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Monumentos y memoriales confederados

Los monumentos y memoriales confederados en los Estados Unidos incluyen exhibiciones públicas y símbolos de los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), líderes confederados o soldados confederados de la Guerra Civil estadounidense . Muchos monumentos y memoriales han sido o serán eliminados bajo gran controversia. Parte de la conmemoración de la Guerra Civil estadounidense , estos símbolos incluyen monumentos y estatuas, banderas, días festivos y otras celebraciones, y los nombres de escuelas, carreteras, parques, puentes, edificios, condados, ciudades, lagos, represas, bases militares y otras estructuras públicas. [a] En un informe especial de diciembre de 2018, Smithsonian Magazine afirmó que "en los últimos diez años, los contribuyentes han destinado al menos $ 40 millones a monumentos confederados (estatuas, casas, parques, museos, bibliotecas y cementerios) y a organizaciones patrimoniales confederadas". [2]

Esta entrada no incluye conmemoraciones de figuras anteriores a la Guerra Civil relacionadas con los orígenes de la Guerra Civil o la supremacía blanca pero no directamente vinculadas a la Confederación, como el juez de la Corte Suprema Roger B. Taney , el congresista proesclavista Preston Brooks , el presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Carolina del Norte Thomas Ruffin , [3] o el político sureño John C. Calhoun , aunque Calhoun fue venerado por la Confederación y los segregacionistas de la posguerra , y los monumentos a Calhoun "han sido los objetivos más constantes" de los vándalos. [4] Tampoco incluye a los supremacistas blancos posteriores a la Guerra Civil , como el gobernador de Carolina del Norte Charles Aycock y el gobernador de Mississippi James K. Vardaman .

Los monumentos y memoriales se enumeran en orden alfabético por estado y por ciudad dentro de cada estado. Los estados que no figuran en la lista no tienen elementos que cumplan los requisitos para ser incluidos en ella. [5]

Historia

Construcción de monumentos y dedicatorias

Se han erigido monumentos conmemorativos en espacios públicos (incluidos los terrenos de los juzgados), ya sea con fondos públicos o financiados por organizaciones privadas y donantes. También se han erigido numerosos monumentos privados.

Cuadro de símbolos públicos de la Confederación y sus líderes, según el estudio del Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), por año de creación. La mayoría de ellos se colocaron durante la era de las leyes de Jim Crow o durante el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles . [b] Estos dos períodos también coincidieron con los aniversarios 50 y 100 de la Guerra Civil. [c] [6]

Según la revista Smithsonian Magazine , "los monumentos confederados no son solo reliquias, artefactos de una era pasada. En cambio, los contribuyentes estadounidenses siguen invirtiendo fuertemente en estos tributos hoy en día". [2] El informe también concluyó que los monumentos se construyeron y se mantienen regularmente para promover la Causa Perdida , la mitología de la supremacía blanca y, durante las muchas décadas de su establecimiento, los líderes afroamericanos protestaron regularmente contra estos monumentos y lo que representaban. [2]

Durante la guerra se realizaron unas pocas conmemoraciones, principalmente nombres de barcos y lugares. Después de la guerra, Robert E. Lee dijo en varias ocasiones que se oponía a cualquier monumento, ya que, en su opinión, "mantendrían abiertas las llagas de la guerra". [7] [8] Sin embargo, se siguieron dedicando monumentos y memoriales poco después de la Guerra Civil estadounidense. [9] [1] Antes de 1890, la mayoría se erigían en cementerios como monumentos a los soldados que murieron en la guerra. [10] Se dedicaron muchos más monumentos en los años posteriores a 1890, cuando el Congreso estableció el primer Parque Militar Nacional en Chickamauga y Chattanooga , y a principios del siglo XX se habían conservado cinco campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam , Gettysburg , Shiloh y Vicksburg . En el Parque Militar Nacional de Vicksburg, más del 95% de los monumentos del parque se erigieron en los primeros dieciocho años después de su creación en 1899. [11] Pero los monumentos comenzaron a aparecer en lugares públicos con el surgimiento del sur de Jim Crow . [10]

