Johnson es una figura controvertida en la política británica. Sus partidarios lo han elogiado por su humor, ingenio y entretenimiento, con un atractivo que llega más allá de los votantes tradicionales del Partido Conservador, viéndolo como un activo electoral para el partido. Por el contrario, sus críticos lo han acusado de mentir, elitista , favoritismo e intolerancia . Durante su mandato, sus partidarios lo elogiaron por " lograr el Brexit ", supervisar el programa de vacunación contra la COVID-19 del Reino Unido, que fue uno de los más rápidos del mundo, y ser uno de los primeros líderes mundiales en ofrecer apoyo humanitario a Ucrania tras la invasión rusa del país. Su mandato también abarcó varias controversias y escándalos, y tanto los historiadores como los biógrafos lo consideran el mandato más escandaloso de los tiempos modernos.
La familia regresó al Reino Unido en 1969 y vivió en West Nethercote Farm, Somerset, la casa familiar de Stanley en Exmoor . [16] Su padre se ausentaba con regularidad, por lo que Johnson fue criado en gran parte por su madre, con la ayuda de au pairs . [17] De niño, Johnson era tranquilo, estudioso, [12] y sordo, lo que resultó en varias operaciones para insertarle drenajes en los oídos. [18] A él y a sus hermanos se les animó a participar en actividades intelectuales desde una edad temprana. [19] La primera ambición registrada de Johnson fue ser "rey del mundo". [20] Al no tener otros amigos, los hermanos se volvieron muy cercanos. [21]
A finales de 1969, la familia se mudó a Maida Vale en el oeste de Londres, mientras que Stanley comenzó una investigación de posgrado en la London School of Economics . [22] En 1970, Charlotte y los niños regresaron brevemente a Nethercote, donde Johnson asistió a la Winsford Village School, antes de regresar a Londres para establecerse en Primrose Hill , [23] donde fueron educados en la Primrose Hill Primary School. [24] Un cuarto hijo, Joseph , nació a fines de 1971. [25]
Después de que Stanley consiguiera empleo en la Comisión Europea en abril de 1973, trasladó a su familia a Uccle , Bruselas, donde Johnson asistió a la Escuela Europea, Bruselas I y aprendió a hablar francés. [26] [27] Charlotte sufrió una crisis nerviosa y fue hospitalizada por depresión, después de lo cual Johnson y sus hermanos fueron enviados de vuelta al Reino Unido en 1975 para asistir a Ashdown House , un internado preparatorio en East Sussex. [28] Allí, desarrolló intereses en el rugby , el griego antiguo y el latín . [29] En diciembre de 1978 la relación de sus padres se rompió; se divorciaron en 1980, [30] y Charlotte se mudó a Notting Hill , Londres, donde sus hijos se unieron a ella durante gran parte de su tiempo. [31]
Eton y Oxford: 1977-1987
De niño, era extremadamente empollón, tenía muchos granos y era terriblemente empollón . Mi idea de pasar un buen rato era viajar por Londres en el metro para visitar el Museo Británico .
Johnson obtuvo una beca del Rey para estudiar en el Eton College , un internado cerca de Windsor, Berkshire . [33] Al llegar en el semestre de otoño de 1977, [34] comenzó a usar su segundo nombre Boris, [35] y desarrolló "la excéntrica personalidad inglesa" por la que se hizo famoso. [36] Denunció el catolicismo y se unió a la Iglesia de Inglaterra . [37] Los informes escolares se quejaron de su holgazanería, complacencia y tardanza, [38] pero era popular en Eton. [36]
Los amigos de Johnson eran en su mayoría de las clases altas y ricas; sus mejores amigos eran Darius Guppy y Charles Spencer . Ambos lo acompañarían en la Universidad de Oxford y siguieron siendo sus amigos hasta la edad adulta. [39] Johnson se destacó en inglés y en los clásicos , ganando premios en ambos, [40] y se convirtió en secretario de la sociedad de debate de la escuela [41] y editor del periódico escolar. [42] A fines de 1981, se convirtió en miembro de Pop , [43] un pequeño grupo de élite de prefectos escolares que se seleccionaban a sí mismos. Después de dejar Eton, Johnson se fue un año sabático a Australia, donde enseñó inglés y latín en Timbertop , un campus inspirado en Outward Bound de Geelong Grammar , un internado independiente. [44] [45] [46]
Johnson ganó una beca para estudiar Literae humaniores en el Balliol College de Oxford , un curso de cuatro años sobre clásicos, lenguas antiguas, literatura, historia y filosofía. [47] Se matriculó a finales de 1983, [48] formando parte de una generación de estudiantes universitarios de Oxford que dominaron la política y los medios británicos a principios del siglo XXI, entre ellos Cameron, William Hague , Michael Gove , Jeremy Hunt y Nick Boles . [49] Mientras estaba en Oxford, Johnson se unió al equipo de rugby de la universidad como pilar derecho . [50] Para su posterior arrepentimiento, se unió al Bullingdon Club , una exclusiva sociedad de bebedores conocida por el vandalismo. [51] [52] [53] Muchos años después, una fotografía de grupo en la que aparecía él y Cameron con el traje formal del Bullingdon Club provocó mucha cobertura de prensa negativa. Mientras estaba en Oxford, comenzó una relación con Allegra Mostyn-Owen , chica de portada de la revista Tatler e hija del presidente de Educación de Christie's , William Mostyn-Owen . Se comprometieron. [54]
Johnson era popular y muy conocido en Oxford. [55] Junto con Guppy, editó la revista satírica de la universidad , Tributary . [56] En 1984, Johnson fue elegido secretario de la Oxford Union , [57] e hizo campaña sin éxito para el puesto de presidente de la Unión . [58] En 1986, Johnson se postuló con éxito para presidente, [59] pero su mandato no fue distinguido ni memorable, [60] y se plantearon dudas sobre su competencia y seriedad. [61] En la graduación, Johnson recibió un título de segunda clase superior , [62] [63] y estaba profundamente descontento por no haber recibido un título de primera. [64]
Carrera temprana
Los tiemposyEl Daily Telegraph:1987–1994
En septiembre de 1987, Johnson y Mostyn-Owen se casaron. [65] Se establecieron en West Kensington , Londres. [66] A fines de 1987, a través de conexiones familiares, comenzó a trabajar como aprendiz de posgrado en The Times . [67] El escándalo estalló cuando Johnson escribió un artículo para el periódico sobre el descubrimiento arqueológico del palacio de Eduardo II , habiendo inventado una cita que atribuyó falsamente al historiador Colin Lucas , su padrino. Después de que el editor del periódico, Charles Wilson , se enterara del asunto, despidió a Johnson. [68]
Johnson consiguió empleo en la redacción principal de The Daily Telegraph , tras haber conocido a su editor, Max Hastings , mientras estaba en la universidad. [69] Sus artículos atrajeron a los lectores del periódico de la " Inglaterra central " que votaban por el Partido Conservador, [70] y era conocido por su estilo literario distintivo, repleto de frases anticuadas y por referirse regularmente a los lectores como "mis amigos". [71] A principios de 1989, Johnson fue designado para la oficina de Bruselas del periódico para informar sobre la Comisión Europea, [72] permaneciendo en el puesto hasta 1994. [73] Fuerte crítico del presidente integracionista de la Comisión, Jacques Delors , se estableció como uno de los pocos periodistas euroescépticos de la ciudad. [74] Escribió artículos sobre euromitos : que Bruselas había reclutado perros rastreadores para asegurarse de que todo el estiércol oliera igual, [75] estaban a punto de dictar la curva aceptable de los plátanos británicos, [b] limitar la potencia de sus aspiradoras [77] [c] y ordenar a las mujeres que devolvieran sus viejos juguetes sexuales. [75] Escribió que los billetes de euro hacían que la gente fuera impotente y que había un plan para volar el edificio Berlaymont porque el revestimiento de amianto hacía que el edificio fuera demasiado peligroso para habitarlo. [75] Muchos de sus colegas periodistas criticaron sus artículos, diciendo que a menudo contenían mentiras diseñadas para desacreditar a la comisión. [80] El político conservador eurófilo Chris Patten dijo más tarde que Johnson era "uno de los mayores exponentes del periodismo falso". [73] Johnson se opuso a la prohibición de las pistolas después de la masacre de la escuela de Dunblane , escribiendo en su columna "Nanny está confiscando sus juguetes. Es como uno de esos vastos programas indios de vasectomía obligatoria ". [81]
Según una de sus biógrafas, Sonia Purnell , –que fue adjunta de Johnson en Bruselas [73] – ayudó a hacer del euroescepticismo "una causa atractiva y emocionalmente resonante para la derecha", mientras que anteriormente había estado asociada con la izquierda. [82] Los artículos de Johnson exacerbaron las tensiones entre las facciones euroescépticas y eurófilas del Partido Conservador. Como resultado, se ganó la desconfianza de muchos miembros del partido. [83] Sus escritos también fueron una influencia clave en el surgimiento del euroescéptico Partido de la Independencia del Reino Unido (UKIP) a principios de la década de 1990. [82] Conrad Black , entonces propietario de The Daily Telegraph , dijo que Johnson "fue un corresponsal tan eficaz para nosotros en Bruselas que influyó enormemente en la opinión británica sobre las relaciones de este país con Europa". [84]
En febrero de 1990, la esposa de Johnson, Allegra, rompió con él; después de varios intentos de reconciliación, su matrimonio terminó en abril de 1993. [85] [86] Comenzó una relación con su amiga de la infancia Marina Wheeler , que se había mudado a Bruselas en 1990. [87] Se casaron en mayo de 1993. [88] Poco después, Marina dio a luz a una hija. [89] Johnson y su nueva esposa se establecieron en Islington , al norte de Londres, [90] un área conocida por su asociación con la intelectualidad liberal de izquierda . Bajo la influencia de este entorno y de su esposa, Johnson se movió en una dirección más liberal en temas como el cambio climático , los derechos LGBT y las relaciones raciales. [91] Mientras estaba en Islington, la pareja tuvo tres hijos más, todos con el apellido Johnson-Wheeler. [92] Fueron enviados a la escuela primaria local de Canonbury y luego a escuelas secundarias privadas. [93] Dedicando mucho tiempo a sus hijos, Johnson escribió un libro de versos, The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale , que se publicó con críticas en su mayoría malas. [94]
Columnista político: 1994–1999
De regreso en Londres, Hastings rechazó la solicitud de Johnson de convertirse en reportero de guerra , [95] en su lugar lo promovió a editor asistente y columnista político jefe. [96] La columna de Johnson recibió elogios por ser ideológicamente ecléctica y escrita de manera distintiva, y le valió el premio al Comentarista del Año en los premios What the Papers Say . [97] Algunos críticos condenaron su estilo de escritura como intolerancia; en las columnas usó las palabras " piccaninnies " y " sonrisas de sandía " cuando se refería a los africanos, defendió el colonialismo europeo en Uganda [98] [99] [100] y se refirió a los hombres homosexuales como "bumboys con camisetas sin mangas". [101]
En 1993, Johnson manifestó su deseo de presentarse como conservador a las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 1994. Andrew Mitchell convenció a Major de no vetar la candidatura de Johnson, pero Johnson no pudo encontrar un distrito electoral. [102] En su lugar , centró su atención en obtener un escaño en la Cámara de los Comunes. Tras ser rechazado como candidato conservador por Holborn y St. Pancras , fue seleccionado como candidato conservador por Clwyd South en el norte de Gales, entonces un escaño seguro del Partido Laborista . Tras pasar seis semanas de campaña, obtuvo 9.091 votos (23 por ciento) en las elecciones generales de 1997 , perdiendo ante el candidato laborista Martyn Jones . [103]
El escándalo estalló en junio de 1995 cuando se hizo pública una grabación de una conversación telefónica de 1990 entre Johnson y su amigo Darius Guppy . [104] En ella, Guppy dijo que sus actividades delictivas relacionadas con el fraude de seguros estaban siendo investigadas por el periodista de News of the World Stuart Collier, y le pidió a Johnson que le proporcionara la dirección privada de Collier, con el fin de que este último fuera golpeado. Johnson aceptó, aunque expresó su preocupación de que lo asociaran con el ataque. [104] Cuando se publicó la conversación telefónica, Johnson declaró que, en última instancia, no había accedido a la solicitud de Guppy. Hastings reprendió a Johnson, pero no lo despidió. [104]
