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Introducción

Actualizar con nuevas selecciones a continuación (purgar)

Artículos seleccionados en los que he trabajado

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Una representación de Idris visitando el cielo y el infierno a partir de una versión manuscrita iluminada del texto islámico Historias de los profetas (1577)

La vida después de la muerte o vida después de la muerte es una supuesta existencia en la que la parte esencial del flujo de conciencia o identidad de un individuo continúa existiendo después de la muerte de su cuerpo físico. El aspecto esencial sobreviviente varía entre los sistemas de creencias; puede ser algún elemento parcial, o el alma o el espíritu entero, que lleva consigo la identidad personal de uno. Según algunas opiniones, esta existencia continua tiene lugar en un reino espiritual , mientras que en otras, el individuo puede renacer en este mundo y comenzar el ciclo de vida de nuevo, probablemente sin recordar lo que ha hecho en el pasado. Desde este último punto de vista, tales renacimientos y muertes pueden tener lugar una y otra vez continuamente hasta que el individuo logra entrar a un reino espiritual o a otro mundo . Las principales opiniones sobre el más allá derivan de la religión , el esoterismo y la metafísica . Algunos sistemas de creencias, como los de la tradición abrahámica , sostienen que los muertos van a un lugar específico (por ejemplo, el Paraíso o el Infierno ) después de la muerte, según lo determine Dios , en función de sus acciones y creencias durante la vida. Por el contrario, en los sistemas de reencarnación, como los de las religiones indias , la naturaleza de la existencia continua está determinada directamente por las acciones del individuo en la vida final. ( Articulo completo... )
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Salud tiene una variedad de definiciones, que se han utilizado con diferentes propósitos a lo largo del tiempo. La salud se puede promover fomentando actividades saludables, como el ejercicio físico regular y un sueño adecuado, y reduciendo o evitando actividades o situaciones no saludables, como fumar o el estrés excesivo . Algunos factores que afectan la salud se deben a elecciones individuales , como la posibilidad de adoptar una conducta de alto riesgo, mientras que otros se deben a causas estructurales , como si la sociedad está organizada de una manera que hace más fácil o más difícil para las personas conseguirlo. servicios de salud necesarios. Aún así, otros factores están más allá de las elecciones individuales y grupales, como los trastornos genéticos . ( Articulo completo... )
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This article explains terms used for the British Armed Forces' ordnance (weapons) and ammunition. The terms may have different meanings depending on its usage in another country's military. (Full article...)
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An abdominous obese male
Weight: 182 kg/400 lbs
Height: 185 cm/6 ft 1 in
Body mass index: 53

Abdominal obesity, also known as central obesity and truncal obesity, is the human condition of an excessive concentration of visceral fat around the stomach and abdomen to such an extent that it is likely to harm its bearer's health. Abdominal obesity has been strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other metabolic and vascular diseases.

Visceral and central abdominal fat and waist circumference show a strong association with type 2 diabetes.

Visceral fat, also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat, is located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso, as opposed to subcutaneous fat, which is found underneath the skin, and intramuscular fat, which is found interspersed in skeletal muscle. Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots including mesenteric, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and perirenal fat. An excess of adipose visceral fat is known as central obesity, the "pot belly" or "beer belly" effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. This body type is also known as "apple shaped", as opposed to "pear shaped" in which fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks.

Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Abdominal obesity was more closely related with metabolic dysfunctions connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity. In the late 1980s and early 1990s insightful and powerful imaging techniques were discovered that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated with body fat accumulation. Techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging made it possible to categorize mass of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat. (Full article...)
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Etruscan: Diomedes and Polyxena, from the Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group, c. 540–530 BCE – From Vulci

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. It may take varied forms, including artistic pottery, including tableware, tiles, figurines and other sculpture. As one of the plastic arts, ceramic art is a visual art. While some ceramics are considered fine art, such as pottery or sculpture, most are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. Ceramic art can be created by one person or by a group, in a pottery or a ceramic factory with a group designing and manufacturing the artware.

In Britain and the United States, modern ceramics as an art took its inspiration in the early twentieth century from the Arts and Crafts movement, leading to the revival of pottery considered as a specifically modern craft. Such crafts emphasized traditional non-industrial production techniques, faithfulness to the material, the skills of the individual maker, attention to utility, and an absence of excessive decoration that was typical to the Victorian era.

The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos (κεραμεικός), meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from keramos (κέραμος) meaning "potter's clay". Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials), shaped and subjected to heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae.

There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago. Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Persian, Mayan, Japanese, and Korean cultures, as well as the modern Western cultures. (Full article...)
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Types of democracy refers to the various governance structures that embody the principles of democracy ("rule by the people") in some way. Democracy is frequently applied to governments (ranging from local to global), but may also be applied to other constructs like workplaces, families, community associations, and so forth.

Types of democracy can cluster around values. Some such types, defined as direct democracy (or participatory democracy, or deliberative democracy), promote equal and direct participation in political decisions by all members of the public. Others, including the many variants of representative democracy, favor more indirect or procedural approaches to collective self-governance, where decisions are made by elected representatives rather than by the people directly.

Types of democracy can be found across time, space, and language. The foregoing examples are just a few of the thousands of refinements of, and variations on, the central notion of "democracy." (Full article...)
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A userscript (or user script) is a program, usually written in JavaScript, for modifying web pages to augment browsing. Uses include adding shortcut buttons and keyboard shortcuts, controlling playback speeds, adding features to sites, and enhancing the browsing history.

On desktop browsers such as Firefox, userscripts are enabled by use of a userscript manager browser extension such as Greasemonkey. The Presto-based Opera-supported userscripts (referred to as User JavaScript) are placed in a designated directory. Userscripts are often referred to as Greasemonkey scripts, named after the original userscript manager for Firefox.

On Wikipedia, a user scripts feature is enabled for registered users that allows them to install userscripts to augment editing and viewing of the encyclopedia's pages. (Full article...)
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This glossary of philosophy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to philosophy and related disciplines, including logic, ethics, and theology. (Full article...)
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A block is a defensive tactic in chess in response to an attack, consisting of interposing a piece between the opponent's attacking piece and the piece being attacked. This type of blocking will only work if the attacking piece is a type that can move linearly an indefinite number of squares such as a queen, rook, or bishop and there is at least one empty square in the line between the attacking and attacked piece. Blocking is not an option when the attacking piece is directly adjacent to the piece it is attacking, or when the attacking piece is a knight (because knights "jump over other pieces" and cannot be blocked). When an opponent's attack on a piece is blocked, the blocking piece is to some extent pinned, either relatively or absolutely, until a future move by either side allows it to be unpinned.

A check on a king by an opponent's queen, rook, or bishop can sometimes be blocked by moving a piece to a square in line in between the opponent's checking piece and the checked king. The blocking piece is then absolutely pinned to the king by the attacking piece.

Another type of interposing in chess can involve placing a piece between two opponent's pieces where one of those pieces is protecting the other, or they are both protecting each other. This chess tactic can be called interference. (Full article...)
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Moore's law is an example of futurology; it is a statistical collection of past and present trends with the goal of accurately extrapolating future trends.

Futures studies, futures research, futurism, or futurology is the systematic, interdisciplinary and holistic study of social/technological advancement, and other environmental trends; often for the purpose of exploring how people will live and work in the future. Predictive techniques, such as forecasting, can be applied, but contemporary futures studies scholars emphasize the importance of systematically exploring alternatives. In general, it can be considered as a branch of the social sciences and an extension to the field of history. Futures studies (colloquially called "futures" by many of the field's practitioners) seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to explore the possibility of future events and trends.

Unlike the physical sciences where a narrower, more specified system is studied, futurology concerns a much bigger and more complex world system. The methodology and knowledge are much less proven than in natural science and social sciences like sociology and economics. There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science, and it is sometimes described as pseudoscience; nevertheless, the Association of Professional Futurists was formed in 2002, developing a Foresight Competency Model in 2017, and it is now possible to study it academically, for example at the FU Berlin in their master's course. In order to encourage inclusive and cross-disciplinary discussions about futures studies, UNESCO declared December 2 as World Futures Day. (Full article...)
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Emerging technologies are technologies whose development, practical applications, or both are still largely unrealized. These technologies are generally new but also include older technologies finding new applications. Emerging technologies are often perceived as capable of changing the status quo.

Emerging technologies are characterized by radical novelty (in application even if not in origins), relatively fast growth, coherence, prominent impact, and uncertainty and ambiguity. In other words, an emerging technology can be defined as "a radically novel and relatively fast growing technology characterised by a certain degree of coherence persisting over time and with the potential to exert a considerable impact on the socio-economic domain(s) which is observed in terms of the composition of actors, institutions and patterns of interactions among those, along with the associated knowledge production processes. Its most prominent impact, however, lies in the future and so in the emergence phase is still somewhat uncertain and ambiguous."

Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as educational technology, information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence.

New technological fields may result from the technological convergence of different systems evolving towards similar goals. Convergence brings previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications) and video together so that they share resources and interact with each other, creating new efficiencies. (Full article...)
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The branches of science, also referred to as sciences, scientific fields or scientific disciplines, are commonly divided into three major groups:
- Formal sciences: the study of formal systems, such as those under the branches of logic and mathematics, which use an a priori, as opposed to empirical, methodology. They study abstract structures described by formal systems.
- Natural sciences: the study of natural phenomena (including cosmological, geological, physical, chemical, and biological factors of the universe). Natural science can be divided into two main branches: physical science and life science (or biology).
- Social sciences and the humanities: the study of human behavior in its social and cultural aspects.
Scientific knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions. This verifiability may well vary even within a scientific discipline.

Natural, social, and formal science make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinarity - and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine. Specialized scientific disciplines that exist in multiple categories may include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminologies and expertises. (Full article...)
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James Burke in 2007

James Burke (born 22 December 1936) is a broadcaster, science historian, author, and television producer. He was one of the main presenters of the BBC1 science series Tomorrow's World from 1965 to 1971 and created and presented the television series Connections (1978), and its more philosophical sequel The Day the Universe Changed (1985), about the history of science and technology. The Washington Post has called him "one of the most intriguing minds in the Western world". (Full article...)
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Human overpopulation (or human population overshoot) describes a concern that human populations may become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term. The topic is usually discussed in the context of world population, though it may concern individual nations, regions, and cities.

Since 1804, the global human population has increased from 1 billion to 8 billion due to medical advancements and improved agricultural productivity. Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968, and has since dropped to 1.1%. According to the most recent United Nations' projections, "[t]he global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and 10.4 billion in 2100." The UN's projections report predicts that the human population will peak at around 10.4 billion people, before decreasing, noting that fertility rates are falling worldwide. Other models agree that the population will stabilize before or after 2100.

Early discussions of overpopulation in English were spurred by the work of Thomas Malthus. Discussions of overpopulation follow a similar line of inquiry as Malthusianism and its Malthusian catastrophe, a hypothetical event where population exceeds agricultural capacity, causing famine or war over resources, resulting in poverty and depopulation. More recent discussion of overpopulation was popularized by Paul Ehrlich in his 1968 book The Population Bomb and subsequent writings. Ehrlich described overpopulation as a function of overconsumption, arguing that overpopulation should be defined by a population being unable to sustain itself without depleting non-renewable resources.

The belief that global population levels will become too large to sustain is a point of contentious debate. Those who believe global human overpopulation to be a valid concern, argue that increased levels of resource consumption and pollution exceed the environment's carrying capacity, leading to population overshoot. The population overshoot hypothesis is often discussed in relation to other population concerns such as population momentum, biodiversity loss, hunger and malnutrition, resource depletion, and the overall human impact on the environment. (Full article...)
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In futures studies and the history of technology, accelerating change is the observed exponential nature of the rate of technological change in recent history, which may suggest faster and more profound change in the future and may or may not be accompanied by equally profound social and cultural change. (Full article...)
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The technological singularity—or simply the singularity—is a hypothetical future point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable consequences for human civilization. According to the most popular version of the singularity hypothesis, I. J. Good's intelligence explosion model, an upgradable intelligent agent will eventually enter a "runaway reaction" of self-improvement cycles, each new and more intelligent generation appearing more and more rapidly, causing an "explosion" in intelligence and resulting in a powerful superintelligence that qualitatively far surpasses all human intelligence.

