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Steven Spielberg

Steven Allan Spielberg ( nacido el 18 de diciembre de 1946 ) es un cineasta estadounidense . Figura importante de la era del Nuevo Hollywood y pionero de los éxitos de taquilla modernos , Spielberg es ampliamente considerado como uno de los mejores directores de cine de todos los tiempos y es el director de mayor éxito comercial en la historia del cine . [1] Ha recibido numerosos galardones , incluidos tres premios Óscar , dos premios BAFTA , cuatro Globos de Oro y cuatro premios del Sindicato de Directores de Estados Unidos , así como el Premio a la trayectoria del AFI en 1995, el Kennedy Center Honor en 2006, el Premio Cecil B. DeMille en 2009 y la Medalla Presidencial de la Libertad en 2015. Siete de sus películas han sido incluidas en el Registro Nacional de Cine por la Biblioteca del Congreso como "cultural, histórica o estéticamente significativas". [2] [3]

Spielberg nació en Cincinnati, Ohio , y creció en Phoenix, Arizona . [4] Se mudó a California y estudió cine en la universidad. Después de dirigir varios episodios para televisión, incluidos Night Gallery y Columbo , dirigió la película para televisión Duel (1971), que luego recibió un estreno internacional en cines. Hizo su debut en cines con The Sugarland Express (1974) y se convirtió en un nombre familiar con el éxito de taquilla del verano Tiburón (1975). Dirigió más éxitos de taquilla con Encuentros cercanos del tercer tipo (1977), E.T. el extraterrestre (1982) y la trilogía original de Indiana Jones (1981-1989). Exploró el drama en El color púrpura (1985) y El imperio del sol (1987).

En 1993, Spielberg dirigió éxitos de taquilla consecutivos con el thriller de ciencia ficción Jurassic Park , la película más taquillera de la historia en ese momento, y el drama sobre el Holocausto La lista de Schindler , que a menudo ha sido catalogada como una de las mejores películas jamás realizadas . Ganó el Premio de la Academia al Mejor Director por esta última y la épica de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de 1998 Salvar al soldado Ryan . Desde entonces, Spielberg ha dirigido las películas de ciencia ficción AI Artificial Intelligence (2001), Minority Report (2002) y La guerra de los mundos (2005); los dramas históricos Amistad (1997), Munich (2005), War Horse (2011), Lincoln (2012), El puente de los espías (2015) y The Post (2017); la película de animación Las aventuras de Tintín (2011); el musical West Side Story (2021); y el drama semiautobiográfico Los Fabelman (2022).

Spielberg cofundó Amblin Entertainment y DreamWorks , y se ha desempeñado como productor de muchas películas y series de televisión exitosas, entre ellas Poltergeist (1982), Gremlins (1984), Regreso al futuro (1985), ¿Quién engañó a Roger Rabbit ? (1988) y Band of Brothers (2001). Ha tenido una larga colaboración con el compositor John Williams , con quien ha trabajado en todas menos cinco de sus largometrajes. [5] [6] Varias de las obras de Spielberg están consideradas entre las mejores películas de la historia, y algunas se encuentran entre las películas más taquilleras de la historia. [7] En 2013, Time lo incluyó como una de las 100 personas más influyentes , [8] y en 2023, Spielberg recibió el primer premio Time 100 Impact Award en los EE. UU. [9]

Vida temprana y antecedentes

Spielberg nació el 18 de diciembre de 1946 en Cincinnati, Ohio . [10] [11] Su madre, Leah ( née Posner, más tarde Adler; 1920-2017), [12] fue restauradora y concertista de piano, y su padre, Arnold (1917-2020), [13] fue un ingeniero eléctrico involucrado en el desarrollo de computadoras. Su familia inmediata era [14] judía reformista / judía ortodoxa . [15] [16] Los abuelos paternos de Spielberg eran judíos de Ucrania ; [17] [18] su abuela Rebecca, de apellido de soltera Chechik, era de Sudylkiv , y su abuelo Shmuel Spielberg era de Kamianets-Podilskyi . [19] [20] Schmuel escapó a Cincinnati en 1906 para evitar ser reclutado en el ejército ruso, y trajo a su prometida Rebecca allí en 1908. [21] Spielberg tiene tres hermanas menores: Anne , Sue y Nancy. [22] En 1952, su familia se mudó a Haddon Township, Nueva Jersey, después de que su padre fuera contratado por RCA . [23] Spielberg asistió a la escuela hebrea de 1953 a 1957, en clases impartidas por el rabino Albert L. Lewis . [24] En su casa en Cincinnati, su abuela enseñó inglés a los sobrevivientes del Holocausto. Ellos, a su vez, le enseñaron los números: “Un hombre en particular, no dejaba de mirar sus números, el número que tenía tatuado en el antebrazo... empezó, ya sabe, cuando, durante el descanso de la cena, cuando todos estaban comiendo y no aprendiendo, él señalaba los números y decía: “Eso es un dos, y eso es un cuatro”. Y luego decía: “Y esto es un ocho, y eso es un uno”. Y nunca lo olvidaré. Y decía: “Y eso es un nueve”. Y luego dobló el brazo e invirtió el brazo y dijo: “Y mira, se convierte en un seis”. Es mágico. Y ahora es un nueve, y ahora es un seis, y ahora es un nueve, y ahora es un seis. Y así fue realmente como aprendí los números por primera vez... La ironía de todo eso, y el regalo de esa lección, nunca me di cuenta realmente hasta que fui mucho mayor”. [25]

A principios de 1957, la familia se mudó a Phoenix, Arizona . [26] [27] Spielberg tuvo una ceremonia de bar mitzvah cuando tenía trece años. [28] Su familia estaba involucrada en la sinagoga y tenía muchos amigos judíos. [29] Sobre el Holocausto , dijo que sus padres "hablaban de ello todo el tiempo, y por eso siempre estaba en mi mente". [29] Su padre había perdido entre dieciséis y veinte familiares en el Holocausto. [20] A Spielberg le resultó difícil aceptar su herencia; dijo: "No es algo que me guste admitir... pero cuando tenía siete, ocho, nueve años, Dios me perdone, me avergonzaba porque éramos judíos ortodoxos. Me avergonzaba la percepción externa de las prácticas judías de mis padres. Nunca me avergoncé realmente de ser judío, pero a veces me sentía incómodo". [30] [31] Spielberg fue objeto de antisemitismo : "En la escuela secundaria, me dieron bofetadas y patadas. Dos narices sangrando. Fue horrible". [32] [33] [20] Poco a poco fue siguiendo menos el judaísmo durante la adolescencia, después de que su familia se mudara a varios barrios y descubriera que eran los únicos judíos. [34] [35]

