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Liverpool

Liverpool es una ciudad catedralicia , ciudad portuaria y distrito metropolitano en Merseyside , Inglaterra. Tenía una población de 496.770 en 2022. [3] La ciudad está ubicada en el lado este del estuario de Mersey , adyacente al mar de Irlanda , y está aproximadamente a 178 millas (286 km) al noroeste de Londres . Liverpool es la quinta ciudad más grande del Reino Unido y el asentamiento más grande en Merseyside. Es parte de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool , una autoridad combinada con una población de más de 1,5 millones. [5]

Fundada como un municipio en Lancashire en 1207, Liverpool se convirtió en una ciudad importante a finales del siglo XVII, cuando el puerto de la cercana Chester comenzó a encenagarse. El puerto de Liverpool se involucró fuertemente en el comercio de esclavos del Atlántico , y el primer barco negrero partió de la ciudad en 1699. El puerto también importó gran parte del algodón requerido por las vecinas fábricas textiles de Lancashire , y se convirtió en un importante punto de partida para los emigrantes ingleses e irlandeses hacia América del Norte. Liverpool alcanzó importancia económica mundial a la vanguardia de la Revolución Industrial en el siglo XIX y fue el hogar del primer ferrocarril interurbano , el primer sistema de almacenamiento no combustible (el Royal Albert Dock ) y un ferrocarril eléctrico elevado pionero ; se le otorgó el estatus de ciudad en 1880 y se trasladó de Lancashire al condado recién creado de Merseyside en 1974. Como muchas otras ciudades británicas, entró en un período de decadencia a mediados del siglo XX; Sin embargo, ha experimentado una regeneración significativa y continua desde que la Unión Europea la seleccionó como Capital Europea de la Cultura en 2008, [a] lo que, según se informa, generó más de £800 millones para la economía local en un año. [6] [7]

La economía de Liverpool está diversificada y abarca los sectores de turismo, cultura , marítimo , hotelero , atención médica , ciencias de la vida , fabricación avanzada, creativo y digital . [8] [9] [10] La ciudad alberga el segundo mayor número de galerías de arte , museos nacionales , edificios catalogados y parques y espacios abiertos del Reino Unido , solo superado por Londres. [11] A menudo se utiliza como lugar de rodaje debido a su arquitectura distintiva , y fue la quinta ciudad del Reino Unido más visitada por turistas extranjeros en 2022. [12] Es la única Ciudad de la Música de la UNESCO en Inglaterra y ha producido innumerables músicos , sobre todo los Beatles , que son ampliamente considerados como la banda más influyente de todos los tiempos ; los músicos de la ciudad han lanzado más sencillos número uno en el Reino Unido que en cualquier otro lugar del mundo. [13] También ha producido muchos académicos , actores , artistas , comediantes , cineastas , poetas , científicos , deportistas y escritores . En el ámbito deportivo, es conocida por ser la sede de los equipos de fútbol de la Premier League Everton FC y Liverpool FC . La estación de tren principal más antigua del mundo que aún sigue en funcionamiento, Liverpool Lime Street , se encuentra en el centro de la ciudad; el transporte también está a cargo de la red subterránea Merseyrail . El puerto de la ciudad fue el cuarto más grande del Reino Unido en 2023, y numerosas líneas navieras y de transporte de mercancías tienen sedes y oficinas allí. [14]

A los residentes de Liverpool se les suele llamar "Scousers" en referencia al scouse , un guiso local popularizado por los marineros de la ciudad, mientras que "Scouse" es también el nombre más común que se le da al acento local distintivo . La diversidad cultural y étnica de la ciudad es resultado de su historia de atracción de inmigrantes, especialmente de Irlanda, Escandinavia y Gales; también es el hogar de la primera comunidad negra del Reino Unido , la primera comunidad china de Europa y la primera mezquita de Inglaterra. [15]

Toponimia

El nombre proviene del inglés antiguo lifer , que significa agua espesa o fangosa, y pōl , que significa un estanque o arroyo, y se registró por primera vez alrededor de 1190 como Liuerpul . [16] [17] Según el Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names , "La referencia original era a un estanque o arroyo de marea ahora lleno en el que desembocaban dos arroyos". [18] El lugar que aparece como Leyrpole , en un registro legal de 1418, también puede referirse a Liverpool. [19] Se han sugerido otros orígenes del nombre, incluido "elverpool", una referencia a la gran cantidad de anguilas en el Mersey . [20] El adjetivo "Liverpudlian" se registró por primera vez en 1833. [17]

Aunque el origen del nombre Liverpool en inglés antiguo está fuera de toda duda, a veces se afirma que el nombre Liverpool es de origen galés, pero no tienen fundamento. El nombre galés de Liverpool es Lerpwl , de una antigua forma local inglesa Leerpool. Se trata de una reducción de la forma "Leverpool" con la pérdida de la [v] intervocálica (que se ve en otros nombres y palabras en inglés, p. ej. Daventry (Northamptonshire) > Danetry, never-do-well > ne'er-do-well).

En el siglo XIX, algunas publicaciones galesas utilizaron el nombre " Lle'r Pwll " ("(el) lugar (de) la piscina"), una reinterpretación de Lerpwl , probablemente en la creencia de que " Lle'r Pwll " era la forma original.

Otro nombre, ampliamente conocido incluso hoy en día, es Llynlleifiad , también acuñado en el siglo XIX. " Llyn " significa piscina, pero " lleifiad " no tiene un significado obvio. G. Melville Richards (1910-1973), pionero de la toponimia científica en Gales, en "Place Names of North Wales", [21] no intenta explicarlo más allá de señalar que " lleifiad " se usa como un equivalente galés de "Liver".

Es posible que exista una forma derivada de un préstamo erudito del latín lāma (pantano, ciénaga, pantano) al galés ( * llaf ) para dar " lleifiad ", pero no está probada.

Historia

La imagen más antigua conocida de Liverpool , en 1680
Un mapa de las siete calles originales de Liverpool (al norte a la izquierda)
Bluecoat Chambers , finalizado en 1725, el edificio más antiguo que aún se conserva en el centro de la ciudad de Liverpool

Historia temprana

En la Edad Media , Liverpool existió primero como tierra de cultivo dentro del West Derby Hundred [22] antes de crecer hasta convertirse en una pequeña ciudad de agricultores, pescadores y comerciantes y base militar táctica para el rey Juan de Inglaterra . La ciudad fue planificada con su propio castillo , aunque debido a brotes de enfermedades y su subordinación al cercano puerto romano de Chester , el crecimiento y la prosperidad de la ciudad se estancaron hasta finales del siglo XVII y principios del XVIII. Un crecimiento sustancial tuvo lugar a mediados y finales del siglo XVIII, cuando la ciudad se convirtió en el puerto europeo más involucrado en el comercio de esclavos del Atlántico . [23]

Las cartas patentes del rey Juan de 1207 anunciaron la fundación del municipio de Liverpool (entonces escrito como Liuerpul ). No hay evidencia de que el lugar hubiera sido previamente un centro de comercio. La creación del municipio probablemente se debió a que el rey Juan decidió que sería un lugar conveniente para embarcar hombres y suministros para sus campañas irlandesas , en particular la campaña irlandesa de Juan de 1209. [24] [25] Se dice que el plano original de las calles de Liverpool fue diseñado por el rey Juan casi al mismo tiempo que se le concedió una carta real , convirtiéndolo en municipio. Las siete calles originales se trazaron en forma de doble cruz: Bank Street (ahora Water Street ), Castle Street , Chapel Street , Dale Street , Juggler Street (ahora High Street ), Moor Street (ahora Tithebarn Street ) y Whiteacre Street (ahora Old Hall Street ). [25] El castillo de Liverpool se construyó antes de 1235 y sobrevivió hasta que fue demolido en la década de 1720. [26] A mediados del siglo XVI, la población todavía rondaba los 600 habitantes, aunque es probable que haya disminuido desde un pico anterior de 1000 personas debido a la lentitud del comercio y los efectos de la plaga . [27] [28] [29]

En el siglo XVII, hubo un lento progreso en el comercio y el crecimiento demográfico. Se libraron batallas por el control de la ciudad durante la Guerra Civil Inglesa , incluido un breve asedio en 1644. [30] En 1699, el mismo año en que su primer barco de esclavos registrado , el Liverpool Merchant , zarpó hacia África, [31] Liverpool se convirtió en parroquia por Ley del Parlamento . Pero podría decirse que la legislación de 1695 que reformó el consejo de Liverpool fue de mayor importancia para su desarrollo posterior. [32] Desde la época romana , la cercana ciudad de Chester en el río Dee había sido el principal puerto de la región en el mar de Irlanda . Sin embargo, cuando el Dee comenzó a encenagarse , el comercio marítimo desde Chester se volvió cada vez más difícil y se desplazó hacia Liverpool en el vecino río Mersey . El primero de los muelles de Liverpool se construyó en 1715, y el sistema de muelles creció gradualmente hasta convertirse en un gran sistema interconectado. [33]

A medida que el comercio de las Indias Occidentales , incluido el azúcar, superó al de Irlanda y Europa, y el río Dee siguió enlodándose, Liverpool comenzó a crecer con una rapidez cada vez mayor. El primer dique húmedo comercial se construyó en Liverpool en 1715. [34] [35] Las ganancias sustanciales del comercio de esclavos y el tabaco ayudaron a la ciudad a prosperar y crecer rápidamente, aunque varios hombres locales prominentes, incluidos William Rathbone , William Roscoe y Edward Rushton , estaban a la vanguardia del movimiento abolicionista local . [36]

Siglo XIX

Viaje inaugural del ferrocarril de Liverpool y Manchester en 1830, la primera línea ferroviaria comercial del mundo
Lime Street , Liverpool, en la década de 1890. St. George's Hall a la izquierda, Great North Western Hotel a la derecha, Walker Art Gallery y Sessions House al fondo. Estatuas del príncipe Alberto , Disraeli , la reina Victoria y la columna de Wellington en el segundo plano.

En el siglo XIX, Liverpool alcanzó importancia económica mundial. Se crearon en la ciudad instalaciones cívicas y tecnológicas pioneras, pioneras en el mundo, para atender a la creciente población, impulsada por la afluencia de comunidades étnicas y religiosas de todo el mundo.

A principios del siglo XIX, un gran volumen de comercio pasaba por Liverpool, y la construcción de edificios importantes reflejaba esta riqueza. En 1830, Liverpool y Manchester se convirtieron en las primeras ciudades en tener una conexión ferroviaria interurbana, a través del Ferrocarril de Liverpool y Manchester . La población continuó aumentando rápidamente, especialmente durante la década de 1840, cuando los inmigrantes irlandeses comenzaron a llegar por cientos de miles como resultado de la Gran Hambruna . Si bien muchos irlandeses se establecieron durante este tiempo en la ciudad, un gran porcentaje también emigró a los Estados Unidos o se mudó a los centros industriales de Lancashire , Yorkshire y Midlands . [37]

En su ilustración poética "Liverpool" (1832), que celebra el comercio mundial de la ciudad, Letitia Elizabeth Landon se refiere específicamente a la expedición de Macgregor Laird al río Níger, en ese momento en curso. [38] Se trata de una pintura de Samuel Austin , Liverpool, del Mersey . [39]

Gran Bretaña era un mercado importante para el algodón importado del sur profundo de los Estados Unidos, que alimentaba la industria textil del país. Dado el lugar crucial que ocupaba el algodón en la economía de la ciudad, durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense Liverpool fue, en palabras del historiador Sven Beckert , "el lugar más pro-confederado del mundo fuera de la propia Confederación ". [40] Los comerciantes de Liverpool ayudaron a sacar el algodón de los puertos bloqueados por la Armada de la Unión , construyeron barcos de guerra para la Confederación y suministraron al Sur equipo militar y crédito. [41]

Durante la guerra, el buque de la Armada Confederada , el CSS Alabama , fue construido en Birkenhead, en el río Mersey, y el CSS Shenandoah se rindió allí (siendo la rendición definitiva al final de la guerra). La ciudad también fue el centro de la compra de material de guerra confederado, incluidas armas y municiones, uniformes y suministros navales para ser contrabandeados por los corredores de bloqueo británicos hacia el sur . [42]

Durante algunos períodos del siglo XIX, la riqueza de Liverpool superó a la de Londres, [43] y la Aduana de Liverpool fue el mayor contribuyente al Tesoro británico . [44] Liverpool fue la única ciudad británica que tuvo su propia oficina en Whitehall . [45] Durante este siglo, al menos el 40% de todo el comercio mundial pasó por Liverpool. [46]

A principios del siglo XIX, Liverpool desempeñó un papel importante en la industria de la caza de focas en la Antártida , por lo que la playa de Liverpool, en las Islas Shetland del Sur, recibió el nombre de la ciudad. [47]

Ya en 1851, la ciudad fue descrita como "la Nueva York de Europa". [48] A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, Liverpool atraía inmigrantes de toda Europa. Esto dio lugar a la construcción de una gran variedad de edificios religiosos en la ciudad para los nuevos grupos étnicos y religiosos, muchos de los cuales todavía están en uso hoy en día. La Deutsche Kirche Liverpool , la Iglesia Ortodoxa Griega de San Nicolás , la Iglesia Gustav Adolf y la Sinagoga de Princes Road se establecieron en el siglo XIX para servir a las crecientes comunidades alemana, griega, nórdica y judía de Liverpool, respectivamente. Una de las iglesias supervivientes más antiguas de Liverpool, la Iglesia Católica Romana de San Pedro , sirvió a la comunidad polaca en sus últimos años como lugar de culto.

Siglo XX

La zona de Lime Street de Liverpool fotografiada desde arriba en 1946

En el siglo XX, la posición de Liverpool como potencia económica mundial se vio cuestionada. Su ubicación estratégica como puerto marítimo internacional la hizo especialmente vulnerable en dos guerras mundiales . Las depresiones económicas (tanto en el Reino Unido como en todo el mundo), los cambios en los patrones de vivienda y la contenerización en la industria marítima contribuyeron a una tendencia a la baja en la productividad y la prosperidad de la ciudad. A pesar de esto, la influencia de la ciudad en la cultura popular mundial fue sobresaliente y, a finales de siglo, el continuo proceso de renovación urbana allanó el camino para la ciudad moderna redefinida del siglo XXI.