Johnson empezó a escribir regularmente una columna en The Spectator , publicación hermana de The Daily Telegraph , que atrajo críticas mixtas y a menudo se pensó que era apresurada. [105] En 1999, también se le dio una columna en la que reseñaba autos nuevos en la revista mensual masculina estadounidense GQ . [106] La gran cantidad de multas de estacionamiento que Johnson recibió mientras probaba autos frustró al personal. [101] En The Daily Telegraph y The Spectator , siempre llegaba tarde a la entrega de copias, lo que obligaba al personal a quedarse hasta tarde para complacerlo; algunos relataron que si publicaban sin su trabajo, les gritaba con improperios. [107]
En julio de 1999, Conrad Black le ofreció a Johnson la dirección de The Spectator con la condición de que abandonara sus aspiraciones parlamentarias; Johnson aceptó. [112] Si bien mantuvo la tradicional inclinación derechista de The Spectator, Johnson dio la bienvenida a las contribuciones de escritores y caricaturistas de izquierda. [ 113 ] Bajo la dirección de Johnson, la circulación de la revista creció un 10% a 62.000 y se volvió rentable. [114] Su dirección también generó críticas; algunos opinaron que bajo su dirección The Spectator evitaba temas serios, [115] mientras que sus colegas se molestaron porque se ausentaba regularmente de la oficina, las reuniones y los eventos. [116] Se ganó la reputación de ser un mal analista político debido a sus predicciones políticas incorrectas. [115] Su suegro Charles Wheeler y otros lo criticaron fuertemente por permitir que el columnista de Spectator Taki Theodoracopulos publicara lenguaje racista y antisemita. [117] [118]
La periodista Charlotte Edwardes escribió en The Times en 2019 que Johnson le había apretado el muslo en un almuerzo privado en el Spectator en 1999 y que otra mujer le había dicho que le había hecho lo mismo. Un portavoz negó la acusación. [119] [120]
En 2004, Johnson publicó un editorial en The Spectator después del asesinato de Ken Bigley sugiriendo que los liverpoolianos se estaban regodeando en su condición de víctimas y "enganchados al dolor" por el desastre de Hillsborough , que Johnson atribuyó en parte a los "fanáticos borrachos". [121] [122] En un apéndice añadido a una edición posterior de su libro de 2005 El sueño de Roma , Tell MAMA y el Consejo Musulmán de Gran Bretaña criticaron a Johnson por argumentar que el Islam ha causado que el mundo musulmán esté "literalmente siglos por detrás" de Occidente. [123]
Convertirse en diputado
La elección de Boris Johnson... confirma la creciente debilidad del Partido Conservador por las personalidades famosas en lugar de las aburridas exigencias de la política. Pese a todos sus talentos, es poco probable que Johnson forme parte de un futuro gabinete conservador. De hecho, no es conocido por su excesivo interés en cuestiones políticas serias, y es difícil imaginarlo escarbando en detalles administrativos como un oscuro y trabajador subsecretario de Seguridad Social. Para mantener su reputación de hombre divertido, sin duda se encontrará refinando su interpretación de Bertie Wooster hasta el punto en que la imitación se convierta en el hombre.
–Max Hastings, London Evening Standard , [124]
Tras la jubilación de Michael Heseltine , Johnson decidió presentarse como candidato conservador por Henley , un escaño seguro para los conservadores en Oxfordshire . [125] La rama conservadora local lo seleccionó, aunque estaba dividida sobre la candidatura de Johnson. Algunos lo consideraron divertido y encantador, mientras que a otros les disgustó su actitud frívola y percibió una falta de conocimiento del área local. [126] Ayudado por su fama televisiva, Johnson ganó el escaño en las elecciones generales de 2001. [ 127] Junto a su casa de Islington, Johnson compró una casa de campo en las afueras de Thame en su nuevo distrito electoral. [128] Asistía regularmente a eventos sociales de Henley y ocasionalmente escribía para el Henley Standard . [129] Sus cirugías en el distrito electoral resultaron populares y se unió a las campañas locales para detener el cierre del Hospital Townlands y la ambulancia aérea local . [130]
En el Parlamento, Johnson fue designado para un comité permanente que evaluaba el Proyecto de Ley sobre los Productos del Delito , pero faltó a muchas de sus reuniones. [131] A pesar de sus credenciales como orador público, sus discursos en la Cámara de los Comunes fueron ampliamente considerados mediocres. [132] Asistió a alrededor de la mitad de las votaciones de los Comunes, [133] generalmente apoyando la línea del partido conservador . [134] En las votaciones libres , demostró una actitud socialmente más liberal, apoyando la Ley de Reconocimiento de Género de 2004 y la derogación de la Sección 28. [ 135] [136] Sin embargo, en 2001, Johnson se había pronunciado en contra de los planes para derogar la Sección 28, diciendo que era "la agenda atroz del Partido Laborista, que alienta la enseñanza de la homosexualidad en las escuelas". [137] [138] Después de haber declarado inicialmente que no lo haría, apoyó los planes del gobierno de unirse a los Estados Unidos en la invasión de Irak de 2003 , [128] y en abril de 2003 visitó Bagdad ocupada. [139] En agosto de 2004, respaldó los procedimientos de impeachment infructuosos contra el Primer Ministro Tony Blair por " delitos y faltas graves " en relación con la guerra, [140] y en diciembre de 2006 describió la invasión como "un error y una desventura colosales". [141]
Aunque etiquetó a Johnson de "inefablemente hipócrita" por romper su promesa de no convertirse en diputado, Black decidió no despedirlo porque "ayudó a promover la revista y aumentar su circulación". [142] Johnson siguió siendo editor de The Spectator , mientras escribía columnas para The Daily Telegraph y GQ , y hacía apariciones en televisión. [143] Su libro de 2001, Friends, Voters, Countrymen: Jottings on the Stump , relataba la campaña electoral de ese año, [144] mientras que Lend Me Your Ears de 2003 recopilaba columnas y artículos publicados anteriormente. [145] En 2004, HarperCollins publicó su primera novela: Seventy-Two Virgins: A Comedy of Errors giraba en torno a la vida de un diputado conservador y contenía elementos autobiográficos. [146] En respuesta a las críticas de que hacía malabarismos con demasiados trabajos, citó a Winston Churchill y Benjamin Disraeli como ejemplos que combinaban carreras políticas y literarias. [147] Para controlar el estrés, empezó a correr y a montar en bicicleta, [148] y se hizo tan famoso por esto último que Gimson sugirió que era "quizás el ciclista más famoso de Gran Bretaña". [149]
Tras la dimisión de William Hague como líder conservador, el partido eligió a Iain Duncan Smith . [150] Johnson tenía una relación tensa con Duncan Smith, y The Spectator se volvió crítico de su liderazgo en el partido. [151] Duncan Smith fue sucedido por Michael Howard en noviembre de 2003; Howard consideró a Johnson como el político conservador más popular entre el electorado y lo nombró vicepresidente del partido, responsable de supervisar su campaña electoral. [152] En su reorganización del Gabinete en la sombra de mayo de 2004, Howard nombró a Johnson como ministro de artes en la sombra. [153] En octubre, Howard ordenó a Johnson que se disculpara públicamente en Liverpool por publicar un artículo del Spectator , escrito anónimamente por Simon Heffer , que decía que las multitudes en el desastre de Hillsborough habían contribuido al incidente y que los liverpoolianos tenían una predilección por la confianza en el estado de bienestar . [154] [155]
En noviembre de 2004, los tabloides revelaron que desde 2000 Johnson había estado teniendo un romance con la columnista del Spectator Petronella Wyatt , lo que resultó en dos abortos. [156] Johnson negó las acusaciones, pero posteriormente se demostró que eran ciertas, y Howard lo despidió como vicepresidente y ministro de artes en la sombra cuando se negó a renunciar. [157] [158] [159]
Segundo mandato
Como ministro en la sombra para la educación superior, Johnson visitó varias universidades (como aquí en la Universidad de Nottingham en 2006)Johnson en 2007
En las elecciones generales de 2005 , Johnson fue reelegido diputado por Henley. [160] El Partido Laborista ganó las elecciones y Howard se retiró como líder conservador; Johnson respaldó a David Cameron como su sucesor. [161] Después de que Cameron fuera elegido, nombró a Johnson como ministro de educación superior en la sombra. [162] Interesado en agilizar la financiación universitaria, [163] Johnson apoyó la propuesta de tasas complementarias del Partido Laborista . [164] Hizo campaña en 2006 para convertirse en rector de la Universidad de Edimburgo , pero su apoyo a las tasas complementarias dañó su campaña y quedó en tercer lugar. [165] [166]
En abril de 2006, el News of the World afirmó que Johnson estaba teniendo un romance con la periodista Anna Fazackerley; la pareja no hizo comentarios y poco después Johnson comenzó a emplear a Fazackerley. [167] [168] En septiembre de 2006, la Alta Comisión de Papúa Nueva Guinea protestó después de que comparara el liderazgo frecuentemente cambiante de los conservadores con el canibalismo en el país . [169]
En 2005, el nuevo director ejecutivo de The Spectator , Andrew Neil , despidió a Johnson como editor. [170] Para compensar esta pérdida de ingresos, Johnson negoció con The Daily Telegraph para aumentar su salario de £ 200,000 a £ 250,000, con un promedio de £ 5,000 por columna. [171] [172] Presentó un popular programa de televisión de historia, El sueño de Roma , que se emitió en enero de 2006; le siguió un libro en febrero. [173] Una secuela, Después de Roma , se centró en la historia islámica temprana. [174] En 2007, ganó £ 540,000, lo que lo convirtió en el tercer diputado con mayores ingresos ese año. [175]
En septiembre, Johnson fue seleccionado como el candidato conservador a la alcaldía de Londres después de una primaria pública en todo Londres . [176] [177] La campaña de Johnson se centró en reducir la delincuencia juvenil, hacer más seguro el transporte público y reemplazar los autobuses articulados con una versión actualizada del AEC Routemaster . [178] Dirigida a los suburbios de tendencia conservadora del exterior de Londres , capitalizó las percepciones de que la alcaldía laborista los había descuidado en favor del centro de Londres . [179] Su campaña enfatizó su popularidad, incluso entre aquellos que se oponían a sus políticas, [180] con los oponentes quejándose de una actitud común entre los votantes era: "Voto por Boris porque es divertido". [178] La campaña del titular laborista Ken Livingstone retrató a Johnson como un pijo desconectado de la realidad y un intolerante. [181]
En las elecciones, Johnson recibió el 43% y Livingstone el 37% de los votos de primera preferencia; cuando se sumaron los votos de segunda preferencia, Johnson salió victorioso con el 53% frente al 47% de Livingstone. [182] [183] Posteriormente Johnson anunció su intención de dimitir como diputado por Henley. [184] [185]
Primer mandato: 2008-2012
Después de que Johnson se convirtiera en alcalde, aquellos en el Ayuntamiento que se consideraban demasiado aliados a la administración de Livingstone fueron despedidos. [186] Johnson nombró a Tim Parker como su vicealcalde, pero después de que Parker comenzó a tomar un control cada vez mayor en el Ayuntamiento, Johnson lo despidió. [187] Muchos en el Partido Conservador inicialmente se distanciaron de la administración de Johnson, temiendo que fuera perjudicial para las elecciones generales de 2010. [ 188]
Durante la campaña, Johnson le había confiado a Brian Paddick que no estaba seguro de cómo iba a mantener su estilo de vida con el salario de alcalde de 140.000 libras al año. [189] Aceptó continuar con su columna en el Daily Telegraph , ganando así otras 250.000 libras al año. [190] Su equipo creyó que esto causaría controversia y le hizo prometer que donaría el 20% de su salario del Daily Telegraph a una causa benéfica. Johnson se resintió por esto y finalmente no pagó el 20% completo. [191] La controversia estalló cuando en el programa HARDtalk de la BBC se refirió al salario de 250.000 libras como "pienso"; esto era en ese momento aproximadamente 10 veces el salario anual promedio de un trabajador británico. [192] [193] [194]