The first person to use the concept of a "singularity" in the technological context was the 20th-century Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann. Stanislaw Ulam reports in 1958 an earlier discussion with von Neumann "centered on the accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue". Subsequent authors have echoed this viewpoint.

The concept and the term "singularity" were popularized by Vernor Vinge first in 1983 in an article that claimed that once humans create intelligences greater than their own, there will be a technological and social transition similar in some sense to "the knotted space-time at the center of a black hole", and later in his 1993 essay The Coming Technological Singularity, in which he wrote that it would signal the end of the human era, as the new superintelligence would continue to upgrade itself and would advance technologically at an incomprehensible rate. He wrote that he would be surprised if it occurred before 2005 or after 2030. Another significant contributor to wider circulation of the notion was Ray Kurzweil's 2005 book The Singularity Is Near, predicting singularity by 2045.

Some scientists, including Stephen Hawking, have expressed concern that artificial superintelligence (ASI) could result in human extinction. The consequences of the singularity and its potential benefit or harm to the human race have been intensely debated. (Full article...)
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Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? by Paul Gauguin is one of the Post-Impressionist's most famous paintings.

The meaning of life pertains to the inherent significance or philosophical meaning of living (or existence in general). There is not a definitive answer, and thinking or discourse on the topic is sought in the English language through the question, "What is the meaning of life?" (or the related "Why are we here?" or "What is the purpose of existence?"). There have been many proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The search for life's meaning has produced much philosophical, scientific, theological, and metaphysical speculation throughout history. Different people and cultures believe different things for the answer to this question. Opinions vary on the usefulness of using time and resources in the pursuit of an answer. Excessive pondering can be indicative of, or lead to, an existential crisis.

The meaning of life can be derived from philosophical and religious contemplation of, and scientific inquiries about, existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness. Many other issues are also involved, such as symbolic meaning, ontology, value, purpose, ethics, good and evil, free will, the existence of one or multiple gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Scientific contributions focus primarily on describing related empirical facts about the universe, exploring the context and parameters concerning the "how" of life. Science also studies and can provide recommendations for the pursuit of well-being and a related conception of morality. An alternative, humanistic approach poses the question, "What is the meaning of my life?" (Full article...)
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Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophyton is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Trichophyton fungi are molds characterized by the development of both smooth-walled macro- and microconidia. Macroconidia are mostly borne laterally directly on the hyphae or on short pedicels, and are thin- or thick-walled, clavate to fusiform, and range from 4 to 8 by 8 to 50 μm in size. Macroconidia are few or absent in many species. Microconidia are spherical, pyriform to clavate or of irregular shape, and range from 2 to 3 by 2 to 4 μm in size. (Full article...)
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Help is a word meaning to give aid or signal distress.

Help may refer to: (Full article...)
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A feature (also called an object or entity), in the context of geography and geographic information science, is something that exists at a moderate to scale at a location in the space and scale of relevance to geography; that is, at or near the surface of Earth. It is an item of geographic information, and may be represented in maps, geographic information systems, remote sensing imagery, statistics, and other forms of geographic discourse. Such representations of features consist of descriptions of their inherent nature, their spatial form and location, and their characteristics or properties. (Full article...)
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An EXCOMM meeting during the Cuban Missile Crisis, a crisis between the United States and Soviet Union over ballistic missiles in Cuba

A crisis (pl.: crises; ADJ: critical) is any event or period that will lead to an unstable and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, or all of society. Crises are negative changes in the human or environmental affairs, especially when they occur abruptly, with little or no warning. More loosely, a crisis is a testing time for an emergency. (Full article...)
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The Shadow robot hand system

Robotics is the interdisciplinary study and practice of the design, construction, operation, and use of robots.

Within mechanical engineering, robotics is the design and construction of the physical structures of robots, while in computer science, robotics focuses on robotic automation algorithms. Other disciplines contributing to robotics include electrical, control, software, information, electronic, telecommunication, computer, mechatronic, materials and biomedical engineering.

The goal of most robotics is to design machines that can help and assist humans. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring space, mines and shipwrecks. Others replace people in jobs that are boring, repetitive, or unpleasant, such as cleaning, monitoring, transporting, and assembling. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes. (Full article...)
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Friendly artificial intelligence (also friendly AI or FAI) is hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would have a positive (benign) effect on humanity or at least align with human interests or contribute to fostering the improvement of the human species. It is a part of the ethics of artificial intelligence and is closely related to machine ethics. While machine ethics is concerned with how an artificially intelligent agent should behave, friendly artificial intelligence research is focused on how to practically bring about this behavior and ensuring it is adequately constrained. (Full article...)
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Genius is a characteristic of original and exceptional insight in the performance of some art or endeavor that surpasses expectations, sets new standards for the future, establishes better methods of operation, or remains outside the capabilities of competitors. Genius is associated with intellectual ability and creative productivity. The term genius can also be used to refer to people characterised by genius, and/or to polymaths who excel across many subjects.

There is no scientifically precise definition of genius. When used to refer to the characteristic, genius is associated with talent, but several authors such as Cesare Lombroso and Arthur Schopenhauer systematically distinguish these terms. Walter Isaacson, biographer of many well-known geniuses, explains that although high intelligence may be a prerequisite, the most common trait that actually defines a genius may be the extraordinary ability to apply creativity and imaginative thinking to almost any situation. (Full article...)
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Meals have been traditionally prepared by women in a home kitchen (Painting from the circle of Jean-Baptiste de Saive, 1563)

A meal is an eating occasion that takes place at a certain time and includes consumption of food. The names used for specific meals in English vary, depending on the speaker's culture, the time of day, or the size of the meal.

Although they can be eaten anywhere, meals typically take place in homes, restaurants, and cafeterias. Regular meals occur on a daily basis, typically several times a day. Special meals are usually held in conjunction with such occasions as birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, and holidays. A meal is different from a snack in that meals are generally larger, more varied, and more filling than snacks.

The type of food that is served or consumed at any given time depends on regional customs. Three main meals are often eaten in the morning, early afternoon, and evening in most modern civilizations. Further, the names of meals are often interchangeable by custom as well. Some serve dinner as the main meal at midday, with supper as the late afternoon/early evening meal; while others may call their midday meal lunch and their early evening meal supper or dinner. Except for "breakfast," these names can vary from region to region or even from family to family. (Full article...)

Tecnologías emergentes seleccionadas y artículos relacionados.

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Un módulo con dos flujos de entrada en la parte superior, un depósito de salida AND en el medio y un flujo de salida XOR en la parte inferior.

La fluídica , o lógica fluídica , es el uso de un fluido para realizar operaciones analógicas o digitales similares a las realizadas con la electrónica .

La base física de la fluídica es la neumática y la hidráulica , basándose en los fundamentos teóricos de la dinámica de fluidos . El término fluídico se utiliza normalmente cuando los dispositivos no tienen partes móviles , por lo que los componentes hidráulicos ordinarios, como los cilindros hidráulicos y las válvulas de carrete, no se consideran ni se denominan dispositivos fluídicos. ( Articulo completo... )
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An Ultra Pod at Heathrow Airport

Ultra (a term formed from the first letters of the words in the phrase "urban light transit") is a personal rapid transit podcar system developed by the British engineering company Ultra Global PRT (formerly Advanced Transport Systems).

The only public system opened at Heathrow Airport in London in May 2011. It consists of 21 vehicles operating on a 3.9-kilometre (2.4 mi) route connecting Terminal 5 to its business passenger car park, just north of the airport. (Full article...)
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The High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System (HELLADS), is a counter-RAM system under development that will use a powerful (150 kW) laser to shoot down rockets, missiles, artillery and mortar shells. The initial system will be demonstrated from a static ground-based installation, but in order to eventually be integrated on an aircraft, the final design would require a maximum weight of 750 kg (1,650 lb) and a maximum envelope of 2 cubic meters (70.6 feet³).

Development is being funded by the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). (Full article...)
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In philosophy and neuroscience, neuroethics is the study of both the ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics. The ethics of neuroscience concerns the ethical, legal and social impact of neuroscience, including the ways in which neurotechnology can be used to predict or alter human behavior and "the implications of our mechanistic understanding of brain function for society... integrating neuroscientific knowledge with ethical and social thought".

Some neuroethics problems are not fundamentally different from those encountered in bioethics. Others are unique to neuroethics because the brain, as the organ of the mind, has implications for broader philosophical problems, such as the nature of free will, moral responsibility, self-deception, and personal identity. Examples of neuroethics topics are given later in this article (see "Key issues in neuroethics" below). (Full article...)
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An electrolaser is a type of electroshock weapon that is also a directed-energy weapon. It uses lasers to form an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel (LIPC). A fraction of a second later, a powerful electric current is sent down this plasma channel and delivered to the target, thus functioning overall as a large-scale, high energy, long-distance version of the Taser electroshock gun.

Alternating current is sent through a series of step-up transformers, increasing the voltage and decreasing the current. The final voltage may be between 10⁸ and 10⁹ volts. This current is fed into the plasma channel created by the laser beam. (Full article...)
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A typical aircraft's primary flight controls in motion

A conventional fixed-wing aircraft flight control system (AFCS) consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered flight controls as they change speed.

The fundamentals of aircraft controls are explained in flight dynamics. This article centers on the operating mechanisms of the flight controls. The basic system in use on aircraft first appeared in a readily recognizable form as early as April 1908, on Louis Blériot's Blériot VIII pioneer-era monoplane design. (Full article...)
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Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into by-products, products and services which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.

Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems". The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology. The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems. (Full article...)
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Diagram of a cochlear implant

A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception. With the help of therapy, cochlear implants may allow for improved speech understanding in both quiet and noisy environments. A CI bypasses acoustic hearing by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Through everyday listening and auditory training, cochlear implants allow both children and adults to learn to interpret those signals as speech and sound.

The implant has two main components. The outside component is generally worn behind the ear, but could also be attached to clothing, for example, in young children. This component, the sound processor, contains microphones, electronics that include digital signal processor (DSP) chips, battery, and a coil that transmits a signal to the implant across the skin. The inside component, the actual implant, has a coil to receive signals, electronics, and an array of electrodes which is placed into the cochlea, which stimulate the cochlear nerve. (Full article...)
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A Bussard ramjet, one of many possible methods that could serve to propel spacecraft

Interstellar travel is the hypothetical travel of spacecraft from one star system, solitary star, or planetary system to another. Interstellar travel is expected to prove much more difficult than interplanetary spaceflight due to the vast difference in the scale of the involved distances. Whereas the distance between any two planets in the Solar System is less than 55 astronomical units (AU), stars are typically separated by hundreds of thousands of AU, causing these distances to typically be expressed instead in light-years. Because of the vastness of these distances, non-generational interstellar travel based on known physics would need to occur at a high percentage of the speed of light; even so, travel times would be long, at least decades and perhaps millennia or longer.

, five uncrewed spacecraft, all launched and operated by the United States, have achieved the escape velocity required to leave the Solar System as part of missions to explore parts of the outer system. They will therefore continue to travel through interstellar space indefinitely. However, they will not approach another star for hundreds of thousands of years, long after they have ceased to operate (though in theory the Voyager Golden Record would be playable in the event that the spacecraft is retrieved by an extraterrestrial civilization). (Full article...)
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Animation 1. 3D measurement of self-healing material from Tosoh Corporation measured by digital holographic microscopy. The surface has been scratched by a metallic tool.

Self-healing materials are artificial or synthetically created substances that have the built-in ability to automatically repair damages to themselves without any external diagnosis of the problem or human intervention. Generally, materials will degrade over time due to fatigue, environmental conditions, or damage incurred during operation. Cracks and other types of damage on a microscopic level have been shown to change thermal, electrical, and acoustical properties of materials, and the propagation of cracks can lead to eventual failure of the material. In general, cracks are hard to detect at an early stage, and manual intervention is required for periodic inspections and repairs. In contrast, self-healing materials counter degradation through the initiation of a repair mechanism that responds to the micro-damage. Some self-healing materials are classed as smart structures, and can adapt to various environmental conditions according to their sensing and actuation properties.

