stringtranslate.com

Monumentos y memoriales confederados

Los monumentos y memoriales confederados en los Estados Unidos incluyen exhibiciones públicas y símbolos de los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), líderes confederados o soldados confederados de la Guerra Civil estadounidense . Muchos monumentos y memoriales han sido o serán eliminados bajo gran controversia. Parte de la conmemoración de la Guerra Civil estadounidense , estos símbolos incluyen monumentos y estatuas, banderas, días festivos y otras celebraciones, y los nombres de escuelas, carreteras, parques, puentes, edificios, condados, ciudades, lagos, represas, bases militares y otras estructuras públicas. [a] En un informe especial de diciembre de 2018, Smithsonian Magazine afirmó que "en los últimos diez años, los contribuyentes han destinado al menos $ 40 millones a monumentos confederados (estatuas, casas, parques, museos, bibliotecas y cementerios) y a organizaciones patrimoniales confederadas". [2]

Esta entrada no incluye conmemoraciones de figuras anteriores a la Guerra Civil relacionadas con los orígenes de la Guerra Civil o la supremacía blanca pero no directamente vinculadas a la Confederación, como el juez de la Corte Suprema Roger B. Taney , el congresista proesclavista Preston Brooks , el presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Carolina del Norte Thomas Ruffin , [3] o el político sureño John C. Calhoun , aunque Calhoun fue venerado por la Confederación y los segregacionistas de la posguerra , y los monumentos a Calhoun "han sido los objetivos más constantes" de los vándalos. [4] Tampoco incluye a los supremacistas blancos posteriores a la Guerra Civil , como el gobernador de Carolina del Norte Charles Aycock y el gobernador de Mississippi James K. Vardaman .

Los monumentos y memoriales se enumeran en orden alfabético por estado y por ciudad dentro de cada estado. Los estados que no figuran en la lista no tienen elementos que cumplan los requisitos para ser incluidos en ella. [5]

Historia

Construcción de monumentos y dedicatorias

Se han erigido monumentos conmemorativos en espacios públicos (incluidos los terrenos de los juzgados), ya sea con fondos públicos o financiados por organizaciones privadas y donantes. También se han erigido numerosos monumentos privados.

Cuadro de símbolos públicos de la Confederación y sus líderes, según el estudio del Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), por año de creación. La mayoría de ellos se colocaron durante la era de las leyes de Jim Crow o durante el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles . [b] Estos dos períodos también coincidieron con los aniversarios 50 y 100 de la Guerra Civil. [c] [6]

Según la revista Smithsonian Magazine , "los monumentos confederados no son solo reliquias, artefactos de una era pasada. En cambio, los contribuyentes estadounidenses siguen invirtiendo fuertemente en estos tributos hoy en día". [2] El informe también concluyó que los monumentos se construyeron y se mantienen regularmente para promover la Causa Perdida , la mitología de la supremacía blanca y, durante las muchas décadas de su establecimiento, los líderes afroamericanos protestaron regularmente contra estos monumentos y lo que representaban. [2]

Durante la guerra se realizaron unas pocas conmemoraciones, principalmente nombres de barcos y lugares. Después de la guerra, Robert E. Lee dijo en varias ocasiones que se oponía a cualquier monumento, ya que, en su opinión, "mantendrían abiertas las llagas de la guerra". [7] [8] Sin embargo, se siguieron dedicando monumentos y memoriales poco después de la Guerra Civil estadounidense. [9] [1] Antes de 1890, la mayoría se erigían en cementerios como monumentos a los soldados que murieron en la guerra. [10] Se dedicaron muchos más monumentos en los años posteriores a 1890, cuando el Congreso estableció el primer Parque Militar Nacional en Chickamauga y Chattanooga , y a principios del siglo XX se habían conservado cinco campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam , Gettysburg , Shiloh y Vicksburg . En el Parque Militar Nacional de Vicksburg, más del 95% de los monumentos del parque se erigieron en los primeros dieciocho años después de su creación en 1899. [11] Pero los monumentos comenzaron a aparecer en lugares públicos con el surgimiento del sur de Jim Crow . [10]

Leyes de Jim Crow

La construcción de monumentos confederados a menudo ha sido parte de campañas generalizadas para promover y justificar las leyes de Jim Crow en el Sur. [12] [1] [13] Según la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense (AHA), la erección de monumentos confederados durante el siglo XX fue "parte integral del inicio de la segregación legalmente obligatoria y la privación generalizada de derechos en todo el Sur". Según la AHA, los monumentos a la Confederación erigidos durante este período "estaban destinados, en parte, a ocultar el terrorismo necesario para derrocar la Reconstrucción , e intimidar políticamente a los afroamericanos y aislarlos de la corriente principal de la vida pública". Una ola posterior de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el movimiento por los derechos civiles y, según la AHA, "estos símbolos de la supremacía blanca todavía se invocan con fines similares". [14] Según la revista Smithsonian Magazine , "lejos de ser simplemente marcadores de eventos y personas históricas, como argumentan sus defensores, estos monumentos fueron creados y financiados por los gobiernos de Jim Crow para rendir homenaje a una sociedad esclavista y servir como afirmaciones contundentes de dominio sobre los afroamericanos". [2]

Estatua de un soldado confederado en el condado de Monroe, Virginia Occidental , 2016

Según la historiadora Jane Dailey de la Universidad de Chicago , en muchos casos, el propósito de los monumentos no era celebrar el pasado sino promover un "futuro de supremacía blanca". [15] Otra historiadora, Karen L. Cox , de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Charlotte , ha escrito que los monumentos son "un legado de la era brutalmente racista de Jim Crow", y que "el objetivo de los monumentos confederados es celebrar la supremacía blanca". [13] Otro historiador de la UNC, James Leloudis, afirmó que "los financiadores y patrocinadores de estos monumentos son muy explícitos en cuanto a que requieren una educación política y una legitimidad para la era de Jim Crow y el derecho de los hombres blancos a gobernar". [16] Se erigieron sin el consentimiento o incluso la participación de los afroamericanos del sur, que recordaban la Guerra Civil de manera muy diferente y que no tenían ningún interés en honrar a quienes lucharon para mantenerlos esclavizados. [17] Según la historiadora de la Guerra Civil Judith Giesberg, profesora de historia en la Universidad de Villanova , "la supremacía blanca es realmente lo que estas estatuas representan". [18] Algunos monumentos también estaban destinados a embellecer las ciudades como parte del movimiento City Beautiful , aunque esto era secundario. [19]

En un discurso pronunciado en junio de 2018, el historiador de la Guerra Civil James I. Robertson Jr. , de Virginia Tech, dijo que los monumentos no eran una "señal de desafío a las leyes de Jim Crow" y se refirió a la tendencia actual a desmantelarlos o destruirlos como una "era de idiotez" motivada por "elementos empeñados en destrozar la unidad que generaciones de estadounidenses han construido dolorosamente". [20] Katrina Dunn Johnson, curadora de la Sala de Reliquias Confederadas y el Museo Militar de Carolina del Sur , afirma que "miles de familias en todo el país no pudieron reclamar los restos de sus soldados; muchas nunca supieron el destino exacto de sus seres queridos en el campo de batalla o dentro de los campos de prisioneros. El impacto psicológico de una pérdida tan devastadora no se puede subestimar cuando se intenta comprender las motivaciones principales detrás de la conmemoración sureña". [21]

Muchos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados en los antiguos estados confederados y estados fronterizos en las décadas posteriores a la Guerra Civil, en muchos casos por las Asociaciones de Memoriales de Damas , las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación (UDC), los Veteranos Confederados Unidos (UCV), los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados (SCV), la Asociación de Preservación del Patrimonio y otras organizaciones conmemorativas. [22] [23] [24] Otros monumentos confederados se encuentran en campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil. Muchos monumentos confederados están incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , ya sea por separado o como objetos contribuyentes dentro de listados de juzgados o distritos históricos. Las historiadoras del arte Cynthia Mills y Pamela Simpson argumentaron, en Monuments to the Lost Cause , que la mayoría de los monumentos confederados, del tipo que definen, fueron "encargados por mujeres blancas, con la esperanza de preservar una visión positiva de la vida anterior a la guerra". [25] [26]

A finales del siglo XIX, las innovaciones tecnológicas en las industrias del granito y el bronce ayudaron a reducir los costos y a hacer que los monumentos fueran más asequibles para las pequeñas ciudades. Las empresas que buscaban aprovechar esta oportunidad solían vender copias casi idénticas de los monumentos tanto al Norte como al Sur. [27]

Otra ola de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles y el Centenario de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . [1] : 11  Al menos treinta y dos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados entre 2000 y 2017, incluidas al menos 7 re-dedicaciones. [28] [29] [30] [31]

Estudio académico

Los estudios académicos de los monumentos comenzaron en la década de 1980. En 1983, John J. Winberry publicó un estudio que se basó en datos del trabajo de RW Widener. [32] [33] Estimó que el principal período de construcción de monumentos fue de 1889 a 1929 y que de los monumentos erigidos en plazas de palacios de justicia, más de la mitad se construyeron entre 1902 y 1912. Determinó cuatro ubicaciones principales para los monumentos: campos de batalla, cementerios, terrenos de palacios de justicia del condado y terrenos del capitolio estatal. Más de un tercio de los monumentos de los palacios de justicia estaban dedicados a los muertos. La mayoría de los monumentos de cementerio en su estudio se construyeron en el período anterior a 1900, mientras que la mayoría de los monumentos de los palacios de justicia se erigieron después de 1900. De los 666 monumentos en su estudio, el 55% eran de soldados confederados, mientras que el 28% eran obeliscos. Los soldados dominaban los terrenos del palacio de justicia, mientras que los obeliscos representan casi la mitad de los monumentos del cementerio. Se descubrió que la idea de que las estatuas de soldados siempre miraban hacia el norte era falsa y que los soldados generalmente miraban en la misma dirección que el palacio de justicia. Señaló que los monumentos eran "notablemente diversos" y que "solo había unos pocos casos de repetición de inscripciones". [33]

El monumento confederado en Fulton , Kentucky, está incluido en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.

Él clasificó los monumentos en cuatro tipos. El tipo 1 era un soldado confederado en una columna con su arma en posición de descanso , o desarmado y mirando a la distancia. Estos representaron aproximadamente la mitad de los monumentos estudiados. Sin embargo, son los más populares entre los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 2 era un soldado confederado en una columna con un rifle listo, o portando una bandera o una corneta. El tipo 3 era un obelisco, a menudo cubierto con telas y con balas de cañón o una urna. Este tipo era el 28% de los monumentos estudiados, pero el 48% de los monumentos en los cementerios y el 18% de los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 4 era un grupo misceláneo, que incluía arcos, menhires, placas, fuentes, etc. Estos representan el 17% de los monumentos estudiados. [33]

Más de un tercio de los monumentos de los juzgados estaban dedicados específicamente a los confederados muertos. El primer monumento de los juzgados se erigió en Bolivar, Tennessee , en 1867. En 1880 se habían erigido nueve monumentos de los juzgados. Winberry señaló dos centros de monumentos de los juzgados: los condados de Potomac de Virginia, desde donde la tradición se extendió a Carolina del Norte, y un área más grande que abarcaba Georgia, Carolina del Sur y el norte de Florida. La difusión de los monumentos de los juzgados se vio facilitada por organizaciones como los Veteranos Confederados Unidos y sus publicaciones, aunque otros factores también pueden haber sido eficaces. [33]

Winberry enumeró cuatro razones para el cambio de los cementerios a los juzgados. La primera fue la necesidad de preservar la memoria de los muertos confederados y también reconocer a los veteranos que regresaron. La segunda fue celebrar la reconstrucción del Sur después de la guerra. La tercera fue la romantización de la Causa Perdida , y la cuarta fue unificar a la población blanca en un patrimonio común contra los intereses de los sureños afroamericanos. Concluyó: "Ninguna de estas cuatro posibles explicaciones para el monumento confederado es adecuada o completa en sí misma. El monumento es un símbolo, pero si fue un recuerdo del pasado, una celebración del presente o un presagio del futuro sigue siendo una pregunta difícil de responder; los monumentos y los símbolos pueden ser complicados y, a veces, indescifrables". [33]

