se erigían en cementerios como monumentos a los soldados que murieron en la guerra. [10] Se dedicaron muchos más monumentos en los años posteriores a 1890, cuando el Congreso estableció el primer Parque Militar Nacional en Chickamauga y Chattanooga , y para principios del siglo XX, se habían conservado cinco campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam , Gettysburg , Shiloh y Vicksburg . En el Parque Militar Nacional de Vicksburg, más del 95% de los monumentos del parque se erigieron en los primeros dieciocho años después de su establecimiento en 1899. [11] Pero los monumentos comenzaron a aparecer en lugares públicos con el surgimiento de Jim Crow South. [10]

Jim Crow

La construcción de monumentos confederados ha sido a menudo parte de campañas generalizadas para promover y justificar las leyes Jim Crow en el Sur. [12] [1] [13] Según la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense (AHA), la construcción de monumentos confederados a principios del siglo XX fue "parte integral del inicio de la segregación legalmente obligatoria y la privación generalizada de derechos en todo el Sur". Según la AHA, los monumentos a la Confederación erigidos durante este período "tenían como objetivo, en parte, oscurecer el terrorismo necesario para derrocar la Reconstrucción e intimidar políticamente a los afroamericanos y aislarlos de la corriente principal de la vida pública". Una ola posterior de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el movimiento de derechos civiles y, según la AHA, "estos símbolos de supremacía blanca todavía se invocan con fines similares". [14] Según la revista Smithsonian , "lejos de ser simplemente marcadores de eventos y personas históricos, como argumentan sus defensores, estos monumentos fueron creados y financiados por los gobiernos de Jim Crow para rendir homenaje a una sociedad esclavista y servir como afirmaciones contundentes de dominio sobre los afroamericanos". [2]

Estatua del soldado confederado, en el condado de Monroe, Virginia Occidental , 2016

Según la historiadora Jane Dailey de la Universidad de Chicago , en muchos casos, el propósito de los monumentos no era celebrar el pasado sino promover un "futuro supremacista blanco". [15] Otra historiadora, Karen L. Cox , de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Charlotte , ha escrito que los monumentos son "un legado de la era brutalmente racista de Jim Crow", y que "el objetivo de los monumentos confederados es celebrar la supremacía blanca". [13] Otro historiador de la UNC, James Leloudis, afirmó que "Los financiadores y patrocinadores de estos monumentos son muy explícitos en que requieren una educación política y una legitimidad para la era de Jim Crow y el derecho de los hombres blancos a gobernar". [16] Fueron erigidos sin el consentimiento o incluso la participación de los afroamericanos del sur, que recordaban la Guerra Civil de manera muy diferente y que no tenían ningún interés en honrar a quienes lucharon para mantenerlos esclavizados. [17] Según la historiadora de la Guerra Civil Judith Giesberg, profesora de historia en la Universidad de Villanova , "la supremacía blanca es realmente lo que representan estas estatuas". [18] Algunos monumentos también estaban destinados a embellecer las ciudades como parte del movimiento City Beautiful , aunque esto era secundario. [19]

En un discurso de junio de 2018, el historiador de la Guerra Civil James I. Robertson Jr. de Virginia Tech dijo que los monumentos no eran una "señal de desafío de Jim Crow" y se refirió a la tendencia actual a desmantelarlos o destruirlos como una "era de idiotez" motivada. por "elementos empeñados en destrozar la unidad que generaciones de estadounidenses han construido dolorosamente". [20] Katrina Dunn Johnson, curadora de la Sala de Reliquias Confederadas y Museo Militar de Carolina del Sur , afirma que "miles de familias en todo el país no pudieron recuperar los restos de sus soldados; muchos nunca supieron el destino exacto de sus seres queridos en el campo de batalla o dentro de los campos de prisioneros, el impacto psicológico de una pérdida tan devastadora no puede subestimarse cuando se intenta comprender las principales motivaciones detrás de la conmemoración en el Sur". [21]