Recuerda que sus padres lo llevaron a ver El mayor espectáculo del mundo (1952) de Cecil B. DeMille . Nunca había visto una película antes y pensó que lo llevaban al circo. Estaba aterrorizado por el choque de trenes de la película y, a los 12 años, lo recreó con sus trenes Lionel y lo filmó. Recuerda: "Los trenes daban vueltas y vueltas, y después de un tiempo eso se volvió aburrido, y tenía esta cámara de ocho milímetros, y preparé un choque de trenes y lo filmé. Eso fue duro para los trenes, pero luego pude cortar la película de muchas maneras diferentes y mirarla una y otra vez". Esta fue su primera película casera. [36] [37] En 1958, se convirtió en Boy Scout , alcanzando finalmente el rango de Eagle Scout . [38] Cumplió un requisito para la insignia de mérito de fotografía al hacer un western de nueve minutos en 8 mm , The Last Gunfight . [39] [40] Spielberg utilizó la cámara de cine de su padre para hacer películas de aficionados y comenzó a llevar la cámara en cada viaje de los Boy Scouts. [41] A los 13 años, Spielberg hizo una película de guerra de 40 minutos , Escape to Nowhere , con un elenco de compañeros de clase. La película ganó el primer premio en una competencia estatal. [42] [43] A lo largo de su adolescencia, y después de ingresar a la escuela secundaria, Spielberg hizo entre quince y veinte películas de aventuras de 8 mm. [44] [45] Recuerda que "mi padre me contaba historias sobre la Segunda Guerra Mundial constantemente... Yo sabía, basándome en las historias que mi padre y sus amigos me contaban sobre la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que no había gloria en la guerra. Y era fea, y era cruel... era, ya sabes, visualmente devastadora. Y entonces pensé, algún día, si alguna vez hago una película de guerra de verdad, tiene que ser algo que cuente la verdad sobre lo que habían sido esas experiencias para esos jóvenes de 17, 18, 19 años que asaltaron la Playa de Omaha, digamos". [25]

En Phoenix, Spielberg iba al teatro local todos los sábados. [46] Sus películas formativas incluyeron Captains Courageous (1937) de Victor Fleming , Pinocchio y Fantasia (ambas de 1940) de Disney , Rashomon (1950) y The Seven Samurai (1954) de Akira Kurosawa , [47] [48] ¡Godzilla, rey de los monstruos! de Ishirō Honda . (1956), [49] [50] El puente sobre el río Kwai (1957) y Lawrence de Arabia (1962) ("la película que me puso en mi viaje") de David Lean, Los pájaros (1963) de Alfred Hitchcock y Dr. Strangelove (1964) y 2001: Una odisea del espacio (1968) de Stanley Kubrick ("Todavía estoy viviendo de la adrenalina que... experimenté al ver esa película por primera vez"). [51] Asistió a Arcadia High School en 1961 durante tres años. [52] En 1963, escribió y dirigió una película de ciencia ficción de 140 minutos, Firelight , la base de Encuentros cercanos del tercer tipo . Firelight , financiada principalmente por su padre, se mostró en un teatro local durante una noche y recaudó $501 contra su presupuesto de $500. [53] [54] [55]

Después de tomar un autobús turístico a Universal Studios , una conversación casual con un ejecutivo llevó a Spielberg a obtener un pase de tres días para las instalaciones. El cuarto día, caminó hasta las puertas del estudio sin pase, y el guardia de seguridad le hizo señas para que entrara: "Básicamente pasé los siguientes dos meses en Universal Studios... así fue como me convertí en un aprendiz no oficial ese verano". [56] [57] Su familia luego se mudó a Saratoga, California , donde asistió a Saratoga High School . [58] Un año después, sus padres se divorciaron. Spielberg se mudó a Los Ángeles para quedarse con su padre, [59] mientras que sus tres hermanas y su madre permanecieron en Saratoga. Recuerda: "Mis padres se separaron cuando yo tenía 15 o 16 años, y necesitaba un amigo especial, y tuve que usar mi imaginación para llevarme a lugares que me hicieran sentir bien, que me ayudaran a superar los problemas que tenían mis padres, y que terminaron con nuestra familia como un todo. Y pensando en esa época, pensé que un personaje extraterrestre sería el trampolín perfecto para purgar el dolor de la separación de tus padres". [36] Recuerda que su madre tenía "una personalidad enormemente aventurera. Siempre la vimos como Peter Pan , el niño que nunca quiso crecer, y ella se veía a sí misma de esa manera. Creo que mi madre vivió muchas infancias en sus noventa y siete años". [25] No estaba interesado en lo académico, aspiraba solo a ser cineasta. [60] Se postuló a la escuela de cine de la Universidad del Sur de California, pero fue rechazado debido a sus mediocres calificaciones. [61] Luego se postuló y se inscribió en la Universidad Estatal de California, Long Beach , donde se convirtió en hermano de la Fraternidad Theta Chi . [62] En 1968, Universal le dio a Spielberg la oportunidad de escribir y dirigir un cortometraje para estreno en cines, Amblin' de 35 mm y 26 minutos . El vicepresidente del estudio, Sidney Sheinberg, quedó impresionado y le ofreció a Spielberg un contrato de dirección de siete años. [63] Un año después, abandonó la universidad para comenzar a dirigir producciones de televisión para Universal, [64] convirtiéndolo en el director más joven en firmar un plan a largo plazo con un importante estudio de Hollywood. [65] Spielberg regresó a Long Beach en 2002, donde presentó La lista de Schindler para completar su Licenciatura en Cine y Medios Electrónicos. [66]

Recuerda un encuentro formativo con uno de sus directores favoritos, John Ford , quien le dijo: "Así que me dijeron que quieres ser un creador de imágenes. ¿Ves esos cuadros por la oficina?" Spielberg dijo que sí. Ford señaló un cuadro y preguntó: "¿Dónde está el horizonte?" Spielberg dijo que estaba en la parte superior. Ford le preguntó dónde estaba en otro cuadro. Spielberg dijo que estaba en la parte inferior. Ford dijo: "Cuando eres capaz de distinguir el arte del horizonte en la parte inferior de un marco o en la parte superior del marco, pero sin pasar por el centro del marco, cuando puedes apreciar por qué está en la parte superior y por qué está en la parte inferior, puedes ser un muy buen creador de imágenes". [67]

Carrera

1969-1974: En el horizonte

Spielberg hizo su debut profesional con "Eyes", un segmento de Night Gallery (1969) con guion de Rod Serling y protagonizado por Joan Crawford . [68] Inicialmente, hubo escepticismo por parte de Crawford y los ejecutivos del estudio con respecto a la inexperiencia de Spielberg. A pesar de los esfuerzos de Spielberg por implementar técnicas avanzadas de trabajo de cámara, los ejecutivos del estudio exigieron un enfoque más directo. Sus contribuciones iniciales recibieron respuestas mixtas, lo que llevó a Spielberg a alejarse brevemente del trabajo de estudio. [69] Crawford, reflexionando sobre su colaboración con Spielberg, reconoció su potencial, destacando su inspiración intuitiva única. Expresó su aprecio por el talento de Spielberg en una nota a él y también comunicó su aprobación a Serling. El respaldo de Crawford destacó el reconocimiento temprano de Spielberg en Hollywood a pesar de las dudas iniciales con respecto a su experiencia. [70]