El período posterior a la Gran Guerra estuvo marcado por el malestar social, ya que la sociedad lidiaba con las pérdidas masivas de guerra de hombres jóvenes, así como con los intentos de reintegrar a los veteranos a la vida civil y la economía. El desempleo y los bajos niveles de vida recibieron a muchos ex militares. La organización sindical y las huelgas tuvieron lugar en numerosos lugares, incluida una huelga policial en Liverpool entre la policía de la ciudad . Numerosos soldados coloniales y marineros de África e India, que habían servido en las Fuerzas Armadas Británicas , se establecieron en Liverpool y otras ciudades portuarias. En junio de 1919, fueron objeto de ataques por parte de blancos en disturbios raciales; los residentes en el puerto incluían inmigrantes suecos , y ambos grupos tuvieron que competir con los nativos de Liverpool por trabajos y vivienda. En este período, también se produjeron disturbios raciales en otras ciudades portuarias. [49]

La Ley de Vivienda de 1919 dio lugar a la construcción masiva de viviendas sociales en Liverpool durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930. En las décadas de 1920 y 1930, hasta el 15% de la población de la ciudad (alrededor de 140.000 personas) fue reubicada del centro de la ciudad a nuevas urbanizaciones suburbanas de menor densidad construidas especialmente, con la creencia de que esto mejoraría su nivel de vida, aunque los beneficios generales han sido cuestionados. [50] [51] También se construyeron numerosas viviendas privadas durante esta época. Durante la Gran Depresión de principios de la década de 1930, el desempleo alcanzó un máximo de alrededor del 30% en la ciudad. Liverpool fue el sitio del primer aeropuerto provincial de Gran Bretaña , que funcionó desde 1930.

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , tanto Hitler como Churchill reconocieron la importancia estratégica de Liverpool . La ciudad fue bombardeada intensamente por los alemanes, sufriendo un bombardeo aéreo sólo superado por el de Londres. [52] La crucial Batalla del Atlántico se planeó, libró y ganó desde Liverpool. [53]

La Luftwaffe realizó 80  ataques aéreos en Merseyside , matando a 2.500 personas y causando daños a casi la mitad de las casas del área metropolitana. Después de la guerra se llevaron a cabo importantes reconstrucciones, incluidas enormes urbanizaciones y el Seaforth Dock , el mayor proyecto portuario de Gran Bretaña. Desde 1952, Liverpool está hermanada con Colonia (Alemania), una ciudad que también sufrió graves bombardeos aéreos durante la guerra. En los años 50 y 60, gran parte de la reconstrucción inmediata que se llevó a cabo en el centro de la ciudad resultó ser profundamente impopular. Las partes históricas de la ciudad que habían sobrevivido a los bombardeos alemanes sufrieron una gran destrucción durante la renovación urbana. Se ha argumentado que el llamado "Plan Shankland" de los años 60, llamado así por el urbanista Graeme Shankland , condujo a una planificación urbana comprometida y a vastos planes de construcción de carreteras que devastaron y dividieron los barrios del centro de la ciudad. La arquitectura brutalista de hormigón , las visiones comprometidas, los proyectos chapuceros y los grandes diseños que nunca se hicieron realidad se convirtieron en objeto de condena. El historiador Raphael Samuel calificó a Graeme Shankland como "el carnicero de Liverpool". [54] [55] [56] [57]

Una importante comunidad negra de las Indias Occidentales ha existido en la ciudad desde las dos primeras décadas del siglo XX. Como la mayoría de las ciudades británicas y pueblos industrializados, Liverpool se convirtió en el hogar de un número significativo de inmigrantes de la Commonwealth , comenzando después de la Primera Guerra Mundial con los soldados y marineros coloniales que habían servido en la zona. Más inmigrantes llegaron después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la mayoría de los cuales se establecieron en áreas más antiguas del centro de la ciudad, como Toxteth , donde la vivienda era menos costosa. La población negra de Liverpool se registró en 1,90% en 2011. En el censo de 2021 , el 5,2% se describió a sí mismo como africano negro, caribeño, blanco mixto y africano negro, blanco mixto y caribeño u "otro negro". [58] [59]

Mathew Street es una de las muchas atracciones turísticas relacionadas con los Beatles y la ubicación de The Cavern Club y el Muro de la Fama de Liverpool.

En la década de 1960, Liverpool fue el centro del sonido " Merseybeat ", que se convirtió en sinónimo de los Beatles y otras bandas de rock liverpoolianas. Influenciados por el rhythm and blues y la música rock estadounidenses, también influyeron fuertemente en la música estadounidense. Los Beatles se hicieron conocidos internacionalmente a principios de la década de 1960 y actuaron juntos en todo el mundo ; fueron, y siguen siendo, la banda más exitosa comercialmente y musicalmente influyente en la historia popular. Su cofundador, cantante y compositor John Lennon fue asesinado en la ciudad de Nueva York en 1980. El aeropuerto de Liverpool fue rebautizado en su honor en 2002, el primer aeropuerto británico en recibir su nombre en honor a una persona. [60] [61]

Anteriormente parte de Lancashire y un distrito municipal desde 1889, Liverpool se convirtió en un distrito metropolitano dentro del recién creado condado metropolitano de Merseyside , en 1974. Desde mediados de la década de 1970 en adelante, los muelles de Liverpool y las industrias manufactureras tradicionales declinaron debido a la reestructuración del transporte marítimo y la industria pesada, lo que provocó pérdidas masivas de empleos. La llegada de la contenerización significó que los muelles de la ciudad se volvieron en gran parte obsoletos y los trabajadores portuarios quedaron desempleados. A principios de la década de 1980, las tasas de desempleo en Liverpool estaban entre las más altas del Reino Unido, [62] situándose en el 17% en enero de 1982, aunque esto era aproximadamente la mitad del nivel de desempleo que había afectado a la ciudad durante la Gran Depresión unos 50 años antes. [63] Durante este período, Liverpool se convirtió en un centro de feroz oposición de izquierda al gobierno central en Londres. [64] Liverpool en la década de 1980 ha sido etiquetada como la "ciudad del choque" de Gran Bretaña. Liverpool, que en su día fue la segunda ciudad del Imperio Británico y rivalizaba con la capital en importancia mundial, se había hundido en su «nadir» en las profundidades de la Gran Bretaña poscolonial y posindustrial . [65] [66] A finales del siglo XX, la economía de Liverpool empezó a recuperarse. A finales de los años 1980 se inauguró un Albert Dock regenerado que resultó ser un catalizador para una mayor regeneración. [67] A mediados de los años 1990, la ciudad disfrutaba de tasas de crecimiento superiores a la media nacional. A finales del siglo XX, Liverpool se estaba concentrando en la regeneración, un proceso que continúa en la actualidad.

Siglo XXI

La terminal de cruceros de Liverpool y los desarrollos residenciales y de oficinas circundantes, parte del megaproyecto Liverpool Waters

La regeneración en curso combinada con la celebración de eventos de importancia internacional ha ayudado a reorientar a Liverpool como una de las ciudades más visitadas y orientadas al turismo en el Reino Unido. Los líderes de la ciudad se están centrando en estrategias a largo plazo para hacer crecer la población y la economía de la ciudad, mientras que el gobierno nacional explora el potencial continuo de descentralización en la ciudad.

En 2002, la reina Isabel II y el príncipe Felipe, duque de Edimburgo, visitaron Liverpool para celebrar el Jubileo de Oro . Al dirigirse a una audiencia en el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool , la reina reconoció a Liverpool como "una de las partes más distintivas y enérgicas del Reino Unido", y rindió homenaje a las "principales orquestas, museos y galerías de clase mundial" de la ciudad. También reconoció la candidatura de Liverpool para convertirse en la Capital Europea de la Cultura . [68] [69] Para celebrar el Jubileo de Oro de Isabel II en 2002, la organización benéfica conservacionista Plantlife organizó un concurso para elegir flores del condado ; el cardo marino fue la elección final de Liverpool. La iniciativa fue diseñada para destacar las crecientes amenazas a las especies de flores del Reino Unido y también para preguntar al público qué flores representaban mejor a su condado. [70]

Aprovechando la popularidad de los grupos de rock de la década de 1960, como los Beatles , así como las galerías de arte, museos y lugares de interés de clase mundial de la ciudad, el turismo y la cultura se han convertido en un factor importante en la economía de Liverpool.

Desarrollos modernos en el paseo marítimo de Liverpool

En 2004, el promotor inmobiliario Grosvenor puso en marcha el Proyecto Paradise , un proyecto de desarrollo de 920 millones de libras basado en Paradise Street . Esto produjo uno de los cambios más significativos en el centro de la ciudad de Liverpool desde la reconstrucción de posguerra. El centro, rebautizado como " Liverpool One ", abrió sus puertas en mayo de 2008.

En 2007, se celebraron actos y celebraciones en honor del 800 aniversario de la fundación del distrito de Liverpool. Liverpool fue designada Capital Europea de la Cultura en 2008. Las celebraciones incluyeron la construcción de La Princesse , una gran araña mecánica de 20 metros de altura y 37 toneladas de peso, que representaba las "ocho patas" de Liverpool: el honor, la historia, la música, el río Mersey, los puertos, la gobernanza, el sol y la cultura. La Princesse recorrió las calles de la ciudad durante las festividades y concluyó entrando en el túnel Queensway .

Encabezada por el proyecto multimillonario Liverpool ONE, la regeneración continuó durante la década de 2010. Algunos de los proyectos de reurbanización más importantes incluyeron nuevos edificios en el Distrito Comercial , King's Dock , Mann Island , alrededor de Lime Street , Baltic Triangle , RopeWalks y Edge Lane . [71] [72] [73]

Sede de la Autoridad Combinada de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool , que invierte en los principales proyectos de infraestructura y regeneración de Liverpool

En 2014 se produjeron cambios en la gobernanza de Liverpool. La autoridad local del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool decidió aunar su poder y sus recursos con los distritos circundantes mediante la formación de la Autoridad Combinada de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool en una forma de descentralización . Con un presupuesto descentralizado otorgado por el gobierno central , la autoridad ahora supervisa e invierte en asuntos estratégicos de primer orden en toda la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool , incluidos los principales proyectos de regeneración. La autoridad, junto con el propio Ayuntamiento de Liverpool, se ha embarcado en planes a largo plazo para hacer crecer la población y la economía de la ciudad. [74] [75] [76] [77]

En la década de 2020, la regeneración urbana en toda la ciudad continúa. Liverpool Waters , un desarrollo de uso mixto en los muelles del norte en desuso de la ciudad, ha sido identificado como uno de los megaproyectos más grandes en la historia del Reino Unido. El nuevo estadio del Everton en Bramley-Moore Dock fue considerado como el mayor desarrollo del sector privado en un solo sitio en el Reino Unido en el momento de la construcción. [78] [79]

En la ciudad se celebran periódicamente importantes eventos, conferencias empresariales y políticas que forman una parte importante de la economía. En junio de 2014, el primer ministro David Cameron inauguró el Festival Internacional de Negocios en Liverpool, el evento empresarial más grande del mundo en 2014, [80] y el más grande en el Reino Unido desde el Festival de Gran Bretaña en 1951. [81] El Partido Laborista ha elegido Liverpool en numerosas ocasiones desde mediados de la década de 2010 para su Conferencia anual del Partido Laborista . Liverpool fue sede del Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2023 .

Invenciones e innovaciones

La Escuela de Medicina Tropical de Liverpool , la primera escuela de este tipo en el mundo

Liverpool ha sido un centro de invención e innovación. Los ferrocarriles, los barcos de vapor transatlánticos , los tranvías municipales [82] y los trenes eléctricos fueron pioneros en Liverpool como modos de transporte público. En 1829 y 1836, se construyeron los primeros túneles ferroviarios del mundo bajo Liverpool ( el túnel de Wapping ). Entre 1950 y 1951, funcionó el primer servicio regular de helicópteros de pasajeros del mundo entre Liverpool y Cardiff . [83]

La primera Escuela para Ciegos , [84] el Instituto de Mecánica , [85] la Escuela Secundaria para Niñas, [86] [87] la casa de protección oficial, [88] y el Tribunal de Menores [89] se fundaron en Liverpool. Organizaciones benéficas como la RSPCA , [90] la NSPCC , [91] Age Concern , [92] Relate y la Oficina de Asesoramiento al Ciudadano [93] surgieron a partir del trabajo en la ciudad.

La primera estación de botes salvavidas , el primer baño público y lavadero, [94] la ley sanitaria, [95] el oficial médico de salud ( William Henry Duncan ), la enfermera de distrito, la eliminación de barrios marginales , [96] la ambulancia construida especialmente, [97] el diagnóstico médico por rayos X, [98] la escuela de medicina tropical ( Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine ), el camión de bomberos municipal motorizado, [99] la comida escolar gratuita, [100] el centro de investigación del cáncer, [101] y el centro de investigación de zoonosis [102] todos se originaron en Liverpool. El primer Premio Nobel británico fue otorgado en 1902 a Ronald Ross , profesor de la Escuela de Medicina Tropical, la primera escuela de su tipo en el mundo. [103] La cirugía ortopédica fue iniciada en Liverpool por Hugh Owen Thomas , [104] y la anestesia médica moderna por Thomas Cecil Gray .

El primer sistema de alcantarillado integrado del mundo fue construido en Liverpool por James Newlands , designado en 1847 como el primer ingeniero municipal del Reino Unido. [105] [106] Liverpool también fundó la primera Asociación de Aseguradores del Reino Unido [107] y el primer Instituto de Contadores . Los primeros derivados financieros del mundo occidental (futuros de algodón) se negociaron en la Bolsa de Algodón de Liverpool a fines del siglo XVIII. [108]

Oriel Chambers , el primer edificio "moderno" del mundo con su muro cortina con estructura de hierro

En el ámbito artístico, Liverpool fue sede de la primera biblioteca de préstamos ( The Lyceum ), la primera sociedad de ateneo ( Liverpool Athenaeum ), el primer centro de arte ( Bluecoat Chambers ), [109] y el primer centro de conservación de arte público ( National Conservation Centre ). [110] También alberga la orquesta clásica más antigua que aún se conserva en el Reino Unido ( Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra ) [111] y el primer teatro de repertorio ( Liverpool Playhouse ). [112]

En 1864, Peter Ellis construyó el primer edificio de oficinas del mundo con estructura de hierro y muro cortina , Oriel Chambers , que era un prototipo de rascacielos. El primer gran almacén construido especialmente en el Reino Unido fue Compton House , terminado en 1867 para el minorista JR Jeffrey. [113] Era la tienda más grande del mundo en ese momento. [114]

Grandes almacenes Lewis en Ranelagh Street. En 1879, se concibió la gruta navideña en el interior del establecimiento.