Muchos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados en los antiguos estados confederados y estados fronterizos en las décadas posteriores a la Guerra Civil, en muchos casos por Ladies Memorial Associations , Hijas Unidas de la Confederación (UDC), Veteranos Confederados Unidos (UCV), Hijos de Veteranos Confederados ( SCV), la Asociación para la Preservación del Patrimonio y otras organizaciones conmemorativas. [22] [23] [24] Otros monumentos confederados se encuentran en campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil. Muchos monumentos confederados figuran en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , ya sea por separado o como objetos contribuyentes dentro de listados de juzgados o distritos históricos. Las historiadoras del arte Cynthia Mills y Pamela Simpson argumentaron, en Monumentos a la causa perdida , que la mayoría de los monumentos confederados, del tipo que ellos definen, fueron "encargados por mujeres blancas, con la esperanza de preservar una visión positiva de la vida anterior a la guerra". [25] [26]

A finales del siglo XIX, las innovaciones tecnológicas en las industrias del granito y el bronce ayudaron a reducir los costos e hicieron que los monumentos fueran más asequibles para las ciudades pequeñas. Las empresas que buscaban aprovechar esta oportunidad a menudo vendían copias casi idénticas de monumentos tanto al Norte como al Sur. [27]

Otra ola de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles y el Centenario de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . [1] : 11  Se dedicaron al menos treinta y dos monumentos confederados entre 2000 y 2017, incluidas al menos 7 nuevas dedicatorias. [28] [29] [30] [31]

estudio académico

Los estudios académicos sobre los monumentos comenzaron en la década de 1980. En 1983, John J. Winberry publicó un estudio basado en datos del trabajo de RW Widener. [32] [33] Estimó que el principal período de construcción de monumentos fue de 1889 a 1929 y que el de los monumentos erigidos en las plazas de los juzgados más de la mitad se construyeron entre 1902 y 1912. Determine cuatro ubicaciones principales para los monumentos; campos de batalla, cementerios, terrenos de los juzgados del condado y terrenos del capitolio estatal. Más de un tercio de los monumentos del palacio de justicia estaban dedicados a los muertos. La mayoría de los monumentos del cementerio en su estudio se construyeron en el período anterior a 1900, mientras que la mayoría de los monumentos de los juzgados se erigieron después de 1900. De los 666 monumentos en su estudio, el 55% eran de soldados confederados, mientras que el 28% eran obeliscos. Los soldados dominaban los terrenos de los tribunales, mientras que los obeliscos representan casi la mitad de los monumentos del cementerio. Se descubrió que la idea de que las estatuas de los soldados siempre miraban hacia el norte era falsa y que los soldados generalmente miraban en la misma dirección que el palacio de justicia. Señaló que los monumentos eran "notablemente diversos" con "sólo unos pocos casos de repetición de inscripciones". [33]

El Memorial Confederado en Fulton , Kentucky, figura en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.

Clasificó los monumentos en cuatro tipos. El tipo 1 era un soldado confederado en una columna con su arma en reposo , o desarmado y mirando a lo lejos. Estos representaron aproximadamente la mitad de los monumentos estudiados. Sin embargo, son los más populares entre los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 2 era un soldado confederado en una columna con un rifle listo o portando una bandera o una corneta. El tipo 3 era un obelisco, a menudo cubierto con cortinas y con balas de cañón o una urna. Este tipo fue el 28% de los monumentos estudiados, pero el 48% de los monumentos en los cementerios y el 18% de los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 4 fue un grupo misceláneo, que incluye arcos, menhires, placas, fuentes, etc. Representan el 17% de los monumentos estudiados. [33]

Más de un tercio de los monumentos del palacio de justicia estaban dedicados específicamente a los muertos confederados. El primer monumento al palacio de justicia se erigió en Bolívar, Tennessee , en 1867. En 1880 se habían erigido nueve monumentos al palacio de justicia. Winberry señaló dos centros de monumentos de los juzgados: los condados de Potomac en Virginia, desde donde la tradición se extendió a Carolina del Norte, y un área más grande que abarca Georgia, Carolina del Sur y el norte de Florida. La difusión de los monumentos de los juzgados contó con la ayuda de organizaciones como los Veteranos Confederados Unidos y sus publicaciones, aunque otros factores también pueden haber sido efectivos. [33]