A principios de la década de 1970, Spielberg intentó sin éxito recaudar fondos para sus propias películas de bajo presupuesto. Coescribió y dirigió guiones para televisión para Marcus Welby, MD , The Name of the Game , Columbo , Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law y The Psychiatrist . [71] Aunque no estaba satisfecho con su trabajo, [72] Spielberg aprovechó la oportunidad para experimentar con sus técnicas y aprender sobre la realización cinematográfica. Obtuvo buenas críticas e impresionó a los productores; estaba ganando un ingreso estable y se mudó a Laurel Canyon , Los Ángeles. [71]

Impresionados, Universal contrató a Spielberg para hacer cuatro películas para televisión. [73] La primera fue Duel (1971), adaptada del cuento de Richard Matheson del mismo nombre, sobre un vendedor ( Dennis Weaver ) perseguido por una autopista por un psicótico conductor de un camión cisterna . Impresionados, los ejecutivos decidieron promocionar la película en televisión. Las críticas fueron positivas y Universal le pidió a Spielberg que filmara más escenas para que Duel pudiera estrenarse en los mercados internacionales. [74] "Merecidamente", escribe David Thomson , "porque se erige como una de las espirales de suspenso más convincentes del medio. La cotidianidad del personaje de Dennis Weaver y la monstruosa malignidad del camión se enfrentan entre sí con una seguridad narrativa que nunca necesita recordarnos el elemento de fábula". [75] Siguieron más películas para televisión: Something Evil (1972) y Savage (1973).

Spielberg hizo su debut en el cine con The Sugarland Express (1974), basada en una historia real sobre un matrimonio que huye, desesperado por recuperar la custodia de su bebé de sus padres adoptivos. [76] La película fue protagonizada por Goldie Hawn y William Atherton y marcó la primera de muchas colaboraciones con el compositor John Williams . [77] Aunque la película fue premiada como Mejor Guion en el Festival de Cine de Cannes de 1974 , no fue un éxito comercial, [77] [78] lo que Spielberg atribuyó al marketing inconsistente de Universal. [79] La película se estrenó en cuatrocientos cines en los EE. UU. con críticas positivas; Pauline Kael escribió: "Spielberg usa sus dones de una manera muy libre y sencilla, americana, para el humor y para una respuesta física a la acción. Podría ser esa rareza entre los directores, un artista nato, tal vez el Howard Hawks de una nueva generación ". [80] The Hollywood Reporter escribió que "un nuevo director importante está en el horizonte". [81]

1975–1980: Mago

Los productores Richard D. Zanuck y David Brown se arriesgaron con Spielberg, dándole la oportunidad de dirigir Tiburón (1975), un thriller basado en el bestseller de Peter Benchley . En él, un gran tiburón blanco ataca a los bañistas en una ciudad turística de verano , lo que llevó al jefe de policía Martin Brody ( Roy Scheider ) a cazarlo con la ayuda de un biólogo marino ( Richard Dreyfuss ) y un veterano cazador de tiburones ( Robert Shaw ). Tiburón fue la primera película filmada en mar abierto, [82] por lo que el rodaje resultó difícil, especialmente cuando el tiburón mecánico funcionó mal. El cronograma de rodaje se excedió en cien días y Universal amenazó con cancelar la producción. [83] Contra las expectativas, Tiburón fue un éxito, estableciendo el récord de taquilla nacional y convirtiendo a Spielberg en un nombre familiar. [84] Ganó los premios de la Academia a Mejor Montaje de Película ( Verna Fields ), Mejor Banda Sonora Dramática Original (John Williams) y Mejor Sonido ( Robert Hoyt , Roger Heman , Earl Madery y John Carter ). Spielberg dijo que el mal funcionamiento del tiburón mecánico resultó en una mejor película, ya que tuvo que encontrar otras formas de sugerir la presencia del tiburón. Thomson escribe "como Coppola en El Padrino , Spielberg afirmó su propio papel y organizó hábilmente los elementos en un entretenimiento de montaña rusa sin sacrificar los significados internos. El suspenso de la película surgió de una técnica meticulosa y un buen humor sobre su propio corte quirúrgico. Solo hay que someterse a la parodia de Tiburón 2 para darse cuenta de lo mucho más atractivo que Spielberg vio el océano, los peligros, la siniestra belleza del tiburón y la vitalidad de sus oponentes humanos". [75] Después de ver las técnicas de cámara poco convencionales de Tiburón , Alfred Hitchcock elogió al "joven Spielberg" por pensar más allá de la dinámica visual del teatro: "Es el primero de nosotros que no ve el arco del proscenio ". [85]

Después de rechazar una oferta para hacer Tiburón 2 [86] Spielberg y Dreyfuss se reunieron para trabajar en una película sobre ovnis , Encuentros en la tercera fase (1977). Spielberg utilizó película de 65 mm para obtener la mejor calidad de imagen y un nuevo sistema de grabación de acción en vivo para que las grabaciones pudieran duplicarse más tarde. [87] [88] Eligió a uno de sus directores favoritos, François Truffaut , como el científico Claude Lacombe y trabajó con el experto en efectos especiales Douglas Trumbull . Una de las raras películas escritas y dirigidas por Spielberg, Encuentros en la tercera fase fue muy popular entre los cinéfilos, [89] y recibió su primera nominación a Mejor Director de los Premios de la Academia. Obtuvo seis nominaciones más, ganando Mejor Fotografía ( Vilmos Zsigmond ) y Mejor Edición de Efectos de Sonido ( Frank Warner ). [90] Stanley Kauffmann escribió: "Vi Encuentros en la primera exhibición pública en Nueva York, y la mayoría de la audiencia se quedó mirando los créditos finales. Por un lado, debajo de los créditos, la nave espacial gigante regresaba a las estrellas. Por otro, simplemente no querían dejar esa película. Por otro lado, parecían entender la importancia de esos muchos nombres para lo que acababan de ver". Kauffmann la colocó en primer lugar en su lista de las mejores películas estadounidenses de 1968 a 1977. [91] En su reseña de Encuentros en la tercera fase , Kael llamó a Spielberg "un mago en la era del cine". [92]

Su siguiente trabajo como director fue 1941 (1979), una comedia de acción escrita por Robert Zemeckis y Bob Gale sobre los californianos que se preparan para una invasión japonesa después del ataque a Pearl Harbor . Spielberg se sentía cohibido por hacer comedia, ya que no tenía experiencia previa en el género. [93] Universal y Columbia acordaron cofinanciar la película. 1941 recaudó más de 92,4 millones de dólares en todo el mundo en su estreno, [94] pero a la mayoría de los críticos y a los jefes de los estudios no les gustó. [93] Charles Champlin describió 1941 como "el desperdicio más notorio desde el último gran derrame de petróleo, al que se parece un poco". [95] Stanley Kubrick supuestamente dijo que la película era "genial, pero no divertida". [96]