Entre 1862 y 1867, Liverpool celebró un Gran Festival Olímpico anual . Ideados por John Hulley y Charles Pierre Melly , estos juegos fueron los primeros en ser totalmente amateurs en su naturaleza y con una perspectiva internacional. [115] [116] El programa de la primera Olimpíada moderna en Atenas en 1896 fue casi idéntico al de los Juegos Olímpicos de Liverpool. [117] En 1865, Hulley cofundó la Asociación Olímpica Nacional en Liverpool, precursora de la Asociación Olímpica Británica . Sus artículos de fundación proporcionaron el marco para la Carta Olímpica .

Un concepto ideado por el empresario minorista David Lewis , la primera gruta navideña abrió sus puertas en los grandes almacenes Lewis's en Liverpool en 1879. [118] Sir Alfred Lewis Jones , un armador, introdujo los plátanos en el Reino Unido a través de los muelles de Liverpool en 1884. [119] El ferrocarril Mersey , inaugurado en 1886, incorporó el primer túnel del mundo bajo un estuario de mareas [120] y las primeras estaciones subterráneas de nivel profundo del mundo ( estación de tren Liverpool James Street ).

Liverpool fue la primera ciudad fuera de Londres en ser elegida para tener una placa azul oficial y ahora tiene el mayor número fuera de Londres [121]

En 1889, el ingeniero municipal John Alexander Brodie inventó la red de la portería de fútbol. También fue pionero en el uso de viviendas prefabricadas [122] y supervisó la construcción de la primera carretera de circunvalación del Reino Unido ( A5058 ) y la primera autopista interurbana ( East Lancashire Road ), así como el túnel Queensway que unía Liverpool y Birkenhead . Descrito como "la octava maravilla del mundo" en el momento de su construcción, fue el túnel submarino más largo del mundo durante 24 años.

En 1897, los hermanos Lumière filmaron Liverpool, [123] incluyendo lo que se cree que es la primera toma de seguimiento del mundo , [124] tomada desde el Liverpool Overhead Railway , el primer ferrocarril elevado electrificado del mundo. El Overhead Railway fue el primer ferrocarril del mundo en utilizar unidades múltiples eléctricas , emplear señalización automática e instalar una escalera mecánica.

El inventor de Liverpool, Frank Hornby, fue un visionario en el desarrollo y fabricación de juguetes, y produjo tres de las líneas de juguetes más populares del siglo XX: Meccano , Hornby Model Railways y Dinky Toys . La British Interplanetary Society , fundada en Liverpool en 1933 por Phillip Ellaby Cleator, es la organización más antigua del mundo dedicada a la promoción de los vuelos espaciales . Su revista, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society , es la publicación astronáutica de más larga trayectoria del mundo. [125]

En 1999, Liverpool fue la primera ciudad fuera de Londres en recibir placas azules de English Heritage en reconocimiento a la "importante contribución hecha por sus hijos e hijas en todos los ámbitos de la vida". [126]

Gobierno

El edificio Cunard (izquierda), que alberga las oficinas principales del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool

A los efectos del gobierno local , la ciudad de Liverpool se clasifica como un distrito metropolitano . El distrito metropolitano está ubicado tanto dentro del condado de Merseyside como de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool . Cada una de estas áreas geográficas se considera un área administrativa con diferentes niveles de gobierno local que se aplican a cada una.

El Ayuntamiento de Liverpool es el órgano de gobierno exclusivo del distrito metropolitano de la ciudad de Liverpool y desempeña funciones que son estándar para una Autoridad Unitaria Inglesa . La Autoridad Combinada de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool y el Alcalde de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool se reservan importantes poderes estratégicos sobre cuestiones como el transporte, el desarrollo económico y la regeneración de la ciudad junto con los cinco distritos circundantes de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool. La Autoridad Combinada tiene competencia sobre áreas que han sido delegadas por el gobierno nacional y son específicas de la región de la ciudad. [127]

Sin embargo, existen algunas excepciones a la gobernanza local aparte de estas dos estructuras. Liverpool fue administrada por el Consejo del Condado de Merseyside entre 1974 y 1986 y algunos aspectos residuales de la organización que datan de esta época han sobrevivido. Cuando el Consejo del Condado se disolvió en 1986, la mayoría de las funciones cívicas se transfirieron al Ayuntamiento de Liverpool. Sin embargo, varias autoridades, como la policía y el servicio de bomberos y rescate , siguen siendo administradas a nivel de todo el condado. El condado de Merseyside, por lo tanto, sigue existiendo como un área administrativa para unos pocos servicios limitados solamente, mientras que la capacidad y la capacidad de la Autoridad Combinada de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool evolucionan con el tiempo. [128]

La ciudad también elige cinco miembros del Parlamento (MP) para el Parlamento de Westminster , todos laboristas a partir de las elecciones generales de 2024.

Líder del Concejo Municipal y Gabinete

Los concejales de la ciudad se reúnen periódicamente en la Sala del Consejo en el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool para tratar asuntos cívicos [129]

El Ayuntamiento de Liverpool funciona conforme a una constitución que comprende 85 concejales que son elegidos directamente por el electorado de Liverpool cada 4 años y representan a una variedad de partidos políticos diferentes . Los concejales toman decisiones sobre los servicios locales para los ciudadanos de la ciudad.

En cada elección, el partido político que obtiene la mayoría de los 85 escaños del consejo dirige el consejo durante los 4 años siguientes. El líder local de este partido asume el papel de líder del consejo municipal y luego preside un gabinete de 9 concejales a los que se les asignan responsabilidades específicas conocidas como "carteras".

El líder actual del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool es el concejal Liam Robinson , que representa al Partido Laborista , que obtuvo una gran mayoría en las elecciones locales de 2023. [ 130] El líder también es miembro del gabinete del alcalde de las regiones de la ciudad de Liverpool ( separado del gabinete del Ayuntamiento ); en la actualidad, Robinson ocupa la cartera de miembro del gabinete de Innovación.

Las decisiones del Ayuntamiento y el control de sus actividades están a cargo de distintos comités y paneles, entre los que se incluyen los Comités de Supervisión y Control, los Paneles de Control, los Comités Reguladores y otros comités. La gestión diaria del Ayuntamiento está a cargo del equipo de gestión, que incluye al Director Ejecutivo y varios directores y funcionarios superiores. El equipo de gestión trabaja con el Gabinete y los concejales para ofrecer una dirección estratégica y prioridades como el presupuesto y el Plan de la Ciudad. [131] [132]

Elecciones del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool

Cada 4 años, la ciudad elige 85 concejales de 64 distritos del consejo local , [133] que en orden alfabético son:

Durante las elecciones municipales de Liverpool de 2023 , el Partido Laborista consolidó su control del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool, siguiendo el ejemplo de las elecciones anteriores. De los 85 escaños totales del Ayuntamiento en juego, el Partido Laborista ganó 61 escaños (53,13% del total de votos del electorado), los Demócratas Liberales ganaron 15 escaños (21,61% de los votos), el Partido Verde ganó 3 escaños (9,76% de los votos), los Independientes Comunitarios de Liverpool ganaron 3 escaños (4,64% de los votos) y el Partido Liberal ganó los 3 escaños restantes (3,21% de los votos). El Partido Conservador , el partido político en el poder en el gobierno nacional , no tuvo representación en el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool. Solo el 27,27% del electorado elegible de Liverpool acudió a votar. [134]

Durante la mayor parte del siglo XIX y principios del XX, Liverpool fue un bastión municipal del toryismo . Sin embargo, el apoyo al Partido Conservador en los últimos tiempos ha sido uno de los más bajos de cualquier parte de Gran Bretaña, en particular desde las políticas económicas monetaristas de la ex primera ministra Margaret Thatcher . Después de las elecciones generales de 1979 , muchos han afirmado que su victoria contribuyó al alto desempleo de larga data y al declive de la ciudad. [135] Liverpool es uno de los bastiones clave del Partido Laborista; sin embargo, la ciudad también ha vivido tiempos difíciles bajo los gobiernos laboristas. En particular, en el Invierno del Descontento (finales de 1978 y principios de 1979), cuando Liverpool sufrió huelgas del sector público junto con el resto del Reino Unido, pero también cuando sufrió la desgracia particularmente humillante de tener sepultureros en huelga, dejando a los muertos sin enterrar durante largos períodos. [136]

Crítica y mejora del Ayuntamiento

En los últimos años, el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool ha puesto en marcha un amplio programa de mejoras diseñado para garantizar que la autoridad haga un uso eficiente del dinero de los contribuyentes y para fomentar más negocios e inversiones en la ciudad. Grosvenor Group , la empresa inmobiliaria responsable de Liverpool One , elogió los cambios como una "oportunidad para pensar audazmente en Liverpool". [137]

En 2021, una inspección gubernamental muy crítica y un informe posterior del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool (conocido como el informe Caller) identificaron múltiples deficiencias en el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool. El Secretario de Estado de Vivienda, Comunidades y Gobierno Local , Robert Jenrick, envió comisionados gubernamentales para supervisar las carreteras, la regeneración, la gestión de la propiedad, la gobernanza y la toma de decisiones financieras del Ayuntamiento. La autoridad se vio obligada a comprometerse con un plan de mejora de tres años en el que se revisaría toda la estructura del consejo. Como resultado de la intervención, se produjeron importantes cambios estructurales en el Ayuntamiento antes de las elecciones locales del Reino Unido de 2023 , que fueron etiquetadas como "las [elecciones] más impredecibles en la historia de la ciudad". El número de distritos electorales de la ciudad se duplicó de 30 a 64, mientras que el número total de concejales que se presentaban a las elecciones se redujo de 90 a 85. En el futuro, el consejo también cambiaría a elecciones "de todos los distritos" cada cuatro años, por lo que todos los concejales de la ciudad serían elegibles para la reelección al mismo tiempo. El papel del alcalde de la ciudad electo también fue abolido y el consejo volvió al estilo anterior de liderazgo de líder y gabinete . El resultado de las elecciones se consideró no solo como una prueba de cómo respondería el público en general a la intervención del gobierno en la ciudad, sino también al gobierno del Primer Ministro Rishi Sunak en su conjunto. [138] [139] [140] [141]

El concejal Liam Robinson se convirtió en el nuevo líder del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool en las elecciones municipales de 2023. Se creó el Comité Asesor de Futuros Estratégicos de Liverpool, presidido por el alcalde de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool, Steve Rotheram , e integrado por varias figuras de alto perfil con experiencia en el gobierno local . El comité se encargó de dirigir el futuro a largo plazo del consejo más allá de las medidas de intervención del gobierno y de asesorar sobre los planes y prioridades que la ciudad debería seguir. [142]

En febrero de 2008, se informó que el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool era el ayuntamiento con peor desempeño del país, recibiendo solo una calificación de una estrella (clasificado como inadecuado). La principal causa de la mala calificación se atribuyó a la mala gestión del dinero de los contribuyentes por parte del ayuntamiento, incluida la acumulación de un déficit de 20 millones de libras mientras la ciudad ostentaba el título de Capital Europea de la Cultura . [143] En abril de 2024, la Oficina de Gobierno Local publicó una clasificación de autoridades locales, colocando al Ayuntamiento de Liverpool en el puesto 317 de un posible puesto de 318. [144]

El alcalde de Liverpool

El Lord Mayor de Liverpool es un antiguo cargo ceremonial. Los concejales del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool (no el público en general) eligen al Lord Mayor anualmente, quien luego cumple un mandato de un año. El Lord Mayor es considerado el "primer ciudadano" y es elegido para representar a la ciudad en funciones y compromisos cívicos, promoverla al resto del mundo, apoyar organizaciones benéficas locales y grupos comunitarios, asistir a eventos religiosos, reunirse con delegados de las ciudades gemelas de Liverpool , presidir reuniones del consejo y conferir honorarios a los hombres libres y asociaciones . [145] El Lord Mayor también es el funcionario que preside las reuniones plenarias del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool.

El Ayuntamiento de Liverpool alberga la oficina oficial del alcalde de Liverpool.

Alcalde de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool

La ciudad de Liverpool es uno de los seis distritos que constituyen la región de la ciudad de Liverpool . El alcalde de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool es elegido directamente cada cuatro años por los residentes de esos seis distritos y supervisa la Autoridad Combinada de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool . La Autoridad Combinada es el órgano administrativo de primer nivel para la gobernanza local de la región de la ciudad y se encarga de tomar decisiones estratégicas importantes sobre cuestiones como el transporte y la inversión, el desarrollo económico, el empleo y las habilidades, el turismo, la cultura, la vivienda y la infraestructura física. El alcalde metropolitano actual es Steve Rotheram .

Circunscripciones parlamentarias y diputados

Liverpool está incluida en cinco distritos electorales parlamentarios , a través de los cuales se eligen parlamentarios para representar a la ciudad en Westminster : Liverpool Riverside , Liverpool Walton , Liverpool Wavertree , Liverpool West Derby y Garston y Halewood . [146] En las últimas elecciones generales , todos fueron ganados por el Partido Laborista con representación de Kim Johnson , Dan Carden , Paula Barker e Ian Byrne respectivamente. [147] Debido a los cambios de límites antes de las elecciones de 2010, el distrito electoral de Liverpool Garston se fusionó con la mayor parte de Knowsley South para formar el escaño transfronterizo de Garston y Halewood . En las elecciones más recientes de 2024, este escaño lo ganó Maria Eagle del Partido Laborista. [147]

Geografía

Ambiente

Imágenes satelitales que muestran la bahía de Liverpool , Liverpool y el área más amplia de Merseyside

Se ha descrito a Liverpool como la ciudad que tiene "el entorno más espléndido de todas las ciudades inglesas". [148] A 53°24′0″N 2°59′0″O / 53.40000, -2.98333 (53.4, −2.98), 176 millas (283 kilómetros) al noroeste de Londres, situada en la bahía de Liverpool del mar de Irlanda , la ciudad de Liverpool está construida sobre una cresta de colinas de arenisca que se elevan hasta una altura de alrededor de 230 pies (70 m) sobre el nivel del mar en Everton Hill, que representa el límite sur de la llanura costera de West Lancashire .

El estuario del río Mersey separa Liverpool de la península de Wirral . Los límites de Liverpool son adyacentes a Bootle , Crosby y Maghull en el sur, Sefton al norte y Kirkby , Huyton , Prescot y Halewood en Knowsley al este.