Winberry enumeró cuatro razones para el cambio de los cementerios a los juzgados. Primero fue la necesidad de preservar la memoria de los confederados muertos y también reconocer a los veteranos que regresaron. El segundo fue celebrar la reconstrucción del Sur después de la guerra. En tercer lugar fue la idealización de la Causa Perdida , y el cuarto fue unificar a la población blanca en una herencia común en contra de los intereses de los sureños afroamericanos. Concluyó: "Ninguna de estas cuatro posibles explicaciones para el monumento confederado es adecuada o completa en sí misma. El monumento es un símbolo, pero ya sea un recuerdo del pasado, una celebración del presente o un presagio del futuro". sigue siendo una pregunta difícil de responder; los monumentos y los símbolos pueden ser complicados y a veces indescifrables." [33]

El movimiento de los monumentos

El Movimiento de los Monumentos fue un movimiento nacional de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación se erigieron como monumentos comunitarios. En el Norte y el Sur, las comunidades se reunieron en tiempos de guerra, contribuyeron con sus hombres y niños (y algunas mujeres documentadas), luego se reunieron nuevamente para conmemorar a estos soldados y sus contribuciones a la causa tal como la veían. Los ciudadanos pagaron suscripciones a monumentos conmemorativos, para asociaciones de monumentos, se emitieron impuestos, el GAR, las Órdenes Aliadas, las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos lideran las actividades de recaudación de fondos. [34]

El monumento al coronel confederado Francis S. Bartow fue erigido después del Primer Manassas, pero fue destruido antes o durante el Segundo Manassas. Los otros monumentos tempranos fueron los monumentos de la Unión en la batalla de la estación de Rowlett en Munfordville, Kentucky en enero de 1862 para los hombres del 32º Indiana asesinados. Fue retirado para su propia protección de los elementos en 2008. [35] Otros monumentos tempranos de la Unión antes de que terminara la guerra fueron el Monumento a la Brigada Hazen en Murfreesboro y el Monumento a Ladd y Whitney de 1865 en Lowell, Massachusetts. [36] [37] [38]

En los monumentos conmemorativos del Norte registrados hasta la fecha en el estudio se enumeran 11 monumentos erigidos antes de 1866, incluidos los monumentos mencionados anteriormente. Otros diez monumentos fueron documentados en 1866, y 11 más en 1867 cuando se erigieron los primeros monumentos confederados de la posguerra en Romney, condado de Hampshire, Virginia Occidental y Chester, condado de Chester, Carolina del Sur en 1867. [34]

Cuadro de monumentos confederados y de la Unión "Forever in Mourning" de Blevins, 1860-1920

Además de los monumentos a los homenajeados de la Unión y los Confederados, el Movimiento de Monumentos vio la colocación de Monumentos a la Guerra Revolucionaria para el centésimo de la Revolución Americana de 1876 a 1883. En el catálogo de WH Mullins Company, The Blue and the Grey, señala con Union y Confederate Monuments, las recientes instalaciones de monumentos de la compañía para la Guerra Revolucionaria en Guilford Courthouse, Carolina del Norte. [39]

Vandalismo

Hasta el 19 de junio, más de 12 monumentos confederados habían sido vandalizados en 2019, generalmente con pintura. [40] [41] [ necesita actualización ]

Eliminación

El Monumento Confederado a Robert E. Lee es retirado de su pedestal en Lee Circle en Nueva Orleans el 17 de mayo de 2017.