1981–1990: empresario

Dirigió En busca del arca perdida (1981), con un guion de Lawrence Kasdan basado en una historia de George Lucas y Philip Kaufman . Lo consideraron un homenaje a los seriales de los años 1930 y 1940. [97] Fue protagonizada por Harrison Ford como Indiana Jones y Karen Allen como Marion Ravenwood . Filmada en La Rochelle , Hawái , Túnez y Elstree Studios , Inglaterra, el rodaje fue difícil pero Spielberg dijo que lo ayudó a perfeccionar su perspicacia para los negocios. [98] La película fue un éxito de taquilla [99] y ganó los premios Óscar a la mejor dirección artística ( Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley y Michael D. Ford ); mejor montaje cinematográfico ( Michael Kahn ); mejor sonido ( Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker y Roy Charman ); mejor edición de sonido (Ben Burtt y Richard L. Anderson ); y mejores efectos visuales ( Richard Edlund , Kit West , Bruce Nicholson y Joe Johnston ). [100] Roger Ebert escribió que " Los cazadores del arca perdida es una experiencia extracorporal, una película de gloriosa imaginación y velocidad vertiginosa que te atrapa en la primera toma, te lanza a través de una serie de increíbles aventuras y te deposita de nuevo en la realidad dos horas después, sin aliento, mareado, agotado y con una sonrisa tonta en la cara... En cuanto a las localizaciones, incluye las selvas de Sudamérica, el interior del Tíbet, los desiertos de Egipto, una base submarina oculta, una isla aislada, una tumba olvidada -no, mejor dicho, dos tumbas olvidadas- y un aula de arqueología estadounidense. En cuanto a los villanos, tiene nazis sádicos, sepultureros viscosos, sherpas borrachos y franceses conspiradores. En cuanto a las amenazas, llega a su clímax con la ira de Dios y conduce a ese espectacular desarrollo en etapas sencillas, con tarántulas, rocas desbocadas, lanzas ocultas, losas de roca que caen, aviones en llamas, camiones fuera de control, barcos sellados, etc. tumbas y serpientes. Muchas serpientes". [101] Raiders fue la primera película de la franquicia de Indiana Jones .

Spielberg volvió a la ciencia ficción con ET, el extraterrestre (1982). Cuenta la historia de Elliot ( Henry Thomas ), un joven que se hace amigo de un extraterrestre que fue abandonado accidentalmente por sus compañeros y que está intentando regresar a casa. Spielberg evitó los guiones gráficos para que su dirección fuera más espontánea y filmó aproximadamente en secuencia para que las actuaciones de los actores fueran auténticas mientras se conectaban con ET y se despedían de él. Richard Corliss recordó: "Esta fue la atracción de la noche de clausura en el Festival de Cine de Cannes de 1982 , un lugar no conocido por sus sentimentalismos llorosos. Al final, cuando la pequeña criatura se despidió y la nave espacial parecida a Julio Verne despegó del suelo, el público levitó de manera similar. Uno escuchó el aplauso infantil del público; uno sintió que sus espíritus se elevaban. Este fue un éxtasis hecho audible, palpable ... La guionista Melissa Mathison le dio una claridad de cuento de hadas a la trama estándar del director de un niño perdido que busca su camino de regreso a casa. Y Spielberg orquestó los movimientos de la cámara y el astronauta títere con los sentimientos de -tiene que llamarse amor- expresados ​​​​en el rostro anhelante del joven Henry Thomas. ET fue el primer personaje de película en ser finalista en el Hombre del Año de TIME sorteo. Me habría parecido bien si la pequeña criatura, esta hermosa película, hubiera ganado". [102] Se organizó una proyección especial para Ronald y Nancy Reagan , quienes estaban emocionados al final. [103] ET recaudó $700 millones en todo el mundo. [103] Ganó cuatro premios de la Academia: Mejor banda sonora original (John Williams), Mejor sonido ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don Digirolamo y Gene Cantamessa ), Mejor edición de sonido ( Charles L. Campbell y Ben Burtt ) y Mejores efectos visuales ( Carlo Rambaldi , Dennis Muren y Kenneth F. Smith ). [104] Kael escribió sobre ET: "Su voz es antigua y sobrenatural, pero amigable y divertida. Y este hombrecillo escamoso y arrugado, con ojos enormes, muy separados y conmovedores y un cuello de caja de sorpresas, ha sido creado de manera tan completa que también es un amigo para nosotros; cuando habla de su anhelo de volver a casa, el público se pone tan triste como Elliot. Spielberg se ha ganado las lágrimas que algunas personas del público, y no solo los niños, derramaron. Las lágrimas son muestras de gratitud por el hechizo que la película ha puesto en el público. Las películas genuinamente fascinantes son casi tan raras como los visitantes extraterrestres".[105] Spielberg coescribió y produjo Poltergeist ( Tobe Hooper , 1982), estrenada el mismo verano que ET . [99] Con John Landis , coprodujo la película antológica Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983), contribuyendo con el segmento "Kick the Can". [106]

Spielberg y Chandran Rutnam en Sri Lanka durante el rodaje de Indiana Jones y el templo maldito

Su siguiente largometraje fue la precuela de En busca del arca perdida Indiana Jones y el templo maldito (1984). Trabajando de nuevo con Lucas y Ford, la película se rodó en Estados Unidos, Sri Lanka y China. [107] La ​​película era más oscura que su predecesora y condujo a la creación de la clasificación PG-13 porque parte del contenido se consideró inadecuado para niños menores de 13 años. [108] Spielberg dijo más tarde que no estaba contento con El templo maldito porque le faltaban sus "toques personales y amor". [109] No obstante, la película fue un éxito de taquilla, [110] ganó el Premio de la Academia a los mejores efectos especiales y recibió críticas en su mayoría buenas. [109] Kael la prefirió al original, escribiendo: "Spielberg es como un mago cuyos trucos son tan atrevidos que te hacen reír. Crea una atmósfera de feliz incredulidad: cuanto más impresionantes y estimulantes son las acrobacias, más divertidas son. Nadie ha fusionado nunca emoción y risa de la forma en que lo hace aquí. Comienza a toda velocidad en la secuencia de apertura y sigue adelante". Ella admitió que era menos "sincera" que Raiders , y agregó que "eso es lo que la hace tan buena". [111] En este proyecto, Spielberg conoció a su futura esposa, Kate Capshaw , quien interpretó a Willie Scott. [112] Spielberg recordó: "La segunda película podría haberla hecho mucho mejor si hubiera habido una historia diferente. Fue un buen ejercicio de aprendizaje para mí lanzarme realmente a un agujero negro. Salí de la oscuridad de El templo maldito y entré en la luz de la mujer con la que finalmente me casaría y formaría una familia". [113]