Clima

Liverpool tiene un clima marítimo templado ( Köppen : Cfb ), como gran parte de las Islas Británicas, con veranos relativamente suaves, inviernos frescos y precipitaciones distribuidas de manera bastante uniforme a lo largo del año. Los registros de precipitaciones y temperaturas se han mantenido en Bidston Hill desde 1867, pero los registros de presión atmosférica se remontan al menos a 1846. [149] Bidston cerró en 2002, pero la Oficina Meteorológica también tiene una estación meteorológica en Crosby . Desde que comenzaron los registros en 1867, las temperaturas han oscilado entre -17,6 °C (0,3 °F) el 21 de diciembre de 2010 y 34,5 °C (94,1 °F) el 2 de agosto de 1990, aunque el aeropuerto de Liverpool registró una temperatura de 35,0 °C (95,0 °F) el 19 de julio de 2006. [150]

La cantidad más baja de luz solar registrada fue de 16,5 horas en diciembre de 1927, mientras que la máxima fue de 314,5 horas en julio de 2013. [151] [152]

La actividad de tornados o la formación de nubes embudo son muy poco frecuentes en la zona de Liverpool y sus alrededores, y los tornados que se forman suelen ser débiles. Se han observado tornados o nubes embudo recientes en Merseyside en 1998 y 2014. [153] [154]

Durante el período 1981-2010, Crosby registró un promedio de 32,8 días de escarcha al año, lo que es bajo para el Reino Unido. [155] La nieve es bastante común durante el invierno, aunque las nevadas intensas son raras. La nieve suele caer entre noviembre y marzo, pero ocasionalmente puede caer antes y después. En los últimos tiempos, la nevada más temprana se produjo el 1 de octubre de 2008 [156] , mientras que la más reciente se produjo el 15 de mayo de 2012. [157] Aunque históricamente, la nevada más temprana se produjo el 10 de septiembre de 1908 [158] y la más reciente el 2 de junio de 1975. [159]

Las precipitaciones, aunque escasas, son bastante habituales en Liverpool. El mes más lluvioso del que se tiene constancia fue agosto de 1956, con 221,2 mm (8,71 pulgadas) de lluvia, y el más seco febrero de 1932, con 0,9 mm (0,035 pulgadas). [160] El año más seco del que se tiene constancia fue 1991, con 480,5 mm (18,92 pulgadas) de lluvia, y el más lluvioso fue 1872, con 1159,9 mm (45,67 pulgadas). [161]

  1. ^ Compartido con Stavanger en Noruega.
  2. ^ La estación meteorológica está ubicada a 7 millas (11 km) del centro de la ciudad de Liverpool.
  3. ^ Las horas de sol se registraron en el Observatorio Bidston durante el período 1971-2000.
  4. ^ Se registró humedad en el Observatorio Bidston durante el período de 1975 a junio de 2002. El período de julio a septiembre de 1992 no tiene registro, y el período de enero a mayo de 2001 arroja datos poco confiables.
  5. ^ Entre 1867 y 2002, se registraron extremos en el Observatorio Bidston en Wirral. Desde 1983, se registraron extremos en Crosby, Sefton.

Humano

Suburbios y distritos

Los suburbios y distritos de Liverpool incluyen:

Liverpool verde

En 2010, el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool y el Primary Care Trust encargaron a Mersey Forest que completara "Una estrategia de infraestructura verde" para la ciudad. [170]

Cinturón verde

Liverpool es un elemento urbano central de una región de cinturón verde que se extiende a los condados circundantes más amplios, lo que se ha establecido para reducir la expansión urbana , evitar que las ciudades de la conurbación converjan aún más, proteger la identidad de las comunidades periféricas, fomentar la reutilización de terrenos abandonados y preservar el campo cercano. Esto se logra restringiendo el desarrollo inadecuado dentro de las áreas designadas e imponiendo condiciones más estrictas a las construcciones permitidas. [171]

Debido a que ya está altamente edificada, la ciudad contiene porciones limitadas de área de cinturón verde protegida dentro de áreas verdes en todo el distrito en Fazakerley , Croxteth Hall y el parque rural y Craven Wood, Woodfields Park y campos de golf cercanos en Netherley , pequeñas áreas verdes al este del área de Speke junto a la escuela primaria St Ambrose, y la pequeña aldea de Oglet y el área circundante al sur del aeropuerto de Liverpool . [172]

El cinturón verde fue diseñado por primera vez en 1983 por el Consejo del Condado de Merseyside [173] y su tamaño en la ciudad asciende a 530 hectáreas (5,3 km2 ; 2,0 millas cuadradas). [174]

Demonios

Scouser

Desde mediados del siglo XX, Scouser se ha convertido en el gentilicio predominante para los habitantes de Liverpool, y está fuertemente asociado con el acento y dialecto de Scouse de la ciudad. [175] Se describe que el acento de Scouse se alejó progresivamente del acento lancastriano a fines del siglo XIX. [176] [177] [178] [179] [180]

La etimología de Scouser se deriva del plato tradicional Scouse traído a la zona por los marineros que viajaban a través del puerto de Liverpool. [181] [180] [182]

Otros gentilicios

Antes de la creación de Scouser se utilizaban varios términos diferentes para referirse a los habitantes de Liverpool de diversa popularidad y longevidad:

El profesor Tony Crowley sostiene que, hasta la década de 1950, los habitantes de Liverpool eran generalmente conocidos por varios gentilicios. Sostiene que a mediados del siglo XX hubo un debate entre los dos términos rivales, "Liverpolitan" y "Liverpudlian". El debate giraba en torno a la lexicología de estos términos y sus connotaciones de clase social. [182] [186]

El profesor John Belchem ​​sugiere que se utilizaron otros apodos como "Dick Liver", "Dicky Sam" y "whacker", pero que gradualmente fueron cayendo en desuso. Belchem ​​y Philip Boland sugieren que los presentadores de radio y los artistas cómicos llevaron la identidad de Liverpool a una audiencia nacional, lo que a su vez animó a los lugareños a ser gradualmente más conocidos como "scousers". Cuando se publicó My Liverpool, a Celebration of 'Scousetown' de Frank Shaw en 1971, Belchem ​​sostiene que "Scouser" se había convertido firmemente en el gentilicio dominante. [175] [187] [188]

Demografía

Población

La ciudad

La ciudad de Liverpool se encuentra en el núcleo de un área metropolitana mucho más grande y poblada , sin embargo, en el censo más reciente del Reino Unido en 2021 , el área gobernada por el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool tenía una población de 486.100, un aumento del 4,2% con respecto al censo anterior en 2011. Esta cifra aumentó a 500.500 personas en 2022, según datos del Ayuntamiento de Liverpool.

Teniendo en cuenta cómo se organiza el gobierno local dentro de las ciudades y áreas metropolitanas de Inglaterra, la ciudad de Liverpool fue la quinta más grande de las "ciudades centrales" de Inglaterra y tuvo la segunda densidad de población más alta en general de ellas, en 2021. [200] [201] [202]

La población de la ciudad ha aumentado de forma constante desde el censo de 2001. Además de tener una población en aumento, la densidad de población también aumentó en el censo de 2021 en comparación con el censo anterior. Esto convierte a Liverpool en la segunda autoridad local más densamente poblada del noroeste de Inglaterra , después de Manchester .

La población de la ciudad es comparativamente más joven que la de Inglaterra en su conjunto. La vida familiar en la ciudad también está creciendo en contraposición con la de la región del Noroeste de Inglaterra en su conjunto: en el censo de 2021, el porcentaje de hogares que incluían una pareja sin hijos aumentó en Liverpool, pero disminuyó en el Noroeste. El porcentaje de personas de 16 años o más (excluidos los estudiantes a tiempo completo) que estaban empleadas también aumentó en Liverpool en comparación con la región del Noroeste en general, donde disminuyó.

La población étnica e internacional de Liverpool está creciendo. En el censo más reciente, más personas de la ciudad se identificaron como asiáticas y negras , en comparación con el censo anterior.

El censo de 2021 también mostró que la población étnica e internacional de Liverpool estaba creciendo. El número de residentes de la ciudad nacidos fuera de Inglaterra ha aumentado desde el censo anterior, mientras que el número de residentes que no se identifican con ninguna identidad nacional asociada con el Reino Unido también ha aumentado a un ritmo más rápido que el de Inglaterra en su conjunto. La proporción general de la población de la ciudad que se identifica como asiática y negra aumentó, mientras que el porcentaje de los que se identifican como blancos disminuyó en la ciudad en comparación con el censo anterior. [203]

Se ha argumentado que la ciudad puede afirmar tener una de las herencias irlandesas más fuertes del Reino Unido, con hasta un 75 por ciento (estimado) de la población de Liverpool con alguna forma de ascendencia irlandesa . [204]

La creciente población de Liverpool en el siglo XXI revierte una tendencia que tuvo lugar entre la década de 1930 y 2001, cuando la población de la ciudad se redujo prácticamente a la mitad.

En el censo de 1931 del Reino Unido , la población de Liverpool alcanzó un máximo histórico de 846.302 habitantes. Tras este pico, en respuesta a la política del gobierno central, la autoridad municipal de Liverpool construyó y adquirió varios complejos habitacionales de "ciudad nueva" en los suburbios del área metropolitana de Liverpool. Decenas de miles de personas fueron reubicadas sistemáticamente en nuevas viviendas en áreas como Halton , Knowsley , St Helens , Sefton , Wirral , Cheshire West y Chester , West Lancashire , Warrington y hasta el norte de Gales .

Este tipo de reubicación masiva y pérdida de población durante este tiempo era una práctica común para muchas ciudades británicas, incluidas Londres y Manchester . En contraste, las ciudades satélite como Kirkby , Skelmersdale y Runcorn vieron un aumento correspondiente en sus poblaciones (Kirkby fue la ciudad de más rápido crecimiento en Gran Bretaña durante la década de 1960). [205] [206] [203] [207]

Área urbana y metropolitana

Liverpool suele agruparse con el área más amplia de Merseyside (más Halton ) con el fin de definir su huella metropolitana, y existen varias metodologías. A veces, esta área metropolitana se amplía para abarcar asentamientos urbanos en los condados vecinos de Lancashire y Cheshire . [208] [209]

La Oficina de Estadísticas Nacionales del Reino Unido utiliza los niveles territoriales internacionales estandarizados (ITL) para dividir el territorio económico del Reino Unido . Esto permite a la ONS calcular estadísticas y datos regionales y locales. La ONS utiliza una serie de códigos para identificar estas áreas. En orden de jerarquía desde el área más grande hasta el área más pequeña, Liverpool forma parte de las siguientes regiones: [210] [211] [212]

Región ITL 1

Noroeste de Inglaterra (código TLD)
En el censo de 2021, la región ITL 1 del Noroeste de Inglaterra tenía una población residente habitual de 7.417.300. [213]

Región ITL 2

Merseyside (código TLD7)
La región ITL 2 de Merseyside se define como el área que comprende East Merseyside (TLD71) más Liverpool (TLD72), Sefton (TLD73) y Wirral (TLD74).
En el censo de 2021, la población de esta área era la siguiente: [214]

Este de Merseyside (TLD71):

Liverpool (TLD72) = 486.100

Sefton (TLD73) = 279.300

Wirral (TLD74) = 320.200

Por lo tanto, la población total de la región ITL 2 Merseyside fue de 1.551.500 según el censo de 2021.

Región ITL 3

Por lo tanto, el área ITL 3 más pequeña clasificada como Liverpool (código TLD72) tenía una población de 486.100 en el censo de 2021.

Otras definiciones

En el censo de 2021, la ONS utilizó un concepto actualizado de áreas construidas (BUAs) basado en el entorno físico construido, utilizando imágenes satelitales para reconocer terrenos desarrollados, como ciudades, pueblos y aldeas. Esto permite a la ONS investigar estadísticas económicas y sociales basadas en asentamientos reales donde vive la mayoría de la gente. Los datos del censo de 2021 no son directamente comparables con los datos del censo de 2011 debido a esta metodología revisada. Utilizando las cifras de población de BUAs en el censo de 2021 (excluyendo Londres), el área construida de Liverpool es la tercera más grande de Inglaterra con unos 506.565 residentes habituales (solo detrás de Birmingham y Leeds ). El área construida de Liverpool es, por lo tanto, más grande que las principales ciudades inglesas de Bristol , Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne , Nottingham y Sheffield . [215]

Mapa que muestra los seis distritos de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool : la cuarta área de autoridad combinada más grande de Inglaterra.

Excluyendo Londres, la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool fue la cuarta área de autoridad combinada más grande en Inglaterra, en 2021. La población es de aproximadamente 1,6 millones. La Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool es una asociación política y económica entre las autoridades locales, incluida Liverpool , más los distritos metropolitanos de Knowsley , Sefton , St Helens , Wirral y el distrito de Halton . La Autoridad Combinada de la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool ejerce poderes de gobernanza estratégica para la región en muchas áreas. Los datos económicos de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool son de particular interés político para la Oficina de Estadísticas Nacionales , en particular porque el Gobierno británico explora continuamente el potencial para negociar mayores poderes descentralizados para cada área de autoridad combinada. [216] [217] [218] [219]

Un informe de 2011, Liverpool City Region – Building on its Strengths , de Lord Heseltine y Terry Leahy , afirmó que "lo que ahora se llama Liverpool City Region tiene una población de alrededor de 1,5  millones", pero también se refirió a "una región urbana que se extiende desde Wrexham y Flintshire a Chester , Warrington , West Lancashire y hasta Southport ", con una población de 2,3  millones. [220]

En 2006, en un intento de armonizar la serie de áreas metropolitanas en toda la Unión Europea, ESPON (ahora Red Europea de Observación para el Desarrollo y la Cohesión Territorial ) publicó un estudio que definía un " área metropolitana de Liverpool/Birkenhead " con una población estimada de 2.241.000 personas. El área metropolitana comprendía un área urbana funcional que consistía en una expansión urbana contigua, una bolsa de trabajo y áreas de desplazamientos de los trabajadores al trabajo . El análisis definió esta área metropolitana como la propia Liverpool, combinada con las áreas circundantes de Birkenhead , Wigan / Ashton , Warrington , Widnes / Runcorn , Chester , Southport , Ellesmere Port , Ormskirk y Skelmersdale . [221]

A Liverpool y Manchester se les considera a veces como una gran área metropolitana polinuclear, [222] [223] [224] o megalópolis .