En abril de 2017 , al menos 60 símbolos de la Confederación habían sido eliminados o renombrados desde 2015, según el Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). [42] Al mismo tiempo, las leyes en varios estados del sur imponen restricciones, o prohíben por completo, la eliminación de estatuas y monumentos conmemorativos y el cambio de nombre de parques, carreteras y escuelas. [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]

Una encuesta de Reuters de 2017 encontró que el 54% de los adultos afirmó que los monumentos deberían permanecer en todos los espacios públicos, y el 27% dijo que deberían eliminarse, mientras que el 19% dijo que no estaba seguro. Los resultados estuvieron divididos según líneas raciales y políticas: los blancos y los republicanos prefirieron mantener los monumentos en su lugar, mientras que los negros y los demócratas eran más propensos a apoyar su eliminación. [48] ​​[49] Una encuesta similar de 2017 realizada por HuffPost/YouGov encontró que un tercio de los encuestados estaba a favor de la eliminación, mientras que el 49% se oponía. [50] [51]

El apoyo a la destitución aumentó durante las protestas de George Floyd , con un 52% a favor de la destitución y un 44% en contra. [52] [53]

Distribución geográfica

Los monumentos confederados están ampliamente distribuidos por el sur de los Estados Unidos . [33] El patrón de distribución sigue los límites políticos generales de la Confederación. [33] De los más de 1503 monumentos públicos y memoriales de la Confederación, más de 718 son monumentos y estatuas. Casi 300 monumentos y estatuas se encuentran en Georgia, Virginia o Carolina del Norte. Los estados occidentales que se colonizaron en gran medida después de la Guerra Civil tienen pocos o ningún monumento a la Confederación.

Nacional

Capitolio de los Estados Unidos

Hay siete figuras confederadas en la Colección del Salón Nacional de Estatuas , en el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos .

En la Colección del Salón Nacional de Estatuas , ubicada dentro del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , cada estado ha proporcionado estatuas de dos ciudadanos que el estado quiere honrar. Entre ellos se encuentran siete figuras confederadas, y una está pendiente de remoción y reemplazo. Las fechas que se enumeran a continuación reflejan cuándo se entregó cada estatua a la colección: [57] [58]

Además de estas piezas, desde principios del siglo XXI se han eliminado tres esculturas adicionales de figuras confederadas.

Cementerio Nacional de Arlington

Memorial Confederado, Cementerio Nacional de Arlington
El NPS describe la propiedad como "el monumento nacional a Robert E. Lee . Lo honra por razones específicas, incluido su papel en la promoción de la paz y la reunión después de la Guerra Civil. En un sentido más amplio, existe como un lugar de estudio y contemplación de el significado de algunos de los aspectos más difíciles de la historia estadounidense: el servicio militar; el deber de ciudadanía; [72]

Monedas y sellos

Militar de Estados Unidos

Bases

Antes de 2023, había nueve bases militares estadounidenses importantes nombradas en honor a líderes militares confederados, todas en antiguos estados confederados. [1] Tras las protestas a nivel nacional por el asesinato de George Floyd a manos de un oficial de policía, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos creó en 2021 la Comisión de Nombramientos para cambiar el nombre de los activos militares con nombres asociados con la Confederación. [77] Se requirió que el Secretario de Defensa de los Estados Unidos implementara un plan desarrollado por la comisión y que "eliminara todos los nombres, símbolos, exhibiciones, monumentos y parafernalia que honran o conmemoran a los Estados Confederados de América o a cualquier persona que sirvió voluntariamente con los Estados Confederados de América de todos los activos del Departamento de Defensa "dentro de los tres años siguientes a la creación de la comisión. [78] [79]

En octubre de 2023, las nueve bases habían sido redesignadas oficialmente con los nuevos nombres propuestos por la comisión.

Instalaciones

Barcos actuales

Antiguos barcos

Varios barcos con nombres de líderes confederados cayeron en manos de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil. La Armada de la Unión retuvo los nombres de estos barcos mientras apuntaba sus armas contra la Confederación:

Carreteras multiestatales

El 16 de octubre de 2018, la Junta de Comisionados del Condado de Orange, Carolina del Norte (ubicación de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill , ver Silent Sam ), votó por unanimidad para derogar la resolución del condado de 1959 que nombraba para Davis la parte de la US 15 en ejecución. a través del condado. [95]

Alabama

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 122 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Alabama . [96]

Alaska

Arizona

Al 20 de agosto de 2020 , solo quedan dos placas relacionadas con los confederados en propiedad pública en Phoenix y Sierra Vista, Arizona . [96]