Although the most common types of self-healing materials are polymers or elastomers, self-healing covers all classes of materials, including metals, ceramics, and cementitious materials. Healing mechanisms vary from an instrinsic repair of the material to the addition of a repair agent contained in a microscopic vessel. For a material to be strictly defined as autonomously self-healing, it is necessary that the healing process occurs without human intervention. Self-healing polymers may, however, activate in response to an external stimulus (light, temperature change, etc.) to initiate the healing processes. (Full article...)
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Northern bat hibernating in Norway

Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most commonly occurs during winter months.

Although traditionally reserved for "deep" hibernators such as rodents, the term has been redefined to include animals such as bears and is now applied based on active metabolic suppression rather than any absolute decline in body temperature. Many experts believe that the processes of daily torpor and hibernation form a continuum and utilise similar mechanisms. The equivalent during the summer months is aestivation. (Full article...)
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A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically to use the best channels in its vicinity to avoid user interference and congestion. Such a radio automatically detects available channels, then accordingly changes its transmission or reception parameters to allow more concurrent wireless communications in a given band at one location. This process is a form of dynamic spectrum management. (Full article...)
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General layout of electricity grids. Voltages and depictions of electrical lines are typical for Germany and other European systems.

An electrical grid (or electricity network) is an interconnected network for electricity delivery from producers to consumers. Electrical grids consist of power stations (often located near sources of energy and away from heavily populated areas), electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power transmission to carry power long distances, and lastly electric power distribution to individual customers, where voltage is stepped down again to the required service voltage(s). Electrical grids vary in size and can cover whole countries or continents. From small to large there are microgrids, wide area synchronous grids, and super grids.

Grids are nearly always synchronous, meaning all distribution areas operate with three phase alternating current (AC) frequencies synchronized (so that voltage swings occur at almost the same time). This allows transmission of AC power throughout the area, connecting a large number of electricity generators and consumers and potentially enabling more efficient electricity markets and redundant generation. (Full article...)
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Using the VirtuSphere simulator

VirtuSphere is a spherical virtual reality device. It consists of a 10-foot hollow sphere, which is placed on a special platform that allows the sphere to rotate freely in any direction according to the user’s steps. It works with computer based simulations and virtual worlds, and rotates as the user walks, allowing for an unlimited plane upon which the user can walk. A wireless head-mounted display with gyroscopes is used to both track the user's head movement as well as display the environment of the virtual world. VirtuSphere can serve many purposes, including exercise, video gaming, military training, and virtual museum tours.

The VirtuSphere is a creation of Ray and Nurulla Latypov, whose company, VirtuSphere Inc, is based in Binghamton, New York. (Full article...)
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Transmission electron micrograph of a mesenchymal stem cell displaying typical ultrastructural characteristics

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms, but they have slightly different properties in each. They are usually distinguished from progenitor cells, which cannot divide indefinitely, and precursor or blast cells, which are usually committed to differentiating into one cell type.

In mammals, roughly 50 to 150 cells make up the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development, around days 5–14. These have stem-cell capability. In vivo, they eventually differentiate into all of the body's cell types (making them pluripotent). This process starts with the differentiation into the three germ layers – the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm – at the gastrulation stage. However, when they are isolated and cultured in vitro, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (Full article...)
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The Human Brain Project (HBP) was a €1-billion EU scientific research project that ran for ten years from 2013 to 2023. Using high-performance exascale supercomputers it built infrastructure that allowed researchers to advance knowledge in the fields of neuroscience, computing and brain-related medicine. Its successor was the EBRAINS project.

The Project, which started on 1 October 2013, was a European Commission Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship. The HBP was coordinated by the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and was largely funded by the European Union. The project coordination office was in Geneva, Switzerland. (Full article...)
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Technicians preparing a body for cryopreservation in 1985

Cryonics (from Greek: κρύος kryos meaning 'cold') is the low-temperature freezing (usually at −196 °C or −320.8 °F or 77.1 K) and storage of human remains, with the speculative hope that resurrection may be possible in the future. Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community. It is generally viewed as a pseudoscience, and its practice has been characterized as quackery.

Cryonics procedures can begin only after the "patients" are clinically and legally dead. Cryonics procedures may begin within minutes of death, and use cryoprotectants to try to prevent ice formation during cryopreservation.^{[better source needed]} It is, however, not possible for a corpse to be reanimated after undergoing vitrification, as this causes damage to the brain including its neural circuits. The first corpse to be frozen was that of James Bedford in 1967. As of 2014, about 250 bodies had been cryopreserved in the United States, and 1,500 people had made arrangements for cryopreservation of their remains. (Full article...)
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Overview of the Inner Solar System asteroids up to the Jovian System

Asteroid mining is the hypothetical extraction of materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects.

Notable asteroid mining challenges include the high cost of spaceflight, unreliable identification of asteroids which are suitable for mining, and the challenges of extracting usable material in a space environment. (Full article...)
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Diversity of neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex

A wetware computer is an organic computer (which can also be known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) composed of organic material "wetware" such as "living" neurons. Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they use biological materials, and offer the possibility of substantially more energy-efficient computing. While a wetware computer is still largely conceptual, there has been limited success with construction and prototyping, which has acted as a proof of the concept's realistic application to computing in the future. The most notable prototypes have stemmed from the research completed by biological engineer William Ditto during his time at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His work constructing a simple neurocomputer capable of basic addition from leech neurons in 1999 was a significant discovery for the concept. This research was a primary example driving interest in creating these artificially constructed, but still organic brains. (Full article...)
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The TrackingPoint XS1, a precision guided firearm

Precision guided firearms (PGFs) are long-range rifle systems designed to improve the accuracy of shooting at targets at extended ranges through target tracking, heads-up display, and advanced fire control. Inspired by missile lock-on and fighter jet technology, the application of PGF technology to small arms mitigates multiple sources of marksman error including mis-aim, trigger jerk and shot setup miscalculation. PGFs can significantly increase first shot success probability (FSSP) out to extreme ranges of 1,100 meters or more.
PGFs are fully integrated systems consisting of a rifle, networked tracking scope, guided trigger and precision conventional ammunition based on standard caliber bolt action or semi-automatic rifles. Wireless connectivity allows PGFs to integrate with local and wide area networks to provide voice, video and data connectivity to remotely connected devices and systems. (Full article...)
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Radio frequency (RF) and microwave filters represent a class of electronic filter, designed to operate on signals in the megahertz to gigahertz frequency ranges (medium frequency to extremely high frequency). This frequency range is the range used by most broadcast radio, television, wireless communication (cellphones, Wi-Fi, etc.), and thus most RF and microwave devices will include some kind of filtering on the signals transmitted or received. Such filters are commonly used as building blocks for duplexers and diplexers to combine or separate multiple frequency bands. (Full article...)
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A sample of bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO), which is currently one of the most practical high-temperature superconductors. Notably, it does not contain rare-earths. BSCCO is a cuprate superconductor based on bismuth and strontium. Thanks to its higher operating temperature, cuprates are now becoming competitors for more ordinary niobium-based superconductors, as well as magnesium diboride superconductors.

High-temperature superconductors (high- $T$ _c or HTS) are defined as materials with critical temperature (the temperature below which the material behaves as a superconductor) above 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F), the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. They are only "high-temperature" relative to previously known superconductors, which function at even colder temperatures, close to absolute zero. The "high temperatures" are still far below ambient (room temperature), and therefore require cooling. The first break through of high-temperature superconductor was discovered in 1986 by IBM researchers Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller. Although the critical temperature is around 35.1 K (−238.1 °C; −396.5 °F), this new type of superconductor was readily modified by Ching-Wu Chu to make the first high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature 93 K (−180.2 °C; −292.3 °F). Bednorz and Müller were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". Most high- $T$ _c materials are type-II superconductors.

The major advantage of high-temperature superconductors is that they can be cooled using liquid nitrogen, in contrast to the previously known superconductors that require expensive and hard-to-handle coolants, primarily liquid helium. A second advantage of high- $T$ _c materials is they retain their superconductivity in higher magnetic fields than previous materials. This is important when constructing superconducting magnets, a primary application of high- $T$ _c materials. (Full article...)
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Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes animal ethics), including those emerging from advances in biology, medicine, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society (what decisions are "good" or "bad" and why) and it is often related to medical policy and practice, but also to broader questions as environment, well-being and public health. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, theology and philosophy. It includes the study of values relating to primary care, other branches of medicine ("the ethics of the ordinary"), ethical education in science, animal, and environmental ethics, and public health. (Full article...)
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EXACTO, an acronym of "Extreme Accuracy Tasked Ordnance", is a sniper rifle firing smart bullets being developed for DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) by Lockheed Martin and Teledyne Scientific & Imaging in November 2008.

The new .50 BMG gun and improved scope could employ "fire-and-forget" technologies including "fin-stabilized projectiles, spin-stabilized projectiles, internal and/or external aero-actuation control methods, projectile guidance technologies, tamper proofing, small stable power supplies, and advanced sighting, optical resolution and clarity technologies". Its estimated availability at the time was 2015. (Full article...)

Cuestiones globales seleccionadas y temas relacionados

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La acidificación de los océanos significa que el valor promedio del pH del océano está disminuyendo con el tiempo.

La acidificación de los océanos es la disminución continua del pH de los océanos de la Tierra. Entre 1950 y 2020, el pH promedio de la superficie del océano cayó de aproximadamente 8,15 a 8,05. Las emisiones de dióxido de carbono procedentes de las actividades humanas son la causa principal de la acidificación de los océanos, con niveles de dióxido de carbono (CO ₂ ) atmosférico superiores a 410 ppm (en 2020). El CO₂ de la atmósfera es absorbido por los océanos. Esta reacción química produce ácido carbónico ( H ₂ CO ₃ ) que se disocia en un ion bicarbonato ( HCO−3) y un ion hidrógeno ( H ⁺ ). La presencia de iones de hidrógeno libres ( H ⁺ ) baja el pH del océano, aumentando la acidez (esto no significa que el agua de mar sea ácida todavía; sigue siendo alcalina , con un pH superior a 8). Los organismos marinos calcificantes , como los moluscos y los corales , son especialmente vulnerables porque dependen del carbonato de calcio para formar conchas y esqueletos. Un cambio de 0,1 en el pH representa un aumento del 26% en la concentración de iones de hidrógeno en los océanos del mundo (la escala de pH es logarítmica, por lo que un cambio de uno en unidades de pH equivale a un cambio diez veces mayor en la concentración de iones de hidrógeno). El pH de la superficie del mar y los estados de saturación de carbonatos varían según la profundidad y la ubicación del océano. Las aguas más frías y de mayor latitud son capaces de absorber más CO ₂ . Esto puede provocar un aumento de la acidez, lo que reduce el pH y los niveles de saturación de carbonatos en estas áreas. Otros factores que influyen en el intercambio de CO ₂ entre la atmósfera y el océano y, por tanto, en la acidificación local de los océanos, incluyen: las corrientes oceánicas y las zonas de afloramiento , la proximidad a grandes ríos continentales, la cobertura de hielo marino y el intercambio atmosférico con nitrógeno y azufre procedente de la quema de combustibles fósiles y la agricultura . La disminución del pH del océano tiene una variedad de efectos potencialmente dañinos para los organismos marinos. Estos incluyen calcificación reducida, tasas metabólicas deprimidas, respuestas inmunes reducidas y energía reducida para funciones básicas como la reproducción. Por lo tanto, los efectos de la acidificación de los océanos están impactando los ecosistemas marinos que proporcionan alimentos, medios de vida y otros servicios ecosistémicos para una gran parte de la humanidad. Alrededor de mil millones de personas dependen total o parcialmente de los servicios de pesca, turismo y gestión costera que proporcionan los arrecifes de coral. Por lo tanto, la actual acidificación de los océanos puede amenazar las cadenas alimentarias vinculadas a los océanos. ( Articulo completo... )
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Map of the world's biodiversity hot spots, all of which are heavily threatened by habitat loss and degradation

Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when a natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and species numbers. Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction worldwide.