Thomson escribe que "A primera vista, el Spielberg de los años ochenta puede parecer más un empresario -o un estudio, incluso- que un director". [75] Entre 1984 y 1990, Spielberg trabajó como productor o productor ejecutivo en diecinueve largometrajes, [114] entre ellos Gremlins ( Joe Dante , 1984), Regreso al futuro ( Robert Zemeckis , 1985), Los Goonies ( Richard Donner , 1985), ¿Quién engañó a Roger Rabbit? (Zemeckis, 1988), Joe contra el volcán ( John Patrick Shanley , 1990) y Aracnofobia ( Frank Marshall , 1990). [115] [116] [117] Para algunos, incluyendo El joven Sherlock Holmes ( Barry Levinson , 1985) y Harry y los Henderson ( William Dear , 1987), el título "Steven Spielberg Presents" estaba en los créditos iniciales. [118] Gran parte del trabajo de producción de Spielberg estaba dirigido a niños y adolescentes, incluyendo dibujos animados como Tiny Toon Adventures , Animaniacs , Pinky y Cerebro , Freakazoid! y Family Dog . [119] Spielberg también produjo las películas animadas de Don Bluth An American Tail y En busca del valle encantado . [116] En 1985, NBC le ofreció a Spielberg un contrato de dos años en una serie de televisión, Amazing Stories ; el programa se comercializó como una mezcla de The Twilight Zone y Alfred Hitchcock Presents . NBC le dio a Spielberg el control creativo y un presupuesto de $1 millón para cada episodio. [120] Después de dos temporadas y calificaciones decepcionantes, el programa no fue renovado. [121] Aunque la participación de Spielberg como productor variaría ampliamente de un proyecto a otro, Zemeckis dijo que Spielberg siempre "respetaría la visión del cineasta". [122] Durante la siguiente década, el historial de Spielberg como productor trajo resultados críticos y comerciales mixtos. [122] En 1992, Spielberg comenzó a reducir la producción, diciendo "Producir ha sido el aspecto menos satisfactorio de lo que he hecho en la última década". [123]

A principios de la década de 1980, Spielberg se hizo amigo del director ejecutivo de Warner Communications, Steve Ross, lo que finalmente resultó en que Spielberg hiciera películas para Warner Bros. [124] Comenzó con El color púrpura (1985), una adaptación de la novela homónima ganadora del premio Pulitzer de Alice Walker , sobre una generación de mujeres afroamericanas empoderadas durante la era de la depresión en Estados Unidos. Fue la primera película de Spielberg sobre un tema dramático, y expresó reservas sobre abordar el proyecto: "Es el riesgo de ser juzgado y acusado de no tener la sensibilidad para hacer estudios de personajes". [125] Protagonizada por Whoopi Goldberg y Oprah Winfrey , la película fue un éxito de taquilla y los críticos comenzaron a tomar nota de la incursión de Spielberg en el drama. [125] Ebert la nombró la mejor película del año. [126] La película también recibió once nominaciones al Oscar, y Spielberg ganó el premio al Mejor Director del Sindicato de Directores de Estados Unidos . [125] La película fue producida y musicalizada por Quincy Jones .

Mientras China atravesaba una reforma económica y se abría a la industria cinematográfica estadounidense, Spielberg hizo El imperio del sol (1987), la primera película estadounidense filmada en Shanghái desde la década de 1930. [127] Es una adaptación de la novela autobiográfica homónima de J. G. Ballard sobre Jamie Graham ( Christian Bale ), un joven que pasa de ser hijo de una familia británica adinerada en Shanghái a prisionero de guerra en un campo de internamiento japonés durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Fue escrita por el dramaturgo Tom Stoppard y coprotagonizada por John Malkovich como un expatriado estadounidense. La reacción crítica fue mixta en el momento del estreno; las críticas iban desde la trama "sobreexcitada" hasta la minimización de Spielberg de la "enfermedad y el hambre". [128] [129] Sin embargo, Andrew Sarris la nombró la mejor película del año y luego la incluyó entre las mejores de la década. [130] La película fue nominada a seis premios de la Academia, [131] pero fue una decepción en taquilla; Ian Alterman de The New York Times opinó que el público la pasó por alto. [132] Spielberg recordó que El imperio del sol fue una de las películas que más disfrutó hacer. [133] Thomson la llamó "una gran obra de principio a fin. Recibió pocas nominaciones al Oscar, pero para cualquiera con sentido del cine creo que fue la primera señal clara de que Spielberg, el showman, también era un artista". [134]

Después de dirigir El color púrpura y El imperio del sol , Spielberg tenía la intención de dirigir Rain Man , pero en su lugar dirigió Indiana Jones y la última cruzada (1989) para cumplir con sus obligaciones contractuales. [135] El productor Lucas y la estrella Ford regresaron para la película. Fanático de James Bond desde hace mucho tiempo , Spielberg eligió a Sean Connery como el padre de Jones, Henry Jones, Sr. [ 133] Debido a las quejas sobre la violencia en El templo maldito , Spielberg regresó a una película más familiar para la tercera entrega. [136] La última cruzada recibió críticas en su mayoría positivas y fue un éxito de taquilla, recaudando $474 millones; fue su mayor éxito desde ET [137] El biógrafo Joseph McBride escribió que fue un regreso para Spielberg, y Spielberg reconoció lo mucho que ha aprendido al hacer la serie de Indiana Jones . [137] Ebert escribió que "si hay una pizca de decepción después de ver esta película, tiene que ser porque nunca más tendremos la sorpresa de que este material parezca nuevo. En busca del arca perdida , ahora más que nunca, parece un punto de inflexión en el cine de entretenimiento escapista, y realmente no había forma de que Spielberg pudiera hacerla nueva de nuevo. Lo que ha hecho es tomar muchos de los mismos elementos y aplicar todo su talento y sentido del humor para que funcionen una vez más. Y lo hacen". [138]

Spielberg, marzo de 1990

También en 1989, se reunió con Richard Dreyfuss para el drama romántico Always , sobre un bombero aéreo . Es una nueva versión moderna de una de las películas infantiles favoritas de Spielberg, Un tipo llamado Joe (1943). La historia era personal; dijo: "De niño estaba muy frustrado, y tal vez vi a mis propios padres [en Un tipo llamado Joe ]. También me faltaban novias. Y se me quedó grabado". [139] Spielberg había discutido la película con Dreyfuss en 1975, y se escribieron hasta doce borradores antes de que comenzara el rodaje. [136] Always no tuvo éxito comercial y recibió críticas mixtas. [140] [136] Janet Maslin de The New York Times escribió: " Always está llena de grandes momentos sentimentales, le falta la intimidad para hacer que todo esto sea muy conmovedor". [141]

1991–1998: Ganador del Óscar

Después de un breve revés en el que Spielberg se sintió "artísticamente estancado", [142] regresó en 1991 con Hook , sobre un Peter Pan de mediana edad ( Robin Williams ), que regresa a Nunca Jamás y se encuentra con Campanilla ( Julia Roberts ) y el epónimo Capitán Garfio ( Dustin Hoffman ). Durante el rodaje, las estrellas chocaron en el set; Spielberg le dijo a 60 Minutes que nunca volvería a trabajar con Roberts. [143] Nominada a cinco premios de la Academia, el estudio disfrutó de la película, pero la mayoría de los críticos no; Thomson la llamó "sensible". [75] Escribiendo para The Washington Post , Desson Howe describió la película como "demasiado organizada industrialmente" y pensó que era mundana. [144] En taquilla, recaudó más de $300 millones en todo el mundo con un presupuesto de $70 millones. [145] En 1993, Spielberg se desempeñó como productor ejecutivo de la serie de ciencia ficción de NBC seaQuest DSV ; [146] El programa no fue un éxito. [114] En 1994, encontró el éxito produciendo el drama médico ER . [146]