El movimiento del monumento

El Movimiento de los Monumentos fue un movimiento nacional de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación se erigieron como memoriales comunitarios. En el Norte y el Sur, las comunidades se unieron en tiempos de guerra, aportando sus hombres y niños (y algunas mujeres documentadas), y luego se reunieron de nuevo para conmemorar a estos soldados y sus contribuciones a la causa tal como ellos la veían. Los ciudadanos pagaron suscripciones a los monumentos, a las asociaciones de monumentos, se emitieron impuestos, la GAR, las Órdenes Aliadas, las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos lideraron las recaudaciones de fondos. [34]

El monumento al coronel confederado Francis S. Bartow se erigió después de la Primera Guerra de Manassas, pero fue destruido antes o durante la Segunda Guerra de Manassas. Los otros monumentos tempranos fueron los monumentos de la Unión en la Batalla de Rowlett's Station en Munfordville, Kentucky, en enero de 1862, en honor a los hombres del 32.º Regimiento de Indiana que murieron. Fue retirado para su propia protección contra los elementos en 2008. [35] Otros monumentos tempranos de la Unión antes de que terminara la guerra fueron el Monumento a la Brigada Hazen en Murfreesboro y el Monumento a Ladd y Whitney de 1865 en Lowell, Massachusetts. [36] [37] [38]

Los monumentos conmemorativos del norte registrados en el trabajo de investigación hasta la fecha enumeran 11 monumentos erigidos antes de 1866, incluidos los monumentos mencionados anteriormente. Otros diez monumentos fueron documentados en 1866 y 11 más en 1867, cuando se erigieron los primeros monumentos confederados de posguerra en Romney, condado de Hampshire, Virginia Occidental y Chester, condado de Chester, Carolina del Sur en 1867. [34]

Cuadro de monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación, "Por siempre de luto", de Blevins, 1860-1920

Además de los monumentos a los homenajeados de la Unión y la Confederación, el Movimiento de Monumentos vio la colocación de Monumentos de la Guerra Revolucionaria para el centenario de la Revolución Americana desde 1876 a 1883. En el catálogo de WH Mullins Company, The Blue and the Gray, se menciona junto con los Monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación las recientes entregas de monumentos de la compañía para la Guerra Revolucionaria en el Palacio de Justicia de Guilford, Carolina del Norte. [39]

Vandalismo

Hasta el 19 de junio, más de 12 monumentos confederados habían sido vandalizados en 2019, generalmente con pintura. [40] [41] [ necesita actualización ]

Eliminación

El monumento confederado a Robert E. Lee fue retirado de su pedestal en Lee Circle en Nueva Orleans el 17 de mayo de 2017.

Según el Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), desde abril de 2017 se habían eliminado o renombrado al menos 60 símbolos de la Confederación desde 2015. [42] Al mismo tiempo, las leyes de varios estados del sur imponen restricciones o prohíben por completo la eliminación de estatuas y monumentos y el cambio de nombre de parques, carreteras y escuelas. [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]

Una encuesta de Reuters de 2017 reveló que el 54% de los adultos afirmó que los monumentos deberían permanecer en todos los espacios públicos, y el 27% dijo que deberían eliminarse, mientras que el 19% dijo que no estaba seguro. Los resultados se dividieron según líneas raciales y políticas: los blancos y los republicanos preferían mantener los monumentos en su lugar, mientras que los negros y los demócratas eran más propensos a apoyar su eliminación. [48] [49] Una encuesta similar de 2017 realizada por HuffPost/YouGov reveló que un tercio de los encuestados estaba a favor de la eliminación, mientras que el 49% se oponía. [50] [51]

El apoyo a la destitución aumentó durante las protestas de George Floyd , con un 52% a favor de la destitución y un 44% en contra. [52] [53]

Distribución geográfica

Los monumentos confederados están ampliamente distribuidos por todo el sur de los Estados Unidos . [33] El patrón de distribución sigue los límites políticos generales de la Confederación. [33] De los más de 1503 monumentos y memoriales públicos a la Confederación, más de 718 son monumentos y estatuas. Casi 300 monumentos y estatuas se encuentran en Georgia, Virginia o Carolina del Norte. Los estados occidentales que se colonizaron en gran medida después de la Guerra Civil tienen pocos o ningún monumento a la Confederación.

Nacional

Capitolio de los Estados Unidos

Hay siete figuras confederadas en la Colección Nacional de Estatuas , en el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos .

En la Colección Nacional de Estatuas , que se encuentra dentro del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , cada estado ha proporcionado estatuas de dos ciudadanos a los que desea honrar. Entre ellas se encuentran siete figuras confederadas, y una está pendiente de ser removida y reemplazada. Las fechas que se indican a continuación reflejan cuándo se entregó cada estatua a la colección: [57] [58]

Además de estas piezas, se han retirado tres esculturas adicionales de figuras confederadas desde principios del siglo XXI.

Cementerio Nacional de Arlington

Monumento confederado, Cementerio Nacional de Arlington
El Servicio de Parques Nacionales describe la propiedad como "el monumento nacional a Robert E. Lee . Lo honra por razones específicas, incluido su papel en la promoción de la paz y la reunificación después de la Guerra Civil. En un sentido más amplio, existe como un lugar de estudio y contemplación del significado de algunos de los aspectos más difíciles de la historia estadounidense: el servicio militar, el sacrificio, la ciudadanía, el deber, la lealtad, la esclavitud y la libertad". [72]

Monedas y sellos

Ejército de EE.UU.

Bases

Antes de 2023, había nueve bases militares estadounidenses importantes nombradas en honor a líderes militares confederados, todas en antiguos estados confederados. [1] Tras las protestas a nivel nacional por el asesinato de George Floyd a manos de un agente de policía, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos creó en 2021 la Comisión de Nombres para cambiar el nombre de los activos militares con nombres asociados a la Confederación. [77] El Secretario de Defensa de los Estados Unidos debía implementar un plan desarrollado por la comisión y "eliminar todos los nombres, símbolos, exhibiciones, monumentos y parafernalia que honran o conmemoran a los Estados Confederados de América o a cualquier persona que sirvió voluntariamente con los Estados Confederados de América de todos los activos del Departamento de Defensa " dentro de los tres años posteriores a la creación de la comisión. [78] [79]

En octubre de 2023, las nueve bases habían sido redesignadas oficialmente con nuevos nombres propuestos por la comisión.

Instalaciones

Barcos actuales

Antiguos barcos

Varios barcos que llevaban el nombre de líderes confederados cayeron en manos de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil. La Armada de la Unión conservó los nombres de estos barcos mientras apuntaba sus armas contra la Confederación:

Autopistas que atraviesan varios estados

El 16 de octubre de 2018, la Junta de Comisionados del Condado de Orange, Carolina del Norte (ubicación de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill , ver Silent Sam ), votó por unanimidad para revocar la resolución de 1959 del condado que nombraba en honor a Davis la parte de la US 15 que atraviesa el condado. [95]

Alabama

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 122 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Alabama . [96]

Alaska

Arizona

Al 20 de agosto de 2020 , solo quedan dos placas relacionadas con la Confederación en propiedad pública en Phoenix y Sierra Vista, Arizona . [96]

Arkansas

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 65 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Arkansas . [96]

Capitolio estatal

Monumentos

Monumento confederado de Van Buren en el juzgado del condado de Crawford en Van Buren, Arkansas

Monumentos del juzgado

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento confederado de Bentonville
Estatua confederada, cementerio confederado de Fayetteville
Monumento a los soldados confederados, cementerio nacional de Little Rock
Monumento confederado de Little Rock , cementerio nacional de Little Rock
Monumento a Robert E. Lee en Marianna
Monumento confederado de Star City

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Arkansas desde 1913

California

Al 23 de julio de 2020 , había al menos cuatro espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en California . [96]

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

Montañas y recreación

Mío

Mina Stonewall Jackson, condado de San Diego, alrededor de 1872

Colorado

Mina Robert E. Lee en Leadville. Fotografía de William Henry Jackson .

Lugares habitados

Escuelas

Monumento

Mío

Delaware

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Delaware . [96]

Distrito de Columbia

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , había al menos nueve monumentos públicos confederados en Washington, DC , la mayoría en la Colección del National Statuary Hall. (Ver arriba) [96]

Florida

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 63 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Florida . [96]

Una reunión de agosto de 2017 de la Liga de Alcaldes de Florida se dedicó al tema de qué hacer con los monumentos de la Guerra Civil. [150]

Capitolio estatal

Símbolo del estado

Bandera de Florida desde 1900

Día festivo estatal

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Inauguración del monumento confederado en Ocala, 1908

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento del Fuerte Yellow Bluff
Miembros de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación sentadas alrededor de un monumento confederado en Lakeland, 1915
Parque estatal histórico del campo de batalla de Olustee

Monumentos privados

Lugares habitados

Condados

Municipios

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas y bibliotecas

Símbolos de la ciudad

Vacaciones en la ciudad

Día festivo del condado

Georgia

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 201 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Georgia . [96]

Monumento confederado en Macon, Georgia, en la calle Mulberry, alrededor de 1877

Hawai

Idaho

El asentamiento de Idaho coincidió con la Guerra Civil y los colonos de los estados del Sur conmemoraron la Confederación con los nombres de varias ciudades y características naturales. [228] [229] [230]

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos tres espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Idaho . [96]

Lugares habitados

Características naturales y recreación

Illinois

Monumento confederado en el cementerio Oak Woods de Chicago

Los cuatro monumentos conmemorativos de Illinois se encuentran en cementerios federales y están relacionados con prisioneros de guerra.

Cementerios federales

Parcela federal dentro de cementerio privado

Indiana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Indiana . [96]

Monumento confederado, cementerio nacional de Crown Hill , Indianápolis

Iowa

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Iowa . [96]

Kansas

El Parque Memorial de los Veteranos en Wichita, Kansas, tiene un monumento confederado y de la Unión, un Memorial de la Reconciliación. "La intención de este monumento es unir a la gente y reconciliar sus diferencias", mientras se derriban monumentos confederados en todo Estados Unidos, el monumento de Wichita se cuestiona. El monumento es un pequeño obelisco con un texto que honra a los combatientes del Norte y del Sur de ambos bandos. Consulte Eliminación de monumentos y memoriales confederados #Kansas para ver los monumentos que se han eliminado.

Kentucky

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 37 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Kentucky . [96]

Monumentos

Monumento confederado, Georgetown
Monumento confederado, cementerio de Spring Hill, Harrodsburg
Monumento a John B. Castleman, Louisville
Estatua de Lloyd Tilghman, Paducah

Puente

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Carreteras

Escuelas

Luisiana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 83 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Luisiana . [96]

Capitolio estatal

Edificios

Salón conmemorativo confederado en Nueva Orleans

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Otros monumentos públicos

Cementerio Greenwood, Nueva Orleans
Tumba del Ejército de Tennessee, Cementerio de Metairie , Nueva Orleans
Monumento en Camp Moore , parroquia de Tangipahoa
Estatua de Charles Didier Dreux en Nueva Orleans

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Exhibición de la bandera confederada

Maryland

El soldado confederado , cementerio nacional de Loudon Park , Baltimore

Hay al menos siete monumentos confederados en terrenos públicos. Por lo general, se encuentran en cementerios o cerca de ellos.

A partir del 27 de diciembre de 2022, hay una estatua en una gran piedra del general Robert E. Lee en el campo de batalla de Antietam, visible desde la carretera. Estaba en un terreno privado adyacente al parque y fue donado junto con el terreno.

La estatua "Talbot Boys" en Easton, Maryland, fue el último monumento confederado retirado de la propiedad pública el 14 de marzo de 2022.