Johnson en la apertura del Nasdaq en 2009
Durante su primera administración, Johnson se vio envuelto en varios escándalos personales. Después de mudarse a una nueva casa en Islington, construyó un cobertizo sin obtener permiso de planificación ; después de que los vecinos se quejaran, lo desmanteló. [195] La prensa también lo acusó de tener un romance con Helen Macintyre y de ser el padre de su hijo, acusaciones que él no negó. [196] [197] [198] [199] Johnson fue acusado de advertir a Damian Green que la policía planeaba arrestarlo; Johnson negó las acusaciones. [200] Fue acusado de amiguismo , [201] en particular por nombrar a Veronica Wadley como presidenta del Consejo de las Artes de Londres . [202] [203] [204] En el escándalo de los gastos parlamentarios , fue acusado de reclamos excesivos de gastos para taxis. [205]
Johnson siguió siendo una figura popular en Londres con un fuerte estatus de celebridad en la ciudad. [206]
Johnson no realizó cambios importantes en el sistema de alcaldías de la administración anterior. [207] Sin embargo, revirtió varias otras medidas implementadas por Livingstone: poner fin al acuerdo petrolero de la ciudad con Venezuela, abolir el boletín The Londoner y eliminar las inspecciones semestrales de los taxis negros , que se restablecieron tres años después. [208] Al abolir el ala occidental de la zona de cobro por congestión , [209] canceló los planes para aumentar el cobro por congestión para los vehículos con tracción en las cuatro ruedas . [210] Posteriormente se le acusó de no publicar un informe independiente sobre la contaminación del aire encargado por la Autoridad del Gran Londres , que reveló que la ciudad incumplió los límites legales sobre los niveles de dióxido de nitrógeno . [211] [212]
Johnson mantuvo proyectos de Livingstone como Crossrail y los Juegos Olímpicos de 2012 , pero fue acusado de intentar atribuirse el mérito de ellos. [213] Introdujo un plan de bicicletas públicas que había sido propuesto por la administración de Livingstone; conocido coloquialmente como " Boris Bikes ", el sistema financiado en parte de forma privada fue una pérdida financiera significativa pero resultó popular. [214] [215] A pesar del apoyo de Johnson al ciclismo y su identidad muy publicitada como ciclista, algunos grupos ciclistas argumentaron que no había logrado hacer que las carreteras de la ciudad fueran más seguras para los ciclistas. [216] Según su promesa electoral, encargó el desarrollo de los nuevos autobuses Routemaster para el centro de Londres. [217] También ordenó la construcción de un sistema de teleférico que cruzara el río Támesis entre la península de Greenwich y los Royal Docks . [218]
Johnson implementó la idea de Livingstone de un sistema de bicicletas públicas; el resultado fue bautizado como "la bicicleta Boris" .
La primera iniciativa política de Johnson fue la prohibición de beber alcohol en el transporte público. [219] [220] Anunció planes para ampliar las tarjetas Oyster de pago por uso a los servicios ferroviarios nacionales en Londres. [221] Una promesa en el manifiesto de Johnson fue mantener las taquillas del metro, en oposición a la propuesta de Livingstone de cerrar hasta 40. [222] El 2 de julio de 2008, la oficina del alcalde anunció que el plan de cierre iba a ser abandonado. [223] El 21 de noviembre de 2013, Transport for London anunció que todas las taquillas del metro de Londres cerrarían en 2015. [224] Para financiar estos proyectos, la administración de Johnson pidió prestados 100 millones de libras esterlinas, [225] mientras que las tarifas del transporte público se incrementaron en un 50%. [226]
Durante su primer mandato, Johnson fue percibido como alguien que se había inclinado hacia la izquierda en ciertas cuestiones, apoyando el salario mínimo londinense y respaldando una amnistía para los inmigrantes ilegales. [227] Trató de apaciguar a los críticos que lo habían considerado un intolerante apareciendo en el desfile del orgullo gay de Londres y elogiando a los periódicos de minorías étnicas. [228] Johnson rompió con el protocolo tradicional de aquellos en cargos públicos que no comentan públicamente las elecciones de otras naciones al respaldar a Barack Obama para las elecciones presidenciales de los Estados Unidos de 2008. [229] [230]
Relaciones con la policía, las finanzas y los medios de comunicación
La respuesta de Johnson a los disturbios de Londres de 2011 fue criticada
Johnson se designó a sí mismo presidente de la Autoridad de la Policía Metropolitana (MPA), y en octubre de 2008 presionó con éxito para la renuncia del Comisionado de la Policía Metropolitana Ian Blair , después de que Blair fuera criticado por supuestamente entregar contratos a amigos y por su manejo de la muerte de Jean Charles de Menezes . [231] [232] [233] Esto le valió a Johnson el respeto entre los conservadores, quienes lo interpretaron como su primer acto de fuerza. [234] Johnson renunció como presidente de la MPA en enero de 2010, [227] pero durante su alcaldía apoyó firmemente a la Policía Metropolitana, particularmente durante la controversia en torno a la muerte de Ian Tomlinson . [235] La delincuencia general en Londres cayó durante su administración, pero su afirmación de que la delincuencia juvenil grave había disminuido resultó ser falsa, y reconoció el error. [236] [237] Fue criticado por su respuesta a los disturbios de Londres de 2011. [ 238]
Johnson defendió el sector financiero de Londres y denunció lo que él veía como "ataques a los banqueros" después de la crisis financiera de 2007-08 , [239] condenando el movimiento anticapitalista Occupy London que apareció en 2011. [240] Recaudó donaciones de los ricos de la ciudad para una empresa benéfica, el Fondo del Alcalde, que había establecido para ayudar a los jóvenes desfavorecidos. Inicialmente anunció que el fondo recaudaría £ 100 millones, pero para 2010 solo había ganado £ 1,5 millones. [241] También mantuvo amplios contactos personales en todos los medios británicos, [242] lo que resultó en una amplia cobertura de prensa favorable de su administración. [242] A su vez, siguió apoyando en gran medida a sus amigos en los medios, incluido Rupert Murdoch , durante el escándalo de escuchas telefónicas de News International . [243]
La formación del Panel de Auditoría Forense se anunció el 8 de mayo de 2008. El panel se encargó de supervisar e investigar la gestión financiera de la Agencia de Desarrollo de Londres y la Autoridad del Gran Londres . [244] El anuncio de Johnson fue criticado por el Partido Laborista por la politización percibida de este panel nominalmente independiente. [245] La jefa del panel, Patience Wheatcroft , estaba casada con un concejal conservador [246] y tres de los cuatro miembros restantes del panel también tenían vínculos estrechos con los conservadores. [247] [248]
Campaña de reelección
En su campaña de reelección de 2012, Johnson contrató nuevamente a Crosby para orquestar su campaña. [249]
Antes de la elección, Johnson publicó Johnson's Life of London , una obra de historia popular que el historiador AN Wilson caracterizó como una "súplica codificada" para obtener votos. [250]
Las encuestas sugirieron que, si bien el enfoque de Livingstone sobre el transporte era preferido, los votantes de Londres depositaron una mayor confianza en Johnson en materia de delincuencia y economía. [251] La campaña de Johnson enfatizó la acusación de que Livingstone era culpable de evasión fiscal , por lo que Livingstone llamó a Johnson un "mentiroso descarado". [252] El politólogo Andrew Crines creía que la campaña de Livingstone se centró en criticar a Johnson en lugar de presentar una visión alternativa y progresista del futuro de Londres. [253] Johnson fue reelegido . [254]
Después de una candidatura exitosa bajo Livingstone en 2005, Londres fue sede de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2012 , con Johnson como copresidente de la junta. [255] Mejoró el transporte alrededor de Londres al hacer que más boletos estuvieran disponibles y agregando autobuses alrededor de la capital cuando miles de espectadores eran visitantes temporales. [256] [257] Johnson fue acusado de encubrir la contaminación antes de los juegos al implementar supresores de polvo para eliminar partículas del aire cerca de las estaciones de monitoreo. [211] En noviembre de 2013, Johnson anunció cambios importantes en el funcionamiento del metro de Londres , incluida la extensión del horario de funcionamiento. Todas las taquillas con personal fueron reemplazadas por sistemas de venta de boletos automatizados. [258] [259]
Johnson era amigo cercano de la empresaria estadounidense [260] y modelo Jennifer Arcuri , y The Sunday Times lo describió como un visitante habitual de su apartamento [261] e insinuó que tenían una relación sexual. [262] Arcuri y su empresa, Innotech, recibieron importantes subvenciones gubernamentales y Johnson intervino para permitirle participar en tres viajes de misión comercial. [263] The Sunday Times dijo en septiembre de 2019 que Johnson no declaró su relación personal como un conflicto de intereses. [264] La Autoridad del Gran Londres remitió el asunto a la Oficina Independiente de Conducta Policial (IOPC) "para que pueda evaluar si es necesario o no investigar al ex alcalde de Londres por el delito penal de mala conducta en el cargo público", ya que el alcalde también es el comisionado de policía y delincuencia de Londres . [265] El 9 de noviembre de 2019 se reveló que la IOPC había decidido publicar su informe después de las elecciones generales del 12 de diciembre. [266] La IOPC finalmente emitió su informe en mayo de 2020, concluyendo que, si bien no había base para ninguna acusación penal, había evidencia de que la estrecha relación entre Johnson y Arcuri había influido en las decisiones, que Johnson debería haber declarado un interés y que su falta de hacerlo podría haber violado el código de conducta de la Asamblea de Londres. [267]
En 2015, Johnson criticó los comentarios falsos del entonces candidato presidencial Donald Trump de que había zonas prohibidas en Londres a las que no podían acceder los no musulmanes. Johnson dijo que Trump estaba "delatando una ignorancia bastante estupefaciente que lo hace francamente no apto para ejercer el cargo de presidente de los Estados Unidos", [268] convirtiéndose en el primer político de alto rango del Reino Unido en declarar a Trump no apto para el cargo, pero rechazando los pedidos de que se le prohibiera la entrada al país. [269] En 2016, dijo que estaba "realmente preocupado de que [Trump] pudiera convertirse en presidente", y le dijo a Tom Bradby de ITV que ser confundido con Trump en Nueva York fue "uno de los peores momentos" de su vida. [270]
Johnson no se presentó a una tercera alcaldía y dimitió el 5 de mayo de 2016 tras las elecciones . Una encuesta de YouGov encargada al final del mandato de Johnson reveló que el 52% de los londinenses creía que había hecho un "buen trabajo", mientras que el 29% creía que había hecho un "mal trabajo". [271]
Regreso al Parlamento
Johnson dijo inicialmente que no volvería a la Cámara de los Comunes mientras fuera alcalde. [206] Después de mucha especulación de los medios, en agosto de 2014 buscó ser seleccionado como candidato conservador para el escaño seguro de Uxbridge y South Ruislip en las elecciones generales de 2015. [ 272] [273] [274] En las elecciones generales de 2015 , Johnson fue elegido. Se especuló que había regresado al Parlamento porque quería reemplazar a Cameron como líder conservador y primer ministro. [275]
En abril de 2016, en respuesta a un comentario del presidente Barack Obama de que Gran Bretaña debería permanecer en la Unión Europea, Johnson escribió que una "antipatía ancestral" hacia Gran Bretaña debido a su origen "parcialmente keniano" puede haber dado forma a las opiniones de Obama. [278] Varios políticos condenaron sus comentarios como racistas e inaceptables. [279] [280] [281] Por el contrario, el ex líder del Partido Conservador Iain Duncan Smith y el líder del Partido de la Independencia del Reino Unido (UKIP) Nigel Farage los defendieron. [279] [282]