En 1993, Spielberg regresó al género de aventuras con Jurassic Park , basada en el bestseller de 1990 de Michael Crichton (creador de Urgencias ), con un guion de Crichton y David Koepp . Jurassic Park está ambientada en una isla ficticia cerca de Costa Rica , donde un hombre de negocios ( Richard Attenborough ) ha contratado a un equipo de genetistas para crear un parque de vida silvestre de dinosaurios des-extintos . En una desviación de su orden habitual de planificación, Spielberg y los diseñadores hicieron un storyboard de ciertas secuencias de la novela desde el principio. [147] La ​​película también utilizó imágenes generadas por computadora proporcionadas por Industrial Light & Magic ; Jurassic Park se completó a tiempo y se convirtió en la película más taquillera en ese momento, y ganó tres premios Óscar. [148] El dominio de la película durante su presentación en cines, así como el salario de 250 millones de dólares de Spielberg, lo hicieron consciente de su propio éxito. [149]

Spielberg recibe el León de Oro de manos del cineasta italiano Gillo Pontecorvo en el 50º Festival Internacional de Cine de Venecia , 1993

También en 1993, Spielberg dirigió La lista de Schindler , sobre Oskar Schindler , un hombre de negocios que ayudó a salvar a 1.100 judíos del Holocausto . [150] Basada en El arca de Schindler del novelista australiano Thomas Keneally , Spielberg esperó diez años para hacer la película porque no se sentía lo suficientemente "maduro". [151] Quería abrazar su herencia, [152] [153] y después del nacimiento de su hijo, Max, dijo que "me afectó mucho [...] Un espíritu comenzó a encenderse en mí y me convertí en un padre judío". [154] El rodaje comenzó el 1 de marzo de 1993 en Polonia, mientras Spielberg todavía estaba editando Jurassic Park por las noches. [155] Para hacer que el rodaje fuera "soportable", Spielberg trajo a su esposa e hijos con él. [156] Contra las expectativas, la película fue un éxito comercial, y Spielberg utilizó su porcentaje de ganancias para iniciar la Shoah Foundation , una organización sin fines de lucro que archiva testimonios de sobrevivientes del Holocausto. [157] La ​​lista de Schindler ganó siete premios Óscar, incluyendo Mejor Película, y el primero de Spielberg como Mejor Director. [158] También ganó siete premios BAFTA y tres Globos de Oro . [159] [160] La lista de Schindler es una de las 100 mejores películas estadounidenses jamás realizadas por el American Film Institute . [161] Si bien La lista de Schindler fue elogiada por la mayoría de los críticos, algunos críticos, incluido el cineasta Claude Lanzmann , criticaron la película por su débil representación del Holocausto. [162] Imre Kertész , un autor húngaro y sobreviviente de un campo de concentración , también desaprobó la película y dijo: "Considero kitsch cualquier representación del Holocausto que sea incapaz de comprender o no quiera comprender la conexión orgánica entre nuestro propio modo de vida deformado y la posibilidad misma del Holocausto". [163] Thomson la llama "la película más conmovedora que he visto jamás". [75]

En 1994, Spielberg se tomó un descanso de la dirección para pasar más tiempo con su familia y estableció su nuevo estudio cinematográfico, DreamWorks , con Jeffrey Katzenberg y David Geffen . [164] [157] Spielberg citó un mayor control creativo y mejoras en la distribución como las principales razones para fundar su propio estudio; [165] él y sus socios se compararon con los fundadores de United Artists en 1919. [166] Los inversores de DreamWorks incluyeron a los fundadores de Microsoft, Paul Allen y Bill Gates . [167] Después de fundar DreamWorks, Spielberg continuó operando Amblin Entertainment y dirigiendo películas para otros estudios. [168] Además de películas, Spielberg ayudó a diseñar una atracción con temática de Jurassic Park en Universal Orlando en Florida. [169] La carga de trabajo que supone hacer películas y gestionar un estudio planteaba dudas sobre sus compromisos, pero Spielberg sostuvo que "todo esto encaja perfectamente en mi vida y todavía estoy en casa a las seis y todavía estoy en casa los fines de semana". [170]

Después de su pausa, volvió a dirigir con una secuela de Jurassic Park , The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Una adaptación libre de la novela de Michael Crichton The Lost World , la trama sigue al matemático Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) y sus investigadores que estudian dinosaurios en Jurassic Park, que está en una isla y se enfrentan a otro equipo con una agenda diferente. Spielberg quería que las criaturas en pantalla fueran más realistas que en la primera película; utilizó guiones gráficos en 3D, imágenes de computadora y marionetas robóticas. [171] Con un presupuesto de $73 millones, [172] The Lost World: Jurassic Park se estrenó en mayo de 1997 y fue una de las películas más taquilleras del año . [173] El crítico de Village Voice opinó que El mundo perdido estaba "mejor elaborado pero era menos divertido" que la primera película, mientras que The Guardian escribió "Parece un director en piloto automático [...] Los efectos especiales no admiten discusión". [173]

Su largometraje de 1997 Amistad, su primer estreno bajo DreamWorks, se basó en la historia real de los eventos de 1839 a bordo del barco de esclavos La Amistad . La productora Debbie Allen , que había leído el libro Amistad I en 1978, pensó que Spielberg sería perfecto para dirigir. [174] Spielberg dudaba en aceptar el proyecto, temeroso de que lo compararan con La lista de Schindler , pero dijo: "Nunca he planeado mi carrera [...] Al final hago lo que creo que tengo que hacer". [174] Protagonizada por Morgan Freeman , Anthony Hopkins , Djimon Hounsou y Matthew McConaughey , Spielberg utilizó los diez años de investigación de Allen para recrear las difíciles escenas históricas. [172] [175] La película tuvo dificultades para encontrar audiencia y tuvo un rendimiento inferior en taquilla; [176] Spielberg admitió que "[ Amistad ] se convirtió en una lección de historia demasiado grande". [177]

Spielberg hablando en el Pentágono el 11 de agosto de 1999, después de recibir la Medalla del Departamento de Defensa por Servicio Público Distinguido