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Maryland desde 1904

Monumentos

Monumentos públicos

Monumentos privados

Monumento a los soldados confederados desconocidos, Frederick, Maryland
Monumento a Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap
Monumento a Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap (2003)
El monumento original, un soldado confederado de bronce de tamaño natural en este pedestal, fue donado originalmente por la UDC y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos, y construido por la firma de Washington Falvey Granite Company a un costo de US$3600 (equivalente a $110 982 en 2023). El artista es desconocido. [321] La inscripción dice "A nuestros héroes del condado de Montgomery, Maryland, para que a lo largo de la vida no olvidemos amar la delgada línea gris / Erigido en 1913 d. C. / 1861 CSA 1865". [322] porque los uniformes confederados son grises. La dedicación de Rockville fue el 3 de junio de 1913, el cumpleaños de Jefferson Davis, [322] y asistieron 3000 de una población del condado de 30 000. [323] Originalmente estaba ubicado en un pequeño parque triangular [324] llamado Courthouse Square. En 1971, la renovación urbana llevó a la eliminación de la plaza, y el monumento se trasladó al césped este del Palacio de Justicia de Ladrillo Rojo (que ya no se utiliza como tal), mirando hacia el sur. [325] En 1994 fue limpiado y encerado por la Comisión de Monumentos Militares de Maryland. [321] El monumento fue desfigurado con " Black Lives Matter " en 2015; se construyó una caja de madera sobre él para protegerlo. [326] El monumento fue retirado en julio de 2017 de su ubicación original fuera del Old Rockville Court House a un terreno privado [324] en White's Ferry en Dickerson, Maryland . [327] [328] La estatua fue retirada del pedestal en junio de 2020, pero el pedestal que insta a la gente a "Amar la delgada línea gris" permanece.

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Transportar

General Jubal A. Early
El ferry White's Ferry, rebautizado como Ferry White's Ferry

Galería

Massachusetts

A partir de mayo de 2019 , todos los monumentos públicos enumerados por el Southern Poverty Law Center [96] habían sido eliminados. [334]

Memoriales privados

Michigan

A fecha de 29 de junio de 2020 , se conoce al menos un monumento público de un soldado confederado en Michigan. Se encuentra en Allendale, Michigan , una ciudad del condado de Ottawa. La estatua en cuestión, que forma parte del Jardín de Honor de los Veteranos (1998), que cuenta con nueve estatuas de tamaño natural de soldados de varias guerras, representa a un soldado de la Unión y a un soldado confederado espalda con espalda con un joven esclavo a sus pies sosteniendo una placa que dice "Libertad para los esclavos" y la fecha del 5 de enero de 1863. [335]

Minnesota

La escuela secundaria central del condado de Murray utiliza una mascota rebelde y el apodo Rebels. [336]

Misisipí

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 147 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Mississippi . [96]

Misuri

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , había al menos 19 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Missouri . [96]

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Estatua de David Rice Atchison frente al Palacio de Justicia del condado de Clinton , Plattsburg, Missouri

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento a la UDC en el cementerio Forest Hill y Calvary, Kansas City, Missouri
Monumento a los Confederados de la Unión , cementerio de la Unión , Kansas City, Misuri

Lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Montana

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 2 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Montana . [96]

Nevada

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Nevada . [96]

Nueva Jersey

Monumento confederado (1910), cementerio nacional de Finn's Point.

Hay al menos dos espacios públicos dedicados a la Confederación en Nueva Jersey . [96]

Nuevo Méjico

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Nuevo México . [96]

Nueva York

Monumento confederado, cementerio nacional de Woodlawn , Elmira, Nueva York

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 3 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Nueva York . [96] [358]

Monumentos

Monumentos públicos

Monumentos privados

Carreteras

El gobernador Andrew Cuomo había solicitado dos veces al ejército, sin éxito, que se cambiara el nombre de estas calles. [360]

Carolina del Norte

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 164 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Carolina del Norte . [96]

Ohio

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 5 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Ohio . [96]

Marcador histórico

Monumentos

Monumento conmemorativo a los soldados confederados , Camp Chase, Columbus
El mirador (1910), isla Johnson , condado de Ottawa [371]

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

Oklahoma

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 13 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Oklahoma . [96]

Edificios

Monumentos

Monumento a Stand Watie , cementerio de Polson, condado de Delaware
Monumento confederado en el Capitolio Nacional Cherokee

Escuelas

Escuela Robert E. Lee en Durant, Oklahoma

Lugares habitados

Carreteras

Oregón

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , no hay espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Oregón . [96]

Pensilvania

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 3 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Pensilvania . [96]

Monumentos

Monumento del Estado de Virginia (1917), campo de batalla de Gettysburg.
Monumento a los soldados y marineros confederados (1911), Cementerio Nacional de Filadelfia.

Carreteras

Rhode Island

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , no hay espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Rhode Island . [96]

Carolina del Sur

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 194 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Carolina del Sur . [96] [390]

Dakota del Sur

En julio de 2020, la bandera confederada fue retirada del parche de los oficiales de policía de Gettysburg, Dakota del Sur.

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Dakota del Sur . [96]

Tennesse

Al 24 de junio de 2020 , hay al menos 105 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados en Tennessee . [96] La Ley de Protección del Patrimonio de Tennessee (2016) y una ley de 2013 restringen la eliminación de estatuas y monumentos conmemorativos. [43]

La legislatura de Tennessee designó el Día de la Condecoración Confederada , el origen del Día de los Caídos , como el 3 de junio, y en 1969 [393] designó el 19 de enero y el 13 de julio, sus cumpleaños, como el Día de Robert E. Lee y el Día de Nathan Bedford Forrest respectivamente.

Capitolio estatal

Edificios

Monumentos

Monumentos del juzgado

Palacio de justicia del condado de Tipton, Covington
Monumento confederado "Chip", Franklin
Monumento a las mujeres confederadas, Nashville

Otros monumentos públicos

Pirámide de balas de cañón en memoria de Patrick Cleburne en Franklin, Tennessee

Private monuments

Inhabited place

Parks

Roads

Schools

Calhoun Hall, named for slave owner and Confederate supporter W. H. Calhoun.

Tourist sites

Texas

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[96][442] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[443]

State capitol

State symbols

Seal of Texas

State holiday

Buildings

Monuments

Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[451][452]

Detail of Cooke County Courthouse monument. Inscription reads “no nation rose so white and fair none fell so pure of crime[453]

Courthouse monuments

Denton, Texas
Dignified Resignation in Galveston, Texas
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Georgetown, Texas
Confederate Mothers Monument in Texarkana

Other public monuments

Confederate Memorial Plaza in Anderson, Texas
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Austin
Confederate Monument, Beaumont
John H. Reagan Memorial in Palestine, Texas. The allegorical figure seated beneath Reagan represents the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[477]

Private monuments

Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza, Palestine, Texas

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Museums

Parks

Roads

Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"

Schools

Stonewall Jackson Elementary School, Dallas

Other memorials

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia,[96] more than in any other state.[549][550] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.

Washington State

As of 24 June 2020, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.[96]

3rd Flag of the Confederacy and the Bonnie Blue Flag at the Jefferson Davis Park, 2018

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:

West Virginia

As of 2020 there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.[96]

State capitol

Monuments

Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death.
First Confederate Memorial (1867), Romney, West Virginia