Johnson apoyó la declaración de Vote Leave de que el gobierno estaba comprometido con la adhesión de Turquía a la UE . Vote Leave fue acusado de insinuar que 80 millones de turcos vendrían al Reino Unido si permanecía en la UE. Cuando fue entrevistado en enero de 2019, dijo que no había mencionado a Turquía durante la campaña. [283] [284] El 22 de junio de 2016, Johnson declaró que el 23 de junio podría ser el "día de la independencia de Gran Bretaña" en un debate televisado. [285]
Tras la victoria de la campaña a favor del Brexit, Cameron dimitió. Johnson era considerado ampliamente como el favorito para sucederle. [286] [287] Johnson anunció que no se presentaría a las elecciones de liderazgo conservador . [288] Poco antes de esto, Michael Gove, hasta entonces aliado de Johnson, concluyó que Johnson "no puede proporcionar el liderazgo ni construir el equipo para la tarea que se avecina". [289] [290] El Daily Telegraph calificó los comentarios de Gove como "el asesinato político más espectacular en una generación". [291] Johnson respaldó la candidatura de Andrea Leadsom , pero ella se retiró, dejando a Theresa May sin oposición. [292]
Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores: 2016-2018
Retrato oficial de Johnson como Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores
En julio de 2016, May nombró a Johnson secretario de Asuntos Exteriores. [293] Los analistas vieron el nombramiento como una táctica para debilitar políticamente a Johnson: los nuevos puestos de " secretario del Brexit " y secretario de Comercio Internacional dejaron al secretario de Asuntos Exteriores como una figura decorativa. [293] [294] El nombramiento de Johnson aseguró que a menudo estaría fuera del país y no podría movilizar a los diputados de base en su contra, al tiempo que lo obligaba a asumir la responsabilidad de los problemas causados por la retirada de la UE. [295] [296]
Algunos periodistas y políticos extranjeros criticaron el nombramiento de Johnson debido a sus polémicas declaraciones sobre otros países. [297] [298] [299] Su mandato atrajo críticas de diplomáticos y expertos en política exterior. [300] [301] Varios diplomáticos, personal del FCO y ministros de Asuntos Exteriores que trabajaron con Johnson compararon su liderazgo desfavorablemente con el de los secretarios de Asuntos Exteriores anteriores por su percibida falta de convicción o posiciones sustantivas sobre cuestiones de política exterior. [300] [301] Un alto funcionario del gobierno de Obama sugirió que el nombramiento de Johnson empujaría a Estados Unidos más hacia Alemania a expensas de la Relación Especial con el Reino Unido. [302] En una ocasión, el presidente egipcio Abdel Fattah el-Sisi abandonó una reunión con Johnson después de que una reunión no "fue más allá de las cortesías". [300]
Johnson apoyó la intervención liderada por Arabia Saudita en Yemen y se negó a bloquear las ventas de armas del Reino Unido a Arabia Saudita. [307] [308] En septiembre de 2016, grupos de derechos humanos lo acusaron de bloquear la investigación de la ONU sobre los crímenes de guerra saudíes en Yemen. [309] Dada la alianza entre el Reino Unido y Arabia Saudita, en diciembre de 2016, atrajo la atención por comentar que los saudíes eran similares a los iraníes en "hacer títeres y jugar guerras por poderes ". [310] [311] [312] En noviembre de 2017, Johnson le dijo al Comité Selecto de Asuntos Exteriores que Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe , una ciudadana británico-iraní encarcelada en Irán después de ser arrestada por capacitar a periodistas ciudadanos y blogueros en un proyecto del BBC World Service Trust , había estado "simplemente enseñando periodismo a la gente". Frente a las críticas, Johnson declaró que lo habían citado mal y que nada de lo que dijo había justificado la sentencia de Zaghari-Ratcliffe. [313] [314] En mayo de 2018, Johnson respaldó [315] [316] el marco del acuerdo nuclear con Irán , a pesar de la retirada de Donald Trump. [317]
En abril de 2017, Johnson dijo que la soberanía de Gibraltar "no iba a cambiar" después del Brexit. [318] Johnson prometió mientras estaba en Irlanda del Norte que el Brexit dejaría la frontera irlandesa "absolutamente sin cambios". [319] Johnson visitó Anguila y Tórtola en septiembre de 2017 para confirmar el compromiso del Reino Unido de ayudar a restaurar los territorios británicos devastados por el huracán Irma . [320]
En septiembre de 2017, fue criticado por recitar versos del poema Mandalay de Rudyard Kipling mientras visitaba un templo de Myanmar ; el embajador británico, que estaba con él, sugirió que "no era apropiado". [321] [322] [323] En octubre de 2017, enfrentó críticas por afirmar que la ciudad libia de Sirte podría convertirse en un éxito económico como Dubai : "todo lo que tienen que hacer es limpiar los cadáveres". [324] [325]
Inicialmente, Johnson favorecía un enfoque menos hostil hacia Rusia, [326] pero pronto respaldó una política más agresiva. [327] [328] Tras el envenenamiento de Sergei y Yulia Skripal en Salisbury en marzo de 2018 , un acto que el gobierno del Reino Unido atribuyó a Rusia, [329] [330] Johnson comparó la organización de la Copa del Mundo en Rusia por parte de Vladimir Putin con la organización de los Juegos Olímpicos de Berlín por parte de Adolf Hitler en 1936. [331] El Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Rusia denunció el paralelo "inaceptable e indigno" de Johnson hacia Rusia, una "nación que perdió millones de vidas en la lucha contra el nazismo". [332] Johnson describió el gasoducto Nord Stream 2 de Rusia a Alemania como "divisivo" y una "amenaza" que dejó a Europa dependiente de una "Rusia maligna" para su suministro de energía . [333]
Reunión de Johnson con el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores iraní, Mohammad Javad Zarif, en Teherán en diciembre de 2017
En un artículo de opinión de septiembre de 2017, Johnson reiteró que el Reino Unido recuperaría el control de 350 millones de libras esterlinas a la semana después del Brexit, sugiriendo que irían al Servicio Nacional de Salud (NHS). [338] Sus colegas del gabinete posteriormente lo criticaron por revivir la afirmación. [339] [340] Después de las elecciones generales de 2017 , Johnson negó los informes de los medios de comunicación de que tenía la intención de desafiar el liderazgo de May. [341] En una carta de febrero de 2018 a May, Johnson sugirió que Irlanda del Norte podría tener que aceptar controles fronterizos después del Brexit y que no afectaría seriamente al comercio, habiendo dicho inicialmente que una frontera dura sería impensable. [342] En junio, se informó que había dicho "al diablo con los negocios" cuando se le preguntó sobre las preocupaciones corporativas con respecto a un Brexit "duro". [343] [344] [345] [346]
Johnson con el ex primer ministro británico Gordon Brown en mayo de 2018
Grabaciones secretas obtenidas por BuzzFeed News en junio de 2018 revelaron la insatisfacción de Johnson con el estilo de negociación de la primera ministra Theresa May, acusándola de ser demasiado colaboradora con la Unión Europea en las negociaciones del Brexit. Comparando el enfoque de May con el del presidente estadounidense Donald Trump, que en ese momento estaba involucrado en una guerra comercial combativa con la UE porque aumentó los aranceles sobre el metal, Johnson dijo: "Imagínense a Trump haciendo el Brexit. Entraría con toda la fuerza... Habría todo tipo de colapsos, todo tipo de caos. Todos pensarían que se ha vuelto loco. Pero en realidad se podría llegar a alguna parte". Acusó a las personas de alarmismo sobre un "colapso" del Brexit, diciendo: "No hay pánico. Pro bono público , no hay pánico sangriento. Todo va a estar bien al final". [347]
En abril de 2018, Johnson viajó a Italia para asistir a una fiesta en el Palazzo Terranova , propiedad del ex agente de la KGB Alexander Lebedev y organizada por su hijo Evgeny . Viajó sin protección de seguridad ni otros funcionarios, [348] y no documentó el viaje, lo que dio lugar a acusaciones de que Johnson había engañado al parlamento. [349] En junio de 2023, se reveló que Lord Simon McDonald, el funcionario de mayor rango de su departamento, no estaba al tanto del viaje. Johnson declaró que "no se discutió ningún asunto gubernamental" en el evento hasta donde él sabía. [350] [351] La villa de Lebedev estaba vigilada por el servicio secreto italiano en ese momento, que, según un documental del Canal 4 , sospechaba que se utilizaba para actividades de espionaje. [352] Johnson otorgó un título nobiliario a Evgeny en 2020, en contra del consejo del MI6 , y recibió críticas por posibles problemas de seguridad. [353] [354] [355]
En julio de 2018, tres días después de que el gabinete tuviera su reunión para acordar una estrategia para el Brexit , [356] Johnson, junto con el secretario del Brexit , David Davis , [357] renunció a su cargo. [358]
Regreso a los banquillos de atrás: 2018-2019
Johnson volvió a su papel de diputado de segunda línea . En julio, pronunció un discurso de dimisión, en el que afirmó que "no es demasiado tarde para salvar el Brexit". [359] En enero de 2019, Johnson fue criticado por los comentarios que había hecho durante la campaña de 2016 por el Brexit con respecto a la perspectiva de la adhesión de Turquía a la Unión Europea; él negó haber hecho tales comentarios. [360] En marzo de 2019, fue criticado por decir que el gasto en la investigación de acusaciones históricas de abuso infantil era dinero "subido por la pared". [361] [362]
Periodismo
En julio de 2018, Johnson firmó un contrato de 12 meses para escribir artículos para el Telegraph Media Group . [363] El Comité Asesor sobre Nombramientos Empresariales (ACOBA) informó que esto constituía una infracción del Código Ministerial . [363] [364] Se le ordenó a Johnson que se disculpara por no declarar 50.000 libras de ingresos. El Comisionado Parlamentario de Normas determinó que los errores no fueron involuntarios y que Johnson no había hecho declaraciones dentro de las normas en nueve ocasiones. [365]
En septiembre de 2018, Johnson escribió: "Nos hemos abierto a un chantaje político perpetuo. Hemos envuelto un chaleco suicida alrededor de la constitución británica y le hemos entregado el detonador a Michel Barnier ". Los conservadores de alto rango lo criticaron duramente, y Alan Duncan, del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, prometió garantizar que los comentarios marcaran "el final político de Boris Johnson". [366] [367] En abril de 2019, la Organización de Normas de Prensa Independiente dictaminó que una afirmación en un artículo del 6 de enero de 2019 en The Daily Telegraph , "El pueblo británico no se asustará para respaldar un acuerdo de Brexit lamentable por el que nadie votó", escrito por Johnson, [368] de que un Brexit sin acuerdo era "preferido por cierto margen por el público británico" era falsa y "representaba una falta de cuidado sobre la precisión del artículo en violación de la Cláusula 1 (i)" de sus directrices, y exigió que se publicara una corrección. [369]
Elecciones de liderazgo del Partido Conservador de 2019
El logotipo utilizado por la campaña de liderazgo de Johnson en 2019
El 12 de junio de 2019, Johnson lanzó su campaña para la elección del liderazgo del Partido Conservador , diciendo: "debemos abandonar la UE el 31 de octubre". [370] Durante la campaña, Johnson advirtió de "consecuencias catastróficas para la confianza de los votantes en la política" si el gobierno presionaba a la UE para que retrasara más el proceso. Abogó por eliminar el backstop de cualquier acuerdo sobre el Brexit. El 25 y 26 de agosto, anunció planes para retener £7 o £9 mil millones del pago de divorcio de £39 mil millones que el Reino Unido debe transferir a la UE tras la retirada. [371] [372] Johnson inicialmente prometió reducir el impuesto sobre la renta para los asalariados de más de £50.000, pero se retractó de este plan en junio de 2019 después de ser criticado en un debate televisado de la BBC . [373]
Johnson fue elegido líder con 92.153 votos (66%) frente a los 46.656 de Hunt (34%). [374]
Premier League (2019-2022)
Primer semestre (julio-diciembre 2019)
Wikisource tiene el texto original relacionado con este artículo:
Boris Johnson: primer discurso como primer ministro
El 24 de julio de 2019, al día siguiente de la elección de Johnson como líder del Partido Conservador, la reina Isabel II aceptó la renuncia de Theresa May y nombró a Johnson como primer ministro. Esto convirtió a Johnson en el primer primer ministro nacido fuera de los territorios británicos . [375] Johnson nombró a Dominic Cummings como su asesor principal. [376]