Humans contribute to habitat destruction through the use of natural resources, agriculture, industrial production and urbanization (urban sprawl). Other activities include mining, logging and trawling. Environmental factors can contribute to habitat destruction more indirectly. Geological processes, climate change, introduction of invasive species, ecosystem nutrient depletion, water and noise pollution are some examples. Loss of habitat can be preceded by an initial habitat fragmentation. Fragmentation and loss of habitat have become one of the most important topics of research in ecology as they are major threats to the survival of endangered species. (Full article...)
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Solid waste after being shredded to a uniform size

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others. (Full article...)
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The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.

The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by turbulent mixing after being emitted from the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once in the stratosphere, they release atoms from the halogen group through photodissociation, which catalyze the breakdown of ozone (O₃) into oxygen (O₂). Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased.

Ozone depletion and the ozone hole have generated worldwide concern over increased cancer risks and other negative effects. The ozone layer prevents harmful wavelengths of ultraviolet (UVB) light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere. These wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, permanent blindness, and cataracts, which were projected to increase dramatically as a result of thinning ozone, as well as harming plants and animals. These concerns led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals. Currently, scientists plan to develop new refrigerants to replace older ones. (Full article...)
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Seabirds killed by the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound. The spill in March 1989 dumped approximately 10.8 million US gallons of crude oil into the sound, killing over 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, and numerous other wildlife. The Alaskan fishing industry also suffered tremendously as a result of the spill.

An environmental disaster or ecological disaster is defined as a catastrophic event regarding the natural environment that is due to human activity. This point distinguishes environmental disasters from other disturbances such as natural disasters and intentional acts of war such as nuclear bombings.

Environmental disasters show how the impact of humans' alteration of the land has led to widespread and/or long-lasting consequences. These disasters have included deaths of wildlife, humans and plants, or severe disruption of human life or health, possibly requiring migration. Some environmental disasters are the trigger source of more expansive environmental conflicts, where effected groups try to socially confront the actors responsible for the disaster. (Full article...)
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Global concentrations of health care resources, as depicted by the number of physicians per 10,000 individuals, by country. Data is sourced from a World Health Statistics 2010, a WHO report.^{[needs update]}

Health care, or healthcare, is the improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, amelioration or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals and allied health fields. Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, optometry, audiology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training, and other health professions all constitute health care. The term includes work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health.

Access to healthcare may vary across countries, communities, and individuals, influenced by social and economic conditions as well as health policies. Providing health care services means "the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes". Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations (such as insurance coverage), geographical and logistical barriers (such as additional transportation costs and the ability to take paid time off work to use such services), sociocultural expectations, and personal limitations (lack of ability to communicate with health care providers, poor health literacy, low income). Limitations to health care services affects negatively the use of medical services, the efficacy of treatments, and overall outcome (well-being, mortality rates).

Health systems are organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning healthcare system requires a financing mechanism, a well-trained and adequately paid workforce, reliable information on which to base decisions and policies, and well-maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies. (Full article...)
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Raw sewage and industrial waste in the New River as it passes from Mexicali (Mexico) to Calexico, California

Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses. Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources: sewage discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including stormwater. Water pollution is either surface water pollution or groundwater pollution. This form of pollution can lead to many problems, such as the degradation of aquatic ecosystems or spreading water-borne diseases when people use polluted water for drinking or irrigation. Another problem is that water pollution reduces the ecosystem services (such as providing drinking water) that the water resource would otherwise provide.

Sources of water pollution are either point sources or non-point sources. Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment plant or an oil spill. Non-point sources are more diffuse, such as agricultural runoff. Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take the form of toxic substances (e.g., oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, industrial waste products), stressful conditions (e.g., changes of pH, hypoxia or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive turbidity, changes of salinity), or the introduction of pathogenic organisms. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.

Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management plans as well as legislation. Technology solutions can include improving sanitation, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion control, sediment control and control of urban runoff (including stormwater management). (Full article...)
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Existential risk from artificial general intelligence is the idea that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could result in human extinction or an irreversible global catastrophe.

One argument goes as follows: human beings dominate other species because the human brain possesses distinctive capabilities other animals lack. If AI were to surpass humanity in general intelligence and become superintelligent, then it could become difficult or impossible to control. Just as the fate of the mountain gorilla depends on human goodwill, so might the fate of humanity depend on the actions of a future machine superintelligence.

The plausibility of existential catastrophe due to AI is widely debated, and hinges in part on whether AGI or superintelligence are achievable, the speed at which dangerous capabilities and behaviors emerge, and whether practical scenarios for AI takeovers exist. Concerns about superintelligence have been voiced by leading computer scientists and tech CEOs such as Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, Alan Turing, Elon Musk, and OpenAI CEO Sam Altman. In 2022, a survey of AI researchers with a 17% response rate found that the majority of respondents believed there is a 10 percent or greater chance that our inability to control AI will cause an existential catastrophe. In 2023, hundreds of AI experts and other notable figures signed a statement that "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war." Following increased concern over AI risks, government leaders such as United Kingdom prime minister Rishi Sunak and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres called for an increased focus on global AI regulation. (Full article...)
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Tar sands in Alberta, 2008. Oil is one of the most used resources by humans.

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources (see also mineral resource classification). The use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The value of a resource is a direct result of its availability in nature and the cost of extracting the resource. The more a resource is depleted the more the value of the resource increases. There are several types of resource depletion, the most known being: Aquifer depletion, deforestation, mining for fossil fuels and minerals, pollution or contamination of resources, slash-and-burn agricultural practices, soil erosion, and overconsumption, excessive or unnecessary use of resources.

Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming, fishing, mining, water usage, and consumption of fossil fuels. Depletion of wildlife populations is called defaunation. (Full article...)
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Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil's Maranhão state, 2016

Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests at present. This is one-third less than the forest cover before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million hectares of forest, an area the size of Bangladesh, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the tropics. In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical primary forests. These are areas of mature rainforest that are especially important for biodiversity and carbon storage.

The direct cause of most deforestation is agriculture by far. More than 80% of deforestation was attributed to agriculture in 2018. Forests are being converted to plantations for coffee, palm oil, rubber and various other popular products. Livestock grazing also drives deforestation. Further drivers are the wood industry (logging), urbanization and mining. The effects of climate change are another cause via the increased risk of wildfires (see deforestation and climate change).

Deforestation results in habitat destruction which in turn leads to biodiversity loss. Deforestation also leads to extinction of animals and plants, changes to the local climate, and displacement of indigenous people who live in forests. Deforested regions often also suffer from other environmental problems such as desertification and soil erosion. (Full article...)
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Inclusive growth is economic growth that raises standards of livings for broad swaths of a population. Proponents for inclusive growth warn that inequitable growth may have adverse political outcomes.

The definition of inclusive growth implies direct links between the macroeconomic and microeconomic determinants of the economy and economic growth. The microeconomic dimension captures the importance of structural transformation for economic diversification and competition, while the macro dimension refers to changes in economic aggregates such as the country’s gross national product (GNP) or gross domestic product (GDP), total factor productivity, and aggregate factor inputs.

Sustainable economic growth requires inclusive growth. Maintaining this is sometimes difficult because economic growth may give rise to negative externalities, such as a rise in corruption, which is a major problem in developing countries. Nonetheless, an emphasis on inclusiveness—especially on equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets, resources, and an unbiased regulatory environment—is an essential ingredient of successful growth. The inclusive growth approach takes a longer-term perspective, as the focus is on productive employment as a means of increasing the incomes of poor and excluded groups and raising their standards of living. (Full article...)
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International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (see: World economy)

In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history (for example Uttarapatha, Silk Road, Amber Road, salt roads), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.

Carrying out trade at an international level is a complex process when compared to domestic trade. When trade takes place between two or more states, factors like currency, government policies, economy, judicial system, laws, and markets influence trade. (Full article...)
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Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.

Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change. (Full article...)
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Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender.

UNICEF defined gender equality as "women and men, and girls and boys, enjoy the same rights, resources, opportunities and protections. It does not require that girls and boys, or women and men, be the same, or that they be treated exactly alike."

gender equality is the fifth of seventeen sustainable development goals (SDG 5) of the United Nations; gender equality has not incorporated the proposition of genders besides women and men, or gender identities outside of the gender binary. Gender inequality is measured annually by the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Reports. (Full article...)
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Litter on the coast of Guyana

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events, the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source – that is, a source created by human activities, such as manufacturing, extractive industries, poor waste management, transportation or agriculture. Pollution is often classed as point source (coming from a highly concentrated specific site, such as a factory or mine) or nonpoint source pollution (coming from a widespread distributed sources, such as microplastics or agricultural runoff).

Many sources of pollution were unregulated parts of industrialization during the 19th and 20th centuries until the emergence of environmental regulation and pollution policy in the later half of the 20th century. Sites where historically polluting industries released persistent pollutants may have legacy pollution long after the source of the pollution is stopped. Major forms of pollution include air pollution, light pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution. (Full article...)
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Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, convention centers (pictured here) were deemed to be ideal sites for temporary hospitals, due to their existing infrastructure (electrical, water, sewage). Hotels and dormitories were also considered appropriate because they can use negative pressure technology.

A pandemic (/pænˈdɛmɪk/ pan-DEM-ik) is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Widespread endemic diseases with a stable number of infected individuals such as recurrences of seasonal influenza are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of the globe rather than being spread worldwide.

Throughout human history, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox. The Black Death, caused by the Plague, wiped out up to half of the population of Europe in the 14th century. The term pandemic had not been used then, but was used for later epidemics, including the 1918 H1N1 influenza A pandemic—more commonly known as the Spanish flu—which is the deadliest pandemic in history. The most recent pandemics include the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the 2009 swine flu pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic. Almost all these diseases still circulate among humans though their impact now is often far less.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, 194 member states of the World Health Organization began negotiations on an International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response, with a requirement to submit a draft of this treaty to the 77th World Health Assembly during its 2024 convention. (Full article...)
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The dodo became extinct during the mid-to-late 17th century due to habitat destruction, overhunting, and predation by introduced mammals. It is an often-cited example of a modern extinction.

The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch. These extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates, and affecting not just terrestrial species but also large sectors of marine life. With widespread degradation of biodiversity hotspots, such as coral reefs and rainforests, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be undocumented, as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, which goes unrecorded. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than natural background extinction rates and is increasing. During the past 100–200 years, biodiversity loss and species extinction have accelerated, to the point that most conservation biologists now believe that human activity has either produced a period of mass extinction, or is on the cusp of doing so. As such, after the "Big Five" mass extinctions, the Holocene extinction event has also been referred to as the sixth mass extinction or sixth extinction; given the recent recognition of the Capitanian mass extinction, the term seventh mass extinction has also been proposed for the Holocene extinction event.

The Holocene extinction follows the extinction of many large (megafaunal) animals during the preceding Late Pleistocene. Some of these extinctions were likely in part due to human hunting pressure. The most popular theory is that human overhunting of species added to existing stress conditions as the Holocene extinction coincides with human colonization of many new areas around the world. Although there is debate regarding how much human predation and habitat loss affected their decline, certain population declines have been directly correlated with the onset of human activity, such as the extinction events of New Zealand, Madagascar, and Hawaii. Aside from humans, climate change may have been a driving factor in the megafaunal extinctions, especially at the end of the Pleistocene.

Over the course of the Late Holocene, there were hundreds of extinctions of birds on islands across the Pacific, driven by human settlement of the previously uninhabited islands, with extinctions peaking around 1300 AD. Roughly 12% of avian species have been driven to extinction by human activity over the last 126,000 years, which is double previous estimates. (Full article...)
Image 18
Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. "the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption.

Defining the amount of a natural resource required to be consumed for it to count as "overconsumption" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. The total capacity of a system occurs at both the regional and worldwide levels, which means that certain regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any given region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources that often results in environmental degradation. However, this is only when applying the word to human impacts on the environment. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. Gossen's law of diminishing utility states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of utility (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing.