Inhabited places

Parks and water features

Roads

Schools

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Natural features

International

Brazil

Canada

Ireland

Scotland

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "In an effort to assist the efforts of local communities to re-examine these symbols, the SPLC launched a study to catalog them. For the final tally, the researchers excluded nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  2. ^ This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[1]
  3. ^ "The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[1]
  4. ^ Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[271]
  5. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[271]
  6. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[271]
  7. ^ Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[271]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Gunter, Booth; Kizzire, Jamie (April 21, 2016). Gunter, Booth (ed.). "Whose heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Palmer, Brian; Wessler, Seth Freed (December 2018). "The Costs of the Confederacy". Smithsonian Magazine.
  3. ^ Shaffer, Josh (October 25, 2018). "NC's highest court will review courtroom portraits amid complaint about pro-slavery judge". Island Packet.
  4. ^ Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (June 25, 2015). "Take Down the Confederate Flags, but Not the Monuments". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  5. ^ Criss, Doug; Elkin, Elizabeth (June 5, 2018). "The state leading the way in removing Confederate monuments? Texas". CNN.
  6. ^ Cunningham, Anne, ed., The Confederate Flag, p. 31 (quotes original text of SPLC report).
  7. ^ "Actually, Robert E. Lee was against erecting Confederate memorials". WPTV News Channel 5 West Palm. CNN. August 16, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  8. ^ "Memorialization of Robert E. Lee and the Lost Cause". www.nps.gov. National Park Service. September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  9. ^ Maxwell, Hu (1897). History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: from its earliest settlement to the present. Morgantown, W. Va: A.B. Boughner, printer. OL 23304577M.
  10. ^ a b Andrew J. Yawn; Todd A. Price; Maria Clark (August 1, 2020). "'This is not just about symbols': America's reckoning over Confederate monuments". www.tennessean.com. USA Today Network. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  11. ^ "Monuments and Memorials". Vicksburg National Military Park. National Park Service. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  12. ^ Leib, Jonathan I.; Webster, Gerald R.; Webster, Roberta H. (December 1, 2000). "Rebel with a cause? Iconography and public memory in the Southern United States". GeoJournal. 52 (2): 303–310. Bibcode:2000GeoJo..52..303L. doi:10.1023/A:1014358204037. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 151000497.
  13. ^ a b Cox, Karen L. (August 16, 2017). "Analysis – The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  14. ^ American Historical Association, AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments (August 2017)
  15. ^ Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). "Confederate Participation Trophies Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'". npr.org. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  16. ^ "Durham Confederate Participation Trophy: tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South?". The Herald-Sun. Durham, North Carolina. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  17. ^ Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville. Dell Upton, Society of American Historians, September 13, 2017
  18. ^ Confederate monuments: What to do with them?. Grier, Peter. Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 2017
  19. ^ Dotinga, Randy (June 14, 2017). "Inside the hidden history of confederate memorials". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  20. ^ Robertson, James I. Jr. (July 28, 2018). "Debate Over Confederate Monuments | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
  21. ^ Kristina Dunn Johnson (April 6, 2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. Arcadia Publishing Inc. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1614232827.
  22. ^ Winsboro, Irvin D.S. (2016). "The Confederate Monument Movement as a Policy Dilemma for Resource Managers of Parks, Cultural Sites, and Protected Places: Florida as a Case Study" (PDF). The George Wright Forum. 33: 217–29.
  23. ^ Wiggins, David N. (2005). Remembering Georgia's Confederates. Arcadia. pp. 106, 108, 109, 117. ISBN 978-0738518237.
  24. ^ Confederate Monument in Forsyth Park Archived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, City of Savannah website, accessed April 24, 2010
  25. ^ Mills, Cynthia; Simpson, Pamela H. (2003). Monuments to the Los Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory. University of Tennessee Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-1572332720.
  26. ^ Gulley, H.E. (1993). "Women and the Lost Cause: preserving a Confederate identity in the American Deep South". Journal of Historical Geography. 19 (2): 125–41. doi:10.1006/jhge.1993.1009.
  27. ^ Fisher, Marc (August 18, 2017). "Why those Confederate soldier participation trophies look a lot like their Union counterparts". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 16, 2017. Because of technological innovations in the granite and bronze industries, the price of these participation trophies came way down
  28. ^ Holpuch, Amanda; Chalabi, Mona (August 16, 2017). "'Changing history'? No – 32 Confederate monuments dedicated in past 17 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  29. ^ "Confederate participation trophy removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky". Fox News. May 30, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  30. ^ "FPAN – Destination: Civil War – – Ocala". fpan.us. Archived from the original on August 22, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  31. ^ "Rededicating a Confederate monument to peace". myajc. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Widener, Ralph W. (1982). Confederate monuments: Enduring symbols of the South and the War Between the States. Andromeda Associates. OCLC 8697924.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Winberry, John J. (2015). "'Lest We Forget': The Confederate Monument and the Southern Townscape". Southeastern Geographer. 55 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1353/sgo.2015.0003. S2CID 128637533.
  34. ^ a b Blevins, Ernest (Fall 2019). "Forever in Mourning: Union and Confederate Monuments, 1860–1920". Nineteenth Century. 39 (2).
  35. ^ Bennett, Alec. ""History of the 32nd Indiana Infantry Monument,"". July 7, 2019.
  36. ^ "Hazen Brigade Monument". Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  37. ^ ""Ladd and Whitney Memorial,"". June 29, 2019. October 31, 2018.
  38. ^ ""Massachusetts Civil War Monuments Project: Lowell,"". June–July 2019. October 31, 2018.
  39. ^ W.H. Mullins Company (1913). The Blue and the Gray. Salem, Cleveland: The Canon Company.
  40. ^ Du can, Charles (June 19, 2019). "More than a dozen Confederate participation trophies vandalized around the country so far in 2019". Charlotte Observer.
  41. ^ Feit, Noan (June 16, 2019). "Confederate monument splashed with paint-like substance, SC cops say, and 2 arrested". The State.
  42. ^ "US Confederate monuments: What is the debate about?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  43. ^ a b Harrop, Katelyn (June 13, 2017). "BTW, These Four States Legally Protect Confederate Monuments". Vice Impact. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  44. ^ Harrison, Bobby (May 28, 2017). "Mississippi law prohibits removal of historical markers". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  45. ^ Cote, Rachel Vorona. "Heritage Act Keeps Confederate Flags Flying in South Carolina". Jezebel. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  46. ^ Reynolds, Jacob (August 17, 2017). "Georgia state law makes it difficult to completely remove or hide Confederate monuments". WMAZ. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  47. ^ Olivo, Antonio (August 25, 2017). "After Charlottesville, Va. Democrats see opening to change 114-year-old monuments law". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  48. ^ "A majority of Americans want to preserve Confederate monuments: Reuters/Ipsos poll". Reuters. August 21, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  49. ^ "Reuters/Ipsos Data: Confederate Monuments". ipsos.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  50. ^ Edwards-Levy, Ariel (August 23, 2017). "Polls Find Little Support For Confederate Statue Removal – But How You Ask Matters". Retrieved October 20, 2017 – via Huff Post.
  51. ^ "HuffPost: Confederate Flag, August 15–16, 2017 – 1000 US Adults" (PDF). huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  52. ^ Klar, Rebecca (June 17, 2020). "Poll: Majority supports removing Confederate statues from public places". The Hill. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  53. ^ "QU Poll Release Detail". QU Poll. Quinnipiac University. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  54. ^ Berkowitz, Bonnie; Blanco, Adrian (June 20, 2020). "Confederate monuments are falling, but hundreds still stand. Here's where". The Washington Post.
  55. ^ Treisman, Rachel (February 23, 2021). "Nearly 100 Confederate Monuments Removed In 2020, Report Says; More Than 700 Remain". NPR.
  56. ^ "SPLC LAUNCHES THIRD EDITION OF ITS WHOSE HERITAGE? REPORT TRACKING CONFEDERATE MEMORIALS AND THEIR REMOVALS ACROSS THE U.S." Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  57. ^ DeBonis, Mike (June 23, 2015). "A field guide to the racists commemorated inside the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  58. ^ a b Brockell, Gillian; Brockell, Gillian (August 16, 2017). "How statues of Robert E. Lee and other Confederates got into the U.S. Capitol". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  59. ^ "Zebulon Vance". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  60. ^ "Uriah Milton Rose". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  61. ^ Peters, Ben (April 17, 2019). "Johnny Cash is replacing one of the Capitol's Civil War statues". Roll Call. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  62. ^ Simpson, Stephen (January 1, 2023). "Arkansas' Bates, Cash statues receive final approvals, ready for bronzing". Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  63. ^ "Joseph Wheeler". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  64. ^ "Alexander Hamilton Stephens". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  65. ^ "Wade Hampton". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  66. ^ "Jefferson Davis". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  67. ^ "James Zachariah George". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  68. ^ "Helen Keller". Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  69. ^ a b Stewart, Ian M. (January 4, 2023). "Barbara Rose Johns statue design unveiled". VPM. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  70. ^ "Mary McLeod Bethune becomes first Black American honored in U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall". PBS NewsHour. July 13, 2022. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  71. ^ "The Beginnings of Arlington National Cemetery". Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial. National Park Service. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  72. ^ "Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  73. ^ Visitor Information: Monuments and Memorials: Confederate Memorial Archived July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Arlington National Cemetery website, accessed April 24, 2010
  74. ^ "Confederate memorial removed from Arlington National Cemetery". Washington Post. December 20, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  75. ^ Pilitowski, Tom. "Information about the Stone Mountain Half Dollar coin". U.S. Rare Coin Investments. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  76. ^ "Robert E. Lee on U.S. Postage Stamps". civilwartalk.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  77. ^ "The Naming Commission". www.thenamingcommission.gov. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  78. ^ "H.R.6395 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021". U.S. Congress. January 1, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  79. ^ Homan, Timothy R. (February 12, 2021). "Pentagon, Congress appoint panel members to rename Confederate base names". The Hill. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
  80. ^ a b c Robert Philpot (22 Mar 2023) Exchange Teams Prepare for Big Changes as 9 Army Posts Get New Names
  81. ^ Ware, Doug (August 25, 2023). "Fort AP Hill renamed Fort Walker to honor Army's first female surgeon". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  82. ^ Dickstein, Corey (May 11, 2023). "'Our name may be changing, but our mission is not': Army's Fort Benning is now Fort Moore". Stars and Stripes.
  83. ^ "Fort Bragg in North Carolina becomes Fort Liberty, dropping name of Confederate general". CBS News. June 2, 2023.
  84. ^ Dickstein, Corey (October 27, 2023). "Final Army base stripped of Confederate name as Fort Gordon becomes Fort Eisenhower". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  85. ^ Thayer, Rose (May 9, 2023). "Fort Hood becomes Fort Cavazos, paying homage to general from Texas known for warrior ethos, selfless service". Stars and Stripes.
  86. ^ Adams, Matthew (April 27, 2023). "Fort Lee renamed Fort Gregg-Adams to honor two pioneering Black officers". Stars and Stripes.
  87. ^ Vrabel, Mike (March 24, 2023). "VNG installation officially redesignated Fort Barfoot". U.S. Army.
  88. ^ Thayer, Rose (June 13, 2023). "Fort Polk renamed Fort Johnson in honor of Black WWI hero". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  89. ^ Gast, Phil (April 11, 2023). "Fort Rucker was named for a Confederate. The Army post will now be called Fort Novosel, for a Medal of Honor recipient who rescued thousands". CNN.
  90. ^ Carola, Chris (August 17, 2017). "2 NY lawmakers: Strip Robert E. Lee's name from West Point". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  91. ^ a b Witte, Brian (August 23, 2017). "Confederate names at Naval Academy could face rough seas". Fox News. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  92. ^ Diana Fontaine Maury-Corbin "Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury USN & CSN" Life of Matthew Fontaine Maury, U.S.N. and C.S.N.
  93. ^ Toropin, Konstantin (March 8, 2023). "Navy Renames Survey Ship After Pioneering Female Ocean Researcher, Stripping Vessel of Confederate Ties". Military.com. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  94. ^ "Troopships of World War II: Liberty Ships". www.skylighters.org. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  95. ^ GRubb, Tammy (October 16, 2018). "A Chapel Hill highway no longer honors a Confederate leader. But what about the sign?". Herald Sun.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba "Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. February 1, 2019.
  97. ^ "Confederate Gulch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  98. ^ Maddren, A. G. (1913). "The Koyukuk-Chandalar Region, Alaska" (PDF). United States Government Printing Office.
  99. ^ a b c d e "Slideshow: Where are Arizona's Confederate monuments?". KMOV. August 16, 2017. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  100. ^ "Southern Memorial Cemetery". Arizona Department of Veterans' Services. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  101. ^ Simpson, Ian (August 18, 2017). "Statue defaced as U.S. Confederate monument protests grow". Reuters. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  102. ^ Sameer Rao (June 5, 2017). "Black Leaders Fight to Remove Arizona's Confederate Monuments". ColorLines.com.
  103. ^ Schladebeck, Jessica (June 8, 2017). "Arizona civil rights leaders call to remove Confederate memorials". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  104. ^ a b "A Walk on the Hill" (PDF). Arkansas.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  105. ^ a b c d National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Registration Form: Civil War Commemorative Sculpture in Arkansas, 1886–1934, 1996.