Etnicidad

En las últimas décadas, la población de Liverpool se está volviendo más multicultural. Según el censo de 2021, el 77% de todos los residentes de Liverpool describieron su grupo étnico como inglés blanco, galés, escocés, norirlandés o británico. El 23% restante se describió como inglés/británico no blanco. Entre 2011 y 2021, hubo un crecimiento demográfico en todos los grupos étnicos, excepto "inglés/británico blanco" y "cualquier otro", donde hubo pérdidas generales. El número de "residentes blancos restantes" en Liverpool también aumentó en casi 12.000 personas, con aumentos notables en las categorías de población "otro asiático", "árabe" y "otro mixto/múltiple". La población inglesa/británica no blanca como porcentaje de la población total en los "distritos electorales de la ciudad recientemente organizados" osciló entre el 5% en el distrito de Orrell Park y el 69% en el distrito de Princes Park . 9 de cada 10 residentes de Liverpool consideraban que el inglés era su idioma principal. Los idiomas no ingleses más hablados en la ciudad eran el árabe (5.743 hablantes principales), seguido del polaco (4.809 hablantes principales). En total, casi 45.000 residentes tenían un idioma principal que no era el inglés. [225]

Según una encuesta de 2014, los diez apellidos más populares de Liverpool y su incidencia en la población son: [226] [227]

1. Jones – 23.012
2. Herrero – 16.276
3. Williams – 13.997
4. Davies – 10.149
5. Hughes – 9.787
6. Roberts – 9.571
7. Taylor – 8.219
8. Johnson – 6.715
9. Marrón – 6.603
10. Murphy – 6.495

Liverpool es el hogar de la comunidad negra más antigua de Gran Bretaña , que data al menos de la década de 1730. Algunos liverpoolianos pueden rastrear su ascendencia negra en la ciudad hasta diez generaciones atrás. [228] Los primeros colonos negros en la ciudad incluyeron marineros, hijos de comerciantes enviados a educarse y esclavos liberados , ya que los esclavos que ingresaban al país después de 1722 eran considerados hombres libres. [229] Desde el siglo XX, Liverpool también se destaca por sus grandes comunidades afrocaribeñas , [4] ghanesas , [230] y somalíes [231] , formadas por inmigrantes de ascendencia africana más recientes y sus generaciones posteriores.

Liverpool tiene la comunidad china más antigua de Europa y el arco chino más grande fuera de China.

La ciudad también alberga la comunidad china más antigua de Europa; los primeros residentes del barrio chino de la ciudad llegaron como marineros en el siglo XIX. [232] La puerta china tradicional erigida en el barrio chino de Liverpool es la puerta más grande fuera de China. Liverpool también tiene una comunidad filipina de larga data . Lita Roza , una cantante de Liverpool que fue la primera mujer en lograr un éxito número uno en el Reino Unido, tenía ascendencia filipina.

La ciudad también es conocida por sus grandes poblaciones irlandesas y galesas . [234] En 1813, el 10 por ciento de la población de Liverpool era galesa, lo que llevó a que la ciudad fuera conocida como "la capital del norte de Gales ". [234]

Durante la Gran Hambruna Irlandesa de mediados del siglo XIX y en las décadas posteriores, hasta dos millones de irlandeses viajaron a Liverpool en una década, y muchos de ellos partieron posteriormente hacia los Estados Unidos. [235] En 1851, más del 20 por ciento de la población de Liverpool era irlandesa. [236] En el censo de 2001, el 1,17 por ciento de la población había nacido en Gales y el 0,75 por ciento había nacido en la República de Irlanda , mientras que el 0,54 por ciento había nacido en Irlanda del Norte , [237] pero muchos más liverpoolianos son de ascendencia galesa o irlandesa heredada. [238]

Otras etnias contemporáneas incluyen las comunidades indias , [4] latinoamericanas , [239] malasias [240] y yemeníes [ 241] , que suman varios miles cada una.

Religión

Los miles de inmigrantes y marineros que pasaron por Liverpool dieron lugar a una diversidad religiosa que todavía es evidente hoy en día. Esto se refleja en la igualmente diversa colección de edificios religiosos, [243] incluidas dos catedrales cristianas.

Se sabe que Liverpool es la «ciudad más católica» de Inglaterra, con una población católica mucho mayor que en otras partes de Inglaterra. [244] Esto se debe principalmente a la alta migración irlandesa histórica a la ciudad y a sus descendientes desde entonces. [245]

La iglesia parroquial de Liverpool es la anglicana Our Lady and St Nicholas , conocida coloquialmente como "la iglesia de los marineros", que existe cerca de la costa desde 1257. En ella se celebran regularmente misas católicas . Otras iglesias notables son la iglesia ortodoxa griega de San Nicolás (construida en estilo arquitectónico neobizantino ) y la iglesia Gustav Adolf (la iglesia sueca de los marineros, que recuerda a los estilos nórdicos).

La riqueza de Liverpool como ciudad portuaria permitió la construcción de dos enormes catedrales en el siglo XX. La catedral anglicana , diseñada por Sir Giles Gilbert Scott y que acoge el festival anual de Shakespeare de Liverpool , tiene una de las naves más largas , los órganos más grandes y los repiques de campanas más fuertes y agudos del mundo. La catedral católica romana metropolitana , en Mount Pleasant junto al Parque Científico de Liverpool , fue planeada inicialmente para ser aún más grande. Del diseño original de Sir Edwin Lutyens , solo se completó la cripta. La catedral fue finalmente construida con un diseño más simple por Sir Frederick Gibberd . Si bien es de menor escala que el diseño original de Lutyens, aún incorpora el panel de vidrieras más grande del mundo. La calle que corre entre las dos catedrales se llama Hope Street . La catedral ha sido conocida durante mucho tiempo coloquialmente como "Paddy's Wigwam" debido a su forma. [246]

Liverpool contiene varias sinagogas, de las cuales la Sinagoga Princes Road de estilo neomorisco , catalogada como Grado I, es la más notable arquitectónicamente. Princes Road es considerada ampliamente como la más magnífica de las sinagogas de estilo neomorisco de Gran Bretaña y uno de los mejores edificios de Liverpool. [247] Liverpool tiene una próspera comunidad judía con otras dos sinagogas ortodoxas , una en el distrito Allerton de la ciudad y una segunda en el distrito Childwall de la ciudad, donde reside una importante comunidad judía. Una tercera sinagoga ortodoxa en el área de Greenbank Park de L17 ha cerrado recientemente y es una estructura catalogada de la década de 1930. También hay una Casa Jabad Lubavitch y una sinagoga reformada . Liverpool ha tenido una comunidad judía desde mediados del siglo XVIII. La población judía de Liverpool es de alrededor de 5.000. [248] El Liverpool Talmudical College existió desde 1914 hasta 1990, cuando sus clases se trasladaron a la Sinagoga Childwall . [ cita requerida ]

Liverpool también tiene una comunidad hindú , con un Mandir en Edge Lane , Edge Hill . El Templo Shri Radha Krishna de la Organización Cultural Hindú en Liverpool se encuentra allí. [249] Liverpool también tiene el Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara en Wavertree [250] y un Centro Baháʼí en la misma zona. [251]

La ciudad tenía la mezquita más antigua de Inglaterra y posiblemente del Reino Unido, fundada en 1887 por William Abdullah Quilliam , un abogado que se había convertido al Islam y que estableció el Instituto Musulmán de Liverpool en una casa adosada en West Derby Road. [252] Aparte de la primera mezquita en Inglaterra que ahora alberga un museo, [253] [254] la más grande y principal, la mezquita Al-Rahma , también fue la tercera mezquita construida especialmente en el Reino Unido. [255] La segunda mezquita más grande de Liverpool es la Masjid Al-Taiseer. [256] Otras mezquitas de la ciudad incluyen la Mezquita Bait ul Lateef Ahmadiyya, [257] el Centro Hamza (Centro Comunitario), [258] el centro comunitario islámico, [259] la Mezquita de Liverpool y el Instituto Islámico, [260] el Centro Towhid de Liverpool, [261] Masjid Annour, [262] y la Mezquita Shah Jalal. [263]

Economía

Ciudad y región

Liverpool es un componente importante de la tercera economía regional más grande del Reino Unido. Los sectores importantes de la ciudad incluyen la economía del conocimiento , la industria marítima , el turismo, la cultura , la hospitalidad , la industria de la salud , las ciencias de la vida y los sectores creativo y digital . [264] [265] [266]

El PIB de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool en 2021 fue de £40.479 mil millones. Los 6 distritos que contribuyeron a este PIB fueron los siguientes: [267]

  Ciudad de Liverpool
(£15.911 millones) (39,3%)
  Wirral
(£6.632 mil millones) (16,38%)
  Sefton
(£5.431 millones) (13,42%)
  Knowsley
(£4.557 millones) (11,26%)
  Halton
(£4.498 millones) (11,11%)
  St Helens
(£3.448 millones) (8,52%)

La ciudad de Liverpool forma parte integral de la economía del noroeste de Inglaterra , la tercera economía regional más grande del Reino Unido. La ciudad también contribuye de manera importante a la economía de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool , con un valor de más de 40 mil millones de libras al año. [268] [269] [270]

El área de autoridad local gobernada por el Ayuntamiento de Liverpool representa el 39% de los empleos totales de la región de la ciudad de Liverpool, el 40% de su VAB total y el 35% de sus empresas totales. A nivel de autoridad local, el VAB (equilibrado) de la ciudad a precios básicos actuales fue de £14.3 mil millones en 2021. Su PIB a precios de mercado actuales fue de £15.9 mil millones. Esto equivale a £32.841 per cápita. [271] [272]

En el censo de 2021 del Reino Unido , el 51,1% de la población de Liverpool de 16 años o más estaba clasificada como empleada, el 44,2% económicamente inactiva y el 4,8% desempleada. De los empleados, las industrias más populares que proporcionaban empleo eran las actividades de salud humana y asistencia social (18,7%), el comercio mayorista y minorista; la reparación de vehículos de motor y motocicletas (15%), la educación (10,8%), la administración pública y la defensa; la seguridad social obligatoria (7,3%), las actividades de alojamiento y servicio de comidas (6,8%), la construcción (6,5%), el transporte y el almacenamiento (5,8%), la industria manufacturera (5,5%) y las actividades profesionales, científicas y técnicas (5,2%). [273]

According to the ONS Business Register and Employment Survey 2021, some industries within Liverpool perform strongly compared to other local authorities in Great Britain. In terms of absolute number of jobs per industry in Great Britain's local authority areas, Liverpool features in the national top 10 for human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; public administration and defence; compulsory social security; accommodation and food service activities and real estate activities. Liverpool features in the national top 20 for number of jobs in education; construction; wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; financial and insurance activities and professional, scientific and technical activities.[274]

In 2023, Liverpool City Council set out an economic growth plan for the city over the following 20 years. The City Council will have particular focus on economic sectors such as the visitor economy (tourism), culture, life sciences, digital and creative sectors, and advanced car manufacturing.[275]

According to the International passenger Survey, from the ONS, Liverpool was one of the top 5 most visited cities in the UK by overseas tourists in 2022. As of the same year, the city's tourist industry was worth a total of £3.5 billion annually and was part of a larger city region tourist industry worth £5 billion. A consistent calendar of major events, as well as a plethora of cultural attractions, continue to provide a significant draw for tourists. Tourism related to the Beatles is worth an estimated £100m to the Liverpool economy each year alone. Liverpool One, as well as a growing retail offer overall, has led to the city being one of the most prominent destinations for shopping in the UK. Liverpool Cruise Terminal, which is situated close to the Pier Head, enables tourists to berth in the centre of the city.[276][277][278][279][280][281][282]

Liverpool is home to the Knowledge Quarter, a 450-acre city centre district that hosts some of the world's most influential institutions in science, health, technology, education, music and the creative performing arts. The UK government has also identified the city as a 'pharmaceutical production superpower' and one of the UK's leading regions for bioprocessing. The accolade led to the government choosing the city for England's second ever 'Investment Zone' in 2023. This will involve millions of pounds being invested over the coming years in to science orientated districts including the Knowledge Quarter and the so-called 'pharma cluster' in the city suburb of Speke. The two clusters form an internationally significant role in infectious disease control. Liverpool City Council also plan to invest in the city's Baltic Triangle, which is renowned in the creative and digital industries.[283][284][285][286][287][288]

Car manufacturing also takes place in the city at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood plant, where the Range Rover Evoque model is assembled. In 2023, Jaguar Land Rover announced that the Halewood plant would begin to shift its focus to electric car production.[289][290]

Historically, the economy of Liverpool was centred on the city's port and manufacturing base. Today, the Port of Liverpool is the UK's fourth largest port by tonnage of freight, handling over 30 million tonnes in 2020. The city is also the UK's largest port for transatlantic trade, handling 45% of the country's trade from the United States. In 2023, the city was chosen by the British government to be a designated Freeport to encourage growing international commerce.