El estreno de Spielberg en 1998 fue la épica de la Segunda Guerra Mundial Salvar al soldado Ryan , sobre un grupo de soldados estadounidenses liderados por el capitán Miller ( Tom Hanks ) enviados a traer a casa a un paracaidista cuyos tres hermanos mayores murieron en las mismas veinticuatro horas del desembarco de Normandía . El rodaje se llevó a cabo en Inglaterra, y el marine estadounidense Dale Dye fue contratado para entrenar a los actores y mantenerlos en el personaje durante las escenas de combate. A mitad de la filmación, Spielberg recordó al elenco que estaban haciendo un homenaje para agradecer a "sus abuelos y a mi padre, que lucharon en [la guerra]". [178] Tras el estreno, los críticos elogiaron la dirección y su representación realista de la guerra. [179] La película recaudó 481 millones de dólares en todo el mundo [180] y Spielberg ganó un segundo premio de la Academia al mejor director. [181] En agosto de 1999, Spielberg y Hanks recibieron la Medalla de Servicio Público Distinguido del Secretario de Defensa William S. Cohen . [178] [182] Thomson escribe: " Ryan cambió las películas de guerra: el combate, el shock, las heridas y el miedo nunca se habían presentado de manera tan gráfica; y sin embargo, también había una verdadera sensación de cómo se sentían los deberes y las ideas en 1944. No me gustó el recurso de encuadre. Hubiera admirado a un director que confiara en nosotros para llegar allí sin eso. No importa, Ryan es una película magnífica". [75] Ebert escribió: "Spielberg sabe cómo hacer llorar al público mejor que cualquier director desde Chaplin en Luces de la ciudad . Pero llorar es una respuesta incompleta, que deja al público fuera de peligro. Esta película encarna ideas. Después de que la experiencia inmediata comienza a desvanecerse, las implicaciones permanecen y crecen". [183]

1999–2012: Maestría en tecnología

Spielberg y Hanks produjeron Band of Brothers (2001), una miniserie de HBO de diez partes basada en el libro de Stephen E. Ambrose del mismo nombre . [181] Sigue a la Compañía Easy del 506.º Regimiento de Infantería Paracaidista de la 101.ª División Aerotransportada . Ganó un Globo de Oro a la Mejor Miniserie . [184] Spielberg regresó a la ciencia ficción con AI Artificial Intelligence (2001), una adaptación libre del cuento de 1969 de Brian Aldiss " Supertoys Last All Summer Long ". Stanley Kubrick le había pedido por primera vez a Spielberg que dirigiera el largometraje en 1979. Spielberg intentó hacerlo en el estilo que Kubrick habría querido, [185] aunque con resultados mixtos según algunos críticos. [186] La trama gira en torno a un androide , David ( Haley Joel Osment ) que, como Pinocho , sueña con ser un "niño de verdad". Los críticos consideraron que Spielberg dirigió con "sentimentalismo", [187] y Ebert escribió: "Aquí tenemos una de las películas más ambiciosas de los últimos años [...] pero se equivoca al pedirnos que invirtamos nuestras emociones en un personaje, una máquina". [188] La película ganó cinco premios Saturn [187] y recaudó 236 millones de dólares en todo el mundo. [189] Jonathan Rosenbaum elogió mucho la película: "Si las mejores películas son a menudo aquellas que cambian las reglas, la realización sincera, disparatada, seria y a veces magistral de Steven Spielberg del ambicioso proyecto tardío de Stanley Kubrick merece ser un contendiente... Si AI Artificial Intelligence —una película cuya doble personalidad es evidente incluso en su título de dos partes— es tanto una película de Kubrick como de Spielberg, esto se debe en gran parte a que desfamiliariza a Spielberg, lo vuelve extraño. Sin embargo, también desfamiliariza a Kubrick, con resultados igualmente ambiguos: hace que su falta de familiaridad sea familiar. Ambos cineastas deben ser reconocidos por los resultados: Kubrick por proponer que Spielberg dirigiera el proyecto y Spielberg por hacer todo lo posible para respetar las intenciones de Kubrick al tiempo que lo convierte en una obra profundamente personal". [190] AO Scott lo llamó "el mejor cuento de hadas, la historia de aventuras para niños más perturbadora, compleja e intelectualmente desafiante que el Sr. Spielberg haya hecho" y la eligió como la mejor película del año. [191]

Spielberg siguió con la película de ciencia ficción neo-noir Minority Report (2002), basada en el cuento homónimo de Philip K. Dick sobre un grupo de investigadores que intentan prevenir crímenes antes de que se cometan. La película recibió elogios de la crítica. Ebert nombró a Minority Report la mejor película de 2002, elogiando su artesanía: "aquí está Spielberg usando todos los trucos del libro y combinándolos sin costuras, de modo que no importa cómo logre sus efectos, el enfoque siempre está en la historia y los personajes... Algunos directores depositan su confianza en la tecnología. Spielberg, que es un maestro de la tecnología, confía solo en la historia y los personajes, y luego usa todo lo demás como un trabajador usa sus herramientas". [192] Sin embargo, el crítico Todd McCarthy pensó que no había suficiente acción. [193] La película recaudó más de $358 millones en todo el mundo. [194] También en 2002, estrenó Atrápame si puedes , basada en la autobiografía del estafador Frank Abagnale . Leonardo DiCaprio interpretó a Abangale; Christopher Walken y Hanks también actuaron. Spielberg dijo: "Siempre me han gustado las películas sobre delincuentes sensacionalistas: infringen la ley, pero simplemente hay que amarlos por su coraje". [195] La película fue un éxito de crítica y público. [196]

Spielberg trabajó con Hanks, Catherine Zeta-Jones y Stanley Tucci en The Terminal (2004), una comedia desenfadada sobre un hombre de Europa del Este varado en un aeropuerto. La película fue elogiada por su diseño de producción y fue un éxito comercial, aunque las críticas fueron mixtas. [197] En 2005, Spielberg dirigió La guerra de los mundos , una coproducción de Paramount y DreamWorks, basada en la novela homónima de H. G. Wells ; Spielberg había sido fanático del libro y de la película de 1953 de George Pal . [198] Protagonizada por Tom Cruise y Dakota Fanning , la película trata sobre un trabajador portuario estadounidense que se ve obligado a cuidar de sus hijos, de quienes vive separado, mientras intenta protegerlos y reunirlos con su madre cuando los extraterrestres invaden la Tierra. Spielberg utilizó guiones gráficos para ayudar a los actores a reaccionar a las imágenes de computadora que no podían ver y utilizó la iluminación natural y el trabajo de cámara para evitar una película de ciencia ficción "sobreestilizada". [199] La película fue un éxito de taquilla y recaudó más de 600 millones de dólares en todo el mundo. [200]

Spielberg's Munich (2005) is about the Israeli government's secret retaliation after eleven Israeli Olympic athletes were kidnapped and murdered in the 1972 Munich massacre. The film is based on Vengeance, a book by Canadian journalist George Jonas.[201] It was previously adapted for the screen in the 1986 television film Sword of Gideon. Spielberg, who personally remembers the incident, sought advice from former president Bill Clinton, among others, before making the film because he did not want to cause further problems in the Middle East.[201] Although the film garnered mostly positive reviews, some critics perceived it as anti-Semitic;[202] it is one of Spielberg's most controversial films to date.[203] Munich received five Academy Awards nominations: Best Picture, Best Film Editing, Best Score, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Director for Spielberg. It was his sixth Best Director nomination, and fifth Best Picture nomination.[204][205]