Política del Brexit
Johnson habla sobre el Brexit con el presidente francés Emmanuel Macron en ParísJohnson firma el acuerdo de retirada del Brexit
En su primer discurso como primer ministro, Johnson dijo que el Reino Unido abandonaría la Unión Europea el 31 de octubre de 2019 con o sin un acuerdo , y prometió eliminar el backstop irlandés del acuerdo de retirada. [377] [378] Johnson declaró su intención de reabrir las negociaciones , pero las conversaciones no se reanudaron de inmediato porque la UE se negó a aceptar la condición de Johnson de que se eliminara el backstop. [379] El 28 de agosto de 2019, los negociadores del Reino Unido y la UE acordaron reanudar las reuniones regulares. [380]
También el 28 de agosto de 2019, Johnson declaró que había pedido a la Reina que prorrogara el Parlamento a partir del 10 de septiembre, reduciendo el tiempo en el que el Parlamento podría bloquear un Brexit sin acuerdo y causando una controversia política . [381] La Reina en el Consejo Privado aprobó la prorrogación más tarde el mismo día, y comenzó el 10 de septiembre, programada para durar hasta el 14 de octubre. [382] Algunos sugirieron [383] que esta prorrogación equivalía a un autogolpe de Estado , y el 31 de agosto de 2019, se produjeron protestas en todo el Reino Unido. [384] [385] Para el 2 de septiembre de 2019, tres casos judiciales separados que desafiaban la acción de Johnson estaban en curso o programados para llevarse a cabo, [386] y el 11 de septiembre, tres jueces escoceses dictaminaron que la prorrogación del Parlamento del Reino Unido era ilegal. [387] [388] El 12 de septiembre, Johnson negó haber mentido a la Reina sobre la suspensión del Parlamento, mientras que un tribunal de Belfast rechazó las afirmaciones de que sus planes para el Brexit tendrían un impacto negativo en la política de paz de Irlanda del Norte. [389] El 24 de septiembre, el Tribunal Supremo dictaminó por unanimidad que el consejo de Johnson de prorrogar el Parlamento era ilegal y, por lo tanto, la prorrogación se declaró nula. [390] [391]
Cuando el Parlamento reanudó sus actividades el 3 de septiembre de 2019, Johnson indicó que convocaría elecciones generales en virtud de la Ley de Parlamentos de Plazo Fijo después de que la oposición y los diputados conservadores rebeldes votaran con éxito contra el gobierno para tomar el control del orden del día para evitar una salida sin acuerdo. [392] A pesar de la oposición del gobierno, la Ley Benn , un proyecto de ley para bloquear una salida sin acuerdo, fue aprobada por la Cámara de los Comunes el 4 de septiembre de 2019, lo que provocó que Johnson propusiera elecciones generales el 15 de octubre. [393] Su moción no tuvo éxito ya que no logró el apoyo de dos tercios de la Cámara. [394]
Johnson nombró su gabinete el 24 de julio de 2019, [397] despidió a 11 ministros de alto rango y aceptó la renuncia de otros seis. [398] [399] La destitución masiva fue la reorganización más extensa del gabinete de posguerra sin un cambio en el partido gobernante. [400] [401]
El 5 de septiembre de 2019, el hermano de Johnson, Jo Johnson, renunció al gobierno y anunció que dejaría el cargo de diputado, describiendo su posición como "dividida entre el interés familiar y el nacional". [405] Dos días después, Amber Rudd renunció como Secretaria de Estado de Trabajo y Pensiones y del Partido Conservador, describiendo la retirada del látigo del partido como un "ataque a la decencia y la democracia". [406]
Elecciones generales de 2019
En octubre de 2019, el Parlamento se disolvió y se convocó a elecciones para el 12 de diciembre. En las elecciones, el Partido Conservador obtuvo el 43,6% de los votos y una abrumadora mayoría parlamentaria de 80 escaños. [407] Un eslogan clave utilizado en la campaña conservadora fue " Hagamos realidad el Brexit ". [408]
Segundo mandato (diciembre 2019 – septiembre 2022)
En septiembre de 2021, Johnson reorganizó nuevamente su gabinete. Los cambios incluyeron la destitución del secretario de Educación, Gavin Williamson , quien había recibido importantes críticas por su manejo de las interrupciones a la educación durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Dominic Raab pasó de secretario de Asuntos Exteriores a viceprimer ministro y secretario de Justicia . Raab fue reemplazada como secretaria de Asuntos Exteriores por Liz Truss . [412] [413]
Pandemia de COVID-19
Johnson en una conferencia de prensa sobre el COVID-19 , 31 de julio de 2020
La pandemia de COVID-19 surgió como una crisis grave en los primeros meses del segundo mandato de Johnson. [414] La inasistencia de Johnson a cinco reuniones informativas de COBR durante los primeros meses y el fracaso del gobierno del Reino Unido a la hora de prepararse para el brote y controlarlo han sido criticados. [415] [416] [417] El Reino Unido fue uno de los últimos grandes [ aclaración necesaria ] estados europeos en cerrar escuelas, prohibir eventos públicos y ordenar un confinamiento . [418] [419] Algunos científicos creen que esta respuesta contribuyó al alto número de muertes por COVID-19 en el Reino Unido, que en enero de 2021 [update]estaba entre los más altos del mundo. [420] [ necesita actualización ]
Reuters informó que los científicos criticaron a Johnson tanto por actuar demasiado lentamente para detener la propagación de COVID-19 como por manejar mal la respuesta del gobierno; [421] Politico citó al director médico Chris Whitty diciendo que un confinamiento inicial más temprano habría reducido significativamente el número de muertos. [422] El BMJ publicó varios editoriales críticos de las políticas adoptadas durante la respuesta de salud pública del país. [423] [424] La comunicación pública de Johnson sobre el virus y el sistema de pruebas y rastreo del Reino Unido también fueron criticados. [421] [425] [426]
El 3 de marzo de 2020, Johnson afirmó haber estrechado la mano a pacientes de COVID-19 en el hospital el mismo día en que SAGE había aconsejado al gobierno que advirtiera al público de no estrechar la mano y minimizar el contacto físico, [427] [428] aunque no estaba claro si el hospital que visitó contenía realmente algún paciente con coronavirus. [429] Continuó estrechando manos públicamente en los días siguientes. [430] El 23 de marzo, se impuso un confinamiento por COVID-19 en todo el Reino Unido, excepto para unos pocos propósitos limitados, respaldado por nuevos poderes legales . [431]
Johnson pronunciando un discurso en abril de 2020 tras recuperarse de la COVID-19
El 27 de marzo, se anunció que Johnson había dado positivo por COVID-19 . [432] El 5 de abril, fue ingresado en un hospital. [433] Al día siguiente, fue trasladado a la unidad de cuidados intensivos del hospital. [434] [435] Johnson dejó cuidados intensivos el 9 de abril, [436] y dejó el hospital tres días después para recuperarse en Chequers . [437] Después de quince días en Chequers, regresó a Downing Street el 26 de abril. [438] Johnson dijo más tarde que le habían administrado oxígeno de emergencia mientras estaba en cuidados intensivos y que los médicos habían hecho preparativos en caso de que muriera. [439]
En mayo de 2020, un escándalo involucró al principal asesor político de Johnson, Dominic Cummings , quien hizo un viaje con su familia a Durham durante el confinamiento de marzo de 2020 mientras presentaba síntomas de COVID-19. Tanto Cummings como Johnson rechazaron los llamados generalizados para que Cummings renunciara. [440] [441] [442] La defensa de Johnson de Cummings y su negativa a despedirlo provocaron una reacción generalizada. [443] Esto resultó en una pérdida de confianza en el gobierno y específicamente en su respuesta a la pandemia, conocida como "el efecto Cummings" en The Lancet . En el estudio se plantearon preocupaciones de que esto podría afectar el cumplimiento de las restricciones por parte del público. [444] [445]
El Ministerio de Johnson fue acusado de favoritismo en la asignación de contratos relacionados con la respuesta a la pandemia. La adquisición de contratos gubernamentales para suministros clave para la COVID-19 se volvió menos transparente como resultado de las medidas de emergencia que pasaron por alto el proceso habitual de licitación competitiva. [446] [447] En octubre de 2020, Johnson admitió que el sistema de pruebas y rastreo del Reino Unido y su aplicación de rastreo de contactos especialmente desarrollada , que habían sido criticados por sus problemas operativos y de costo, habían causado "frustraciones". [421] [448] [449]
Johnson será anfitrión de una reunión virtual del G7 en febrero de 2021
Según se informa, Johnson se resistió a los llamados de SAGE y dentro del gobierno para promulgar un segundo confinamiento durante todo septiembre a medida que aumentaban las infecciones por COVID-19. [450] [451] En abril de 2021, Johnson negó las acusaciones de que había dicho que preferiría " dejar que los cuerpos se amontonaran por miles " el 30 de octubre de 2020. [452] [453] [454] El gobierno promulgó un segundo confinamiento nacional el 31 de octubre. [455] A lo largo de diciembre de 2020, los casos de COVID-19 en todo el Reino Unido aumentaron significativamente, lo que presionó a los servicios de emergencia y los hospitales. [456] [457] En respuesta, el gobierno promulgó más restricciones en grandes partes del sur y el este de Inglaterra y el 21 de diciembre acortó un período de mezcla de hogares planificado durante la Navidad. [458]
Gran Bretaña comenzó su programa de vacunación contra la COVID-19 en diciembre de 2020. [459] La mitad de los adultos del Reino Unido habían recibido al menos su primera dosis de vacuna para el 20 de marzo de 2021. [460] El 6 de enero de 2021 se introdujo un tercer confinamiento para toda Inglaterra. [461] Se registraron cifras récord de infecciones y muertes diarias en el Reino Unido durante todo enero, y el gobierno comenzó a explorar procedimientos de cuarentena a la llegada. [462] Johnson dijo que estaba "profundamente apenado" y "asume toda la responsabilidad" cuando el Reino Unido superó las 100.000 muertes por COVID-19, el primer país europeo en hacerlo, el 26 de enero. [463]
Johnson con el presidente estadounidense Joe Biden en la cumbre del G7 en Cornualles, el 10 de junio de 2021
En julio de 2021, Johnson anunció que la mayoría de las restricciones de salud pública generalizadas en Inglaterra se levantarían y se reemplazarían por recomendaciones. Esto ocurrió a pesar de un aumento de casos impulsado por la variante Delta . [464] [465] En septiembre de 2021, Johnson fue fotografiado en una reunión de gabinete, con "al menos 30 personas apiñadas hombro con hombro", sin nadie que llevara mascarilla y con todas las ventanas aparentemente cerradas, contradiciendo el consejo del gobierno. [466] Johnson también fue fotografiado sin mascarilla durante una visita a un hospital en noviembre. [467]
En diciembre de 2021, se propusieron restricciones más estrictas del "Plan B" para Inglaterra, una renovación parcial de las medidas anteriores debido al aumento de la incidencia de la variante ómicron del SARS-CoV-2 . Estas propuestas incluían la exigencia de cubrirse el rostro en más entornos públicos, la orientación para trabajar desde casa siempre que fuera posible y la exigencia de pasaportes COVID-19 para entrar en determinados lugares. [468] El gobierno experimentó la mayor rebelión de parlamentarios conservadores durante el mandato de Johnson, en oposición a estas medidas. [469] [470]
Inmigración
En 2019, Johnson prometió reducir la migración neta al Reino Unido (el número de personas que inmigran menos el número de personas que emigran) por debajo de 250.000 por año para las próximas elecciones. [471] En 2021, la migración neta al Reino Unido fue de 488.000, [472] [473] más que las 184.000 de 2019 antes de la pandemia de COVID-19. [474] La mayoría de los migrantes procedían de países no pertenecientes a la UE. Como resultado del Brexit, más ciudadanos de la UE abandonaron el Reino Unido de los que llegaron. [473]
La migración neta de largo plazo al Reino Unido alcanzó un récord de 764.000 en 2022, [476] con una inmigración de 1,26 millones y una emigración de 493.000. [477]
Polémica por la remodelación de Downing Street en 2021