The Liverpool2 container terminal, completed in 2022, has greatly increased the volume of cargo which Liverpool is able to handle and has facilitated the world's biggest container vessels.[291][292][293][294][295][296][297]

Liverpool is also home to numerous UK headquarters, or the major strategic branch offices, of many shipping and freight lines including: Atlantic Container Line,[298] Bibby Line,[299] Borchard Lines Ltd,[300] CMA CGM,[301] Hapag-Lloyd,[302] Independent Container Line,[303] Irish Ferries,[304] Maersk Line,[305] Mediterranean Shipping Company[306] and Zim Integrated Shipping Services.[307]

Liverpool's rich architectural base has helped the city become the second most filmed city in the UK outside London. As well as being a featured location in its own right, it often doubles up for Chicago, London, Moscow, New York City, Paris and Rome. The Depot studios, close to the city centre, provide space for film and TV productions.[308][309]

Major economic projects planned for the city include the revitalisation of disused land in the North docks/Ten Streets area, Liverpool Waters and a new purpose built TV studio at the former Littlewoods Pools building, adjacent to the Depot.[310][311][312]

City region economy and devolution

The policy agenda of the British Government is to continuously monitor the economy and productivity of the UK's core cities within the context of their respective city regions. The government's longer-term plan is to assess each area's potential for increased devolution and transfer of additional powers and budgets from central government in Whitehall to their corresponding combined authorities. As such, official statistics about Liverpool's economy within the context of the Liverpool City Region, are closely monitored by the Office for National Statistics. This allows policy and decision makers to more accurately assess the 'functional economic area' of the city, which is not bound by traditional local government geographies.[313][314][315][316][317]

As of 2023, there are 10 city regions in England with Combined Authorities. The economy of Liverpool's combined authority area in comparison to the other city regions is as follows:

Landmarks

Liverpool's Three Graces, the Royal Liver Building, Cunard Building and Port of Liverpool Building at the Pier Head

Liverpool's long commercial history has given rise to a considerable variety of architectural styles found within the city, ranging from 16th century Tudor buildings to modern-day contemporary architecture.[319] The majority of buildings in the city date from the late-18th century onwards, the period during which the city grew into one of the foremost powers in the British Empire.[320] There are over 2,500 listed buildings in Liverpool, of which 27 are Grade I listed[321] and 85 are Grade II* listed.[322] The city also has a greater number of public sculptures than any other location in the United Kingdom aside from Westminster[323] and more Georgian houses than the city of Bath.[324] This richness of architecture has subsequently seen Liverpool described by English Heritage, as England's finest Victorian city.[325]

The value of Liverpool's architecture and design was recognised in 2004, when several areas throughout the city were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Known as the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, the sites were added in recognition of the city's role in the development of international trade and docking technology.[326] However, this status was revoked in July 2021, when UNESCO resolved that recent and proposed developments, such as the Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium and Liverpool Waters projects, had resulted in the "serious deterioration" of the area's significance.[327]

Waterfront and docks

The Liverpool Waterfront with the Port of Liverpool Building, Museum of Liverpool, Royal Albert Dock and Wheel of Liverpool all visible
Modern office and commercial developments on the Liverpool Waterfront

As a major British port, the docks in Liverpool have historically been central to the city's development. Several major docking firsts have occurred in the city including the construction of the world's first enclosed wet dock (the Old Dock) in 1715 and the first ever hydraulic lifting cranes.[328] The best-known dock in Liverpool is the Royal Albert Dock, which was constructed in 1846 and today comprises the largest single collection of Grade I listed buildings anywhere in Britain.[329] Built under the guidance of Jesse Hartley, it was considered to be one of the most advanced docks anywhere in the world upon completion and is often attributed with helping the city to become one of the most important ports in the world. Today, the Royal Albert Dock houses restaurants, bars, shops, two hotels as well as the Merseyside Maritime Museum, International Slavery Museum, Tate Liverpool and The Beatles Story. North of the city centre is Stanley Dock, home to the Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, which was at the time of its construction in 1901, the world's largest building in terms of area[330] and today stands as the world's largest brick-work building.[331]

One of the most famous locations in Liverpool is the Pier Head, renowned for the trio of buildings – the Royal Liver Building, the Cunard Building and the Port of Liverpool Building – which sit upon it. Collectively referred to as the Three Graces, these buildings stand as a testament to the great wealth in the city during the late 19th and early 20th century. Built in a variety of architectural styles, they are recognised as being the symbol of 'maritime Liverpool' and are regarded by many as contributing to one of the most impressive waterfronts in the world.[332][333][334][335]

In the 21st century, several areas along Liverpool's waterfront have undergone significant redevelopment. Among the notable developments are the Museum of Liverpool, the construction of the Liverpool Arena, ACC Liverpool and Exhibition Centre Liverpool on King's Dock, Alexandra Tower and 1 Princes Dock on Prince's Dock and Liverpool Marina around Coburg and Brunswick Docks. The Wheel of Liverpool opened on 25 March 2010.[336][337]

However, plans to redevelop parts of Liverpool city centre have been marred by controversy. In December 2016, a newly formed company called North Point Global Ltd. was given the rights to develop part of the docks under the "New Chinatown" working name. Though heavily advertised in Liverpool, Hong Kong and Chinese cities with high profile advertisements and videos, the "New Chinatown" development failed to materialise.[338] In January 2018, the Liverpool Echo and Asia Times revealed that the site remained sans any construction. North Point Global as well as its subcontractor "Bilt" had both declared bankruptcy, and the small investors (mostly middle class couples) who had already paid money for the apartments had lost most of their savings in them.[339]

Commercial district and cultural quarter

St George's Hall
Municipal Buildings

Liverpool's historic position as one of the most important trading ports in the world has meant that over time many grand buildings have been constructed in the city as headquarters for shipping firms, insurance companies, banks and other large firms. The great wealth this brought then allowed for the development of grand civic buildings, which were designed to allow the local administrators to 'run the city with pride'.[340]

The commercial district is centred on the Castle Street, Dale Street and Old Hall Street areas of the city, with many of the area's roads still following their medieval layout. Having developed predominantly over a period of three centuries, the area is regarded as one of the most important architectural locations in the city, as recognised by its inclusion in Liverpool's former World Heritage site.[341]

The oldest building in the area is the Grade I listed Liverpool Town Hall, which is located at the top of Castle Street and dates from 1754. Often regarded as the city's finest piece of Georgian architecture, the building is known as one of the most extravagantly decorated civic buildings anywhere in Britain.[342][343] Also on Castle Street is the Grade I listed Bank of England Building, constructed between 1845 and 1848, as one of only three provincial branches of the national bank.[342] Among the other buildings in the area are the Tower Buildings, Albion House (the former White Star Line headquarters), the Municipal Buildings and Oriel Chambers,[344] which is considered to be one of the earliest Modernist style buildings ever built.[345]

The area around William Brown Street is referred to as the city's 'Cultural Quarter', owing to the presence of numerous civic buildings, including the William Brown Library, Walker Art Gallery, Picton Reading Rooms and World Museum Liverpool. The area is dominated by neo-classical architecture, of which the most prominent, St George's Hall,[346] is widely regarded as the best example of a neo-classical building anywhere in Europe.[347] A Grade I listed building, it was constructed between 1840 and 1855 to serve a variety of civic functions in the city and its doors are inscribed with "S.P.Q.L." (Latin senatus populusque Liverpudliensis), meaning "the senate and people of Liverpool". William Brown Street is also home to numerous public monuments and sculptures, including Wellington's Column and the Steble Fountain. Many others are located around the area, particularly in St John's Gardens, which was specifically developed for this purpose.[348] The William Brown Street area has been likened to a modern recreation of the Roman Forum.[349]

Other notable landmarks

Speke Hall Tudor manor house is one of Liverpool's oldest buildings.
Liverpool Cathedral, the largest cathedral in the UK
Sefton Park Palm House

While the majority of Liverpool's architecture dates from the mid-18th century onwards, there are several buildings that pre-date this time. One of the oldest surviving buildings is Speke Hall, a Tudor manor house located in the south of the city, which was completed in 1598.[350] The building is one of the few remaining timber framed Tudor houses left in the north of England and is particularly noted for its Victorian interiors, which were added in the mid-19th century.[351] In addition to Speke Hall, many of the city's other oldest surviving buildings are also former manor houses including Croxteth Hall and Woolton Hall, which were completed in 1702 and 1704 respectively.[352]

The oldest building within the city centre is the Grade I listed Bluecoat Chambers,[353] which was built between 1717 and 1718. Constructed in British Queen Anne style architecture,[354][355] the building was influenced in part by the work of Christopher Wren[356] and was originally the home of the Bluecoat School (who later moved to a larger site in Wavertree in the south of the city). Since 1908, it has acted as a centre for arts in Liverpool.[354]

Liverpool is noted for having two Cathedrals, each of which imposes over the landscape around it.[357] The Anglican Cathedral, which was constructed between 1904 and 1978, is the largest Cathedral in Britain[358] and the fifth largest in the world. Designed and built in Gothic style, it is regarded as one of the greatest buildings to have been constructed during the 20th century[359] and was described by former British Poet Laureate, John Betjeman, as "one of the great buildings of the world".[360] The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral was constructed between 1962 and 1967 and is known as one of the first cathedrals to break the traditional longitudinal design.[361]

In the 21st century, many parts of Liverpool's city centre have undergone significant redevelopment and regeneration after years of decline. So far, the largest of these developments has been Liverpool One, which saw almost £1 billion invested in the redevelopment of 42 acres (17 hectares) of land, providing new retail, commercial, residential and leisure space.[362] Around the north of the city centre, several new skyscrapers have also been constructed including the RIBA award-winning Unity Buildings and West Tower, which at 140m is Liverpool's tallest building. Many redevelopment schemes are also in progress including Circus,[363] King's Dock,[364] Paddington Village[365] and Liverpool Waters.[366]

There are many other notable buildings in Liverpool, including the art deco former terminal building of Speke Airport, the University of Liverpool's Victoria Building, (which provided the inspiration for the term Red Brick University), and the Adelphi Hotel, which was in the past considered to be one of the finest hotels anywhere in the world.[367]

Parks and gardens

The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England describes Merseyside's Victorian Parks as collectively the "most important in the country".[368] The city of Liverpool has ten listed parks and cemeteries, including two Grade I and five Grade II*, more than any other English city apart from London.[369]

Transport

Liverpool has an extensive transport infrastructure that connects the city with its metropolitan area, the rest of the United Kingdom, Europe and the world. Various modes of transport provide considerable connections by road, rail, air and sea. The local network of buses, trains and ferries is managed by Merseytravel on behalf of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority and the Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region. The Mayor and Combined Authority have control of a devolved transport budget and associated transport powers for this local system. The city's major port and international airport provide global links for both passengers and freight.[370][371]

National and international travel

Roads

The Liverpool city centre entrance to the Queensway tunnel under the River Mersey

The city of Liverpool proper sits at the centre of a much larger metropolitan area. The city's suburbs run contiguously in to the neighbouring boroughs of the Liverpool City Region, a heavily urbanised region with substantial road links to many other areas within England. The city is surrounded by a network of six motorways (M58 to the north, M56 to the south, M6 & M62 to the east and M53 to the west). The M57 also acts as an outer ring road and bypass for the city of Liverpool itself.

To the north, the M58 motorway runs 12 miles and provides links from Liverpool to the neighbouring counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester.[372] To the south, Liverpool is connected to Widnes and Warrington via the A562 and across the River Mersey to Runcorn, via the Silver Jubilee and Mersey Gateway bridges. The M56 motorway then provides routes in to parts of the neighbouring counties of Cheshire and Greater Manchester, with connections to the Wirral and North Wales.[373] To the east, the M62 motorway connects Liverpool with Hull and along the route to several large cities including Manchester, Leeds and Bradford. The M62 also provides a connection to both the M6 and M1 motorways, providing indirect links to more distant areas including Birmingham, London, Nottingham, Preston and Sheffield.[374][375] To the west of the city, the Kingsway and Queensway Tunnels connect Liverpool with the Wirral Peninsula, including Birkenhead, and Wallasey. The A41 road and M53 motorway, which both begin in Birkenhead, link to Cheshire and Shropshire and via the A55, to North Wales.[376] The M57 acts as a 10 mile ring road for the city itself and links various towns east of the city with the M62 and M58 motorways.[377]

Railway

Liverpool Lime Street Station, one of the busiest train stations in the UK outside London[378]

Liverpool is served by two separate rail networks. The local rail network is managed and run by Merseyrail and provides links throughout the Liverpool city region and beyond (see Local travel below). The national network, which is managed by Network Rail, provides Liverpool with connections to major towns and cities across England. The city's primary main line station is Lime Street station, which is the terminus for several lines into the city. The station is served by a number of different train operating companies including Avanti West Coast, East Midlands Railway, London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and West Midlands Trains.[379][380] Between them, the station is connected with direct train services to numerous destinations including London (in 2 hours 8 minutes with Pendolino trains), Birmingham, Glasgow, Hull, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Norwich, Nottingham, Preston, Scarborough, Sheffield and York.[381][382][383][384] Opened in 1836, Lime Street station is the world's oldest mainline terminus station still in use.[385] In the south of the city, Liverpool South Parkway provides a connection to the city's airport.

Port

Liverpool Cruise Terminal

The Port of Liverpool connects passengers and freight to Liverpool from all around the world. Passenger ferry services depart from the city across the Irish Sea to Belfast and the Isle of Man. Services are provided by several companies, including the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, P&O Ferries and Stena Line.

The Liverpool Cruise Terminal handles over 200,000 passengers and crew annually and is located alongside the Pier Head in the city centre. Berthing facilities for long-distance passenger cruises are provided and served by a large number of different cruise lines. Ports in Australia, France, Faroe Islands, Iceland, North America, Norway, Spain and the Caribbean are served by the facility.[386][387][388] The cruise lines that call at Liverpool cruise terminal include the following:

As of 2022, the Port of Liverpool is the fourth busiest port in the UK by freight tonnage, handling 33 million tonnes of freight cargo.[408] It is the main port in the country for transatlantic trade and the largest port on the west coast of the UK. The Royal Seaforth and Liverpool2 container terminals are the port's two main terminals and handle a wide variety of cargo including containers, liquid and dry bulk cargoes such as coal and grain, biomass and roll-on/roll-off cargoes such as cars and trucks.[409][410][411][412][413][414]Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs into Liverpool city centre via Liverpool Canal Link at Pier Head since 2009.[415]

Airport

Liverpool John Lennon Airport terminal building

Liverpool John Lennon Airport, which is located in the south of the city, provides Liverpool with direct air connections across the United Kingdom and Europe. It offers direct services to over 60 airports worldwide and to over 100 destinations via one-stop connections in Frankfurt, Dublin and Reykjavík. The airport is primarily served by low-cost airlines namely Aer Lingus, easyJet, Jet2.com, Loganair, Lufthansa, Play, Ryanair, Widerøe and Wizz Air, although it does provide facilities for private aircraft. Jet2 have announced that new services to winter sun destinations will be starting from winter 2024 to destinations such as Lanzarote & Tenerife.[416][417][418][419][420][421]

Local travel

Trains

A Class 777 train operated by Merseyrail

Liverpool's urban railway network, known as Merseyrail, is one of the busiest and most extensive in the country. The network provides approximately 30 million passenger journeys per year, across a system of 69 stations throughout Liverpool's metropolitan area, within the formal boundaries of the Liverpool city region and adjacent areas of Cheshire and Lancashire.[422][423][424][425]

The network consists of three lines: the Northern Line, which runs to Southport, Ormskirk, Headbolt Lane and Hunts Cross; the Wirral Line, which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to New Brighton, West Kirby, Chester and Ellesmere Port; and the City Line, which begins at Lime Street, providing links to St Helens, Wigan, Preston, Warrington and Manchester.[426][427]The network is predominantly electric and covers 75 miles (120 kilometres) of track.[428][429] Trains are owned and operated by the Merseyrail franchise and managed by Merseytravel under the direction of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. Local services on the City Line are operated by Northern rather than Merseyrail, although the line itself remains part of the Merseyrail network. Within Liverpool city centre, four stations and over 6+12 miles (10.5 kilometres) of tunnels are underground.[428] Hamilton Square and Liverpool James Street are the oldest deep level underground stations in the world.[430] In 2023, for the first time in UK history, battery-powered passenger trains launched on Merseyrail tracks from the newly opened Headbolt Lane station in Kirkby. The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority's long term "Merseyrail for All" plan is to reduce dependency on live third rail and promote battery power in order to further expand Merseyrail to previously inaccessible places across the city region and as far as Manchester, Wrexham, Warrington and Preston.[431][432]