  106. ^ Elledge, Zachary (2015). Defeat and Memory at the Arkansas State Capitol: The Little Rock Monument to the Women of the Confederacy, 1896–1914. Thesis, Master of Arts, Arkansas State University.
  107. ^ Cynthia DeHaven Pitcock (July 29, 1997). "Old State House – National Historic Landmark Nomination" (PDF). National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. pp. 6–7. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  108. ^ QuesterMark. "Little Rock Defenders Memorial Plaque – Little Rock, Arkansas". Waymarking.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  109. ^ QuesterMark. "Old State House Civil War Memorial Plaque – Little Rock, Arkansas". Waymarking.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  110. ^ Roberts, Adam (August 19, 2017). "The Bentonville Confederate Monument's history". KHBS/KHOG Fort Smith-Fayetteville.
  111. ^ "National Register Listings: Clarksville Confederate Monument" (PDF). Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.
  112. ^ Christ, Mark K.; Slater, Cathryn H. (2000). Sentinels of History: Reflections on Arkansas Properties on the National Register of Historic Places. University of Arkansas Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1557286055.
  113. ^ "Battle of Jenkins' Ferry". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
  114. ^ "Monuments". Conserve ART. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  115. ^ "Little Rock Confederate Memorial" (PDF). National Park Service. March 6, 1996.
  116. ^ "Confederate Generals Memorial". Waymarking.com. silverquill. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  117. ^ "Reunited Soldiery Monument – Pea Ridge Battlefield". Waymarking.com. silverquill. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  118. ^ "Pea Ridge Texas Monument". The Civil War Muse.
  119. ^ "Smithville". Civil War Buff. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  120. ^ "Fairview Cemetery – Confederate Memorial – Van Buren, AR". Waymarking.com. iconions. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  121. ^ "Washington Confederate Monument". National Park Service.
  122. ^ "National Register Listings: Washington Confederate Monument" (PDF). Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.
  123. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 84.
  124. ^ "Faulkner County History". Faulkner County Arkansas. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  125. ^ "About Forrest City". City of Forrest City. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  126. ^ "Lee County". Arkansas Municipal League. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  127. ^ "NRHP nomination for Confederate Mothers Memorial Park" (PDF). Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  128. ^ "These 5 states still use Confederate symbols in their flags". Msnbc.com. June 23, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  129. ^ Ark. Code Ann. (1987), Section 1–4–101; cited in B.F. Shearer and B.S. Shearer (2002), State Names, Seals, Flags, and Symbols, Greenwood Press, p. 54
  130. ^ "The Forgotten Anti-Rebel Yell in Steinbeck's The Wayward Bus, Steinbeck Now. |url=http://www.steinbecknow.com/2017/10/30/anti-rebel-yell-steinbecks-wayward-bus/ 30 Oct. 2017."
  131. ^ "J. D. Highway". Rootsweb.ancestry.com. August 16, 2017. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  132. ^ "School board rejects bid to restore 'Rebel' statue". ocregister.com. February 19, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  133. ^ Kyle, Douglas E. and Hoover, Mildred Brooke (1990). Historic Spots in California, p. 122. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804744831.
  134. ^ "Jeff Davis Peak : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  135. ^ Erwin E. Gudde, California Place Names
  136. ^ "Pickett Peak : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  137. ^ "Camping at Pickett Peak Campground near Mad River – California". www.campscout.com. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  138. ^ Peterson, Richard H. (July 2001). "The Stonewall Jackson Mine, San Diego County, California". ICMJ Prospecting and Mining Journal.
  139. ^ Redmond, James (August 26, 2017). "Confederate-themed mascot at Weld Central High School stirs up controversy". The Greely Tribune. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  140. ^ "Colorado Confederate Veterans Memorial – Riverside Cemetery, Denver, CO – American Civil War Monuments and Memorials on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
  141. ^ Keller, Steve (2007). Colorado in Depth. Lulu. p. 290. ISBN 978-1430311942.
  142. ^ "Robert E Lee Mine". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  143. ^ Fishman, Margie (August 15, 2017). "Delaware leaders make no moves to oust Confederate monument". The News Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  144. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (August 30, 2017). "A Boom in Confederate Monuments, on Private Land". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  145. ^ Fruin, Alex [@afruin] (June 19, 2020). "Tonight in #DC – statue of confederate officer Albert Pike was pulled down from its post in Judiciary Square. @shomaristone was there, reporting LIVE as it happened on @nbcwashington with @RealLeonHarris" (Tweet). Retrieved June 20, 2020 – via Twitter.
  146. ^ Trentanove, Gaetano (1899). Brigadier General Albert Pike. Washington Granite Monumental Company, Fonderia Galli.
  147. ^ Goode, James M. (1974). The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C.: A Comprehensive Historical Guide (1st Edition/ 2nd Printing ed.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Inst Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0874741490.
  148. ^ Jacob, Kathryn Allamong; Remsberg, Edwin H. (1998). Testament to Union: Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Md.; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0801858611.
  149. ^ Iacone, Amanda (August 16, 2017). "DC officials seek to remove statue of Confederate general". WToP. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  150. ^ a b Elias, Dave (August 18, 2017). "Fort Myers mayor considering options for removing Civil War pieces". WBBH. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  151. ^ "Leon County Civil War Monument Historical Marker". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  152. ^ "Permanent Exhibits". Florida Historic Capitol Museum. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  153. ^ Williams, Dave (September 17, 2000). "Flag debate spreading across Deep South". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  154. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (June 21, 2015). "How the Confederacy lives on in the flags of seven Southern states". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  155. ^ "State Flag – Florida Department of State". dos.myflorida.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  156. ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (June 26, 2015). "Is Florida's State Flag "the Most Overtly Racist Symbol in the United States"?". Miami New Times. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  157. ^ Garvin, Glenn (June 24, 2015). "Historians differ on whether Florida flag echoes Confederate banner". Miami Herald.
  158. ^ "The Burgundian Saltire – 1565–1763 – Florida Department of State". dos.myflorida.com. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  159. ^ Florida Legislature (2019). "The 2018 Florida Statutes, Title XXXIX, Chapter 683". Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  160. ^ "Bartow". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  161. ^ Taylor, George (January 31, 2010). "Confederate Soldiers' Memorial, Brooksville, FL". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  162. ^ a b c d "Big Bend peppered with Confederate monuments". tallahassee.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  163. ^ "Jefferson County Confederate Memorial – Monticello, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  164. ^ "Ocala". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  165. ^ a b Ross, Jim (April 13, 2016). "Marion County to relocate Confederate flag by mid-May". Ocala Star-Banner.
  166. ^ a b c d e f Moyer, Crystal. "Most Confederate statues in Central Florida have been relocated". WKMG-TV (clickorlando.com).
  167. ^ "American Veteran Monument". Florida Public Archaeology Network. University of West Florida. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  168. ^ "FPAN – Destination: Civil War – Confederate Monument". Flpublicarchaeology.org. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  169. ^ "Judah P. Benjamin Confederate Memorial at Gamble Plantation Historic State Park". Floridastateparks.org. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  170. ^ "Gamble Plantation". Florida Division UDC. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017.
  171. ^ Feldman, Ari (August 20, 2017). "Why Are There No Statues Of Jewish Confederate Judah Benjamin To Tear Down?". Forward. Retrieved September 6, 2017. There is only one known statue of a Jewish Confederate leader. It depicts David Levy Yulee, an industrialist, plantation owner and Confederate senator from Florida, and it shows him sitting on a bench.
  172. ^ Newman, Allen George (January 1, 1914). "Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy". Siris-artinventories.si.edu.
  173. ^ Gancarski, A.G. (August 18, 2017). "Jax Chamber backs Confederate monument 'inventory'; Anna Brosche modifies position". floridapolitics.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  174. ^ "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List". The New York Times. August 28, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
  175. ^ "To the Memory of the Confederate Soldiers who Defended Jacksonville". Florida Public Archaeology Network. University of West Florida. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  176. ^ "Clinton Square Historical Marker". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  177. ^ Klingener, Nancy (August 25, 2015). "Key West Preserves Memorials To Confederate and Union Armies". WLRN Public Radio and Television. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  178. ^ "Mallory Square Signage in Key West, Florida". encircle photos.
  179. ^ "Lake City – Downtown Square". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  180. ^ "City of Miami Cemetery". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  181. ^ a b Buchanan, Drew (August 26, 2017). "Rally at Confederate monument in downtown Pensacola draws hundreds, one arrested". The Pulse.
  182. ^ "J. F. Manning Company, fabricator". SIRIS – Smithsonian Institution Research Information System.
  183. ^ "Perry". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  184. ^ "Confederate Monument – Perry, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  185. ^ "Soldiers Cemetery Confederate Memorial – Quincy, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  186. ^ "On the Trail in Historic Quincy" (PDF). Gadsden Arts Center & Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  187. ^ Taylor, George (June 14, 2009). "Confederate Memorial Obelisk, St. Augustine, FL". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery.
  188. ^ Harding, Ashley; Calloway, Ethan (July 9, 2018). "Task force: Context needed for St. Augustine's Confederate memorial". WJXT.
  189. ^ "St. Cloud, Florida". Civil War Album. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  190. ^ "St. Petersburg – Greenwood Cemetery". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  191. ^ "Fallen Confederates honored Saturday". Gilchrist County Journal. April 29, 2010. Retrieved August 17, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  192. ^ "Confederate and Union Soldiers who died at Natural Bridge". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  193. ^ "Newnansville Cemetery Confederate Veterans Memorial – Alachua, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  194. ^ "Bradfordville". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  195. ^ "Approved Minutes from October 10, 2013, Meeting". Tallahassee Historical Society. Retrieved August 15, 2017.[permanent dead link]
  196. ^ "Pasco County Civil War Veterans Memorial-Dade City, Florida". Waymarking. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  197. ^ "Confederate Veteran Memorial – DeLand, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  198. ^ "Lake City – Last Confederate War Widow". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  199. ^ "Florida Civil War Heritage Trail" (PDF). Florida Department of State.
  200. ^ "Lake City – Battle of Olustee Soldiers Plot". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  201. ^ "Monument in Oaklawn Cemetery : Lake City, Florida". Florida Memory, State Library & Archives of Florida.
  202. ^ "White Springs". Florida Public Archaeology Network. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  203. ^ a b c "County Name Origins". Florida Department of State: Division of Historical Resources. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  204. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 184.
  205. ^ "Polk County Courthouse". Florida 10th Judicial Circuit. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  206. ^ "City Name Origins". Florida Department of State: Division of Historical Resources. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  207. ^ a b "Name Origins of Florida Places: Florida OCHP". Flheritage.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  208. ^ "Gamble Plantation Historic State Park". Florida State Parks. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  209. ^ Cox, Dale. "Camp Walton – Confederate Fort at Fort Walton Beach, Florida". www.exploresouthernhistory.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  210. ^ "Confederate Park History". Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  211. ^ "Confederate Memorial – Hemming Plaza – Jacksonville, FL". Waymarking. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  212. ^ "Hemming Plaza". apps2.coj.net. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  213. ^ "Wynwood Walls "Stories Through The Walls"". September 11, 2015. p. 14. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  214. ^ Elfrink, Tim (August 17, 2017). "Activists Want to Erase Wynwood's Robert E. Lee Park, but Officials Say It Doesn't Actually Exist". Miami New Times. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  215. ^ "Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway". Waymarking. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  216. ^ "Stonewall Jackson Memorial Highway Terminus". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  217. ^ Frago, Charlie (August 15, 2017). "Kriseman removes Confederate marker from St. Pete's waterfront". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  218. ^ "J.J. Finley Elementary School History". J.J. Finley Elementary School History. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  219. ^ Taylor, George (August 3, 2009). "Kirby Smith School 2, Gainesville, FL". George Lansing Taylor Collection Main Gallery. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  220. ^ "Alachua County School Board Changing Name". WCJB. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  221. ^ Sokol, Marlene (June 14, 2017). "As Confederate monuments fall, Tampa's Robert E. Lee Elementary could get name change". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  222. ^ Bennett, Erica (August 15, 2017). "Duval County Public Schools not considering changes to schools with Confederate names". Action News Jax. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  223. ^ Martin, Annie (February 14, 2017). "Lee Middle School will become College Park Middle". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  224. ^ "Today in Florida, it's Robert E. Lee Day". Tampa Bay Times. January 19, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  225. ^ Morrow, Emerald (June 19, 2017). "Hillsborough school official moves to rename Robert E. Lee school". WTSP. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  226. ^ Contorno, Steve (June 17, 2017). "For Tampa's Confederate monument, racist history clouds claims of heritage". Tampa Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  227. ^ Thebault, Reis (April 5, 2019). "Mayor announces 'Confederate Memorial Day.' A city council member says it should cost him his job". The Washington Post.