Arkansas

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 65 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Arkansas . [96]

capitolio estatal

Monumentos

Monumento confederado de Van Buren en el juzgado del condado de Crawford en Van Buren, Arkansas

Monumentos del palacio de justicia

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento confederado de Bentonville
Estatua confederada, Cementerio confederado de Fayetteville
Monumento a los soldados confederados, Cementerio Nacional de Little Rock
Memorial Confederado de Little Rock , Cementerio Nacional de Little Rock
Monumento a Robert E. Lee en Marianna
Monumento Confederado de Star City

Lugares habitados

parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Arkansas desde 1913

California

Al 23 de julio de 2020 , había al menos cuatro espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en California . [96]

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

Montañas y recreación

Mío

Mina Stonewall Jackson, condado de San Diego, alrededor de 1872

Colorado

Mina Robert E. Lee en Leadville. Foto de William Henry Jackson .

Lugares habitados

Escuelas

Monumento

Mío

Delaware

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Delaware . [96]

Distrito de Columbia

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos nueve monumentos confederados públicos en Washington, DC , la mayoría en la Colección del Salón Nacional de Estatuas. (Ver arriba) [96]

Florida

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 63 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Florida . [96]

Una reunión de agosto de 2017 de la Liga de Alcaldes de Florida se dedicó al tema de qué hacer con los monumentos de la Guerra Civil. [150]

capitolio estatal

símbolo del estado

Bandera de Florida desde 1900

Fiesta estatal

Monumentos

Monumentos del palacio de justicia

Inauguración del Monumento Confederado, Ocala, 1908

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento al Fuerte Yellow Bluff
Miembros de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación sentados alrededor de un monumento confederado en Lakeland, 1915
Parque estatal histórico del campo de batalla de Olustee

Monumentos privados

Lugares habitados

Condados

Municipios

parques

Carreteras

Escuelas y bibliotecas

Símbolos de la ciudad

vacaciones en la ciudad

feriado del condado

Georgia

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 201 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Georgia . [96]

Monumento confederado en Macon, Georgia, en la calle Mulberry, alrededor de 1877

Hawai

Idaho

El asentamiento de Idaho coincidió con la Guerra Civil y los colonos de los estados del sur conmemoraron la Confederación con los nombres de varias ciudades y características naturales. [228] [229] [230]

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos tres espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Idaho . [96]

Lugares habitados

Características naturales y recreación.

Illinois

Monumento confederado en el cementerio Oak Woods en Chicago

Los cuatro monumentos conmemorativos de Illinois se encuentran en cementerios federales y están relacionados con prisioneros de guerra.

cementerios federales

Parcela federal dentro de cementerio privado

Indiana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Indiana . [96]

Monumento confederado, Cementerio Nacional Crown Hill , Indianápolis

Iowa

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Iowa . [96]

Kansas

Veterans Memorial Park en Wichita, Kansas, alberga un monumento confederado y de la Unión, un Memorial de la Reconciliación. "La intención de este monumento es unir a la gente y reconciliar sus diferencias", mientras los monumentos confederados caen en todo Estados Unidos, el monumento a Wichita se pone en duda. El Memorial es un pequeño obelisco con un texto en honor a los combatientes del Norte y del Sur de ambos bandos. Consulte Eliminación de monumentos y memoriales confederados # Kansas para conocer los monumentos que han sido eliminados.

Kentucky

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 37 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Kentucky . [96]

Monumentos

Monumento Confederado, Georgetown
Monumento Confederado, Cementerio Spring Hill, Harrodsburg
Monumento a John B. Castleman, Louisville
Estatua de Lloyd Tilghman, Paducah

Puente

Lugares habitados

parques

Carreteras

Carreteras

Escuelas

Luisiana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 83 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Luisiana . [96]

capitolio estatal

Edificios

Salón Conmemorativo Confederado en Nueva Orleans

Monumentos

Monumentos del palacio de justicia

Otros monumentos públicos

Cementerio de Greenwood, Nueva Orleans
Tumba del Ejército de Tennessee, Cementerio Metairie , Nueva Orleans
Monumento en Camp Moore , parroquia de Tangipahoa
Estatua de Charles Didier Dreux en Nueva Orleans

Lugares habitados

parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Exhibición de la bandera confederada

Maryland

El soldado confederado , Cementerio Nacional de Loudon Park , Baltimore

Hay al menos 7 monumentos confederados en terrenos públicos. Generalmente se encuentran en o cerca de los cementerios.