Buses

Liverpool South Parkway, a bus & rail interchange serving south Liverpool & Liverpool John Lennon Airport

Local bus services within and around Liverpool are managed by Merseytravel[433] and are run by several different companies, including Arriva and Stagecoach. The two principal termini for local buses are Queen Square bus station (located near Lime Street railway station) for services north and east of the city, and Liverpool One bus station (located near the Royal Albert Dock) for services to the south and east.[434] Cross-river services to the Wirral use roadside terminus points in Castle Street and Sir Thomas Street. A night bus service also operates on Saturdays providing services from the city centre across Liverpool and wider region.[435] Tour bus services are provided by Maghull Coaches which allow tourists to hop-on-hop-off and view historical landmarks and attractions, as well as Liverpool F.C. and Beatles related locations.[436][437] National Express services operate from the Liverpool One bus station to and from destinations across the UK.[438] In 2023, the Liverpool city region confirmed plans to become the second place outside London to implement bus franchising. Local leaders have argued that it will improve services by transferring control over fares, ticketing and routes from bus companies to the Combined Authority. The full implementation of bus franchising will take place by the end of 2028.[439][440]

Mersey Ferry

A Mersey Ferry (foreground) with the Liverpool waterfront in the distance

The cross-river ferry service in Liverpool, known as the Mersey Ferry, is managed and operated by Merseytravel, with services operating between the Pier Head in Liverpool city centre and both Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe in Wallasey. Services operate at intervals ranging from 20 minutes, at peak times, to every hour during the middle of the day and at weekends.[441] Despite remaining an important transport link between the city and the Wirral Peninsula, the Mersey Ferry has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction within the city, with daytime River Explorer Cruises providing passengers with an historical overview of the River Mersey and surrounding areas.[442]

Cycling and scooters

A scooter-sharing system and electric bicycle scheme operates throughout Liverpool which allows residents and visitors to move around the city on rented scooters and bicycles. The scheme is operated by Swedish technology company Voi, and riders are able to pick up and drop off bikes and scooters at various locations around the city.[443][444][445] National Cycle Route 56, National Cycle Route 62 and National Cycle Route 810 run through Liverpool.

Culture

As with other large cities, Liverpool is an important cultural centre within the United Kingdom, incorporating music, performing arts, museums and art galleries, literature and nightlife among others. In 2008, the cultural heritage of the city was celebrated with the city holding the title of European Capital of Culture, during which time a wide range of cultural celebrations took place in the city, including Go Superlambananas! and La Princesse. Liverpool has also held Europe's largest music and poetry event, the Welsh national Eisteddfod, three times, despite being in England, in 1884, 1900, and 1929.

Music

The Beatles statue in their home city Liverpool. The group are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music.[446]

Liverpool is internationally known for music and is recognised by Guinness World Records as the "World Capital City of Pop".[447] Musicians from the city have produced 58 No. 1 singles, more than any other city in the world.[448] Both the most successful male band and girl group in global music history have contained Liverpudlian members. Liverpool is most famous as the birthplace of the Beatles and during the 1960s was at the forefront of the Beat Music movement, which would eventually lead to the British Invasion. Many notable musicians of the time originated in the city including Billy J. Kramer, Cilla Black, Gerry and the Pacemakers and The Searchers. The influence of musicians from Liverpool, coupled with other cultural exploits of the time, such as the Liverpool poets, prompted American poet Allen Ginsberg to proclaim that the city was "the centre of consciousness of the human universe".[449] Other musicians from Liverpool include Billy Fury, A Flock of Seagulls, Echo & the Bunnymen, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Frankie Vaughan, Anathema, Ladytron, The Zutons, Cast, Atomic Kitten and Rebecca Ferguson. The La's 1990 hit single "There She Goes" was described by Rolling Stone as a "founding piece of Britpop's foundation."[450]

Philharmonic Hall, home of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic

The city is also home to the oldest surviving professional symphony orchestra in the UK, the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, which is based in the Philharmonic Hall.[451] The chief conductor of the orchestra is Vasily Petrenko.[452] Sir Edward Elgar dedicated his Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 to the Liverpool Orchestral Society, and the piece had its first performance in the city in 1901.[453] Among Liverpool's curiosities, the Austrian émigré Fritz Spiegl is notable. He not only became a world expert on the etymology of Scouse, but composed the music to Z-cars and the Radio 4 UK Theme.

Well established festivals in the city include Africa Oyé and Brazilica which are the UK's largest free African and Brazilian music festivals respectively.[454][455] The dance music festival Creamfields was established by the Liverpool-based Cream clubbing brand which started life as a weekly event at Nation nightclub. There are numerous music venues located across the city, however, the Liverpool Arena is by far the largest. Opened in 2008, the 11,000-seat arena hosted the MTV Europe Music Awards the same year, and since then has played host to world-renowned acts such as Andrea Bocelli, Beyoncé, Elton John, Kanye West, Kasabian, The Killers, Lady Gaga, Oasis, Pink, Rihanna, and UB40.

On 7 October 2022, the BBC and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) announced that Liverpool would host the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 on behalf of the previous year's winning country Ukraine, which was unable to meet the demands of hosting the event due to security concerns caused by the Russian invasion of the country. The contest was held at Liverpool Arena, and consisted of two semi-finals on 9 and 11 May and a final on 13 May 2023. This was the first time that the contest took place in the city, and was also a record-extending ninth time that the UK has hosted the contest, having last done so in Birmingham in 1998.[456]

Visual arts

William Brown Street, also known as the Cultural Quarter, was a World Heritage Site consisting of the World Museum, Central Library, Picton Reading Room and Walker Art Gallery.

Liverpool has more galleries and national museums than any other city in the United Kingdom apart from London.[11] National Museums Liverpool is the only English national collection based wholly outside London.[457] The Tate Liverpool gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the North of England and was, until the opening of Tate Modern, the largest exhibition space dedicated to modern art in the United Kingdom. The FACT centre hosts touring multimedia exhibitions, while the Walker Art Gallery houses one of the most impressive permanent collections of Pre-Raphaelite art in the world.[458] Sudley House contains another major collection of pre-20th-century art.[459] Liverpool University's Victoria Building was re-opened as a public art gallery and museum to display the university's artwork and historical collections which include the largest display of art by Audubon outside the US.[460] A number of artists have also come from the city, including painter George Stubbs who was born in Liverpool in 1724.

Nelson Monument at Exchange Flags. A short distance away another noted commander from the Napoleonic Wars is commemorated by Wellington's Column.

The Liverpool Biennial festival of arts runs from mid-September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although fringe events are timed to coincide.[461] It was during the 2004 festival that Yoko Ono's work "My mummy was beautiful" invited controversy when photographs of a woman's breast and crotch were exhibited on the main shopping street.[462]

Literature

Felicia Hemans (née Browne) was born in Dale Street, Liverpool, in 1793, although she later moved to Flintshire, in Wales. Felicia was born in Liverpool, a granddaughter of the Venetian consul in that city. Her father's business soon brought the family to Denbighshire in North Wales, where she spent her youth. They made their home near Abergele and St. Asaph (Flintshire), and it is clear that she came to regard herself as Welsh by adoption, later referring to Wales as "Land of my childhood, my home and my dead". Her first poems, dedicated to the Prince of Wales, were published in Liverpool in 1808, when she was only fourteen, arousing the interest of Percy Bysshe Shelley, who briefly corresponded with her.[463]

An engraving of a painting of The Wishing Gate. by S. F. Serres was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834 with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon to which she adds the note 'I believe that to this haunted gate, a common superstition is attached, namely, that to wish, and to have that wish fulfilled, is the result of such wish being uttered while passing'. It stood on the North Shore before the docks were built and was a place where farewells could be waved to departing voyagers.[464]

A number of notable authors have visited Liverpool, including Daniel Defoe, Washington Irving, Thomas De Quincey, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Hugh Walpole. Daniel Defoe, after visiting the city, described it, as "one of the wonders of Britain in his 'Tour through England and Wales'".[465]

Herman Melville's novel Redburn deals with the first seagoing voyage of 19 years old Wellingborough Redburn between New York and Liverpool in 1839. Largely autobiographical, the middle sections of the book are set in Liverpool and describe the young merchantman's wanderings, and his reflections.[463] Hawthorne was stationed in Liverpool as United States consul between 1853 and 1856.[466] Charles Dickens visited the city on numerous occasions to give public readings.[467] Hopkins served as priest at St Francis Xavier Church, Langdale St., Liverpool, between 1879 and 81.[468] Although he is not known to have ever visited Liverpool, Jung famously had a vivid dream of the city which he analysed in one of his works.[469]

Constantine P. Cavafy, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in Western literature, spent a significant[dubiousdiscuss] part of his life in Liverpool

Of all the poets who are connected with Liverpool, perhaps the greatest[according to whom?] is Constantine P. Cavafy, a twentieth-century Greek cultural icon, although he was born in Alexandria. From a wealthy family, his father had business interests in Egypt, London and Liverpool. After his father's death, Cavafy's mother brought him in 1872 at the age of nine to Liverpool, where he spent part of his childhood. They lived first in Balmoral Road, then when the family firm crashed, they lived in poorer circumstances in Huskisson Street. In 1876, his family faced financial problems due to the Long Depression of 1873, so, by 1877, they had to move back to Alexandria.[463]

Her Benny, a novel telling the tragic story of Liverpool street urchins in the 1870s, written by Methodist preacher Silas K. Hocking, was a best-seller and the first book to sell a million copies in the author's lifetime.[470] The prolific writer of adventure novels, Harold Edward Bindloss (1866–1945), was born in Liverpool.

The writer, docker and political activist George Garrett was born in Seacombe, on the Wirral Peninsula in 1896 and was brought up in Liverpool's South end, around Park Road, the son of a fierce Liverpool–Irish Catholic mother and a staunch 'Orange' stevedore father. In the 1920s and 1930s, his organisation within the Seamen's Vigilance Committees, unemployed demonstrations, and hunger marches from Liverpool became part of a wider cultural force. He spoke at reconciliation meetings in sectarian Liverpool, and helped found the Unity Theatre in the 1930s as part of the Popular Front against the rise of fascism, particularly its echoes in the Spanish Civil War. Garrett died in 1966.[471]

The novelist and playwright James Hanley (1897–1985) was born in Kirkdale, Liverpool, in 1897 (not Dublin, nor 1901 as he generally implied) to a working-class family.[472] Hanley grew up close to the docks and much of his early writing is about seamen. The Furys (1935) is first in a sequence of five loosely autobiographical novels about working-class life in Liverpool. James Hanley's brother, novelist Gerald Hanley (1916–92) was also born in Liverpool (not County Cork, Ireland, as he claimed).[473] While he published a number of novels he also wrote radio plays for the BBC as well as some film scripts, most notably The Blue Max (1966).[474] He was also one of several scriptwriters for a life of Gandhi (1964).[475] Novelist Beryl Bainbridge (1932–2010) was born in Liverpool and raised in nearby Formby. She was primarily known for her works of psychological fiction, often set among the English working classes. Bainbridge won the Whitbread Awards prize for best novel in 1977 and 1996 and was nominated five times for the Booker Prize. The Times newspaper named Bainbridge among their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[476]

J. G. Farrell was born in Liverpool in 1935 but left at the outbreak of war in 1939.[477] A novelist of Irish descent, Farrell gained prominence for his historical fiction, most notably his Empire Trilogy (Troubles, The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip), dealing with the political and human consequences of British colonial rule. However, his career ended when he drowned in Ireland in 1979 at the age of 44.

Clive Barker, Liverpool born writer of Hellraiser and inspiration behind Candyman

Helen Forrester was the pen name of June Bhatia (née Huband) (1919–2011),[478][479] who was known for her books about her early childhood in Liverpool during the Great Depression, including Twopence to Cross the Mersey (1974), as well as several works of fiction. During the late 1960s the city became well known for the Liverpool poets, who include Roger McGough and the late Adrian Henri. An anthology of poems, The Mersey Sound, written by Henri, McGough and Brian Patten, has sold well since it was first being published in 1967.

Liverpool has produced several noted writers of horror fiction, often set on Merseyside – Ramsey Campbell, Clive Barker and Peter Atkins among them. A collection of Liverpudlian horror fiction, Spook City was edited by a Liverpool expatriate, Angus Mackenzie, and introduced by Doug Bradley, also from Liverpool.[480] Bradley is famed for portraying Barker's creation Pinhead in the Hellraiser series of films.

Performing arts

The Empire Theatre has the largest two-tier auditorium in the UK.

Liverpool also has a long history of performing arts, reflected in several annual theatre festivals such as the Liverpool Shakespeare Festival, which takes place inside Liverpool Cathedral and in the adjacent historic St James' Gardens every summer; the Everyword Festival of new theatre writing, the only one of its kind in the country;[481] Physical Fest, an international festival of physical theatre;[482] the annual festivals organised by Liverpool John Moores University's drama department and the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts; and other festivals by the large number of theatres in the city, such as the Empire, Everyman,[483][484] Playhouse,[485][486] Royal Court, and Unity theatres.

Notable actors and actresses from Liverpool include Arthur Askey, Tom Baker, Kim Cattrall, Jodie Comer, Stephen Graham, Rex Harrison, Jason Isaacs, Tina Malone, the McGann brothers (Joe, Mark, Paul, and Stephen), David Morrissey, Elizabeth Morton, Peter Serafinowicz, Elisabeth Sladen, Alison Steadman, and Rita Tushingham. Actors and actresses from elsewhere in the world have strong ties to the city, such as Canadian actor Mike Myers (whose parents were both from Liverpool) and American actress Halle Berry (whose mother was from Liverpool).

Nightlife

Nightlife in Mathew Street and Temple Court, Liverpool city centre

Liverpool has a thriving and varied nightlife. The majority of the city's late-night restaurants, bars, pubs, nightclubs, music venues and comedy clubs are located in a number of distinct districts.