  228. ^ "History of the Boise National Forest, 1905–1976" (PDF). Idaho State Historical Society. 1983. p. 25.
  229. ^ Parsons, Gretchen (August 16, 2017). "Legacy of the Civil War in Idaho". www.ktvb.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  230. ^ a b "Lower Boise Historical Marker-Confederates in Idaho". Clio. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  231. ^ Game, Brent Thomas, Idaho Fish and. "Confederate Gulch | Idaho Fishing Planner". idfg.idaho.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  232. ^ "Boise National Forest – Grayback Campground and Group". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  233. ^ Parsons, Gretchen (August 15, 2017). "Legacy of the Civil War in Idaho". KTVB-TV. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  234. ^ Camp and Picnic in the National Forests of the Intermountain Region. United States Forest Service. 1981. p. 46.
  235. ^ a b "Is there a Robert E. Lee campground in the Boise National Forest?". www.idahostatesman.com. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  236. ^ "Robert E. Lee Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  237. ^ labeled on public state signs
  238. ^ "North Alton Confederate Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  239. ^ a b c d e f g h "Feds spending millions to beef up security at Confederate monuments, cemeteries". NBC News. Associated Press. October 15, 2018.
  240. ^ "Rock Island Confederate Cemetery". National Park Service. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  241. ^ "Camp Butler National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  242. ^ "Confederate Mound at Oak Woods Cemetery Chicago, Illinois". National Park Service. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  243. ^ a b Holloway, Kali (June 3, 2018). "Announcing the Launch of the Make It Right Project". Independent Media Institute. Retrieved September 10, 2018.
  244. ^ Historic Hoosier Hills Research, Consetvation & Development. "John Hunt Morgan Map of the Trail". Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  245. ^ Cahill, Lora Schmidt (2011). John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail in Indiana : a tour guide to the Indiana portion of Morgan's Great Raid, July 8-13, 1863. Attica, Ohio: K-Hill. ISBN 978-1889030227. OCLC 650094122.
  246. ^ Harrison County Park and Recreation Department. "Corydon's Civil War Museum". Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
  247. ^ "Evansville Confederate monument controversy-free". Evansville Courier & Press. August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  248. ^ Ryckaert, Vic (July 12, 2014). "Group wants to restore Confederate fighters' monument". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  249. ^ Hays, Holly V. (August 17, 2017). "Confederate monument discussion comes to Indianapolis over Garfield Park's memorial". Indianapolis Star (IndyStar). Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  250. ^ "Confederate Tower Still in Place 1 Year After Removal Calls". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. August 2, 2018.
  251. ^ "Crown Hill Confederate Plot". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  252. ^ "Woodlawn Monument Site". Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  253. ^ a b Munson, Kyle (August 25, 2017). "'Stupid liberals' vs. white privilege: Iowa caught up in Confederate monuments debate". Des Moines Register. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  254. ^ "Confederate Invasion of Iowa Monument, Bloomfield, Iowa". RoadsideAmerica.com.
  255. ^ "In some states, it's illegal to take down monuments or change street names honoring the Confederacy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  256. ^ Chapman, Matthew (June 13, 2020). "Armed group protects Confederate statue in Kentucky: 'This is our battle line'". www.rawstory.com. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  257. ^ "Cadiz, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  258. ^ "Danville, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  259. ^ Hampson, Rick (May 22, 2017). "Confederate monuments, more than 700 across USA, aren't budging". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  260. ^ "Confederate Monument, Georgetown, Kentucky". Waymarking. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  261. ^ "Camp Beauregard Memorial". National Park Service. July 17, 1997. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  262. ^ a b Eads, Morgan; Ward, Karla; Musgrave, Beth (October 17, 2017). "In a surprise move, Lexington removes controversial Confederate statues". Herald-Leader.
  263. ^ "Confederate statue removed from University of Louisville campus rededicated in Kentucky". Fox News. May 30, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  264. ^ "Confederate monuments receive mixed reactions in Western KY". USA Today. August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  265. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Albert Sidney Johnston Historical Marker
  266. ^ "Nicholasville, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  267. ^ a b c d "Monuments and Memorials". City of Paducah. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  268. ^ a b "Perryville, Ky". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  269. ^ "Confederate Soldier Monument-Princeton, KY". Waymarking. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  270. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: John Hunt Morgans Raid Historical Marker
  271. ^ a b c d "Search For Markers". Kentucky Historical Society. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  272. ^ "Dutton Hill". Lake Cumberland Tourism. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  273. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: John Hunt Morgan's Raids Historical Marker
  274. ^ "St. Joseph". Trails-R-Us. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  275. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: John Hunt Morgan Historical Marker
  276. ^ "Jefferson Davis State Historic Site – Kentucky State Parks". parks.ky.gov.
  277. ^ "Lexington, Kentucky: One-Day President Birthplace". roadsideamerica.com. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  278. ^ a b c d e f Moore, Josh (June 28, 2015). "For some Kentucky high schools, Rebels nickname OK for now". Herald-Leader. Lexington, Kentucky. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  279. ^ Jafari, Samira (December 10, 2006). "Eastern Kentucky students hold onto Confederate school symbols". Ocala Star Banner. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  280. ^ "GOODBYE REBELS: Atherton High School announces new mascot". WDRB. September 28, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  281. ^ Phillips, Carron J. (August 18, 2017). "It's time for colleges to dump Old South nicknames and mascots". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  282. ^ a b c Jacobs, David (October 3, 2017). "Will Confederate Landmarks in Baton Rouge Become the Subject of Controversy?". 225 Magazine.
  283. ^ "Confederate Memorial Hall Museum". Confederate Memorial Hall Museum. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  284. ^ "East Feliciana Parish Court House, Clinton, Louisiana | Library of Congress". Loc.gov. October 14, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  285. ^ Brito, Christopher (August 28, 2020). "Hurricane Laura topples Confederate statue, two weeks after officials voted to keep it". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  286. ^ "Caddo Parish Confederate Monument". National Park Service.
  287. ^ "Confederate monument relocated to de Soto Parish battlefield site". July 5, 2022.
  288. ^ "Battle of Pleasant Hill". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  289. ^ "Battle of Pleasant Hill". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  290. ^ Hilton, Mark (July 12, 2017). "Battle of Pleasant Hill Memorial". HMdb.com.
  291. ^ Pierce, Walter (February 1, 2016). "A Monumental Question: Amid a National Conversation on Confederate Iconography, What, If Anything, Should Lafayette Do with Our Own Memorial to Jim Crow". The Independent (Lafayette, Louisiana).
  292. ^ "Should Lafayette remove Confederate statue from downtown?". theadvertiser.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  293. ^ "Confederate statue removed from city hall in Louisiana after 99 years". The Guardian. July 18, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  294. ^ Branley, Edward (January 27, 2014). "NOLA History: Greenwood Cemetery in Mid-City". New Orleans Tourism Marketing Corporation. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  295. ^ Huber, Leonard V. (1974). New Orleans Architecture: Volume III The Cemeteries. Pelican. p. 54. ISBN 978-1455609345.
  296. ^ a b c d Serrano, Alicia (June 29, 2015). "Who Are the other Confederate Soldiers Honored with Statues on Jefferson Davis Parkway in Mid-City?". Midcity Messenger. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  297. ^ "Short History of Camp Moore". Camp Moore. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  298. ^ Hémard, Ned (2012). "History's Muse" (PDF). New Orleans Bar Association. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  299. ^ "Petition: LSU Tigers mascot a 'symbol of white oppression'". campusreform.org. May 31, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  300. ^ "Confederate symbols need to go but don't touch LSU's Fighting Tigers nickname: Jeff Duncan". nola.com. June 26, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  301. ^ "P G T Beauregard Middle School (historical)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  302. ^ Rosen, Michael (December 1, 2015). "Here are all the racist college mascots left in the United States". Splinter. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  303. ^ Beaujon, Andrew (August 19, 2015). "Maryland's Flag Has a Subtle Symbol of Confederate Sympathy". Washingtonian. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  304. ^ Johnson, Matt (June 5, 2015). "Maryland's flag may be more symbolic than you realize". Greater Greater Washington. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  305. ^ Tkacik, Christina (August 3, 2017). "Activist draws attention to Maryland flag's Confederate ties during #NoConfederate campaign". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  306. ^ "Does Maryland's Flag Have Confederate Ties? Social Media Campaign Sparks Controversy". CBS Baltimore. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  307. ^ Gabriel, Trip (August 25, 2017). "Far From Dixie, Outcry Grows Over a Wider Array of Monuments". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  308. ^ "UMD Band Stops Playing pro-Confederate Song", Afro, Baltimore, Associated Press, August 30, 2017. Retrieved on September 4, 2017.
  309. ^ Neuman, Scott (May 20, 2021). "Maryland Repeals State Song That Called Lincoln A 'Tyrant'". NPR.org. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  310. ^ "Baltimore's Confederate Memory & Monuments". Baltimore's Civil Rights Heritage. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  311. ^ "Loudon Park National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  312. ^ "Point Lookout Confederate Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  313. ^ "Monument to Gen. Robert E. Lee". National Park Service. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  314. ^ "H.R.970 – Robert E. Lee Statue Removal Act". US Congress. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  315. ^ "Brigadier General Samuel Garland". Stone Sentinels. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  316. ^ "Monocacy Cemetery" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. September 15, 2004.
  317. ^ Scharf, John Thomas (1882). History of Western Maryland: Being a History of Frederick, Montgomery, Carroll, Washington, Allegany, and Garrett Counties from the Earliest Period to the Present Day, Including Biographical Sketches of Their Representative Men. Vol. 1. Louis H. Everts. p. 551.
  318. ^ Grace Episcopal Church. History of Grace Church: Grace Episcopal Church History of Grace Church Archived August 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  319. ^ "Confederate Monument at Grace Episcopal Church, Silver Spring". Landmarks. June 22, 2011.
  320. ^ "North Carolina Monument on South Mountain". Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  321. ^ a b City of Rockville (September 10, 2015). "Historic District Commission Staff Report: Certificate of Approval HDC2016-00756, 29 Courthouse Square". Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  322. ^ a b Browne, Allen (March 26, 2017). "The Confederate Monument in Rockville".
  323. ^ Meyer, Eugene L. (March 17, 2017). "Montgomery County decides to hide, instead of confront, its ugly history". The Washington Post.
  324. ^ a b Turque, Bill (July 24, 2017). "Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  325. ^ Bunow, Miriam (July 16, 2015). "The History and Future of the Rockville Confederate Soldier Statue". Peerless Rockville Historic Preservation Ltd.
  326. ^ Turque, Bill (August 3, 2015). "Montgomery boxes Confederate statue to protect it from vandalism". The Washington Post.
  327. ^ Turque, Bill (February 28, 2017). "New spot for Confederate statue: site of historic ferry". The Washington Post.
  328. ^ Loewen, James W. (March 22, 2017). "ROCKVILLE'S CONFEDERATE MONUMENT BELONGS AT WHITE'S FERRY". History News Network.
  329. ^ "Saving History from Sprawl: Threats to Civil War Battlefields". Kaid Benfield Archive. December 4, 2008.
  330. ^ "Road Listings" (PDF). Washington County, Maryland, Planning Department. May 27, 1994.
  331. ^ Tan, Rebecca (July 4, 2020). "A Confederate statue is toppled in rural Maryland, then quietly stored away". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  332. ^ Beecher, Katie (December 30, 2020). "White's Ferry Ceases Operations Across the Potomac". Montgomery Magazine. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  333. ^ Campbell, Douglas E.; Sherman, Thomas B. (2014). On the Potomac River. Lulu. p. 48. ISBN 978-1304698728.
  334. ^ Dowd, Brian (July 15, 2019). "Civil War plaques are on display".
  335. ^ Fisher, Jada (June 23, 2020). "Confederate soldier statue likely to stay in West Michigan veterans display". MLive.
  336. ^ "Examining Rebel Mascots".
  337. ^ "Shelby's Last Stand". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  338. ^ a b c d Schmitt, Will. "No apparent plans yet to remove Confederate monuments in Springfield and Missouri". Springfield News-Leader.
  339. ^ Keegan, Charlie (August 25, 2017). "Watch: City crews remove Confederate monument on Ward Parkway". KSHB. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  340. ^ "Lone Jack Battlefield Museum and Soldier's Cemetery". Lone Jack Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  341. ^ Franklin, Wes. "Neosho Daily News – Neosho, MO". www.neoshodailynews.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  342. ^ "Springfield National Cemetery – Springfield, Missouri". National Park Service. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  343. ^ "Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, Saint Louis, Missouri". National Park Service. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  344. ^ Visitors Guide to the Confederate Prison Site & Confederate Memorials Alton, Illinois Archived June 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Visitors Guide to the Middle Mississippi River Valley, accessed June 25, 2015
  345. ^ Bill Earngey (1995). Missouri Roadsides: The Traveler's Companion. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0826210210.
  346. ^ "Confederate Memorial State Historic Site". mostateparks.com. December 10, 2010.