Leyes de Jim Crow

La construcción de monumentos confederados a menudo ha sido parte de campañas generalizadas para promover y justificar las leyes de Jim Crow en el Sur. [12] [1] [13] Según la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense (AHA), la erección de monumentos confederados durante el siglo XX fue "parte integral del inicio de la segregación legalmente obligatoria y la privación generalizada de derechos en todo el Sur". Según la AHA, los monumentos a la Confederación erigidos durante este período "estaban destinados, en parte, a ocultar el terrorismo necesario para derrocar la Reconstrucción , e intimidar políticamente a los afroamericanos y aislarlos de la corriente principal de la vida pública". Una ola posterior de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el movimiento por los derechos civiles y, según la AHA, "estos símbolos de la supremacía blanca todavía se invocan con fines similares". [14] Según la revista Smithsonian Magazine , "lejos de ser simplemente marcadores de eventos y personas históricas, como argumentan sus defensores, estos monumentos fueron creados y financiados por los gobiernos de Jim Crow para rendir homenaje a una sociedad esclavista y servir como afirmaciones contundentes de dominio sobre los afroamericanos". [2]

Estatua de un soldado confederado en el condado de Monroe, Virginia Occidental , 2016

Según la historiadora Jane Dailey de la Universidad de Chicago , en muchos casos, el propósito de los monumentos no era celebrar el pasado sino promover un "futuro de supremacía blanca". [15] Otra historiadora, Karen L. Cox , de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Charlotte , ha escrito que los monumentos son "un legado de la era brutalmente racista de Jim Crow", y que "el objetivo de los monumentos confederados es celebrar la supremacía blanca". [13] Otro historiador de la UNC, James Leloudis, afirmó que "los financiadores y patrocinadores de estos monumentos son muy explícitos en cuanto a que requieren una educación política y una legitimidad para la era de Jim Crow y el derecho de los hombres blancos a gobernar". [16] Se erigieron sin el consentimiento o incluso la participación de los afroamericanos del sur, que recordaban la Guerra Civil de manera muy diferente y que no tenían ningún interés en honrar a quienes lucharon para mantenerlos esclavizados. [17] Según la historiadora de la Guerra Civil Judith Giesberg, profesora de historia en la Universidad de Villanova , "la supremacía blanca es realmente lo que estas estatuas representan". [18] Algunos monumentos también estaban destinados a embellecer las ciudades como parte del movimiento City Beautiful , aunque esto era secundario. [19]

En un discurso pronunciado en junio de 2018, el historiador de la Guerra Civil James I. Robertson Jr. , de Virginia Tech, dijo que los monumentos no eran una "señal de desafío a las leyes de Jim Crow" y se refirió a la tendencia actual a desmantelarlos o destruirlos como una "era de idiotez" motivada por "elementos empeñados en destrozar la unidad que generaciones de estadounidenses han construido dolorosamente". [20] Katrina Dunn Johnson, curadora de la Sala de Reliquias Confederadas y el Museo Militar de Carolina del Sur , afirma que "miles de familias en todo el país no pudieron reclamar los restos de sus soldados; muchas nunca supieron el destino exacto de sus seres queridos en el campo de batalla o dentro de los campos de prisioneros. El impacto psicológico de una pérdida tan devastadora no se puede subestimar cuando se intenta comprender las motivaciones principales detrás de la conmemoración sureña". [21]

Muchos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados en los antiguos estados confederados y estados fronterizos en las décadas posteriores a la Guerra Civil, en muchos casos por las Asociaciones de Memoriales de Damas , las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación (UDC), los Veteranos Confederados Unidos (UCV), los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados (SCV), la Asociación de Preservación del Patrimonio y otras organizaciones conmemorativas. [22] [23] [24] Otros monumentos confederados se encuentran en campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil. Muchos monumentos confederados están incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , ya sea por separado o como objetos contribuyentes dentro de listados de juzgados o distritos históricos. Las historiadoras del arte Cynthia Mills y Pamela Simpson argumentaron, en Monuments to the Lost Cause , que la mayoría de los monumentos confederados, del tipo que definen, fueron "encargados por mujeres blancas, con la esperanza de preservar una visión positiva de la vida anterior a la guerra". [25] [26]