When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels that of population size and growth, and human development: more people demanding higher qualities of living, currently requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent environmental degradation such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Currently, the inhabitants of high wealth, "developed" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population (7.9 billion people). However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power and it is expected that the Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, will account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030. This means that if current trends continue relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. Sustainable Development Goal 12 "responsible consumption and production" is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption. (Full article...)
Image 19
Mushroom cloud from the 1954 explosion of Castle Bravo, the largest nuclear weapon detonated by the U.S.

A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where the mass detonation of nuclear weapons causes widespread destruction and radioactive fallout. Such a scenario envisages large parts of the Earth becoming uninhabitable due to the effects of nuclear warfare, potentially causing the collapse of civilization, the extinction of humanity, and/or the termination of most biological life on Earth.

Besides the immediate destruction of cities by nuclear blasts, the potential aftermath of a nuclear war could involve firestorms, a nuclear winter, widespread radiation sickness from fallout, and/or the temporary (if not permanent) loss of much modern technology due to electromagnetic pulses. Some scientists, such as Alan Robock, have speculated that a thermonuclear war could result in the end of modern civilization on Earth, in part due to a long-lasting nuclear winter. In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 – 8 °C (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.

Early Cold War-era studies suggested that billions of humans would survive the immediate effects of nuclear blasts and radiation following a global thermonuclear war. The International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War believe that nuclear war could indirectly contribute to human extinction via secondary effects, including environmental consequences, societal breakdown, and economic collapse. (Full article...)
Image 20
Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.

Climate change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat, increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can also be a result. The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to climate change through efforts like flood control measures or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change. (Full article...)
Image 21
Gray goo (also spelled as grey goo) is a hypothetical global catastrophic scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating machines consume all biomass (and perhaps also everything else) on Earth while building many more of themselves, a scenario that has been called ecophagy (the literal consumption of the ecosystem). The original idea assumed machines were designed to have this capability, while popularizations have assumed that machines might somehow gain this capability by accident.

Self-replicating machines of the macroscopic variety were originally described by mathematician John von Neumann, and are sometimes referred to as von Neumann machines or clanking replicators.
The term gray goo was coined by nanotechnology pioneer K. Eric Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation. In 2004, he stated "I wish I had never used the term 'gray goo'." Engines of Creation mentions "gray goo" as a thought experiment in two paragraphs and a note, while the popularized idea of gray goo was first publicized in a mass-circulation magazine, Omni, in November 1986. (Full article...)
Image 22
A continuous buildup of toxic assets in the form of subprime mortgages purchased by Lehman Brothers ultimately led to the firm's bankruptcy in September 2008. The collapse of Lehman Brothers is often cited as both the culmination of the subprime mortgage crisis, and the catalyst for the Great Recession in the United States.

The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or Global Economic Crisis (GEC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression. Predatory lending in the form of subprime mortgages targeting low-income homebuyers, excessive risk-taking by global financial institutions, a continuous buildup of toxic assets within banks, and the bursting of the United States housing bubble culminated in a "perfect storm", which led to the Great Recession.

Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) tied to American real estate, as well as a vast web of derivatives linked to those MBS, collapsed in value. Financial institutions worldwide suffered severe damage, reaching a climax with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and a subsequent international banking crisis.

The preconditioning for the financial crisis was complex and multi-causal. Almost two decades prior, the U.S. Congress had passed legislation encouraging financing for affordable housing. However, in 1999, parts of the Glass-Steagall legislation, which had been adopted in 1933, were repealed, permitting financial institutions to commingle their commercial (risk-averse) and proprietary trading (risk-taking) operations. Arguably the largest contributor to the conditions necessary for financial collapse was the rapid development in predatory financial products which targeted low-income, low-information homebuyers who largely belonged to racial minorities. This market development went unattended by regulators and thus caught the U.S. government by surprise. (Full article...)
Image 23
Biotechnology risk is a form of existential risk from biological sources, such as genetically engineered biological agents. The release of such high-consequence pathogens could be
- deliberate (in the form of bioterrorism or biological weapons)
- accidental, or
- a naturally occurring event.
A chapter on biotechnology and biosecurity was included in Nick Bostrom's 2008 anthology Global Catastrophic Risks, which covered risks including viral agents. Since then, new technologies like CRISPR and gene drives have been introduced.

While the ability to deliberately engineer pathogens has been constrained to high-end labs run by top researchers, the technology to achieve this is rapidly becoming cheaper and more widespread. For example, the diminishing cost of sequencing the human genome (from $10 million to $1,000), the accumulation of large datasets of genetic information, the discovery of gene drives, and the discovery of CRISPR. Biotechnology risk is therefore a credible explanation for the Fermi paradox. (Full article...)
Image 24
Human overpopulation (or human population overshoot) describes a concern that human populations may become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term. The topic is usually discussed in the context of world population, though it may concern individual nations, regions, and cities.

Since 1804, the global human population has increased from 1 billion to 8 billion due to medical advancements and improved agricultural productivity. Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968, and has since dropped to 1.1%. According to the most recent United Nations' projections, "[t]he global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and 10.4 billion in 2100." The UN's projections report predicts that the human population will peak at around 10.4 billion people, before decreasing, noting that fertility rates are falling worldwide. Other models agree that the population will stabilize before or after 2100.

Early discussions of overpopulation in English were spurred by the work of Thomas Malthus. Discussions of overpopulation follow a similar line of inquiry as Malthusianism and its Malthusian catastrophe, a hypothetical event where population exceeds agricultural capacity, causing famine or war over resources, resulting in poverty and depopulation. More recent discussion of overpopulation was popularized by Paul Ehrlich in his 1968 book The Population Bomb and subsequent writings. Ehrlich described overpopulation as a function of overconsumption, arguing that overpopulation should be defined by a population being unable to sustain itself without depleting non-renewable resources. (Full article...)
Image 25
Summary of major environmental-change categories that cause biodiversity loss. The data is expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue). Red indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas blue indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.

Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in biological diversity in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is temporary if the damage that led to the loss is reversible in time, for example through ecological restoration. If this is not possible, then the decrease is permanent. The cause of most of the biodiversity loss is, generally speaking, human activities that push the planetary boundaries too far. These activities include habitat destruction and land use intensification (for example monoculture farming). Further problem areas are air and water pollution (including nutrient pollution), over-exploitation, invasive species and climate change.

Many scientists, along with the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, say that the main reason for biodiversity loss is a growing human population because this leads to human overpopulation and excessive consumption. Others disagree, saying that loss of habitat is caused mainly by "the growth of commodities for export" and that population has very little to do with overall consumption. More important are wealth disparities between or within countries.

Climate change is another threat to global biodiversity. For example, coral reefs—which are biodiversity hotspots—will be lost by the year 2100 if global warming continues at the current rate. Still, it is the general habitat destruction (often for expansion of agriculture), not climate change, that is currently the bigger driver of biodiversity loss. Invasive species and other disturbances have become more common in forests in the last several decades. These tend to be directly or indirectly connected to climate change and can cause a deterioration of forest ecosystems. (Full article...)

Sabías...

... que la botella Big Lemon & Paeroa de Nueva Zelanda era originalmente una réplica de un cohete espacial?
... que antes de conseguir su propio espacio de oficina, la editorial infantil independiente Lollipop Power almacenaba libros "debajo de las camas, en los áticos [y] debajo de las mesas de ping-pong"?
... que la astrofísica Suzanna Randall continuó su investigación en el Observatorio Europeo Austral mientras se entrenaba para el programa de vuelos espaciales Die Astronautin ?
... que los estudios de Basin PBS alguna vez fueron una sala de cine, un espacio de reunión de la iglesia y un club nocturno?
... que el FBI instaló oficinas temporales en un museo en un portaaviones mientras investigaba los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre?
... que cuando la astronauta Shannon Lucid regresó a la Tierra después de seis meses en órbita, le regalaron una caja de M&M's ?
... que la enviada especial de Estados Unidos para las mujeres y niñas afganas, Rina Amiri , es una ex refugiada que dijo al senador estadounidense John Kerry que "la población afgana no son los talibanes"?
... que después de importantes modificaciones de la nave espacial de carga Tianzhou, Tianzhou 6 es la nave espacial de carga activa más grande del mundo por capacidad ?
... que bajo Soekotjo Sastrodinoto , el gobierno municipal de Surabaya inscribió a la población sin hogar de la ciudad en el programa de transmigración ?
... que el incendio Frye diezmó la población de la ya amenazada ardilla roja del Monte Graham en Arizona?
... que el Instituto de Investigación Científica Reactiva desarrolló el lanzacohetes Katyusha ?
... que en su libro The Creative Gene , Hideo Kojima reveló que sacrificaría su puesto como diseñador de juegos para ir al espacio exterior?
... que la astronauta de la NASA Bonnie J. Dunbar voló en cinco misiones espaciales y pasó más de 50 días en el espacio?
... que la espuma se ha utilizado para matar animales de granja en masa en un proceso llamado despoblación de la espuma ?

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¿Tienes alguna pregunta sobre algún tema y no encuentras respuesta?

Considere preguntarlo en el mostrador de referencia de Wikipedia .

Imágenes seleccionadas que captaron mi atención.