  347. ^ "Confederate Dam, Beaverhead County, Montana, Dam [Everson Creek USGS Topographic Map] by MyTopo". www.mytopo.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  348. ^ "Confederate Dam Topo Map in Beaverhead County, Montana". www.anyplaceamerica.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  349. ^ "Jeff Davis Creek Topo Map in Beaverhead County, Montana". www.anyplaceamerica.com. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  350. ^ Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellie; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene; Shovers, Brian (2009). Montana Place Names from Alzada to Zortman. Montana Historical Society. p. 53. ISBN 978-0975919613.
  351. ^ "Confederate Gulch". Independent Record. July 9, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  352. ^ Melanie Burney, "Honoring Union and Confederacy," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 29, 2017.
  353. ^ "9 surprising N.J. Ties to Confederacy you probably didn't know". August 16, 2017.
  354. ^ "Princeton's Civil War Memorial".
  355. ^ "Santa Fe National Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  356. ^ Haederle, Michael (May 17, 1993). "Putting to Rest New Mexico's Civil War Past : Confederate Soldiers are Reinterred. They Died for a Dream of Seizing the Denver Mint's Gold". Los Angeles Times.
  357. ^ "For Southern Independence". HMdb.org. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  358. ^ Plitt, Amy (August 16, 2017). "New York pols push to remove Confederate street names in Brooklyn (updated)". Curbed NY. Retrieved August 17, 2017. Memorializing Confederate generals has no place in 2017
  359. ^ a b "Confederate Monuments Are Coming Down Across the United States. Here's a List". The New York Times. August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  360. ^ a b CNN (August 18, 2017). "Here are the Confederate memorials that will be removed after Charlottesville". WPTV. Retrieved February 12, 2018. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  361. ^ Hallman, J. C. (November 1, 2017). "[Essay] | Monumental Error, by J. C. Hallman". Harper's Magazine. Vol. November 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  362. ^ "The Cry of Alice | J.C. Hallman". The Baffler. November 11, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  363. ^ "J Marion Sims: controversial statue taken down but debate still rages". The Guardian. April 21, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  364. ^ Sullivan, Robert (June 19, 2017). "A Confederate General in Brooklyn". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  365. ^ "Woodlawn National Cemetery, Elmira, New York". National Park Service. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  366. ^ McKinney, Michael P. (August 19, 2017). "Confederate marker in Hastings draws concern". The Journal News. p. 1.
  367. ^ "Fort Hamilton avenue named for Confederate General Robert E. Lee renamed for Black Vietnam War hero John Warren". ABC7 New York. June 2, 2022. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  368. ^ O'Shaugnessy, Patrice (August 24, 2009). "Gettysburg addresses run thru city". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  369. ^ "John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail in Ohio Historical Markers". Historical Markers Database.
  370. ^ "Ohio's new John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail follows Confederate army's push across a panicked state (video)". Cleveland Plain Dealer. July 6, 2018.
  371. ^ a b "Confederate Stockade Cemetery". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. August 28, 2017.
  372. ^ WSYX ABC (August 22, 2017). "A confederate statue was knocked down at Camp Chase Cemetery in west Columbus. Officers are investigating.pic.twitter.com/e5Nm4sMhxf". Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  373. ^ "Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery – Civil War Era National Cemeteries: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  374. ^ Burger, Beth. "Vandals decapitate Confederate soldier statue at Camp Chase cemetery". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  375. ^ Ferenchik, Mark. "Repaired statue of Confederate soldier reinstalled at Camp Chase cemetery". The Columbus Dispatch.
  376. ^ a b Bamforth, Emily (August 17, 2017). "Willoughby South High School drops rebel mascot, keeps name". cleveland.com. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  377. ^ Schulze, Bruce. "Oklahoma Veterans Center". Civil War Album. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  378. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lees, William B. (2004). "Oklahoma's Civil War Monuments and Memorial Landscapes" (PDF). William B. Lees. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  379. ^ Kerr, Kevin (June 23, 2013). "Monument to Confederate Soldiers Dedicated Saturday". Daily Ardmoreite.
  380. ^ "Confederate Cemetery". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  381. ^ Hampson, Rick (May 22, 2017). "Confederate monuments, more than 700 across USA, aren't budging". USA Today. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  382. ^ "Confederate Soldiers Monument, Durant, Oklahoma". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  383. ^ a b "'Time for a change:' Cherokee Nation removes monuments dedicated to Confederate soldiers". Tulsa World. June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  384. ^ Lucas (August 16, 2017). "5 Oklahoma Confederate monuments that must be torn down…". The Lost Ogle. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  385. ^ Sprague, Donovin Arleigh (2013). Durant. Arcadia. p. 65. ISBN 978-0738590981.
  386. ^ a b c d Willert, Tim (August 15, 2017). "OKC school district responds to violent racial protests". NewsOK.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  387. ^ Confederate Monuments at Gettysburg, StoneSentinels.com website, accessed April 24, 2010
  388. ^ Stelly, Karl. "Culp Brothers Memorial". HMdb.org The Historical Marker Database. Bill Pfingsten. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  389. ^ Leshan, Bruce (August 16, 2017). "Park Service says Gettysburg Confederate statues here to stay". WUSA. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  390. ^ "Gettysburg removes Confederate flag from police patch and logo, city confirms".
  391. ^ "Calls Renewed to Remove Confederate Flag from Police Patch". Associated Press. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  392. ^ "Gettysburg won't remove Confederate flag from police patch". AP News. July 14, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  393. ^ Staples, Brent (January 9, 2018), "Monuments to White Supremacy", The New York Times
  394. ^ Allison, Natalie (January 2, 2019). "Tennessee's bust of Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest likely isn't going anywhere soon". The Tennessean.
  395. ^ "Students ask Governor to remove Nathan Bedford Forrest bust from capital". WTVF (NewsChannel5). January 31, 2019.
  396. ^ Wilson, Brian (April 28, 2016). "MTSU Will Seek Approval to Rename Forrest Hall". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  397. ^ Flowers, Larry (April 24, 2017). "Process still ongoing to change name of MTSU's Forrest Hall". WKRN.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  398. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "County by county: Confederate memorials in Tennessee". The Tennessean. August 17, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  399. ^ "Fort Donelson National Battlefield (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  400. ^ Jackson, Daniel (December 12, 2018). "Tennessee City Fights Daughters of the Confederacy Over Monuments". Courthouse News Service.
  401. ^ West, Emily (August 14, 2017). "Franklin's solidarity vigil promotes love, quietly questions downtown Confederate monument". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  402. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Oakland Cemetery". National Park Service. Retrieved July 15, 2018. With accompanying pictures
  403. ^ a b "UNDER THE RADAR". The Daily Herald. July 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  404. ^ Hughes, Rosana (July 13, 2017). "NAACP begins effort to remove Confederate statue from Hamilton County Courthouse". Times Free Press. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
  405. ^ Gelbert 1997, p. 137.
  406. ^ Crossville – Cumberland Co, TN. Turner Publishing Company. 2001. p. 277. ISBN 978-1563117671.
  407. ^ "Battle of Franklin Photos". Civilwaralbum.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  408. ^ Boehnke, Megan (August 16, 2017). "Confederate monument defaced in Knoxville's Fort Sanders". Knox News. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
  409. ^ "Bleak House". Knoxville History Project. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  410. ^ Broach, Janice (February 28, 2013). "Family concerned over fate of confederate ancestor's bust in Memphis park". WLOX. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  411. ^ Elliott, Stephen (June 8, 2017). "Is the Ryman's Confederate Gallery Still the Confederate Gallery?". Nashville Scene. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  412. ^ "The Tennessee Confederate Soldiers Home". Col. Randal W. McGavock Camp # 1713. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  413. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Maplewood Cemetery". National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  414. ^ a b Garrison, Joey (June 23, 2015). "Forrest statue land owner fires back at blocking efforts". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
  415. ^ a b c d e Renkl, Margaret (January 29, 2018). "A Monument the Old South Would Like to Ignore". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  416. ^ Barry, Bruce (September 27, 2010). "Kershaw's Death in The Times". Nashville Scene. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  417. ^ a b c Garrison, Joey (July 7, 2015). "Metro Council asks state to block view of I-65 Forrest statue". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  418. ^ Holley, Peter (June 25, 2015). "The 'terrifying' Confederate statue some Tennesseans want to hide". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  419. ^ WKRN web staff (December 27, 2017). "Vandals cover Nathan Bedford Forrest statue with pink paint". WKRN. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  420. ^ Garrison, Joey (June 22, 2015). "Blockage sought of I-65 Nathan Bedford Forrest statue". The Tennessean. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  421. ^ Martin, Douglas (September 24, 2010). "Jack Kershaw Is Dead at 96; Challenged Conviction in King's Death". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  422. ^ a b c McWhirter, Cameron (February 12, 2005). "Colleges suffer identity crisis". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on February 28, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
  423. ^ From a poster included at Sewanee: The University of the South.
  424. ^ a b Danaher, William (June 27, 2015). "Confederate flag's history is 'sick' and 'twisted'". Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  425. ^ Steven Deyle (2013). Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. Oxford University Press. pp. 205–07. Retrieved June 20, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  426. ^ Smith, Fleming (March 22, 2016). "Sewanee, Polk, and the Old South". The Sewanee Purple. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  427. ^ "I don't know how to format this right. Sewanee Magazine, "Telling the Sewanee Story," no author, Spring 2008, pp. 8–9" (PDF).
  428. ^ "Jefferson Davis – Unknown – The University of the South – Sewanee, Tennessee". www.TNPortraits.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  429. ^ Quintard, C. T. (Charles Todd); Boles, J. Durelle; Evans & Cogswell, printer; J. Durelle Boles Collection of Southern Imprints. GEU (October 6, 1863). "The Confederate soldiers' pocket manual of devotions". Charleston [S.C.] : Printed by Evans & Cogswell. Retrieved October 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  430. ^ "Cup. Artist/Maker: Calhoun, William Henry". Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
  431. ^ "Special Orders No. 46". The Nashville Daily Union. February 28, 1863. p. 3. Retrieved April 23, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  432. ^ a b "Vanderbilt Collection – Peabody Campus – Wyatt Center: Edmund Kirby Smith". Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  433. ^ "Vanderbilt Collection – Kirkland Hall: Anna Virginia Russell (Mrs. E.W.) Cole 1846–1926". Tennessee Portrait Project. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  434. ^ "Cole Lectures". Divinity School. Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  435. ^ Bub, Sydney; Mediratta, Avi (October 5, 2016). "The Legacy of Slavery At Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt Political Review. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  436. ^ Fuselier, Kathryn; Yee, Robert (October 17, 2016). "The Legacy of Slavery at Vanderbilt: Our Forgotten Past". Vanderbilt Historical Review. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  437. ^ Epstein Ojalvo, Holly (February 13, 2017). "Beyond Yale: These other university buildings have ties to slavery and white supremacy". USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2018. But in 2012, a new college hall was dedicated to Elizabeth Boddie Elliston, whose family owned slaves and who, according to the university website, "donated segments of her plantation for the formation of the Vanderbilt campus."
  438. ^ Knight, Gladys L. (2014). Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 252. ISBN 978-0313398834.
  439. ^ Martin, C. Brenden (2007). Tourism in the Mountain South: A Double-edged Sword. University of Tennessee Press. pp. 158, 159. ISBN 978-1572335752.
  440. ^ "Dollywood History". Dollywood. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  441. ^ "General Longstreet Headquarters Museum". General James Longstreet Headquarters Museum. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  442. ^ Directory of Memorials, Monuments, and Statues for Veterans (PDF). Austin: Texas Veterans Commission. 1985.
  443. ^ a b Savage, John (August 10, 2016). "Where the Confederacy Is Rising Again". Politico.com. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  444. ^ Jukam, Kelsey; Savage, John; Semiens, Alisa (February 17, 2015). "The Hidden Confederate History of the Texas Capitol: An Unofficial Guide". Texas Observer. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  445. ^ "The Hidden Confederate History of the Texas Capitol: An Unofficial Guide". Texas Observer. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  446. ^ a b c d Holland, Jesse J. (August 15, 2017). "Deadly rally accelerates removal of Confederate statues, including S.A.'s memorial". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  447. ^ a b c d "A Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin". Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  448. ^ a b Fanning, Rhonda (August 17, 2017). "State Rep. Eric Johnson Wants to Spur a Discussion of Confederate Symbols by Removing Capitol Plaque". Texas Standard. Moody College of Communication. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  449. ^ Jukam, Kelsey; Savage, John; Semiens, Alisa (February 17, 2015), "The Hidden Confederate History of the Texas Capitol: An Unofficial Guide", Texas Observer, retrieved November 24, 2017
  450. ^ a b Reynolds, Roy R. (February 25, 2020). "No commotion as county passes Confederate History Month measure". Madisonville Meteor (Madisonville, Texas). Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  451. ^ "Texas Confederate Statues and Monuments". Texasconfederateveterans.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  452. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  453. ^ Campbell, Steve. "Gainesville's dark past still stirring passions". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  454. ^ "Lawrence Sullivan Ross Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org.