A finales del siglo XIX, las innovaciones tecnológicas en las industrias del granito y el bronce ayudaron a reducir los costos y a hacer que los monumentos fueran más asequibles para las pequeñas ciudades. Las empresas que buscaban aprovechar esta oportunidad solían vender copias casi idénticas de los monumentos tanto al Norte como al Sur. [27]

Otra ola de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles y el Centenario de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . [1] : 11  Al menos treinta y dos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados entre 2000 y 2017, incluidas al menos 7 re-dedicaciones. [28] [29] [30] [31]

Estudio académico

Los estudios académicos de los monumentos comenzaron en la década de 1980. En 1983, John J. Winberry publicó un estudio que se basó en datos del trabajo de RW Widener. [32] [33] Estimó que el principal período de construcción de monumentos fue de 1889 a 1929 y que de los monumentos erigidos en plazas de palacios de justicia, más de la mitad se construyeron entre 1902 y 1912. Determinó cuatro ubicaciones principales para los monumentos: campos de batalla, cementerios, terrenos de palacios de justicia del condado y terrenos del capitolio estatal. Más de un tercio de los monumentos de los palacios de justicia estaban dedicados a los muertos. La mayoría de los monumentos de cementerio en su estudio se construyeron en el período anterior a 1900, mientras que la mayoría de los monumentos de los palacios de justicia se erigieron después de 1900. De los 666 monumentos en su estudio, el 55% eran de soldados confederados, mientras que el 28% eran obeliscos. Los soldados dominaban los terrenos del palacio de justicia, mientras que los obeliscos representan casi la mitad de los monumentos del cementerio. Se descubrió que la idea de que las estatuas de soldados siempre miraban hacia el norte era falsa y que los soldados generalmente miraban en la misma dirección que el palacio de justicia. Señaló que los monumentos eran "notablemente diversos" y que "solo había unos pocos casos de repetición de inscripciones". [33]

El monumento confederado en Fulton , Kentucky, está incluido en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.

Él clasificó los monumentos en cuatro tipos. El tipo 1 era un soldado confederado en una columna con su arma en posición de descanso , o desarmado y mirando a la distancia. Estos representaron aproximadamente la mitad de los monumentos estudiados. Sin embargo, son los más populares entre los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 2 era un soldado confederado en una columna con un rifle listo, o portando una bandera o una corneta. El tipo 3 era un obelisco, a menudo cubierto con telas y con balas de cañón o una urna. Este tipo era el 28% de los monumentos estudiados, pero el 48% de los monumentos en los cementerios y el 18% de los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 4 era un grupo misceláneo, que incluía arcos, menhires, placas, fuentes, etc. Estos representan el 17% de los monumentos estudiados. [33]

Más de un tercio de los monumentos de los juzgados estaban dedicados específicamente a los confederados muertos. El primer monumento de los juzgados se erigió en Bolivar, Tennessee , en 1867. En 1880 se habían erigido nueve monumentos de los juzgados. Winberry señaló dos centros de monumentos de los juzgados: los condados de Potomac de Virginia, desde donde la tradición se extendió a Carolina del Norte, y un área más grande que abarcaba Georgia, Carolina del Sur y el norte de Florida. La difusión de los monumentos de los juzgados se vio facilitada por organizaciones como los Veteranos Confederados Unidos y sus publicaciones, aunque otros factores también pueden haber sido eficaces. [33]