En abril de 2021, Cummings alegó que Johnson había hecho arreglos para que los donantes "pagaran en secreto" las renovaciones en la residencia privada en 11 Downing Street. [480] El 27 de abril, Johnson pidió al secretario del Gabinete, Simon Case , que realizara una revisión sobre la remodelación. [481] El 28 de abril, la Comisión Electoral anunció que había abierto una investigación formal. [482] [483] El mismo día, Johnson dijo que no había infringido ninguna ley sobre la remodelación y que había cumplido los requisitos que estaba obligado a cumplir. [484] Durante las preguntas al primer ministro , el líder de la oposición, Keir Starmer , preguntó: "¿Quién pagó inicialmente la redecoración de su piso de Downing Street?"; Johnson respondió: "Yo pagué personalmente la remodelación de Downing Street". [485]
El 28 de mayo, Lord Geidt publicó un informe sobre las acusaciones en el que concluía que Johnson no había infringido el Código Ministerial y que no había surgido ningún conflicto de intereses, ni se había percibido razonablemente que hubiera existido. Sin embargo, Lord Geidt expresó que era "imprudente" que Johnson hubiera procedido sin "considerar más rigurosamente cómo se financiaría esto". [486] [487] La Comisión Electoral informó el 9 de diciembre que había descubierto que el Partido Conservador no había seguido la ley al no informar con precisión sobre las donaciones al partido de Lord Brownlow e impuso una multa de 17.800 libras al partido. [488] [489] El Herald dijo que el informe de la comisión describía cómo, en marzo, se había reembolsado todo el dinero pagado por Brownlow y su empresa, al igual que los pagos realizados por el Partido Conservador y la Oficina del Gabinete. [489] Downing Street había dicho en ese momento que el costo total de las obras había sido asumido personalmente por el primer ministro. [489]
La controversia de Owen Paterson
En noviembre de 2021, Johnson respaldó una moción para bloquear la suspensión de Owen Paterson , un diputado conservador que el comisionado de normas independiente encontró que había abusado de su cargo después de realizar actividades de lobby pagadas. [490] La moción pedía la creación de un nuevo comité de mayoría conservadora para examinar las reformas del proceso de investigación de normas. [491] Muchos parlamentarios conservadores se negaron a apoyar la moción y 13 desafiaron una látigo de tres líneas para votar en contra. [492] Tras el anuncio de los partidos de la oposición de que boicotearían el nuevo comité, y ante una reacción violenta en los medios de comunicación y de los parlamentarios de todos los partidos, el gobierno anunció que se llevaría a cabo una nueva votación sobre si Paterson debía ser suspendido. [493] Paterson anunció su dimisión como diputado el mismo día. [494] Una elección parcial en el antiguo distrito electoral de Paterson, North Shropshire, vio a la candidata demócrata liberal , Helen Morgan , anular una mayoría conservadora de casi 23.000, [495] el séptimo cambio más grande en la historia de las elecciones parciales del Reino Unido . [496]
Escándalo de Partygate
Downing Street, donde tuvieron lugar algunas de las reuniones [497]
In December 2021, reports emerged that social gatherings of government and Conservative Party staff in Downing Street had taken place ahead of Christmas 2020 against COVID-19 regulations. Johnson denied these allegations.[498][499] Following a leaked video showing Downing Street staff joking about a "fictional party", at a press conference rehearsal recorded days after one alleged party took place, Johnson apologised for the contents of the video and suggested he had been misled but had now ordered an inquiry.[500][501]
On 10 January 2022, ITV News reported that a planned party had taken place on 20 May 2020, during the first lockdown. ITV had obtained an email sent by principal private secretary Martin Reynolds to staff inviting them to "socially distanced drinks" in the garden of No. 10.[502] At the time, people outdoors were not allowed to meet more than one person from outside their household.[503] Two eyewitnesses later alleged that Johnson and Symonds attended, contradicting Johnson's insistence in December 2021 that there were "no parties".[504][502]
On 12 January 2022, Johnson apologised to MPs in the Commons for "attending an event in the Downing Street garden during the first lockdown",[505][506] stating he believed it was "a work event".[507] He said that MPs should await the outcome of the independent inquiry, led by senior civil servant Sue Gray, which he said "will report as soon as possible".[508] There were calls across the House for Johnson to resign.[508][509]
On 19 January, Bury South MP Christian Wakeford defected from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party.[510] Conservative former minister David Davis called for Johnson to resign, quoting Leo Amery calling on Neville Chamberlain to resign during the Norway Debate in 1940, and saying: "You have sat there too long for all the good you have done. In the name of God, go."[511][512][513]
On 25 January, the Metropolitan Police's chief commander, Cressida Dick, announced that they were commencing investigations into the Downing Street Parties.[514] An abbreviated version of the Sue Gray report into the controversy was released on 31 January, where Gray concluded there was a "failure of leadership" over the events that she had examined. The release of the full report was delayed pending the Metropolitan Police's investigation.[515]
In April 2022, Johnson was issued a fixed penalty notice as police determined that he committed a criminal offence by breaching the COVID-19 lockdown regulations.[516][517] Johnson therefore became the first prime minister in British history to have been sanctioned for breaking the law while in office.[518]
According to Downing Street insiders, Johnson was involved in instigating a party on the occasion of Lee Cain leaving Number 10. What had begun as press office drinks became a party after Johnson arrived, gave a speech and poured drinks for staff. Labour's deputy leader, Angela Rayner said, "If the latest reports are true, it would mean that not only did the prime minister attend parties, but he had a hand in instigating at least one of them. He has deliberately misled the British people at every turn. The prime minister has demeaned his office."[519][520][521][522] On 21 April, MPs voted to refer Johnson to the Parliamentary Privileges Committee to investigate whether he knowingly misled Parliament.[523]Steve Baker said Johnson's "marvellous contrition... only lasted as long as it took to get out of the headmaster's study".[524]
Following the May 2022 local elections, many leading Conservatives in areas where the Conservatives had done badly blamed Johnson and calling on Johnson to resign.[525] On 6 June, Graham Brady announced that the threshold for a vote on Johnson's leadership had been passed; the vote was scheduled for later that same day.[526]
On 3 March 2023, an interim report from the Commons Select Committee of Privileges said there was evidence that "strongly suggests" breaches of coronavirus regulations would have been "obvious" to Johnson.[527] The report also said "There is evidence that those who were advising Mr Johnson about what to say to the press and in the House were themselves struggling to contend that some gatherings were within the rules".[527] Johnson said none of the evidence showed he "knowingly" misled Parliament.[527] The report stated that the Commons may have been misled on multiple occasions and Johnson "did not correct the statements [at the] earliest opportunity".[527] The committee also stated that Johnson had "personal knowledge" over lockdown gatherings in No 10, which he could have disclosed.[527]
While speaking in the House of Commons in January 2022, Johnson falsely blamed Starmer for the non-prosecution of the serial sex offender Jimmy Savile when Starmer was Director of Public Prosecutions in the Crown Prosecution Service. Starmer was DPP in the years immediately prior to Savile's death but there is no evidence he was involved in the decision to not have him prosecuted.[528] A few days later, Johnson defended his comments but conceded that Starmer "had nothing to do personally with those decisions" by the CPS not to investigate Savile.[529]
Vote of confidence
In the week prior to and throughout the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II in June 2022, it had been speculated that a vote of confidence in Johnson's leadership of the Conservative Party might soon occur.[530][531] On 6 June 2022, the Conservative Party announced that Johnson would face a vote of confidence in his leadership of the party, after at least 54 Conservative MPs wrote no-confidence letters to Sir Graham Brady, the chairman of the 1922 Committee. Johnson won the vote, with 211 in favour and 148 against.[532][533] The number of rebel MPs was larger than had been expected.[533] The result was described by Keir Starmer as the "beginning of the end" for Johnson's premiership.[534]
June 2022 by-elections
Following heavy Conservative defeats in the 23 June 2022 by-elections in Wakefield and Tiverton and Honiton, former party leader Michael Howard called for Johnson to resign, saying: "[Mr Johnson's] biggest asset has always been his ability to win votes but I'm afraid yesterday's results make it clear that he no longer has that ability."[535][536]
Oliver Dowden, the Co-Chairman of the Conservative Party, resigned saying: "somebody must take responsibility".[537] Johnson announced that he had no intention of changing or resigning; senior Conservatives accused him of increasingly "delusional" behaviour.[538][539] On 26 June 2022 Johnson said: "At the moment I'm thinking actively about the third term and what could happen then, but I will review that when I get to it." He also claimed that he intended to stay as prime minister until the mid-2030s, although Number 10 later said that he had been joking.[540]
Pincher scandal
Government Deputy Chief Whip Chris Pincher resigned on 30 June 2022, saying he had "drunk far too much" the night before at the Carlton Club in St James's, London, and having "embarrassed myself and other people".[541] It was later alleged that he sexually assaulted two men,[542] and he was suspended as an MP.[543] On 3 July 2022 six new allegations against Pincher emerged, involving behaviour over a decade.[544]
Johnson allegedly referred to Pincher as "handsy" and Cummings said Johnson joked about him being "Pincher by name, pincher by nature" in 2020, leading to calls for Johnson to explain how much he knew about Pincher's behaviour.[545] Ministers initially said that Johnson was unaware of any specific complaints against Pincher when he was appointed as deputy chief whip. The BBC then reported, however, that an official complaint and subsequent investigation into Pincher, while he was at the Foreign Office (July 2019 to February 2020), had confirmed his misconduct, and that Johnson had been made aware at that time.[546] Sir Simon McDonald, former Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, later said that the prime minister had been briefed "in person" about Pincher.[547][548]
Mass resignations
On 5 July 2022, Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other,[549] followed over the next 24 hours by 11 other ministers, as well as Conservative MPs from parliamentary private secretary and other Government positions;[550] other backbenchers also withdrew their support for Johnson. Many of the MPs stated that the Pincher affair had led them to change their minds on the suitability of Johnson to be prime minister.[551] It was reported on 6 July that Johnson could face another confidence vote, with members of the 1922 Committee considering changing the rules as soon as that evening to allow this to happen.[552] By 6 July, there had been a total of 31 resignations.[553] As of May 2022, the government comprised 122 ministers.[554]
Announcement of resignation
By the morning of 7 July, the newly installed Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nadhim Zahawi, publicly stated his belief that Johnson should resign. Within hours, the BBC and other media reported Johnson's intention to resign. Johnson announced his resignation at 12.30 pm.[555][556][557]
I know that there will be many who are relieved, but perhaps quite a few who will be disappointed. And I want you to know how sad I am to give up the best job in the world - but them's the breaks.