Al 27 de diciembre de 2022, hay una estatua en una gran piedra del general Lee en el campo de batalla de Antietam, visible desde la carretera.

Estaba en un terreno privado adyacente al parque y fue donado con el terreno.

La estatua de los "Talbot Boys" en Easton, Maryland, fue el último monumento confederado retirado de la propiedad pública el 14 de marzo de 2022.

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Maryland desde 1904

Monumentos

Monumentos públicos

Monumentos privados

Monumento a los soldados confederados desconocidos, Frederick, Maryland
Memorial de Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap
Memorial de Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap (2003)
El monumento original, un soldado confederado de bronce de tamaño natural sobre este pedestal, fue originalmente donado por la UDC y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos, y construido por la firma Falvey Granite Company de Washington a un costo de 3.600 dólares estadounidenses (equivalente a 110.982 dólares en 2023). . El artista es desconocido. [321] La inscripción dice "A nuestros héroes de Montgomery Co. Maryland para que a lo largo de la vida no olvidemos amar la delgada línea gris / Erigida en 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865". [322] porque los uniformes confederados son grises. La dedicación de Rockville tuvo lugar el 3 de junio de 1913, cumpleaños de Jefferson Davis, [322] y asistieron 3.000 de una población del condado de 30.000. [323] Originalmente estaba ubicado en un pequeño parque triangular [324] llamado Courthouse Square. En 1971, la renovación urbana provocó la eliminación de la plaza y el monumento se trasladó al césped este del Palacio de Justicia de Ladrillo Rojo (que ya no se utiliza como tal), orientado al sur. [325] En 1994 fue limpiado y encerado por la Comisión de Monumentos Militares de Maryland. [321] El monumento fue desfigurado con " Black Lives Matter " en 2015; sobre él se construyó una caja de madera para protegerlo. [326] El monumento fue retirado en julio de 2017 de su ubicación original fuera del Old Rockville Court House a un terreno privado [324] en White's Ferry en Dickerson, Maryland . [327] [328] La estatua fue retirada del pedestal en junio de 2020, pero el pedestal que insta a la gente a "Amar la delgada línea gris" permanece.

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Transportar

General Jubal A. Temprano
El ferry renombrado White's Ferry

Galería

Massachusetts

En mayo de 2019 , se habían eliminado todos los monumentos públicos enumerados por el Southern Poverty Law Center [96] . [334]

Memoriales privados

Michigan

Al 29 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un monumento público conocido de un soldado confederado en Michigan. Se encuentra ubicado en Allendale, Michigan , una localidad del condado de Ottawa. Una parte del Jardín de Honor de los Veteranos (1998) que presenta nueve estatuas de tamaño natural de soldados de varias guerras, la estatua en cuestión representa a un soldado sindical y un soldado confederado espalda con espalda con un joven esclavo a sus pies sosteniendo una placa que dice " Libertad para los esclavos", y la fecha 5 de enero de 1863. [335]

Minnesota

La escuela secundaria central del condado de Murray utiliza una mascota rebelde y el apodo de Rebeldes. [336]

Misisipí

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 147 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Mississippi . [96]

Misuri

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , había al menos 19 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Missouri . [96]

Monumentos

Monumentos del palacio de justicia

Estatua de David Rice Atchison frente al palacio de justicia del condado de Clinton , Plattsburg, Missouri

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento a la UDC en Forest Hill y el cementerio Calvary, Kansas City, Missouri
Monumento a la Unión Confederada , Cementerio de la Unión , Kansas City, Misuri

Lugares habitados

parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Montana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 2 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Montana . [96]

Nevada

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Nevada . [96]

New Jersey

Monumento Confederado (1910), Cementerio Nacional de Finn's Point.