Winberry enumeró cuatro razones para el cambio de los cementerios a los juzgados. La primera fue la necesidad de preservar la memoria de los muertos confederados y también reconocer a los veteranos que regresaron. La segunda fue celebrar la reconstrucción del Sur después de la guerra. La tercera fue la romantización de la Causa Perdida , y la cuarta fue unificar a la población blanca en un patrimonio común contra los intereses de los sureños afroamericanos. Concluyó: "Ninguna de estas cuatro posibles explicaciones para el monumento confederado es adecuada o completa en sí misma. El monumento es un símbolo, pero si fue un recuerdo del pasado, una celebración del presente o un presagio del futuro sigue siendo una pregunta difícil de responder; los monumentos y los símbolos pueden ser complicados y, a veces, indescifrables". [33]

El movimiento del monumento

El Movimiento de los Monumentos fue un movimiento nacional de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación se erigieron como memoriales comunitarios. En el Norte y el Sur, las comunidades se unieron en tiempos de guerra, aportando sus hombres y niños (y algunas mujeres documentadas), y luego se reunieron de nuevo para conmemorar a estos soldados y sus contribuciones a la causa tal como ellos la veían. Los ciudadanos pagaron suscripciones a los monumentos, a las asociaciones de monumentos, se emitieron impuestos, la GAR, las Órdenes Aliadas, las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos lideraron las recaudaciones de fondos. [34]

El monumento al coronel confederado Francis S. Bartow se erigió después de la Primera Guerra de Manassas, pero fue destruido antes o durante la Segunda Guerra de Manassas. Los otros monumentos tempranos fueron los monumentos de la Unión en la Batalla de Rowlett's Station en Munfordville, Kentucky, en enero de 1862, en honor a los hombres del 32.º Regimiento de Indiana que murieron. Fue retirado para su propia protección contra los elementos en 2008. [35] Otros monumentos tempranos de la Unión antes de que terminara la guerra fueron el Monumento a la Brigada Hazen en Murfreesboro y el Monumento a Ladd y Whitney de 1865 en Lowell, Massachusetts. [36] [37] [38]

Los monumentos conmemorativos del norte registrados en el trabajo de investigación hasta la fecha enumeran 11 monumentos erigidos antes de 1866, incluidos los monumentos mencionados anteriormente. Otros diez monumentos fueron documentados en 1866 y 11 más en 1867, cuando se erigieron los primeros monumentos confederados de posguerra en Romney, condado de Hampshire, Virginia Occidental y Chester, condado de Chester, Carolina del Sur en 1867. [34]

Cuadro de monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación, "Por siempre de luto", de Blevins, 1860-1920

Además de los monumentos a los homenajeados de la Unión y la Confederación, el Movimiento de Monumentos vio la colocación de Monumentos de la Guerra Revolucionaria para el centenario de la Revolución Americana desde 1876 a 1883. En el catálogo de WH Mullins Company, The Blue and the Gray, se menciona junto con los Monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación las recientes entregas de monumentos de la compañía para la Guerra Revolucionaria en el Palacio de Justicia de Guilford, Carolina del Norte. [39]

Vandalismo

Hasta el 19 de junio, más de 12 monumentos confederados habían sido vandalizados en 2019, generalmente con pintura. [40] [41] [ necesita actualización ]

Eliminación

El monumento confederado a Robert E. Lee es retirado de su pedestal en Lee Circle en Nueva Orleans el 17 de mayo de 2017

Según el Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), desde abril de 2017 se habían eliminado o renombrado al menos 60 símbolos de la Confederación desde 2015. [42] Al mismo tiempo, las leyes de varios estados del sur imponen restricciones o prohíben por completo la eliminación de estatuas y monumentos y el cambio de nombre de parques, carreteras y escuelas. [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]

Una encuesta de Reuters de 2017 reveló que el 54% de los adultos afirmó que los monumentos deberían permanecer en todos los espacios públicos, y el 27% dijo que deberían eliminarse, mientras que el 19% dijo que no estaba seguro. Los resultados se dividieron según líneas raciales y políticas: los blancos y los republicanos preferían mantener los monumentos en su lugar, mientras que los negros y los demócratas eran más propensos a apoyar su eliminación. [48] [49] Una encuesta similar de 2017 realizada por HuffPost/YouGov reveló que un tercio de los encuestados estaba a favor de la eliminación, mientras que el 49% se oponía. [50] [51]