Image 1El personal de la Armada de los Estados Unidos participa en un entrenamiento de Patrulla Especial de Inserción/Extracción (SPIE) entre un helicóptero Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk y el USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) . SPIE implica que una persona o mercancías sean bajadas o subidas a un helicóptero mediante un cable sobre un terreno en el que el aterrizaje sería difícil.
Image 2El Acueducto de Segovia es un acueducto romano ubicado en Segovia , España que transporta agua desde el Río Frío. Se cree que fue construido durante el siglo I d.C. Uno de los monumentos antiguos más significativos y mejor conservados que quedan en la Península Ibérica , el acueducto es considerado un símbolo de Segovia y está presente en el escudo de armas de la ciudad .
Image 3La Torre Inclinada de Pisa es el campanario independiente de la Catedral de Pisa , Italia. La tercera estructura más antigua de la Plaza de los Milagros de la ciudad , es conocida mundialmente por su inclinación involuntaria. La inclinación de la torre comenzó durante la construcción en el siglo XII, causada por una base inadecuada en un terreno demasiado blando en un lado para soportar adecuadamente el peso de la estructura. La inclinación aumentó gradualmente hasta que la torre se estabilizó (y la inclinación se corrigió parcialmente) gracias a esfuerzos realizados a finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI. La torre, que mide 55,86 metros (183,27 pies) del suelo en el lado bajo y 56,67 metros (185,93 pies) en el lado alto, está catalogada como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO desde 1987.
Image 4Tienes mucho sueño...
Image 5castillo de arena
Image 6Un cisne creado usando origami modular , una técnica de plegado de papel que utiliza dos o más hojas de papel para crear una estructura más grande y compleja de lo que es posible con técnicas de origami de una sola pieza. Cada hoja de papel individual se dobla en un módulo o unidad, y luego los módulos se ensamblan en una forma plana integrada o estructura tridimensional insertando solapas en los bolsillos creados por el proceso de plegado. Estas inserciones crean tensión o fricción que mantiene unido el modelo.
Image 7Glaucus atlanticus es una especie de pequeñababosa de mar. Estenudibranquioeólidopelágicoflota boca abajo, utilizando la tensión superficial del agua para mantenerse arriba, y es arrastrado por los vientos y las corrientes oceánicas. El lado azul de su cuerpo mira hacia arriba, mezclándose con el azul del agua, mientras que el lado gris mira hacia abajo, mezclándose con la superficie plateada del mar.G. atlanticusse alimenta de otras criaturas pelágicas, incluida lacarabela portuguesa.
Image 8La Estación Espacial Internacional (ISS) vista desde el transbordador espacial Endeavour . En primer plano se ve Zarya , el primer módulo de la ISS lanzado en 1998. Desde entonces, veintiséis vuelos del transbordador espacial se han acoplado a la ISS para ensamblar varios otros módulos y componentes, que incluyen cuatro pares de paneles solares que se ven a cada lado.
Image 9La nube en forma de hongo causada por la detonación de la bomba " Fat Man " durante el bombardeo atómico de Nagasaki, Japón en 1945, se eleva aproximadamente 18 kilómetros (11 millas) sobre el hipocentro .
Image 10Un lago de lava en el Monte Nyiragongo , un volcán que se encuentra en el Parque Nacional Virunga en la República Democrática del Congo. Los lagos de lava, que pueden formarse de tres formas diferentes, son grandes volúmenes de lava fundida , generalmente basáltica , contenida en una chimenea volcánica, un cráter o una amplia depresión. Los lagos de lava persistentes como el de Nyiragongo, que es el más grande que ha aparecido en los últimos tiempos, son raros.
Image 11Aterrizaje forzoso de un F6F Hellcat en la galería de cañones de 20 mm del lado de babor del USS Enterprise , 10 de noviembre de 1943. El teniente Walter L. Chewning, Jr., USNR , el oficial de catapulta, está subiendo por el costado del avión para ayudar al piloto desde el aviones en llamas. El piloto, el alférez Byron M. Johnson, escapó sin sufrir heridas importantes. Observe la rotura del tanque de combustible del avión.
Image 12La Puerta al Infierno es un campo de gas natural en Derweze, Turkmenistán, que ha estado ardiendo desde 1971, cuando fue encendido por científicos soviéticos que esperaban que se apagara en unos días. Intentaban evitar la liberación de gases venenosos. Los lugareños le dieron al campo el nombre de "Puerta al Infierno". Los puntos calientes se extienden sobre un área con un ancho de 60 metros (200 pies) y una profundidad de aproximadamente 20 metros (66 pies).
Image 13NGC 1300 es una galaxia espiral barrada ubicada aproximadamente a 69 millones de años luz de distancia en dirección a la constelación de Eridanus . En su núcleo, el núcleo muestra su propia estructura espiral de "gran diseño" extraordinaria y distintiva que tiene aproximadamente 3.300 años luz de largo.
Image 14El bisonte americano , o búfalo , es el mamífero terrestre más grande de América del Norte y alguna vez habitó las Grandes Llanuras en manadas masivas. Eran fundamentales para la vida de las tribus nativas americanas . Esta pila de cráneos de bisonte de la década de 1870 ilustra el alcance de su matanza en el siglo XIX por parte de los colonos: de una población de aproximadamente 60 millones en 1800 a tan solo 750 en 1890 . Desde entonces han sido reintroducidos en el medio silvestre y ya no se los considera una especie en peligro de extinción de alto riesgo .
Image 15El pensador
Image 16Un hombre practicando surf de olas grandes en Mavericks , ubicado justo al norte de Half Moon Bay, California . El surf de olas grandes es una disciplina dentro del surf en la que surfistas experimentados reman o son remolcados hacia olas que tienen al menos 20 pies (6,1 m) de altura, y es una actividad peligrosa, ya que los surfistas pueden ser empujados muy por debajo de la superficie del agua después de una aniquilación.
Image 17La explosión "Baker", parte de la Operación Crossroads , una prueba de arma nuclear realizada por el ejército de Estados Unidos en el atolón Bikini , Micronesia , el 25 de julio de 1946. Su propósito era probar el efecto de las armas nucleares en buques de guerra. Fue la segunda bomba nuclear estadounidense lanzada desde el bombardeo de Nagasaki .
Image 18Un filtro de densidad neutra es un filtro que reduce o modifica la intensidad de todas las longitudes de onda o colores de la luz por igual, sin producir cambios en el tono de la reproducción del color. El filtro reduce la cantidad de luz que ingresa a la lente, lo que permite al fotógrafo seleccionar combinaciones de apertura, tiempo de exposición y sensibilidad del sensor para evitar imágenes sobreexpuestas. Normalmente estaría sujeto a la lente, pero aquí se sostiene en la mano para ilustrar el efecto.
Image 19Imagínate despertar con esto. Lo que me hace preguntarme qué pasó con el tipo que tomó esta foto.
Image 20El sandboarding es un deporte de tabla similar al snowboard , pero las competiciones se llevan a cabo en dunas de arena en lugar de montañas cubiertas de nieve. Aquí, un miembro de la Marina de los EE. UU. practica sandboarding en una duna en Jebel Ali , Dubái .
Image 21La Bahía de San Francisco envuelta en niebla , vista desde Marin Headlands mirando hacia el este. La niebla de San Francisco es una especie de niebla marina, creada cuando el aire cálido y húmedo sopla desde el Océano Pacífico central a través del agua fría de la Corriente de California , que fluye justo frente a la costa. El agua está lo suficientemente fría como para bajar la temperatura del aire hasta el punto de rocío , provocando la generación de niebla. En esta foto, se pueden ver las torres del puente Golden Gate asomando entre la niebla y el puente de la Bahía es visible en la distancia.
Image 22Multitudes rodeando el estanque reflectante , durante la marcha del 28 de agosto de 1963 en Washington por el empleo y la libertad . Se estima que entre 200.000 y 500.000 personas participaron en la marcha, que contó con el famoso discurso de Martin Luther King Jr. " Tengo un sueño ". Fue un factor importante que condujo a la aprobación de la Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964 y la Ley de Derechos Electorales de 1965 . La marcha también fue condenada por la Nación del Islam y Malcolm X , quien la calificó de "farsa sobre Washington".
Image 23La nube en forma de hongo de la prueba nuclear de Ivy Mike , una de las dos pruebas realizadas como parte de la Operación Ivy en el Pacific Proving Grounds en Elugelab en las Islas Marshall . Mike fue la primera prueba exitosa a gran escala de un arma termonuclear de varios megatones y dejó un cráter submarino de 1.900 m (6.240 pies) de ancho y 50 m (164 pies) de profundidad donde había estado la isla.
Image 24El astronauta Buzz Aldrin saludando la bandera de los Estados Unidos , parte de la Asamblea de la Bandera Lunar , durante el Apolo 11 . La Asamblea de la Bandera Lunar fue diseñada para sobrevivir a un alunizaje y parecer "ondear" como lo haría con una brisa en la Tierra . Esta bandera cayó cuando despegó el módulo lunar Eagle .
Image 25Lucky Diamond Rich (n. 1971) es un artista de performance y artista callejero nacido en Nueva Zelanda que ostenta el récord mundial Guinness del hombre más tatuado, arrebatándole el título a Tom Leppard en 2006. Guinness lo reconoce por estar cubierto de tatuajes durante El 100% de su cuerpo, incluido el interior de sus párpados, orejas y boca.
Image 26El Campo Profundo Extremo del Hubble es una imagen de una pequeña área del espacio en la constelación Fornax publicada por la NASA el 25 de septiembre de 2012. Esta imagen, sucesora del Campo Ultraprofundo del Hubble , fue compilada a partir de 10 años de imágenes anteriores con un total tiempo de exposición de dos millones de segundos, o aproximadamente 23 días.
Image 27Una de las dos selfies de monos tomadas por macacos con cresta de Célebes utilizando el equipo del fotógrafo de naturaleza británico David Slater. A mediados de 2014, el alojamiento de las imágenes en Wikimedia Commons estuvo en el centro de una disputa sobre si se podían conservar los derechos de autor sobre obras de arte realizadas por animales no humanos . Slater argumentó que, como él había " diseñado " la toma, tenía derechos de autor, mientras que Wikimedia consideraba las fotografías de dominio público con el argumento de que fueron tomadas por un animal y no por una persona. En diciembre de 2014, la Oficina de Derechos de Autor de Estados Unidos declaró que las obras realizadas por personas no humanas no están sujetas a derechos de autor estadounidenses, opinión reafirmada por un juez federal estadounidense en 2016.
Image 28Vista desde Notre-Dame de París .
Image 29Burj Khalifa es un rascacielos en Dubái , Emiratos Árabes Unidos , y actualmente la estructura artificial más alta del mundo , con 829,8 m (2722 pies). Fue diseñado para ser la pieza central de un desarrollo de uso mixto a gran escala conocido como Downtown Dubai . La construcción duró más de cinco años y el rascacielos se inauguró oficialmente en enero de 2010.
Image 30
Image 31El puente I-35W sobre el río Mississippi era un puente de arco de armadura de acero de ocho carriles que llevaba la Interestatal 35W a través de las cataratas Saint Anthony del río Mississippi en Minneapolis, Minnesota . Alguna vez fue el tercer puente más transitado del estado, pero colapsó repentinamente el 1 de agosto de 2007, matando a 13 e hiriendo a 145. El rescate de personas varadas en el puente se completó en tres horas, mientras que la recuperación de los cuerpos, que involucraron a 75 personas locales, estatales y federales. agencias— tomó tres semanas. Una investigación de la NTSB citó un defecto de diseño como la causa probable del colapso, señalando que una placa de refuerzo demasiado delgada se desgarró a lo largo de una línea de remaches.
Image 32 El astronauta estadounidense Eugene Cernan (nacido el 14 de marzo de 1934), mostrado aquí en la superficie de la Luna durante la misión Apolo 17 , la última vez que un humano puso un pie en ella. En esa última misión de alunizaje, lanzada el 7 de diciembre de 1972, Cernan se convirtió en " el último hombre en la Luna ", ya que fue el último en volver a entrar en el Módulo Lunar Apolo durante su tercera y última actividad extravehicular . Antes de esto, Cernan también había viajado al espacio dos veces en las misiones Gemini 9A y Apollo 10 .
Image 33Una tormenta de polvo se precipita hacia un campamento militar mientras pasa sobre la base aérea de Al Asad , Irak , justo antes del anochecer del 27 de abril de 2005. Una tormenta de polvo (o tormenta de arena ) es un fenómeno meteorológico común en regiones secas, áridas y semiáridas, generalmente el resultado de las corrientes de convección creadas por el intenso calentamiento del suelo. Luego, estas corrientes transportan nubes de arena a grandes distancias.
Image 34Devastación causada por el huracán Katrina en Nueva Orleans , Luisiana durante 2005, mostrada aquí mirando hacia abajo en la Interestatal 10 en West End Boulevard hacia el lago Pontchartrain . Se confirmó la muerte de más de 1.800 personas y 705 siguen desaparecidas. Fue el huracán atlántico más costoso de la historia y causó daños por alrededor de 86 mil millones de dólares . Esta fotografía muestra carreteras inundadas mientras la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos realizaba vuelos iniciales de evaluación de daños en Nueva Orleans el lunes 29 de agosto de 2005. La ciudad se inundó debido principalmente a la falla del sistema de diques . Muchos de los que permanecieron en sus hogares tuvieron que nadar para salvar sus vidas, vadear aguas profundas o permanecer atrapados en sus áticos o en sus tejados.
Image 35Comparación de alturas de estatuas notables: 1) Estatua de la Unidad 240 m. 2) Buda del Templo de Primavera 153 m. 3) Estatua de la Libertad 93 m. 4) La Patria Llama 91 m. 5) Cristo Redentor 39,6 m. 6) Estatua de David 5,17 m.
Image 36La Galaxia Molinete es una galaxia espiral frontal ubicada a 21 millones de años luz de distancia en la constelación de la Osa Mayor . Fue descubierto por primera vez por Pierre Méchain el 27 de marzo de 1781 y comunicado a Charles Messier , quien verificó su posición para su inclusión en el Catálogo Messier como una de sus entradas finales. Esta imagen, publicada el 28 de febrero de 2006, se compone de 51 exposiciones individuales, así como algunas fotografías adicionales tomadas desde tierra. En el momento de su publicación, era la imagen más grande y detallada de una galaxia obtenida por el Telescopio Espacial Hubble .
Image 37El terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004 fue un terremoto submarino de magnitud 9,15 que se produjo a las 00:58:53 UTC del 26 de diciembre de 2004 . El terremoto generó un tsunami que mató a más de 150.000 personas en todo el Océano Índico , convirtiéndolo en uno de los desastres más mortíferos de la historia moderna . Esta fotografía muestra el tsunami cuando llegó a Ao Nang, Tailandia .
Image 38Una animación de una cigarra en ecdisis , la muda del exoesqueleto en artrópodos y grupos relacionados. Dado que la cutícula de estos animales es inelástica, se desprende durante el crecimiento y se forma una cubierta nueva y más grande. El exoesqueleto viejo y vacío se llama exuvia . Al cabo de una o dos horas, la cutícula se endurece y se oscurece, tiempo durante el cual el animal crece, ya que de lo contrario el crecimiento se ve limitado por la rigidez del exoesqueleto. Cada cuadro de esta imagen fue tomado en intervalos de un minuto, con un intervalo de 30 minutos en el medio mientras la cigarra descansaba. Todo el proceso tardó aproximadamente 2 horas en completarse.
Image 39Delfines de flancos blancos del Atlántico , en un muelle con piso de concreto en el puerto de Hvalba , que se encuentra en las Islas Feroe , al norte del Reino Unido . La caza de ballenas en las Islas Feroe se practica al menos desde el siglo X. Está fuertemente regulado por las autoridades de las Islas Feroe y aprobado por la Comisión Ballenera Internacional .
Image 40
Image 41El cachalote es el animal dentado más grande de la Tierra. La especie fue cazada extensivamente por los humanos a lo largo de la historia, hasta que estuvo protegida por una moratoria mundial sobre la caza de ballenas que comenzó en 1985-1986.
Image 42Una cría de tortuga marginada .
Image 43Aurora australis , vista desde la Estación Espacial Internacional . Las auroras son exhibiciones de luz natural en el cielo causadas por la colisión de partículas cargadas de energía con átomos en la termosfera de gran altitud . Las partículas se originan en la magnetosfera y el viento solar y, en la Tierra, son dirigidas por el campo magnético terrestre hacia la atmósfera.
Image 44Tracy Caldwell Dyson en el módulo Cupola de la Estación Espacial Internacional , observando la Tierra debajo durante la Expedición 24 . Caldwell Dyson es un químico y astronauta estadounidense . Fue seleccionada por la NASA en 1998 y realizó su primer vuelo espacial en agosto de 2007 en lamisión STS-118 a bordo del transbordador espacial Endeavor .
Image 45Una vista aérea de Skylab , la primera estación espacial de los Estados Unidos, en órbita terrestre, fotografiada desde los módulos de comando y servicio Skylab 4 . Skylab 4 fue la última misión a Skylab y trajo de regreso a su tripulación final; Esta fotografía fue la última tomada de la estación antes de que la misión volviera a entrar en la atmósfera de la Tierra y se desintegrara en 1979.