Upon reports of his resignation, the pound sterling temporarily strengthened in value, and UK stocks rose.[558] He remained as prime minister until September, while the Conservative Party chose a new leader.[559] On 5 September 2022, it was announced that Liz Truss had won the Conservative leadership election. She became prime minister the next day.[560][561] During his farewell speech outside 10 Downing Street on 6 September 2022 Johnson referred to the Roman statesman Cincinnatus. Some commentators noted that, while, as Johnson said, Cincinnatus returned to his plough, he was also later recalled to power.[562]
Environmental policies
In November 2020, Johnson announced a 10-point plan for a "green industrial revolution", to include ending the sale of petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030,[d] quadrupling the amount of offshore wind power capacity within a decade, funding emissions-cutting proposals, and spurning a proposed green post-COVID-19 recovery.[564] In 2021, the Johnson government announced plans to cut carbon emissions by 78% by 2035.[565]
Johnson announced that the UK would join the Global Methane Pledge to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030 at the COP26 summit, which the UK hosted.[566][567] Before the summit, representatives of Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth criticised Johnson's comments on plans to introduce "enforceable limits" on carbon emissions for other countries, which they accused of being unsubstantive,[568] and his government faced criticism from environmental groups for cutting taxes on domestic air travel, given the environmental impact of aviation.[569]
In April 2022, Johnson announced that eight more nuclear reactors would be built on existing nuclear power plant sites and called for an expansion in wind energy.[570] Under these plans, up to 95% of the UK's electricity could come from low-carbon power sources by 2030.[571]
Foreign policy
Johnson with US president Donald Trump at the G7 summit in Biarritz, 26 August 2019
Johnson said in July 2019 that his government would be very "pro-China" in an interview with the Hong Kong broadcaster Phoenix TV. He voiced support for Chinese president Xi Jinping's infrastructure investment effort, the Belt and Road Initiative, and promised to keep the United Kingdom "the most open economy in Europe" for Chinese investment.[577]
In June 2020, Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the Hong Kong national security law, the UK would offer 350,000 Hong Kong residents who are British National (Overseas) passport holders, and 2.6 million other eligible individuals, the chance to move to the UK.[578] China accused the UK of interfering in its internal affairs.[579]
Johnson declined to describe the Chinese government's treatment of the Uyghur people as "genocide", despite use of the term by the United States.[580] Johnson's government argued that genocide should be decided by the International Criminal Court.[581] Nevertheless, he called what is happening to the Uyghurs in Xinjiang as "utterly abhorrent".[580]
The UK joined the AUKUS defence pact with the United States and Australia in September 2021. The pact was denounced by China[582] and caused a French backlash, as it usurped existing plans for Australia to procure French submarines.[583]
Afghanistan
On 8 July 2021, the day after saying he was "apprehensive" about the future of Afghanistan following what was then the impending withdrawal of US troops, while announcing the near completion of British troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, Johnson expressed the view that there was "no military path to victory for the Taliban".[584][585] Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban, he blamed the United States for the crisis,[586][587] saying that NATO alliance members "could not continue this US-led mission, a mission conceived and executed in support of America, without American logistics, without US air power and without American might".[588]
In May 2022, Johnson readied a draft that would unilaterally change parts of the Northern Ireland Protocol, citing issues with medical supplies and cuts in VAT. One of the thornier points of contention involves safety regulations for food and plants, where the British government is opposed to a closer alignment with existing EU regulations. The EU rebuffed the idea of changing the text of the treaty to accommodate the British. A unilateral override by the UK would be tantamount to a breach of the agreement. As Johnson sought a more conciliatory tone, sources within the government began to stress that the draft is designed to be an "insurance policy" and would take years to become law.[593]
In November 2021, Johnson warned that the European Union faces "a choice" between "sticking up for Ukraine" and approving the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline from Russia to Europe.[594]
During the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Johnson's government warned the Russian Government not to invade Donbas.[595][596][597] Johnson and Vladimir Putin agreed in a phone call to work towards a "peaceful resolution".[598] On 1 February 2022, Johnson arrived in Kyiv on a diplomatic visit.[599] He called the presence of the Russian Armed Forces near the Russia–Ukraine border "the biggest security crisis that Europe has faced for decades".[600] The Kremlin denied that it wanted to attack Ukraine.[600] On 20 February 2022, Johnson warned that Russia is planning the "biggest war in Europe since 1945" as Putin intends to invade and encircle Kyiv.[601] On 21 February 2022, Johnson condemned Russia's diplomatic recognition of two self-proclaimed republics in Donbas.[602]
On 9 April 2022, Johnson travelled to Kyiv and met the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[605] On 16 April 2022, Russia's Ministry for Foreign Affairs banned Johnson and a number of senior British politicians from visiting Russia, saying that Britain aimed to isolate Russia politically and supply "the Kyiv regime with lethal weapons and coordinating similar efforts on the part of NATO".[606]
Within Ukraine, Johnson is praised by many as a supporter of anti-Russian sanctions and military aid for Ukraine.[607] On 3 May, Johnson virtually addressed the Ukrainian Parliament, becoming the first world leader to speak in Ukraine since the invasion. He pledged an extra £300m in military aid to Ukraine, praised Ukraine's resistance to Russia as its "finest hour" and said that the West had been "too slow to grasp what was actually happening" prior to Russia's invasion.[608][609] In July 2022, Johnson warned that it would be a mistake to cease fire and freeze the conflict.[610] In August 2022, Johnson blamed Vladimir Putin for the emerging global energy crisis.[611]
Post-premiership (2022–present)
Johnson with U.S. Representative John Rose in 2023
After Liz Truss announced her resignation as Conservative Party leader on 20 October 2022, Johnson received more than the 100 MPs' nominations required to stand in the leadership election,[617] but soon announced that he would not stand.[618][619][620]
In May 2023, Johnson was referred to the police by the Cabinet Office regarding previously unknown potential breaches of COVID regulations between June 2020 and May 2021,[621] to which Johnson's office issued a statement criticising the "unfounded suggestions" which "has all the hallmarks of yet another politically motivated stitch-up".[621]
On 9 June 2023, the publication of his 2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours led to a public feud with Sunak.[622][623] Johnson supporter Nadine Dorries announced that she was resigning as an MP due to not being included as a peer on the honours list.[624] The same day, after receiving a confidential report from a committee of the House of Commons that was looking into whether he had lied to Parliament over lockdown-breaking parties, Johnson announced his resignation as MP.[625] His resignation statement said he is "not alone in thinking that there is a witch-hunt under way, to take revenge for Brexit and ultimately to reverse the 2016 referendum result".[626]
On 15 June, the Commons Privileges Committee published their report, which concluded that Johnson lied to and deliberately misled the House of Commons over Partygate, misled the Committee themselves during the hearing, and acted in contempt of the Committee itself through a "campaign of abuse and intimidation".[627] The report noted that had Johnson still been an MP, the Committee would have recommended he be suspended from Parliament for 90 days.[628][629] The contents of the report represented a recommendation to the House of Commons,[630] which accepted the report by 354 votes to seven.[631][632]
On 16 June, Johnson was unveiled as a new columnist for the Daily Mail. The news website Politico Europe reported that Johnson would be paid a "very-high six-figure sum".[633][634] Johnson reportedly informed the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments half an hour before the columnist assignment was publicly announced. The committee ruled that Johnson committed a "clear breach" of the rules since he had not sought its advice on the matter within an appropriate timeframe.[635][636]
Johnson condemned Hamas' attack on Israel, saying "there can be no moral equivalence between the terrorism of Hamas and the actions of the Israeli Defense Forces". He rejected calls for a ceasefire in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, and criticised pro-Palestinian protests in the UK.[639] On 5 November 2023, Johnson visited Israel to express solidarity.[640]
In February 2024, Johnson had a private meeting with the president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro.[641] In March 2024, The Times reported that Johnson is expected to campaign for the Conservatives in the next General Election.[642]
On 2 May 2024 Johnson was turned away from his polling station for the Thames Valley Police and Crime Commissioner, after forgetting to bring valid photographic identification, a requirement of the Elections Act, which Johnson introduced while in office. When he arrived he had nothing to prove his identity except the sleeve of his copy of Prospect magazine, on which his name and address had been printed. He said that when he returned a few minutes later, with his driving licence, he was then able to vote.[643] During the 2024 general election, Johnson campaigned for the Conservatives, who lost the election in a landslide to Labour.[644]
Johnson's memoirs Unleashed are scheduled to be released in October 2024.[645][646][647]
Political positions and ideology
Johnson at a demonstration against hospital closures with Liberal Democrat MP John Hemming (left) and Conservative MP Graham Stuart (centre) in March 2006
[I am] free-market, tolerant, broadly libertarian (though perhaps not ultra-libertarian), inclined to see the merit of traditions, anti-regulation, pro-immigrant, pro-standing on your own two feet, pro-alcohol, pro-hunting, pro-motorist and ready to defend to the death the right of Glenn Hoddle to believe in reincarnation.