El apoyo a la destitución aumentó durante las protestas de George Floyd , con un 52% a favor de la destitución y un 44% en contra. [52] [53]

Distribución geográfica

Los monumentos confederados están ampliamente distribuidos por todo el sur de los Estados Unidos . [33] El patrón de distribución sigue los límites políticos generales de la Confederación. [33] De los más de 1503 monumentos y memoriales públicos a la Confederación, más de 718 son monumentos y estatuas. Casi 300 monumentos y estatuas se encuentran en Georgia, Virginia o Carolina del Norte. Los estados occidentales que se colonizaron en gran medida después de la Guerra Civil tienen pocos o ningún monumento a la Confederación.

Nacional

Capitolio de los Estados Unidos

Hay siete figuras confederadas en la Colección Nacional de Estatuas , en el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos .

En la Colección Nacional de Estatuas , que se encuentra dentro del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , cada estado ha proporcionado estatuas de dos ciudadanos a los que desea honrar. Entre ellas se encuentran siete figuras confederadas, y una está pendiente de ser removida y reemplazada. Las fechas que se indican a continuación reflejan cuándo se entregó cada estatua a la colección: [57] [58]

Además de estas piezas, se han retirado tres esculturas adicionales de figuras confederadas desde principios del siglo XXI.

Cementerio Nacional de Arlington

Monumento confederado, Cementerio Nacional de Arlington
El Servicio de Parques Nacionales describe la propiedad como "el monumento nacional a Robert E. Lee . Lo honra por razones específicas, incluido su papel en la promoción de la paz y la reunificación después de la Guerra Civil. En un sentido más amplio, existe como un lugar de estudio y contemplación del significado de algunos de los aspectos más difíciles de la historia estadounidense: el servicio militar, el sacrificio, la ciudadanía, el deber, la lealtad, la esclavitud y la libertad". [72]

Monedas y sellos

Ejército de EE.UU.

Bases

Antes de 2023, había nueve bases militares estadounidenses importantes nombradas en honor a líderes militares confederados, todas en antiguos estados confederados. [1] Tras las protestas a nivel nacional por el asesinato de George Floyd a manos de un agente de policía, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos creó en 2021 la Comisión de Nombres para cambiar el nombre de los activos militares con nombres asociados a la Confederación. [77] El Secretario de Defensa de los Estados Unidos debía implementar un plan desarrollado por la comisión y "eliminar todos los nombres, símbolos, exhibiciones, monumentos y parafernalia que honran o conmemoran a los Estados Confederados de América o a cualquier persona que sirvió voluntariamente con los Estados Confederados de América de todos los activos del Departamento de Defensa " dentro de los tres años posteriores a la creación de la comisión. [78] [79]

En octubre de 2023, las nueve bases habían sido redesignadas oficialmente con nuevos nombres propuestos por la comisión.

Instalaciones

Barcos actuales

Antiguos barcos

Varios barcos que llevaban el nombre de líderes confederados cayeron en manos de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil. La Armada de la Unión conservó los nombres de estos barcos mientras apuntaba sus armas contra la Confederación:

Autopistas que atraviesan varios estados

El 16 de octubre de 2018, la Junta de Comisionados del Condado de Orange, Carolina del Norte (ubicación de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill , ver Silent Sam ), votó por unanimidad para revocar la resolución de 1959 del condado que nombraba en honor a Davis la parte de la US 15 que atraviesa el condado. [95]

Alabama

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 122 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Alabama . [96]

Alaska

Arizona

Al 20 de agosto de 2020 , solo quedan dos placas relacionadas con la Confederación en propiedad pública en Phoenix y Sierra Vista, Arizona . [96]

Arkansas

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 65 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Arkansas . [96]

Capitolio estatal

Monumentos

Monumento confederado de Van Buren en el juzgado del condado de Crawford en Van Buren, Arkansas