In 2023, figures from global data company Square show that night-time spending in bars and restaurants in Liverpool city centre outperformed all major UK cities, including London.[487]

Figures by the Liverpool BID Company suggest that the busiest nights of the week in Liverpool city centre are Friday and Saturday. Using cameras to track the flow of people in key locations between 7 pm and 4 am, at least 1.5 million people pass through the city centre every Friday night and almost 2 million people on Saturday nights. The data demonstrates that Monday night is the quietest night of the week in the city centre and footfall then increases every single night to reach its peak on Saturday nights. 125,889 people worked in the city's night time economy as of 2022, according to the Liverpool BID Company.[488][489][490]

Liverpool's nightlife is concentrated in a number of districts including Ropewalks which comprises Concert Square, St. Peter's Square and the adjoining Seel Street and Duke Street. Other popular areas include Hardman Street, the Cavern Quarter, Baltic Triangle, Royal Albert Dock and the city's Pride Quarter, which is home to a large number of LGBT venues.[491][492]

In the city's suburbs, Lark Lane in Aigburth is noted for an abundance of bars and late-night venues.[493][494]

Education

University of Liverpool's Victoria Building

In Liverpool primary and secondary education is available in various forms supported by the state including secular, Church of England, Jewish, and Roman Catholic. Islamic education is available at primary level, but there is no secondary provision. One of Liverpool's important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School; founded in 1708 as a charitable school.

The Liverpool Blue Coat School is the top-performing school in the city with 100% 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE resulting in the 30th best GCSE results in the country and an average point score per student of 1087.4 in A/AS levels.[495] Other notable schools include Liverpool College founded in 1840 Merchant Taylors' School founded in 1620.[496] Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. Edward's College situated in the West Derby area of the city. Historic grammar schools, such as the Liverpool Institute High School and Liverpool Collegiate School—both closed in the 1980s—are still remembered as centres of academic excellence. Bellerive Catholic College is the city's top-performing non-selective school, based upon GCSE results in 2007.

Liverpool John Moores University's James Parsons Building

Liverpool has three universities: the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University. Edge Hill University, founded as a teacher-training college in the Edge Hill district of Liverpool, is now located in Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. Liverpool is also home to the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA).

The University of Liverpool was established in 1881 as University College Liverpool. In 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University. Following a Royal Charter and Act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university, the University of Liverpool, with the right to confer its own degrees. It was the first university to offer degrees in biochemistry, architecture, civic design, veterinary science, oceanography and social science.

City of Liverpool College's Arts Centre

Liverpool Hope University, which was formed through the merger of three colleges, the earliest of which was founded in 1844, gained university status in 2005. It is the only ecumenical university in Europe.[497] It is situated on both sides of Taggart Avenue in Childwall and has a second campus in the city centre (the Cornerstone).

The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, founded to address some of the problems created by trade, continues today as a post-graduate school affiliated with the University of Liverpool and houses an anti-venom repository.

Liverpool John Moores University was previously a polytechnic, and gained status in 1992. It is named in honour of Sir John Moores, one of the founders of the Littlewoods football pools and retail group, who was a major benefactor. The institution was previously owned and run by Liverpool City Council. It traces it lineage to the Liverpool Mechanics' institute, opened in 1823, making it by this measure England's third-oldest university.

The city has one further education college, City of Liverpool College in the city centre. Liverpool City Council operates Burton Manor, a residential adult education college in nearby Burton, on the Wirral Peninsula.

There are two Jewish schools in Liverpool, both belonging to the King David Foundation. King David School, Liverpool, is the High School and the King David Primary School. There is also a King David Kindergarten, featured in the community centre of Harold House. These schools are all run by the King David Foundation located in Harold House in Childwall; conveniently next door to the Childwall Synagogue.

Sport

Football

The Merseyside derby is the football match between the two biggest clubs in the city; Liverpool in red and Everton in blue

Liverpool is one of the most successful footballing cities in England, and is home to two top flight Premier League teams. Everton F.C. was founded in 1878 and was one of the twelve founder members of the Football League. It plays at Goodison Park. Liverpool F.C. were founded in 1892 and play at Anfield. Between them, the clubs have won 28 English First Division titles, 12 FA Cup titles, 10 League Cup titles, 6 European Cup titles, 1 FIFA Club World Cup title, 1 European Cup Winners' Cup title, 3 UEFA Cup titles, and 24 FA Charity Shields.

The two clubs contest the Merseyside derby, dubbed the 'friendly derby'. Despite the name the fixture is known for its keen rivalry, having seen more sending-offs in this fixture than any other. Unlike many other derbies it is not rare for families in the city to contain supporters of both clubs.[498] Liverpool F.C. is the English and British club with the most European Cup titles with six, the latest in 2019.

Anfield, home of Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool has played at Anfield since 1892, when the club was formed to occupy the stadium following Everton's departure due to a dispute with their landlord. Liverpool are still playing there 125 years later, although the ground has been completely rebuilt since the 1970s. The Spion Kop (rebuilt as an all-seater stand in 1994–95) was the most famous part of the ground, gaining cult status across the world due to the songs and celebrations of the many fans who packed onto its terraces. Anfield as capacity for 54,000 spectators in comfort and is a distinctive landmark in an area filled with smaller and older buildings. Liverpool club also has a multimillion-pound youth training facility called The Academy.

Goodison Park, home of Everton F.C.

After leaving Anfield in 1892, Everton moved to Goodison Park on the opposite side of Stanley Park. The ground was opened on 24 August 1892, by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the FA but the first crowds to attend the ground saw a short athletics meeting followed by a selection of music and a fireworks display. Everton's first game there was on 2 September 1892 when they beat Bolton 4–2. It was one of the host venues during the 1966 FIFA World Cup. It now has the capacity for just under 40,000 spectators all-seated, but the last expansion took place in 1994 when a new Park End Stand gave the stadium an all-seater capacity. The Goodison Road Stand dates back to the 1970s, while the Gwladys Street Stand and Bullens Road Stand are refurbished pre-Second World War structures.

Everton is currently in the process of relocating, with a stadium move first mooted as early as 1996.[499] In 2003, the club were forced to abandon plans for a 55,000-seat stadium at King's Dock due to financial constraints,[500] with further proposed moves to Kirkby (comprising part of Destination Kirkby, moving the stadium just beyond Liverpool's council boundary into Kirkby) and Walton Hall Park similarly scrapped.

The club will relocate to the multimillion-pound Everton Stadium designed by the American architect Dan Meis at the nearby Bramley-Moore Dock on the River Mersey waterfront during the 2024/25 season, with ground broken on the project in August 2021.[501] The new stadium will have a capacity of 52,888 which could be expanded to 62,000 demand permitting and it will be a host venue for the UEFA Euro 2028. Everton also have a multimillion-pound training facility based at Finch Farm. The Everton Women's Team play in the Women's Super League at the Walton Hall Park Stadium.

Boxing

Boxing is massively popular in Liverpool. The city has a proud heritage and history in the sport and is home to around 22 amateur boxing clubs, which are responsible for producing many successful boxers, such as Nel Tarleton, Alan Rudkin, John Conteh, Andy Holligan, Liam Smith, Paul Hodkinson, Tony Bellew and Robin Ried. The city also boasts a consistently strong amateur contingent which is highlighted by Liverpool being the most represented city on the GB Boxing team, as well as at the 2012 London Olympics, the most notable Liverpool amateur fighters include; Jimmy Lloyd, George Turpin, Tony Willis, Robin Reid and David Price who have all medalled at the Olympic Games. Boxing events are usually hosted at the Echo Arena and Liverpool Olympia within the city, although the former home of Liverpool boxing was the renowned Liverpool Stadium.

Horse racing

The Earl of Derby Stand at Aintree Racecourse; home of the Grand National

Aintree Racecourse in the adjacent Metropolitan Borough of Sefton is home to the world's most famous steeple-chase, the Randox Grand National which takes place annually in early April. The race meeting attracts horse owners/ jockeys from around the world to compete in the demanding 4-mile (6.5-kilometre) and 30-fence course. There have been many memorable moments of the Grand National, for instance, the 100/1 outsider Foinavon in 1967, the dominant Red Rum and Ginger McCain of the 1970s and Mon Mome (100/1) who won the 2009 meeting. In 2010, the National became the first horse race to be televised in high-definition in the UK.

Golf

The Royal Liverpool Golf Club, situated in the nearby town of Hoylake on the Wirral Peninsula, has hosted The Open Championship on a number of occasions, most recently in 2023. It also hosted the Walker Cup in 1983.

The Royal Liverpool Golf Club, Hoylake

Greyhound racing

Liverpool once contained four greyhound tracks, Seaforth Greyhound Stadium (1933–1965), Breck Park Stadium (1927–1948), Stanley Greyhound Stadium (1927–1961) and White City Stadium (1932–1973). Breck Park also hosted boxing bouts and both Stanley and Seaforth hosted Motorcycle speedway.

Athletics

Wavertree Sports Park is home to the Liverpool Harriers athletics club, which has produced such athletes as Curtis Robb, Allyn Condon (the only British athlete to compete at both the Summer and Winter Olympics), and Katarina Johnson-Thompson; Great Britain was represented by Johnson-Thompson at the 2012 London Olympics in the women's heptathlon, and she would go on to win the gold medal at the 2019 World Championships, giving Liverpool its first gold medal and breaking the British record in the process.

Gymnastics

In August 2012, Liverpool gymnast Beth Tweddle won an Olympic bronze medal in London 2012 in the uneven bars at her third Olympic Games, thus becoming the most decorated British gymnast in history. Park Road Gymnastics Centre provides training to a high level.

Swimming

Liverpool has produced several swimmers who have represented their nation at major championships such as the Olympic Games. The most notable of which is Steve Parry who claimed a bronze medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the 200m butterfly. Others include Herbert Nickel Haresnape, Margaret Kelly, Shellagh Ratcliffe and Austin Rawlinson. There is a purpose-built aquatics centre at Wavertree Sports Park, which opened in 2008. The City of Liverpool Swimming Club has been National Speedo League Champions 8 out of the last 11 years.

Cricket

Liverpool Cricket Club

The city is the hub of the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition, an ECB Premier League.[502] Sefton Park and Liverpool are the league's founder members based in the city with Wavertree, Alder and Old Xaverians clubs having joined the league more recently.[503] Liverpool plays host Lancashire County Cricket Club as an outground most seasons, including six of eight home County Championship games during Lancashire's 2011[504] title winning campaign[505] while Old Trafford was refurbished.[506][507]

Tennis

Since 2014 Liverpool Cricket Club has played host[508] to the annual Tradition-ICAP Liverpool International tennis tournament, which has seen tennis stars such as Novak Djokovic, David Ferrer, Mardy Fish, Laura Robson and Caroline Wozniacki. Previously this had been held at Calderstones Park, situated in Allerton in the south of the city. Liverpool Tennis Development Programme at Wavertree Tennis Centre is one of the largest in the UK.

Basketball

Liverpool Arena hosts numerous sporting events and was formerly the home of British Basketball League team, the Mersey Tigers.

Professional basketball came to the city in 2007 with the entry of Everton Tigers, later known as Mersey Tigers, into the elite British Basketball League. The club was originally associated with Everton F.C., and was part of the Toxteth Tigers youth development programme, which reached over 1,500 young people every year.[509] The Tigers began to play in Britain's top league for the 2007–08 season, playing at the Greenbank Sports Academy before moving into the newly completed Echo Arena during that season. After the 2009–10 season, Everton F.C. withdrew funding from the Tigers, who then changed their name to Mersey Tigers. The club were expelled from the British Basketball League in 2013 due to financial problems.[510]

Baseball

Liverpool is one of three cities which still host the traditional sport of British baseball and it hosts the annual England-Wales international match every two years, alternating with Cardiff and Newport. Liverpool Trojans are the oldest existing baseball club in the UK.

Cycling

The 2014 Tour of Britain cycle race began in Liverpool on 7 September, using a city centre circuit to complete 130 km (80.8 mi) of racing.[511] The Tour of Britain took nine stages and finished in London on 14 September.

Other

A 2016 study of UK fitness centres found that, of the top 20 UK urban areas, Liverpool had the highest number of leisure and sports centres per capita, with 4.3 centres per 100,000 of the city population.[512]

Media

The city has one daily newspaper: the Echo, published by Reach plc. The Liverpool Daily Post was also published until 2013. The UK's first online only weekly newspaper called Southport Reporter (Southport and Mersey Reporter), is also one of the many other news outlets that cover the city. The independent media organisation The Post[513] also covers Liverpool, while Nerve magazine publishes articles and reviews of cultural events.

Liverpool TV is a local television station serving Liverpool City Region and surrounding areas. The station is owned and operated by Made Television Ltd and forms part of a group of eight local TV stations. It broadcasts from studios and offices in Liverpool.

St Johns Beacon, home to Hits Radio Liverpool and Greatest Hits Radio

The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada. In 2006, the Television company opened a new newsroom in the Royal Liver Building. Granada's regional news broadcasts were produced at the Royal Albert Dock News Centre during the 1980s and 1990s.[514] The BBC also opened a new newsroom on Hanover Street in 2006.

ITV's daily magazine programme This Morning was broadcast from studios at Royal Albert Dock until 1996, when production was moved to London. Granada's short-lived shopping channel "Shop!" was also produced in Liverpool until it was cancelled in 2002.[515]

Liverpool is the home of the TV production company Lime Pictures, formerly Mersey Television, which produced the now-defunct soap operas Brookside and Grange Hill. It also produces the soap opera Hollyoaks, which was formerly filmed in Chester and began on Channel 4 in 1995. All three series were/are largely filmed in the Childwall area of Liverpool.

Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Hits Radio Liverpool, Greatest Hits Radio, Capital Liverpool, In Demand Radio, Liverpool Live Radio,[516] and Melodic Distraction.[517] Hits Radio and Greatest Hits Radio are owned by Bauer and located in St Johns Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline.

Liverpool has also featured in films;[518] see List of films set in Liverpool for some of them. In films the city has "doubled" for London, Paris, New York, Chicago, Moscow, Dublin, Venice and Berlin.[43][519]

Notable people

See Category:People from Liverpool

Quotes about Liverpool

International links

Twin cities

Liverpool is twinned[522] with:

Friendship links

Liverpool has friendship links (without formal constitution)[523] with the following cities:

Consulates

The first overseas consulate of the United States was opened in Liverpool in 1790, and it remained operational for almost two centuries.[524] Today, a large number of consulates are located in the city serving Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sweden and Thailand. Tunisian & Ivory Coast Consulates are located in the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Sefton.

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Liverpool.

Individuals

Military units

Organisations and groups

See also

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Notes

Bibliography

Further reading