— Boris Johnson, 2011[131]
Ideologically, Johnson has been described as a "One-Nation Tory".[648][649] Political scientists have described Johnson's political positions as ambiguous and contradictory, encompassing nativist, authoritarian and free market tendencies on the one hand, and one-nation liberal conservatism on the other.[650] Some scholars have questioned Johnson's commitment to one-nation conservativism, instead characterising his ideology as flexible and populist.[651][652] Purnell stated that Johnson regularly changed his opinion on political issues, commenting on what she perceived to be "an ideological emptiness beneath the staunch Tory exterior".[653]
During his tenure as mayor, Johnson gained a reputation as "a liberal, centre-ground politician", according to Business Insider.[654] In 2012, the political scientist Tony Travers described Johnson as "a fairly classic—that is, small-state—mildly eurosceptic Conservative" who also embraced "modern social liberalism".[655]The Guardian stated that while mayor, Johnson blended economic and social liberalism,[656] with The Economist saying that in doing so Johnson "transcends his Tory identity" and adopts a more libertarian perspective.[657] According to political scientist Richard Hayton, Johnson's premiership was about Brexit, which served as a "national cause". Johnson evoked the discourse of popular sovereignty and anti-establishment populism to portray Parliament as seeking to "sabotage" Brexit, and in doing so, presented himself "as the true representative of 'the people'".[650][658]
Scholars of comparative politics have drawn comparisons between Johnson and other populist leaders such as Donald Trump and Viktor Orban.[658] Some commentators have likened Johnson's political style to Trumpism,[659][660][661] although others have argued that Johnson's stance on matters such as social policy, immigration and free trade is liberal.[662] Johnson biographer Gimson wrote that Johnson is economically and socially "a genuine liberal", although he retains a "Tory element" through his "love of existing institutions, and a recognition of the inevitability of hierarchy".[663] In 2019, reacting to reports in The Sun, that Johnson had told cabinet colleagues he was "basically a Brexity Hezza", former deputy leader of the Conservative Party Michael Heseltine wrote: "I fear that any traces of liberal conservatism that still exist within the prime minister have long since been captured by the rightwing, foreigner-bashing, inward-looking view of the world that has come to characterise his fellow Brexiters."[664]
Environment
Johnson spoke about climate action at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow on 1 November 2021
Johnson expressed climate sceptical views in several columns,[665][666][667] conflating the distinction between weather and climate and highlighting a factually incorrect claim by weather forecaster and conspiracy theorist Piers Corbyn that reduced solar activity could lead to a "mini-Ice Age".[668][667]
Bloomberg News suggested that Johnson's interest in climate change increased after becoming prime minister, and suggested this could have been influenced by his wife Carrie Symonds and father Stanley Johnson, who are both environmental campaigners.[669]
It was reported in 2022 that Johnson was convinced of the scientific consensus on climate change following a briefing by the chief scientist of the Met Office in January 2020, and subsequently made the issue a priority for his government.[665]
According to TheyWorkForYou as of 2022[update], Johnson has "generally voted against" what it described as "key measures to prevent climate change"[clarification needed] while an MP,[675] and other sources confirm this.[668][666][needs update]
Purnell believed it was the influence of Johnson's maternal family that led to him developing "a genuine abhorrence of racial discrimination".[676] In 2003, Johnson said, "I am not by any means an ultra-Eurosceptic. In some ways, I am a bit of a fan of the European Union. If we did not have one, we would invent something like it."[677] As mayor, Johnson was known as a supporter of immigration.[677] From 2009, he advocated a referendum on Britain's EU membership.[677][678][679]
In 2018, during Brexit negotiations, Johnson called for Britain to leave the Single Market[677] and advocated a more liberal approach to immigration than that of Prime Minister May.[680] He stated many people believed that Britain's EU membership had led to the suppression of British wages and said the EU was intent on creating a "superstate" that would seek to rob Britain of its sovereignty.[677] In 2019, Johnson said he would take Britain out of the EU on 31 October whether there was a trade deal in place or not.[681] Johnson also stated his opposition to a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement.[682]
On 19 August 2019, Johnson wrote a letter to the EU asking for the removal of the "backstop" accord. The president of the European Council, Donald Tusk, rejected the proposal.[683] On 26 August 2019, Johnson said that Britain would not pay £39 billion for the withdrawal agreement were the UK to leave without a deal. The European Parliament Brexit coordinator Guy Verhofstadt said there would be no further negotiation unless the UK agreed to pay the entire sum.[684][needs update]
Unionism and devolution
Johnson described himself as a "fervent and passionate unionist".[685] He proposed building an Irish Sea Bridge, but he later scrapped this initiative.[686]
The devolved administrations have criticised the Internal Market Bill for its re-centralisation of control over commerce.[687]
Public image
Johnson visiting a cattle farm in Aberdeen in 2019
Johnson has said that "humour is a utensil that you can use to sugar the pill and to get important points across".[688] He is said to have a genuine desire to be liked.[689] Johnson has been described as having a light-hearted and charming persona;[690][691][692][693] many biographers and commentators suggest he has put significant effort into developing this version of himself.[694][695][696][688] He has also been described as heavily focused on his own interests,[697][698][699] with an often vitriolic or irresponsible way of conducting himself in private.[700][701][702]
Johnson has been described as a divisive, controversial figure in British politics.[703][704][705] Supporters have praised him as witty and entertaining.[706] Johnson has been accused of lying or making misleading statements throughout his career,[707] and has been compared to former US president Donald Trump.[708][709][710][711] He has been considered a figure with broad appeal outside of the usual Conservative support base.[712] Johnson's premiership has been described by historians as the most controversial and scandal-affected since that of David Lloyd George about a century earlier.[713]
Personal life
Since Johnson was born in New York City to British parents, he held British-Americandual citizenship. In 2015, he agreed to pay capital gains tax to the US tax authorities on a property that he inherited in the UK.[714][715][716] He renounced his US citizenship the following year.[717][718][719] Johnson has knowledge of French, Italian, German, Spanish,[72]Latin and Ancient Greek,[720] frequently making classical allusions in his newspaper columns and his speeches.[694]
Sonia Purnell wrote in 2011 that Johnson was a "highly evasive figure" when it came to his personal life,[721] who remained detached from others and who had few intimate friends.[722] Among friends and family, Johnson is more commonly known as Al (short for his forename Alexander), rather than Boris.[723]
In 2007, Johnson said he had smoked cannabis before he went to university.[724] He has also said he had used cocaine.[725] Johnson partakes in cycling, tennis and pilates, and returned to road running in 2023.[726] He was considered obese in 2018 and overweight in 2020, and has spoken of making efforts to lose weight.[727][728]
Johnson previously owned a £1.3 million buy-to-let townhouse in Camberwell, South London. According to HM Land Registry documents, he bought the four-bedroom property with his then-girlfriend Carrie Symonds in July 2019. The register of MPs' interests states that Johnson had a rental income of at least £10,000 a year.[729] In 2023, Johnson and Symonds bought Brightwell Manor, a £3.8 million moated mansion in Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, Oxfordshire.[730]
Johnson was baptised Catholic and later confirmed in the Church of England,[37] but has said that his faith "comes and goes"[731] and that he is not a serious practising Christian.[732] In 2020, his son Wilfred was baptised Catholic.[733] Johnson and Symonds married in a Catholic ceremony at Westminster Cathedral on 29 May 2021.[734] Since he was baptised Catholic, but his previous weddings were not conferred by the Catholic Church, the Catholic Church considered them putatively invalid.[735][736]
Johnson holds ancient Greek statesman Pericles as a personal hero.[737][738] According to Johnson's biographer, Andrew Gimson, regarding ancient Greek and Roman polytheism: "it is clear that [Johnson] is inspired by the Romans, and even more by the Greeks, and repelled by the early Christians".[739] Johnson views secular humanism positively and sees it as owing more to the classical world than to Christian thinking.[740] However, in 2021, Johnson was asked if he held pre-Christian beliefs, which he denied, saying, "Christianity is a superb ethical system and I would count myself as a kind of very, very bad Christian... Christianity makes a lot of sense to me."[741]
In 1987, Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen, daughter of the art historian William Mostyn-Owen and Italian writer Gaia Servadio.[745] The couple's marriage ended in divorce or annulment in 1993[e] and 12 days later Johnson married Marina Wheeler, a barrister, daughter of journalist Charles Wheeler.[749] Five weeks later, their first child was born.[750][751] They have four children: Lara Lettice, Milo Arthur, Cassia Peaches and Theodore Apollo.[752]
Between 2000 and 2004, Johnson had an affair with Spectator columnist Petronella Wyatt when he was its editor, resulting in a terminated pregnancy and a miscarriage.[156] In April 2006, the News of the World alleged that Johnson was having an affair with Guardian journalist Anna Fazackerley. The pair did not comment; shortly afterward, Johnson employed Fazackerley.[167][168]
In 2009, Johnson fathered a daughter with Helen Macintyre, an arts consultant.[199][753][754] In September 2021, Johnson stated that he had (then) six children, thereby denying the existence of further illegitimate children.[755]
In September 2018, Johnson and Wheeler issued a statement confirming that they had separated months earlier;[756] they divorced in 2020.[757]
Jennifer Arcuri said that she had an affair with Johnson from 2012 to 2016.[758][759]
In 2019, Johnson was living with Carrie Symonds, the daughter of Matthew Symonds, co-founder of The Independent newspaper.[760] Johnson and Symonds became engaged in late 2019[761] and their son, Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson,[762] was born in April 2020.[763][764]
On 29 May 2021, Johnson married Symonds at Westminster Cathedral.[734][765] Their daughter, Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson,[766] was born in December 2021.[767] Their third child, a son named Frank Alfred Odysseus Johnson, was born in July 2023.[768]
Family and ancestors
Johnson and his younger brother Leo in 2013
Johnson is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson, a former Conservativemember of the European Parliament, and the painter Charlotte Johnson Wahl (née Fawcett),[6] the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, president of the European Commission of Human Rights.[769] His younger siblings are Rachel Johnson, a writer and journalist, Leo Johnson, a broadcaster,[770] and Jo Johnson, ex-minister of state and former Conservative MP for Orpington, who resigned from his brother's government in September 2019[405] and is now a member of the House of Lords. Johnson's stepmother, Jenny, the second wife of his father Stanley, is the stepdaughter of Teddy Sieff, the former chairman of Marks & Spencer.[771] Having been a member of the Conservatives between 2008 and 2011, Rachel Johnson joined the Liberal Democrats in 2017.[772] She stood as a candidate for Change UK in the 2019 European Elections.[773] Johnson also has two half-siblings, Julia and Maximilian, through his father's later marriage to Jennifer Kidd.[774][775]
Johnson's mother is the granddaughter of Elias Avery Lowe, a palaeographer and a Russian Jewish immigrant to the US,[782] and Pennsylvania-born Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter, a translator of Thomas Mann.[783] Referring to his varied ancestry, Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot".[784] Johnson was given the middle name "Boris" after a White Russian émigré named Boris Litwin, who was a friend of his parents.[5]
^Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94 introduced the requirement for bananas to be "free from malformation or abnormal curvature"; different standards applied to different classes of banana.[76]
^The EU introduced limits on the power of vacuum cleaners in 2014.[78][79]
^This was a reduction on the 2035 target set in February that year, which brought forward the previous deadline of 2040.[563]
^Sources differ on whether the marriage ended in divorce[746][747] or with an annulment.[86][748]
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