Monumentos del juzgado

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento confederado de Bentonville
Estatua confederada, cementerio confederado de Fayetteville
Monumento a los soldados confederados, cementerio nacional de Little Rock
Monumento confederado de Little Rock , cementerio nacional de Little Rock
Monumento a Robert E. Lee en Marianna
Monumento confederado de Star City

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Arkansas desde 1913

California

Al 23 de julio de 2020 , había al menos cuatro espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en California . [96]

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

Montañas y recreación

Mío

Mina Stonewall Jackson, condado de San Diego, alrededor de 1872

Colorado

Mina Robert E. Lee en Leadville. Fotografía de William Henry Jackson .

Lugares habitados

Escuelas

Monumento

Mío

Delaware

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Delaware . [96]

Distrito de Columbia

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , había al menos nueve monumentos públicos confederados en Washington, DC , la mayoría en la Colección del National Statuary Hall. (Ver arriba) [96]

Florida

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 63 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Florida . [96]

Una reunión de agosto de 2017 de la Liga de Alcaldes de Florida se dedicó al tema de qué hacer con los monumentos de la Guerra Civil. [150]

Capitolio estatal

Símbolo del estado

Bandera de Florida desde 1900

Día festivo estatal

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Inauguración del monumento confederado en Ocala, 1908

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento del Fuerte Yellow Bluff
Miembros de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación sentadas alrededor de un monumento confederado en Lakeland, 1915
Parque estatal histórico del campo de batalla de Olustee

Monumentos privados

Lugares habitados

Condados

Municipios

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas y bibliotecas

Símbolos de la ciudad

Vacaciones en la ciudad

Día festivo del condado

Georgia

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 201 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Georgia . [96]

Monumento confederado en Macon, Georgia, en la calle Mulberry, alrededor de 1877

Hawai

Idaho

El asentamiento de Idaho coincidió con la Guerra Civil y los colonos de los estados del Sur conmemoraron la Confederación con los nombres de varias ciudades y características naturales. [228] [229] [230]

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos tres espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Idaho . [96]

Lugares habitados

Características naturales y recreación

Illinois

Monumento confederado en el cementerio Oak Woods de Chicago

Los cuatro monumentos conmemorativos de Illinois se encuentran en cementerios federales y están relacionados con prisioneros de guerra.

Cementerios federales

Parcela federal dentro de cementerio privado

Indiana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Indiana . [96]

Monumento confederado, cementerio nacional de Crown Hill , Indianápolis

Iowa

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Iowa . [96]

Kansas

El Parque Memorial de los Veteranos en Wichita, Kansas, tiene un monumento confederado y de la Unión, un Memorial de la Reconciliación. "La intención de este monumento es unir a la gente y reconciliar sus diferencias", mientras se derriban monumentos confederados en todo Estados Unidos, el monumento de Wichita se cuestiona. El monumento es un pequeño obelisco con un texto que honra a los combatientes del Norte y del Sur de ambos bandos. Consulte Eliminación de monumentos y memoriales confederados #Kansas para ver los monumentos que se han eliminado.

Kentucky

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 37 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Kentucky . [96]

Monumentos

Monumento confederado, Georgetown
Monumento confederado, cementerio de Spring Hill, Harrodsburg
Monumento a John B. Castleman, Louisville
Estatua de Lloyd Tilghman, Paducah

Puente

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Carreteras

Escuelas

Luisiana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 83 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Luisiana . [96]

Capitolio estatal

Edificios

Salón conmemorativo confederado en Nueva Orleans

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Otros monumentos públicos

Cementerio Greenwood, Nueva Orleans
Tumba del Ejército de Tennessee, Cementerio de Metairie , Nueva Orleans
Monumento en Camp Moore , parroquia de Tangipahoa
Estatua de Charles Didier Dreux en Nueva Orleans

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Exhibición de la bandera confederada

Maryland

El soldado confederado , cementerio nacional de Loudon Park , Baltimore

Hay al menos siete monumentos confederados en terrenos públicos. Por lo general, se encuentran en cementerios o cerca de ellos.