  455. ^ Beck, Jillian (July 13, 2015). "Little discussion over Bastrop County Confederate monument". Austin American-Statesman. Cox Media Group. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  456. ^ "Details – Home Town of Texas Confederate Major Joseph D. Sayers – Atlas Number 5021012388 –Texas Historical Commission". atlas.thc.state.tx.us. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  457. ^ "Matagorda County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  458. ^ "Matagorda County Courthouse: Civil War Veterans Monument". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  459. ^ "Confederate Soldier Monument". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  460. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Fannin County: Bonham, Texas". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  461. ^ "Details for Brazos County Confederate Commissioners Court". Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
  462. ^ "Confederate Veterans Memorial, Comanche County Courthouse". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  463. ^ "Confederate Memorial, Navarro County Courthouse Square". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  464. ^ "Navarro County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  465. ^ a b Smithsonian American Art Museum. "Call To Arms, (sculpture)". Retrieved May 7, 2018.
  466. ^ "Isaac O'Haver". September 1, 2009.
  467. ^ "Confederate Soldier Memorial on the Courthouse Square, Clarksville, Texas, Red River County". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  468. ^ "Confederate Soldiers' Monument – The Portal to Texas History". Texashistory.unt.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  469. ^ "Confederate Soldiers' Monument". University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History. 2007. p. 7. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
  470. ^ a b Lee Adams, Host; Dylan Coburn, Producer (2018). Inside the Two-Decade Fight to Bring Down a Confederate Monument. Vice.
  471. ^ Smith, Mark (February 8, 2018). "Denton County to keep Confederate monument". Cross Timbers Gazette.
  472. ^ Falcon, Julia (February 5, 2018). "30 turn out to protest recommendation". Denton Record-Chronicle.
  473. ^ Rarden, Devin (May 30, 2018). "Judge does not expect Confederate Monument context to be added until 2019". North Texas Daily.
  474. ^ a b LaFerney, Dalton (September 9, 2018). "Removal of Denton County's Confederate statue a priority for national group". Denton Record-Chronicle.
  475. ^ "Confederate soldier statue removed from Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square". wfaa.com. June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  476. ^ "Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Tarrant County, Fort Worth, TX". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  477. ^ a b c d e f Little, Carol Morris (1996). A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas. University of Texas Press. pp. 53, 122, 216, 229, 247, 350. ISBN 978-0292760363.
  478. ^ "Galveston County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  479. ^ "Cooke County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  480. ^ "Confederate Soldier, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution Research Info System (SIRIS), Art Inventories Catalog. 1993. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  481. ^ Campbell, Steve. "Gainesville's dark past still stirring passions". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  482. ^ Carter, Simone. "Gainesville's County Commissioners Vote to Keep Courthouse Confederate Monument". Dallas Observer. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  483. ^ "Confederate Soldier Memorial". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  484. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  485. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  486. ^ "Marion County Courthouse, Jefferson Texas". Texasescapes.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  487. ^ Hall, Andy (August 21, 2016). "A Monumental Mystery". Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  488. ^ Banks, Theodore (2015). Lest We Forget: Commemorative Movements In Texas, 1893–1936 (PDF) (MA). Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
  489. ^ "Confederate Soldier Memorial". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  490. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  491. ^ "Confederate Soldier Monument, Caldwell County Courthouse Square". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  492. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  493. ^ "Gregg County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  494. ^ "Titus County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  495. ^ "Confederate Soldier Memorial". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  496. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  497. ^ "Harrison County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  498. ^ "Comal County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  499. ^ "Confederate Monument Stays At The Lamar County Courthouse". eParisExtra.com. June 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  500. ^ Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  501. ^ "Colonel William B. Ochiltree". hmdb.org. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  502. ^ "Confederate Soldier Monument". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  503. ^ Humphrey, Sara. "Resident wants Grayson County courthouse confederate statue removed". Kxii.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  504. ^ Kirchner, Bill (December 3, 2017). "County Named for Texas Confederate William R. Scurry 1821–1864". HMdb.com.
  505. ^ Osborne, Ryan (August 18, 2017). "Not an issue or 'terrifying'? Texas towns proud of their Confederate monuments". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  506. ^ Meachum, Alex (June 26, 2015). "Confederate monument stirs mixed emotions in Texarkana". Arklatexhomepage.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  507. ^ "Bowie County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  508. ^ Little 1996, p. 430.
  509. ^ "Parker County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  510. ^ "Confederate Soldier Monument, Ellis County Courthouse Grounds". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  511. ^ "Ellis County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  512. ^ "Statue in Confederate Memorial Plaza". Texashistory. February 14, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  513. ^ "City of Beaumont takes down confederate monument at Wiess Park". 12newsnow.com. KBMT. June 29, 2020. The City of Beaumont removed a Confederate statue Monday. The statue had been in a downtown park since 1912. Crews removed the statue around 10 a.m. June 29. The city council had voted 6-1 on Tuesday, June 23 to remove the statue at Wiess Park and store it in a warehouse.
  514. ^ "Amid debate over Confederate monuments, Texas A&M will not remove Sul Ross statue". The Dallas Morning News. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  515. ^ King, Jeff. "Queen of the Sea – A Spirited Sculpture". The Bend. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  516. ^ "Confederate Memorial – Farmersville, TX". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  517. ^ Rand, Chuck (February 21, 2012). "Sons of Confederate Veterans: Statue to Be Restored in Texas". Sonsofconfederateveterans.blogspot.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  518. ^ "Confederate Heroes, (sculpture)". Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museums. 1993. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  519. ^ Maxwell, Nikki (July 16, 2009). "Confederate Monument rededicated, turns 100". Gonzales Inquirer. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  520. ^ "Gonzales Confederate Monument – Gonzales, TX – American Civil War Monuments and Memorials". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  521. ^ "Spirit of The Confederacy". Houstontx.gov. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  522. ^ Berman, Mark (August 21, 2017). "Texas man charged with trying to bomb a Confederate statue in Houston". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  523. ^ Barnes, Michael (August 25, 2018). "Even as Confederate monuments fell, a new one rose in Austin". Austin American-Statesman.
  524. ^ a b Sons of Confederate Veterans, Texas Division (2018). "Monuments". Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  525. ^ Vernon, Cheril (April 13, 2013). "Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza Dedicated in Palestine". Palestine Herald-Press.
  526. ^ Christopher, JJackson, Charles (June 12, 2010). "Foard, Robert Levi". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 4, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  527. ^ The Team at roadsideamerica.com. "Confederate Museum in a Water Tower". Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  528. ^ Texas Historical Commission. "Columbus: Confederate Memorial Museum". Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  529. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (April 24, 2018). "Trip to Texas Civil War Museum shows why Dallas should never send its Robert E. Lee statue there". Dallas News.
  530. ^ a b Kennedy, Bud (August 17, 2017). "A Confederate flag display comes down. But it was a tiny one, and the mayor wonders – why now?". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
  531. ^ a b c d e f g Winkle, Kate (July 27, 2018). "Austin outlines Confederate streets slated for renaming". KXAN Austin.
  532. ^ Levin, Matt (July 15, 2015). "A brief history on controversial mascots at Texas high schools". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  533. ^ Dirickson, Perry (2006). School Spirit or School Hate: The Confederate Battle Flag, Texas High Schools, and Memory, 1953–2002 (PDF) (Thesis). University of North Texas.
  534. ^ "One local high school drops 'Dixie,' while another keeps it". www.statesman.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  535. ^ a b "Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin". Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  536. ^ "School Profile – About Us – Ross Elementary". ross.bryanisd.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  537. ^ News, KXAN (July 11, 2015). "Hays HS looks at whether 'Rebels' mascot needs changing". KXAN.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  538. ^ "Hays High School Loses "Dixie"". KyleLife.com. July 28, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  539. ^ "A Focused Future: Lee Rebrands Mascot to Navigators | Lee College".
  540. ^ "Texas High School Defends Rebels Confederate Flag". Myhighplains.com. July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  541. ^ a b c d e "District Renames Seven Schools". Austin American-Statesman. May 14, 2016. p. B5.
  542. ^ "Midland Lee alum no longer proud of school's rebel mascot". Dallas News. August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  543. ^ Fechter, Joshua (July 15, 2015). "Texas high school defends Confederate mascot as coach gets slap for racial remarks". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  544. ^ Caruba, Lauren (August 30, 2017). "NEISD board votes to drop name of Lee High School". MySanAntonio.com. Hearst Communications, Inc. San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved September 7, 2017. North East Independent School District trustees – prodded by a fervent national debate over memorializing the Confederacy that some said had become a distraction for students – voted 7–0 Tuesday to change the name of Robert E. Lee High School.
  545. ^ "Lee High School to keep school colors, mascot". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  546. ^ Raja, Tasneem (September 19, 2017). "To Be Black at Robert E. Lee High School". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  547. ^ Larson, Andrew (1992). I Was Called to "Dixie:" The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences on Mormon Pioneering. St. George, Utah: Dixie College Foundation. p. 185.
  548. ^ English: The St. George Utah Sugarloaf newly painted with the word "Dixie.", December 31, 1914, retrieved June 9, 2022
  549. ^ "Civil War Lessons Often Depend on Where the Classroom Is". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 22, 2017. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  550. ^ Schneider, Gregory S (August 27, 2017). "In the former capital of the Confederacy, the debate over statues is personal and painful". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  551. ^ Knute Berger (June 22, 2015), Confederate symbols also blight the Northwest, Crosscut.com
  552. ^ "Jefferson Davis Park". wordpress.com. June 27, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  553. ^ Clarridge, Christine (August 16, 2017). "Seattle's own monument to the Confederacy was erected on Capitol Hill in 1926 – and it's still there". The Seattle Times.
  554. ^ Millman, Zosha (November 8, 2018). "Campaign to take down Seattle's confederate memorial gets a billboard". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
  555. ^ "Huge Confederate monument toppled at Seattle's Lake View Cemetery". KOMO News. July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
  556. ^ "Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson – Charleston, West Virginia – Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
  557. ^ Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, Moses Jacob Ezekiel: Memoirs from the Bath of Diocletian, ed. by Joseph Gutmann and Stanley F. Chyet, Wayne State University, Detroit, 1975 p. 71
  558. ^ Biennial Report of the Department of Archives and History of the State of West Virginia, Charleston, 1911, pp. 275–79.
  559. ^ Steelhammer, Rick (August 22, 2017). "Charleston's Civil War soldier statues erected with private funds". Charleston Gazette-Mail.
  560. ^ "James Johnston Pettigrew Monument Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org.
  561. ^ "OPINION: Finally righting a wrong at our historic courthouse". Spirit of Jefferson. December 12, 2018.
  562. ^ Johnson, Mary (1997). "An "Ever Present Bone of Contention": The Heyward Shepherd Memorial". West Virginia History. 56: 1–26.
  563. ^ "Hinton Confederate Monument". Clio. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  564. ^ Unknown (October 24, 2017). "Confederate Monument" – via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  565. ^ Sivers, W.; Sheppard, William Ludwell; Mason, William R.; Strealey, William J. (October 24, 2017). "Confederate Monument" – via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  566. ^ "Confederation conversation, monumental questions arise in Lewisburg". September 29, 2017.
  567. ^ Libraries, WVU. "Confederate Monument, Lewisburg, W. Va. – West Virginia History OnView – WVU Libraries". wvhistoryonview.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  568. ^ Unknown (October 24, 2017). "Confederate Soldier" – via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  569. ^ Hermant, Leon; Lang, Fred A.; Berchem, Jules. "Confederate Soldier" – via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  570. ^ Unknown; Dixon, Andy. "Monroe County Confederate Soldier" – via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
  571. ^ a b c Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press.
  572. ^ "Thurmond: A Town Born from Coal Mines and Railroads | Reading 1". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020.
  573. ^ Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of West Virginia. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 196. ISBN 978-0403098439.
  574. ^ "Fort Crawford Cemetery Soldiers' Lot". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. September 15, 2017.
  575. ^ "Jefferson Davis". www.wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  576. ^ "Confederate Spy Buried in Dells Cemetery" (PDF).
  577. ^ Haines, Aubrey L. Yellowstone Place Names-Mirrors of History. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. pp. 106–107. ISBN 087081382X.
  578. ^ Herbert, Paul N (December 17, 2009). "Confederados forge new cultural identity". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  579. ^ "The Brazilian Confederacy". Sleuthsayers.org.
  580. ^ Dadson, Liz (September 6, 2018). "Dr. Solomon Secord Monument to Remain on Kincardine's Main Street". The Kincardine Record.
  581. ^ Millar, Stephen (August 31, 2017). "Edinburgh's little-known Confederate memorial – and why it must stay". The Scotsman. Retrieved September 6, 2017.

Further reading

External links