Hay al menos dos espacios públicos dedicados a la Confederación en Nueva Jersey . [96]

Nuevo Mexico

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Nuevo México . [96]

Nueva York

Monumento Confederado, Cementerio Nacional Woodlawn , Elmira, Nueva York

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , existen al menos 3 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Nueva York . [96] [358]

Monumentos

Monumentos públicos

Monumentos privados

Carreteras

El gobernador Andrew Cuomo había solicitado dos veces al ejército, sin éxito, que cambiara el nombre de estas calles. [360]

Carolina del Norte

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 164 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Carolina del Norte . [96]

Ohio

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 5 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Ohio . [96]

Marcador histórico

Monumentos

Monumento al Soldado Confederado , Camp Chase, Columbus
The Lookout (1910), isla de Johnson , condado de Ottawa [371]

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

Oklahoma

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 13 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Oklahoma . [96]

Edificios

Monumentos

Monumento Stand Watie , cementerio Polson, condado de Delaware
Monumento confederado en el Capitolio Nacional Cherokee

Escuelas

Escuela Robert E. Lee en Durant, Oklahoma

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Oregón

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , no hay espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Oregón . [96]

Pensilvania

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 3 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Pensilvania . [96]

Monumentos

Monumento del estado de Virginia (1917), campo de batalla de Gettysburg.
Monumento a los soldados y marineros confederados (1911), Cementerio Nacional de Filadelfia.

Carreteras

Rhode Island

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , no hay espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Rhode Island . [96]

Carolina del Sur

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 194 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Carolina del Sur . [96] [390]

Dakota del Sur

En julio de 2020, la bandera confederada fue retirada del parche de los agentes de policía de Gettysburg, Dakota del Sur.

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Dakota del Sur . [96]

Tennesse

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 105 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Tennessee . [96] La Ley de Protección del Patrimonio de Tennessee (2016) y una ley de 2013 restringen la eliminación de estatuas y monumentos conmemorativos. [43]

La legislatura de Tennessee designó el Día de la Condecoración Confederada , origen del Día de los Caídos , como el 3 de junio, y en 1969 [393] designó el 19 de enero y el 13 de julio, sus cumpleaños, como el Día de Robert E. Lee y el día de Nathan Bedford Forrest, respectivamente.

capitolio estatal

Edificios

Monumentos

Monumentos del palacio de justicia

Palacio de justicia del condado de Tipton, Covington
Monumento Confederado "Chip", Franklin
Monumento a las mujeres confederadas, Nashville

Otros monumentos públicos

Pirámide de balas de cañón conmemora a Patrick Cleburne en Franklin, Tennessee

Private monuments

Inhabited place

Parks

Roads

Schools

Calhoun Hall, named for slave owner and Confederate supporter W. H. Calhoun.

Tourist sites

Texas

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[96][442] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[443]

State capitol

State symbols

Seal of Texas

State holiday

Buildings

Monuments

Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[451][452]

Courthouse monuments

Denton, Texas
Dignified Resignation in Galveston, Texas
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Georgetown, Texas
Confederate Mothers Monument in Texarkana

Other public monuments

Confederate Memorial Plaza in Anderson, Texas
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Austin
Confederate Monument, Beaumont
John H. Reagan Memorial in Palestine, Texas. The allegorical figure seated beneath Reagan represents the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[476]

Private monuments

Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza, Palestine, Texas

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Museums

Parks

Roads

Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"

Schools

Stonewall Jackson Elementary School, Dallas

Other memorials

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia,[96] more than in any other state.[545][546] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.

Washington State

As of 24 June 2020, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.[96]

3rd Flag of the Confederacy and the Bonnie Blue Flag at the Jefferson Davis Park, 2018

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:

West Virginia

As of 2020 there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.[96]

State capitol

Monuments

Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death.
First Confederate Memorial (1867), Romney, West Virginia

Inhabited places

Parks and water features

Roads

Schools

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Natural features

International

Brazil

Canada

Ireland

Scotland

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  2. ^ This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  3. ^ "The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[1]
  4. ^ Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[271]
  5. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[271]
  6. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[271]
  7. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[271]

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Further reading

External links