A partir del 27 de diciembre de 2022, hay una estatua en una gran piedra del general Robert E. Lee en el campo de batalla de Antietam, visible desde la carretera. Estaba en un terreno privado adyacente al parque y fue donado junto con el terreno.

La estatua "Talbot Boys" en Easton, Maryland, fue el último monumento confederado retirado de la propiedad pública el 14 de marzo de 2022.

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Maryland desde 1904

Monumentos

Monumentos públicos

Monumentos privados

Monumento a los soldados confederados desconocidos, Frederick, Maryland
Monumento a Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap
Monumento a Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap (2003)
El monumento original, un soldado confederado de bronce de tamaño natural en este pedestal, fue donado originalmente por la UDC y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos, y construido por la firma de Washington Falvey Granite Company a un costo de US$3600 (equivalente a $110 982 en 2023). El artista es desconocido. [321] La inscripción dice "A nuestros héroes del condado de Montgomery, Maryland, para que a lo largo de la vida no olvidemos amar la delgada línea gris / Erigido en 1913 d. C. / 1861 CSA 1865". [322] porque los uniformes confederados son grises. La dedicación de Rockville fue el 3 de junio de 1913, el cumpleaños de Jefferson Davis, [322] y asistieron 3000 de una población del condado de 30 000. [323] Originalmente estaba ubicado en un pequeño parque triangular [324] llamado Courthouse Square. En 1971, la renovación urbana llevó a la eliminación de la plaza, y el monumento se trasladó al césped este del Palacio de Justicia de Ladrillo Rojo (que ya no se utiliza como tal), mirando hacia el sur. [325] En 1994 fue limpiado y encerado por la Comisión de Monumentos Militares de Maryland. [321] El monumento fue desfigurado con " Black Lives Matter " en 2015; se construyó una caja de madera sobre él para protegerlo. [326] El monumento fue retirado en julio de 2017 de su ubicación original fuera del Old Rockville Court House a un terreno privado [324] en White's Ferry en Dickerson, Maryland . [327] [328] La estatua fue retirada del pedestal en junio de 2020, pero el pedestal que insta a la gente a "Amar la delgada línea gris" permanece.

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Transportar

General Jubal A. Early
El ferry White's Ferry, rebautizado como Ferry White's Ferry

Galería

Massachusetts

A partir de mayo de 2019 , todos los monumentos públicos enumerados por el Southern Poverty Law Center [96] habían sido eliminados. [334]

Memoriales privados

Michigan

A fecha de 29 de junio de 2020 , se conoce al menos un monumento público de un soldado confederado en Michigan. Se encuentra en Allendale, Michigan , una ciudad del condado de Ottawa. La estatua en cuestión, que forma parte del Jardín de Honor de los Veteranos (1998), que cuenta con nueve estatuas de tamaño natural de soldados de varias guerras, representa a un soldado de la Unión y a un soldado confederado espalda con espalda con un joven esclavo a sus pies sosteniendo una placa que dice "Libertad para los esclavos" y la fecha del 5 de enero de 1863. [335]

Minnesota

La escuela secundaria central del condado de Murray utiliza una mascota rebelde y el apodo Rebels. [336]

Misisipí

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 147 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Mississippi . [96]

Misuri

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , había al menos 19 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Missouri . [96]

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Estatua de David Rice Atchison frente al Palacio de Justicia del condado de Clinton , Plattsburg, Missouri

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento a la UDC en el cementerio Forest Hill y Calvary, Kansas City, Missouri
Monumento a los Confederados de la Unión , cementerio de la Unión , Kansas City, Misuri

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Montana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 2 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Montana . [96]

Nevada

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Nevada . [96]

Nueva Jersey

Monumento confederado (1910), cementerio nacional de Finn's Point.