rastreador de noticias de Trump

12 de marzo de 2024 - Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: El expresidente Donald Trump supera oficialmente el umbral de 1.215 delegados necesarios para ganar su tercera nominación presidencial consecutiva por el Partido Republicano, uniéndose a Richard Nixon como las únicas personas en la historia de Estados Unidos en ganar la nominación republicana tres veces. (Noticias NBC)
8 de marzo de 2024 - Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: El expresidente Donald Trump gana las asambleas electorales presidenciales republicanas de Samoa Americana de 2024 . (ABC Noticias)
5 de marzo de 2024 - Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: El presidente estadounidense Joe Biden y el expresidente Donald Trump ganan sus respectivas contiendas el Súper Martes con un tercio de los delegados. La ex embajadora de Estados Unidos, Nikki Haley, gana las primarias de Vermont , consiguiendo su primera victoria a nivel estatal en los partidos republicanos. Jason Palmer gana el grupo presidencial demócrata de Samoa Americana . (El Washington Post)
4 de marzo de 2024 – Trump contra Anderson: La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos anula por unanimidad el fallo de la Corte Suprema de Colorado que excluyó al expresidente estadounidense Donald Trump de las elecciones primarias presidenciales de Colorado , basándose en la falta de autoridad de los estados para hacer cumplir la Sección 3 de la 14ª Enmienda de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos "contra los funcionarios federales y candidatos". (Los New York Times)
4 de marzo de 2024 - Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: Se celebran las asambleas electorales presidenciales republicanas de Dakota del Norte de 2024 . Donald Trump gana con el 84,4% de los votos. (AP)
2 de marzo de 2024 - Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024: Los caucus del Partido Republicano se llevan a cabo en Idaho , Michigan y Missouri para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2024. El expresidente Donald Trump gana las tres contiendas. (Noticias CBS) (AP)
28 de febrero de 2024 – Procesamiento federal de Donald Trump: La Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos acuerda decidir si el expresidente Donald Trump puede reclamar inmunidad en el caso de subversión de las elecciones presidenciales de 2020 del fiscal especial Jack Smith . Está previsto que los argumentos comiencen en abril. (Los New York Times)
27 de febrero de 2024 - Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2024 , Primarias presidenciales del Partido Demócrata de 2024: Michigan celebra sus primarias republicanas y demócratas . El expresidente Donald Trump y el actual presidente Joe Biden son los respectivos ganadores. (VOA) (Los New York Times)
24 de febrero de 2024 - Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2024: "Donald Trump gana las primarias presidenciales republicanas de Carolina del Sur de 2024" . (Noticias Fox) (CNN)
23 de febrero de 2024 – Relaciones entre Israel y Estados Unidos: El secretario de Estado de Estados Unidos, Antony Blinken, declara que los asentamientos israelíes en Cisjordania son ilegales según el derecho internacional, anulando una política instaurada durante el gobierno del expresidente estadounidense Donald Trump . (Haaretz)