Hay al menos dos espacios públicos dedicados a la Confederación en Nueva Jersey . [96]

Nuevo Méjico

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Nuevo México . [96]

Nueva York

Monumento confederado, cementerio nacional de Woodlawn , Elmira, Nueva York

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 3 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Nueva York . [96] [358]

Monumentos

Monumentos públicos

Monumentos privados

Carreteras

El gobernador Andrew Cuomo había solicitado dos veces al ejército, sin éxito, que se cambiara el nombre de estas calles. [360]

Carolina del Norte

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 164 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Carolina del Norte . [96]

Ohio

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 5 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Ohio . [96]

Marcador histórico

Monumentos

Monumento conmemorativo a los soldados confederados , Camp Chase, Columbus
El mirador (1910), isla Johnson , condado de Ottawa [371]

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

Oklahoma

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 13 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Oklahoma . [96]

Edificios

Monumentos

Monumento a Stand Watie , cementerio de Polson, condado de Delaware
Monumento confederado en el Capitolio Nacional Cherokee

Escuelas

Escuela Robert E. Lee en Durant, Oklahoma

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Oregón

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , no hay espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Oregón . [96]

Pensilvania

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 3 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Pensilvania . [96]

Monumentos

Monumento del Estado de Virginia (1917), campo de batalla de Gettysburg.
Monumento a los soldados y marineros confederados (1911), Cementerio Nacional de Filadelfia.

Carreteras

Rhode Island

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , no hay espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Rhode Island . [96]

Carolina del Sur

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 194 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Carolina del Sur . [96] [390]

Dakota del Sur

En julio de 2020, la bandera confederada fue retirada del parche de los oficiales de policía de Gettysburg, Dakota del Sur.

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Dakota del Sur . [96]

Tennesse

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 105 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Tennessee . [96] La Ley de Protección del Patrimonio de Tennessee (2016) y una ley de 2013 restringen la eliminación de estatuas y monumentos conmemorativos. [43]

La legislatura de Tennessee designó el Día de la Condecoración Confederada , el origen del Día de los Caídos , como el 3 de junio, y en 1969 [393] designó el 19 de enero y el 13 de julio, sus cumpleaños, como el Día de Robert E. Lee y el Día de Nathan Bedford Forrest respectivamente.

Capitolio estatal

Edificios

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Palacio de justicia del condado de Tipton, Covington
Monumento confederado "Chip", Franklin
Monumento a las mujeres confederadas, Nashville

Otros monumentos públicos

Pirámide de balas de cañón en memoria de Patrick Cleburne en Franklin, Tennessee

Private monuments

Inhabited place

Parks

Roads

Schools

Calhoun Hall, named for slave owner and Confederate supporter W. H. Calhoun.

Tourist sites

Texas

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[96][442] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[443]

State capitol

State symbols

Seal of Texas

State holiday

Buildings

Monuments

Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[451][452]

Courthouse monuments

Denton, Texas
Dignified Resignation in Galveston, Texas
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Georgetown, Texas
Confederate Mothers Monument in Texarkana

Other public monuments

Confederate Memorial Plaza in Anderson, Texas
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Austin
Confederate Monument, Beaumont
John H. Reagan Memorial in Palestine, Texas. The allegorical figure seated beneath Reagan represents the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[476]

Private monuments

Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza, Palestine, Texas

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Museums

Parks

Roads

Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"

Schools

Stonewall Jackson Elementary School, Dallas

Other memorials

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia,[96] more than in any other state.[546][547] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.

Washington State

As of 24 June 2020, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.[96]

3rd Flag of the Confederacy and the Bonnie Blue Flag at the Jefferson Davis Park, 2018

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:

West Virginia

As of 2020 there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.[96]

State capitol

Monuments

Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death.
First Confederate Memorial (1867), Romney, West Virginia

Inhabited places

Parks and water features

Roads

Schools

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Natural features

International

Brazil

Canada

Ireland

Scotland

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  2. ^ This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  3. ^ "The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[1]
  4. ^ Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[271]
  5. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[271]
  6. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[271]
  7. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[271]

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Further reading

External links