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6 April 2024 – Myanmar civil war, Karen conflict: The Karen National Union captures the town of Myawaddy in Kayin State as hundreds of junta troops surrender and hand over their weapons to rebel forces. (BBC News)
6 April 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Kharkiv strikes; A Russian drone strike on Kharkiv kills eight civilians and injures ten others. At least nine high-rise buildings and a petrol station are badly damaged. (Al Jazeera) (Reuters)
6 April 2024 – Syrian civil war: Seven children are killed by a roadside bomb in Daraa Governorate, Syria. (AP)
6 April 2024 –: Around 2,500 houses are flooded and at least four people are killed after the Orsk dam in Orenburg, Russia, bursts due to maintenance errors following heavy rainfall. Around 47,000 people in Russia and Kazakhstan are evacuated. President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev calls it one of the ”worst natural disasters in the past 80 years”. (The Independent) (Het Laatse Nieuws) (Tass)
6 April 2024 – 2024 attack on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador: Nicaragua suspends diplomatic relations with Ecuador following the attack on the Mexican embassy in Quito, Ecuador. (Al Arabiya)
6 April 2024 – 2024 Doral shooting: Two people, including the perpetrator, are killed and seven others are injured in a mass shooting in Doral, Florida, United States. (Reuters) (WFOR-TV)
6 April 2024 – 2024 Slovak presidential election: Slovaks vote in the second round of the presidential election between Ivan Korčok and Peter Pellegrini. Peter Pellegrini wins with over 53% of the vote. (France 24) (BBC News)
5 April 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine; A Doctors Without Borders office in Pokrovsk is completely destroyed by a Russian missile strike. Five civilians are injured in the attack. (The Guardian); Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Ukraine's SBU claims to have destroyed six Russian military aircraft and heavily damaged eight others in a drone attack on Morozovsk Air Base in Rostov Oblast. (Reuters) (NOS); Zaporizhzhia strikes; At least three people are killed and at least 13 others are injured in a Russian double-tap missile strike in Zaporizhzhia. (The Kyiv Independent) (Reuters)
5 April 2024 –: Zimbabwe launches a new currency, Zimbabwe Gold, backed on gold reserves and foreign currencies amid depreciation of its current currency. (AP)
5 April 2024 – 2024 New Jersey earthquake: A magnitude 4.8 earthquake strikes northwestern New Jersey, causing tremors throughout the East Coast of the United States. (ABC News)
5 April 2024 – Ecuador–Mexico relations: 2024 attack on the Mexican embassy in Quito; After local police arrest former vice-president Jorge Glas at its embassy in Quito in violation of Article 22 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Mexico suspends diplomatic relations with Ecuador. (The Guardian)
5 April 2024 – Belarus–NATO relations: President Alexander Lukashenko announces that Belarus will suspend its participation in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. (AP)
5 April 2024 – Argentina–Venezuela relations: The Venezuelan government announces that it will give safe passage to Argentina to six aides of opposition leader María Corina Machado who are taking refuge in the Argentine embassy in Caracas. (Reuters)
4 April 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Kharkiv strikes; Russia launches multiple Shahed drone strikes on Kharkiv, Ukraine, killing at least five people, including three rescue workers, and injuring five others. (Reuters); Russian-installed officials say that Ukrainian shelling has killed two civilians and injured nine others in Donetsk. Separately, four people are killed in drone attacks in Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast. (Reuters); U.S Secretary of State Antony Blinken says that Ukraine will eventually become a NATO member. (Reuters)
4 April 2024 – Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency: Eleven security forces, including five Revolutionary Guards, are killed in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran, during an attack against the Revolutionary Guards' headquarters by members of Jaish ul-Adl. Sixteen militants are killed in the ensuing shootout. (Reuters)
4 April 2024 – Syrian civil war: Former Al-Nusra Front emir Abu Maria al-Qahtani is assassinated in a suicide bombing in Sarmada, Idlib Governorate, Syria. The Islamic State are accused of being behind the attack, which also injured several others at his house. (Reuters)
4 April 2024 –: 99 Cents Only Stores announces an orderly wind-down, closing all of its 371 stores in the United States beginning April 5. (Newsweek); Shipping lanes and airspace in the Great Belt strait in Denmark are closed for several hours after a missile launcher malfunctions on the frigate Niels Juel. (NOS) (CNN)
4 April 2024 – 2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak: Scientists from the Federation University Australia report that thousands of Adélie penguins have been found dead in Antarctica amid an increase in bird flu cases among wild bird populations. (Reuters); Bird flu spreads to cattle herds in at least six U.S. states, while a dairy farm worker is infected in Texas, becoming the second person to ever become infected with the virus in the United States. (Bloomberg)
4 April 2024 –: Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, the Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa, is arrested and charged with corruption one day after resigning from office. (VOA); A man stabs the Governor of Murmansk Oblast Andrey Chibis at a meeting in Apatity, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. The attacker is arrested by police. (Reuters)
4 April 2024 – 2024 Maltese presidential election: Myriam Spiteri Debono is sworn in as President of Malta, succeeding George Vella and becoming the third woman to hold the office. (Times of Malta)
4 April 2024 –: Researchers at the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument in Arizona, United States, release the largest 3D map of the universe featuring more than six million galaxies. Using this map, researchers are able to measure the acceleration of the expansion rate of the universe with unprecedented accuracy, detecting hints that the rate of expansion has been increasing over time. (The Guardian) (Berkeley Lab)
3 April 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Ukraine lowers the age of conscription from 27 years to 25. (The Guardian) (The New York Times)
3 April 2024 –: The United States Army Corps of Engineers begins dredging the San Juan Bay in Puerto Rico to open space for a new natural gas terminal that is expected to add $400 million to the local economy. (ABC News)
3 April 2024 – 2024 Hualien earthquake: A magnitude 7.4 earthquake strikes off the coast of Taiwan, prompting tsunami warnings for Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. A large section of the uninhabited Guishan Island collapses into the ocean. Nine people are killed in Taiwan, including four by rockfalls, with more than 930 others injured. (AP) (Al Jazeera)
3 April 2024 – China–Philippines relations, Territorial disputes in the South China Sea: The Philippines says that it will respond to any Chinese attempts to interfere with its resupply of troops in the South China Sea. (Reuters)
3 April 2024 – Cross-Strait relations: The National Defense Ministry of Taiwan says that more than 30 Chinese PLA Air Force warplanes have entered Taiwanese airspace and that at least nine PLA Navy warships have been detected around Taiwan. The ROC Armed Forces are deployed in response to the violation. (Times Now News)
3 April 2024 – LGBT rights in Uganda: Uganda's Constitutional Court upholds the Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023, which prescribes the death penalty for certain homosexual acts. (South China Morning Post)
3 April 2024 –: Businesswoman Sam Mostyn is appointed as the next Governor General of Australia and will succeed David Hurley on 1 July. (Canberra Times)
2 April 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Ukraine launches airstrikes more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) inside Russia, targeting an oil refinery and the dormitory of a factory producing Iranian-designed Shahed drones in Yelabuga, Tatarstan. Several people are injured. (The Guardian) (Al Jazeera); Dnipro strikes; Eighteen people, including five children, are injured in a Russian missile strike in Dnipro, Ukraine. (Reuters)
2 April 2024 – Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war: 2024 Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus; Iran's Supreme National Security Council says that it has decided on a response to the Israeli attack on its diplomatic facilities in Damascus, Syria, which killed several high-ranking members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. (The Guardian)
2 April 2024 – Ethnic violence in South Sudan: Armed youths belonging to the Murle people attack a village in Greater Pibor Administrative Area, South Sudan, killing 12 people and injuring 10 others, with 15 children reported missing. Most of the victims were elderly residents. (Reuters)
2 April 2024 – Gayrettepe nightclub fire: Twenty-nine people are killed and eight others are injured in a fire at a nightclub under renovation in Istanbul, Turkey. (Reuters)
2 April 2024 – 2024 Mexican general election: A mayoral candidate is assassinated in Celaya, Guanajuato, ahead of Mexico's upcoming general election. (CNN)
2 April 2024 – Viertola school shooting: A student is killed and two others are injured in a shooting at a school in Vantaa, Uusimaa, Finland. A 12-year-old student is detained. (AP) (Yle)
2 April 2024 –: General Electric finalizes split into 3 independent companies: GE Aerospace, GE Vernova and GE HealthCare. (Reuters).
1 April 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: World Central Kitchen drone strikes; Seven volunteers from the World Central Kitchen, including six British, Polish, Australian and Palestinian nationals and a dual American-Canadian citizen, are killed in an Israeli airstrike south of Deir el-Balah. (Al Jazeera); The Islamic Resistance in Iraq launches three drones at Eilat, Southern Israel, damaging a building. No injuries are reported. (The Times of Israel)
1 April 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict, Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war: 2024 Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus; An Israeli airstrike targeting the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria, kills eight members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, including Iranian brigadier general Mohammad Reza Zahedi. (Reuters) (SOHR)
1 April 2024 –: Authorities in Amur Oblast, Russia, end the rescue operations for 13 workers who were trapped in a deep gold mine since March 18, and declare the workers dead. (ABC News); North Korea fires a ballistic missile into the Sea of Japan near South Korean territory. (AP)
1 April 2024 – Censorship in Israel: The Israeli government says that it will ban Al Jazeera from broadcasting in its territory. (BBC News)
1 April 2024 – Politics of San Marino: Milena Gasperoni and Alessandro Rossi are sworn in as the new Captains Regent of San Marino. (San Marino RTV)
31 March 2024 – 2024 Ecuadorian conflict: Eight people are killed and at least ten others are injured by armed gangs in Guayaquil, Ecuador. (NOS)
31 March 2024 – Haitian crisis: Canada deploys 70 members of its armed forces to Jamaica to train peacekeepers for a future intervention in Haiti. (CBC News)
31 March 2024 –: Russian President Vladimir Putin signs a decree for a larger than normal spring conscription campaign, calling up 150,000 citizens for military service. (CNBC) (Reuters); The New York Times reports that private records for millions of AT&T customers have been affected by a data breach and leaked onto the dark web. (The New York Times)
31 March 2024 – 2024 France floods: The town of Montmorillon in Nouvelle-Aquitaine is hit by severe flooding following heavy rains. (Sky News)
31 March 2024 –: An ongoing severe drought in southern Africa causes around 20 million people to experience hunger. (AP) (The Independent); In the largest heist in city history, $30 million is stolen from a GardaWorld money storage facility in Sylmar, Los Angeles, California, United States. (Los Angeles Times) (KABC-TV) (CNN)
31 March 2024 – 2024 Turkish local elections: 2024 Istanbul mayoral election; Ekrem İmamoğlu is re-elected as mayor of Istanbul. (The New York Times); Voters in Turkey go to the polls for their local elections. (France 24)
31 March 2024 – Visa policy of the Schengen Area: Bulgaria and Romania partially join the Schengen Area, allowing travel by air and sea without border checks, Austria vetoed travel by land without border checks over fears that non-EU citizens could get easier access to the European Union. (France 24)
30 March 2024 – Syrian civil war: 2024 Azaz bombing; At least seven people are killed and 30 others are injured by a car bombing in Azaz, Aleppo Governorate, Syria, near the Turkish border. (Reuters)
30 March 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict, Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war: Three UN observers and a translator are injured by a shell in southern Lebanon. (Reuters)
30 March 2024 – Haitian crisis: Gang leader Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier says that if armed groups under his command are included in talks for a future transitional government, then they would consider ceasing hostilities. (BBC News)
30 March 2024 –: Japanese officials search a Kobayashi Pharmaceutical factory in Osaka after five deaths possibly linked to its dietary supplements. (Reuters); A nightclub in Ede, Gelderland, Netherlands is evacuated of 150 patrons when a man claiming to be a suicide bomber hostages four people for seven hours. The suspect is arrested at the scene. (BBC News)
30 March 2024 – Peruvian political crisis: Peruvian President Dina Boluarte says that she will not resign following accusations of illicit enrichment after her residence was raided by police. (Reuters)
29 March 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Eastern Ukraine campaign; The Telegraph reports Russia has captured approximately 195 square miles (510 km²) and is taking around 1,000 casualties per day since the start of the Second Russian winter campaign in October 2023. (The Telegraph); Russia strikes several power plants in Ukraine. (The Washington Post)
29 March 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict, Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war: An Israeli airstrike targeting Aleppo International Airport in Syria kills 38 Syrian soldiers, seven Hezbollah fighters and seven Iran-backed militiamen. The incident marks the deadliest Israeli attack on Syria since 2021. (SOHR)
29 March 2024 –: Harvard University removes the binding of human skin from the 19th-century book Des destinées de l'âme by Arsène Houssaye, which has been kept in its library since 1934. (BBC News)
29 March 2024 – Japan–North Korea relations: North Korean foreign minister Choe Son Hui says that North Korea will not hold any talks with Japan on any issue, including the issue of Japanese abductees in North Korea. This follows an announcement by Japanese prime minister Fumio Kishida in which he stated his desire to meet with North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un "without any preconditions". (Reuters)
29 March 2024 – North Korea–Russia relations, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction: Russia vetoes the continued monitoring of United Nations sanctions on the North Korean nuclear weapons program. (AP)
29 March 2024 –: Polish President Andrzej Duda signs a law suspending the country's participation in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. (TVP World); Pouria Zeraati, an Iranian dissident journalist working for IITV, is injured in a stabbing in London. He is hospitalized in stable condition. (BBC News)
28 March 2024 – Myanmar civil war: Operation 0307; The Kachin Independence Army captures the town of Lweje and its nearby border crossings in Kachin State, Myanmar, after junta forces abandoned their posts and fled across the border into China. (Irrawaddy)
28 March 2024 – Coal phase-out: Slovakia's Slovenské elektrárne shuts down operations at its Vojany Power Station, the last coal-fired power plant in the country. (Euronews)
28 March 2024 – 2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season: Cyclone Gamane makes landfall in Madagascar, killing at least eleven people and causing widespread flooding, according to local officials. (AP)
28 March 2024 – Mamatlakala highway accident: A bus carrying Christian pilgrims from Botswana crashes in Limpopo, South Africa, killing 45 people. (Reuters)
28 March 2024 –: A Russian Sukhoi Su-35 crashes into the Black Sea off Sevastopol, Crimea. The pilot is reported to have safely ejected. (Reuters)
28 March 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: South Africa v. Israel; The International Court of Justice, in a unanimous decision, orders Israel to allow humanitarian aid to enter the Gaza Strip unimpeded, warning that famine is already occurring. (Reuters) (The Guardian)
28 March 2024 – United States v. Bankman-Fried: A federal court in the United States sentences Sam Bankman-Fried to 25 years in prison for stealing $8 billion in a cryptocurrency fraud. (Reuters)
28 March 2024 – Russian interference in European politics: The Czech information service reveals that Russia paid hundreds of thousands of euros through its "Voice of Europe" website to European politicians in order to influence European elections. (Parool)
27 March 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: Bombing of Kharkiv; One person is killed, and sixteen others are injured, by Russian guided bomb strikes on Kharkiv, Ukraine. (Reuters)
27 March 2024 – Leipzig FlixBus highway accident: Four people are killed and 35 others are injured after a double-decker FlixBus overturns and crashes on the Bundesautobahn 9 near Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. (BBC News)
27 March 2024 –: At least four people are killed by several wildfires across the State of Mexico, Mexico. (Reuters)
27 March 2024 – Argentina–Venezuela relations: Argentina orders the deployment of at least two gendarmerie to the Argentine embassy in Venezuela, where allies of opposition leader María Corina Machado have taken refuge amid increased tensions between the two countries. (Infobae)
27 March 2024 – 2024 Rockford stabbings: Four people are killed and seven others are injured during a stabbing spree in Rockford, Illinois, United States. (AP)
27 March 2024 – Capital punishment in Tunisia: A court in Tunisia sentences four people to death and two others to life in prison for the 2013 murder of politician Chokri Belaid. (Al Jazeera)
27 March 2024 – First Liberian Civil War: The French judiciary sentences the former leader of the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy Kunti Kamara to 30 years in prison on charges of committing "crimes against humanity". (Barron's)
27 March 2024 – Recognition of same-sex unions in Thailand: The Thai House of Representatives approves a bill to legalize same-sex marriage by a vote of 400–10, with five abstentions. (AP via MSN News)
27 March 2024 – 2024 Lithuanian presidential election: A Special Investigative committee of the Seimas releases its findings, accusing President Gitanas Nausėda of receiving illegal support from the head of the State Security Department and for recruiting members of the Belarusian and Russian security services for his election campaign. Nauseda rejects the findings, accusing them of being politically motivated. (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Belarusian Service)
27 March 2024 – 2024 Maltese presidential election: Myriam Spiteri Debono is unanimously elected by the Maltese Parliament as the next President of Malta. (Times of Malta)
26 March 2024 – Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: 2024 Shangla bombing; A suicide bomber attacks a bus in Shangla District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, killing five Chinese workers and their Pakistani driver. (AP)
26 March 2024 – Syrian civil war: Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war; The Israeli Air Force bombs Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria, killing an Iranian Quds Force officer and 15 other militants. (AP)
26 March 2024 – Israel–Hezbollah conflict: Israeli warplanes launch airstrikes against Hezbollah targets near the towns of Ras Baalbek and Hermel in Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, Lebanon, killing at least three Hezbollah members. (Reuters)
26 March 2024 – Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse: The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, collapses after the container ship Dali strikes a bridge column, causing multiple vehicles to fall into the water below. (CBS News); President Joe Biden says that the federal government will pay for the full cost of rebuilding the bridge. (WMAR-TV)
26 March 2024 – Abortion in the United States: The US Supreme Court announces that it will hear oral arguments on whether to restrict access to mifepristone, a commonly-used abortion pill. (BBC News)
26 March 2024 –: The United Kingdom's High Court of Justice grants WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange a stay of extradition to the United States, and demands that the US not consider the death penalty against Assange if he is sent to the US to face espionage charges. (AP); Former Kyrgyzstan deputy Raimbek Matraimov is detained in Baku, Azerbaijan, and is extradited to Kyrgyzstan. (AKIPress)
26 March 2024 – 2024 United States presidential election: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign; Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announces while campaigning that his Vice Presidential pick will be attorney Nicole Shanahan. (NBC News)
25 March 2024 – Boko Haram insurgency: Seven Chadian soldiers conducting a patrol near Lake Chad are killed in an IED bombing. Chadian president Mahamat Déby accuses jihadist group Boko Haram of being behind the attack. (AP)
25 March 2024 – Antipas highway collision: Seventeen people are killed and another is injured when a passenger van collides with a dump truck and catches fire in Antipas, Cotabato, Philippines. (AFP via Barron's)
25 March 2024 –: Puerto Rico declares an epidemic of dengue fever following an increase in cases. (AP)
25 March 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728; The UN Security Council passes a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in the Gaza Strip and the release of hostages held by Hamas, with the United States abstaining. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu cancels a planned visit to the U.S. in response to the abstention. (Reuters)
25 March 2024 –: An investigation by Humo magazine and the website Apache [nl] reveals that Belgian Vlaams Belang politician Filip Dewinter worked as a "senior political advisor" for China for several years. (NOS)

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