Spielberg with Bill Clinton, 2009

In the mid-2000s, Spielberg scaled down his directing career and became more selective about film projects to undertake.[206] In December 2005, he and his partners sold DreamWorks to media conglomerate Viacom (now known as Paramount Global). The sale was finalized in February 2006.[205] In June 2006, Spielberg planned to make Interstellar, but abandoned the project, which was eventually directed by Christopher Nolan.[207] During this period, Spielberg remained active as a producer; producing 2005's Memoirs of a Geisha, an adaptation of Arthur Golden's novel of the same name.[208] Spielberg and Robert Zemeckis executive-produced the animated film Monster House (2006), marking their eighth collaboration. He also worked with Clint Eastwood for the first time, co-producing 2006's Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima with Robert Lorenz. Spielberg served as executive producer for 2007's Disturbia, and the Transformers film series.[208] In that same year, Spielberg and Mark Burnett co-produced On the Lot, a reality and competition show about filmmaking.[205]

Spielberg returned to the Indiana Jones series in 2008 with the fourth installment, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Released nineteen years after Last Crusade, the film is set in 1957, pitting Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) against Soviet agents led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett), searching for a telepathic crystal skull. Principal photography was complete in October 2007, and the film was released on May 22, 2008.[209][210] This was his first film not released by DreamWorks since 1997.[211] The film received generally favorable reviews from critics, but some fans were disappointed by the introduction of science fiction elements which were uncharacteristic of the previous films.[212][206] Writing for The Age, Tom Ryan praised Spielberg and George Lucas for their realistic 1950s setting—"The energy on display is impressive".[213] It was a box office success, grossing $790 million worldwide.[214]

Starting in 2009, Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy of motion capture films based on Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin.[215] Spielberg had long been a fan of the comics, and per Michael Farr, Hergé "thought Spielberg was the only person who could ever do Tintin justice."[216] The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn was co-produced by Peter Jackson and premiered in Brussels, Belgium.[217] The film was released in North American theaters on December 21, 2011, in Digital 3D and IMAX.[218] It received generally positive reviews from critics[219] and grossed over $373 million worldwide.[220] The Adventures of Tintin won Best Animated Feature at the 69th Golden Globe Awards.[221] It was the first non-Pixar film to win the award since the category was introduced.[222]

Spielberg at his masterclass at the Cinémathèque Française in January 2012

Spielberg followed Tintin with War Horse, shot in England in the summer of 2010.[223] It was released four days after Tintin, on December 25, 2011. The film is based on Michael Morpurgo's 1982 novel of the same name and follows the long friendship between a British boy and his horse Joey before and during World War I.[224] Distributed by Walt Disney Studios with whom DreamWorks made a distribution deal in 2009, War Horse was the first of four consecutive Spielberg films released by Disney. It had an acclaimed response from critics[224] and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.[225] In a review for Salon magazine, Andrew O'Hehir wrote, "at this point in his career Spielberg is pursuing personal goals, and everything that's terrific and overly flat and tooth-rottingly sweet about War Horse reflects that."[226]

Spielberg returned to the World War II theme, co-producing the 2010 miniseries The Pacific with Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman. The miniseries is centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater.[227] The next year, Spielberg co-created Falling Skies, a science fiction series on TNT, with Robert Rodat.[228] Spielberg also produced the 2011 Fox series Terra Nova. Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threatened with extinction resulting in scientists opening a door that allows people to travel back 85 million years to prehistoric times.[229][230] In the same year, he produced J. J. Abrams's Super 8.[231]

Spielberg directed the historical drama Lincoln (2012), starring Daniel Day-Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln.[232] Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's book Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln and written by Tony Kushner, the film depicts the final four months of Lincoln's life. The film was shot in Richmond, Virginia in late 2011.[233] and was released in the U.S. in November 2012.[234] Lincoln was acclaimed and earned more than $250 million worldwide.[235] It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director,[236] winning Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day-Lewis's performance.[224] Donald Clarke from The Irish Times praised the direction: "Against the odds, Spielberg makes something genuinely exciting of the backstage wheedling."[237]

2013–present: Recent work

Spielberg at Cannes Film Festival in 2013

It was announced on May 2, 2013, that Spielberg would direct American Sniper,[238] but he left the project before production began.[239] Instead, he directed Bridge of Spies (2015), a Cold War thriller based on the 1960 U-2 incident, and focusing on James B. Donovan's negotiations with the Soviets for the release of pilot Gary Powers after his aircraft was shot down over Soviet territory. It was written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers, and starred Tom Hanks as Donovan, as well as Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan and Alan Alda.[240] It was filmed in the fall of 2014 in New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, and was released on October 16.[241][242] Bridge of Spies was popular with critics,[243] and was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture; Rylance won Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second actor to win for a performance directed by Spielberg.[244]

In 2016, Spielberg made The BFG, an adaptation of Roald Dahl's children's book, starring newcomer Ruby Barnhill, and Mark Rylance as the titular Big Friendly Giant. DreamWorks bought the rights in 2010, and John Madden had intended to direct.[245] The film was the last to be written by E.T. screenwriter Melissa Mathison before her death.[246] It was co-produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures, marking the first Disney-branded film to be directed by Spielberg. The BFG premiered as an out-of-competition entry at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival,[247][248] and received a wide release in the U.S. on July 1, 2016.[240] The BFG received fair reviews; Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune compared certain scenes to the works of Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick,[249] while Toronto Sun's Liz Braun thought that there were "moments of wonder and delight" but it was too long.[250]

A year later, Spielberg directed The Post, an account of The Washington Post's printing of the Pentagon Papers.[251] Starring Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep, production began in New York on May 30, 2017.[252] Spielberg stated his attraction to the project: "When I read the first draft of the script, this wasn't something that could wait three years or two years—this was a story I felt we needed to tell today."[253] The film received a wide release on January 12, 2018.[254] The Post gained positive reception; the critic from the Associated Press thought "Spielberg infuses every scene with tension and life and the grandeur of the ordinary that he's always been so good at conveying."[255] In 2017, Spielberg and other filmmakers were featured in the Netflix documentary series Five Came Back, which discussed the contributions of directors Frank Capra, John Ford, John Huston, George Stevens and William Wyler about their war-related works. Spielberg was also an executive producer.[256]

Spielberg promoting Ready Player One (2018) in Japan

Spielberg directed the science fiction Ready Player One (2018), adapted from the novel of the same name by Ernest Cline. It stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, T.J. Miller, Simon Pegg, and Mark Rylance. The plot takes place in 2045 when much of humanity uses virtual reality to escape the real world. Ready Player One began production in July 2016,[257] and was intended to be released on December 15, 2017,[258][259] but was moved to March 2018 to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[260] It premiered at the 2018 South by Southwest film festival.[261] Spielberg's direction was praised along with the action scenes and visual effects, but many critics thought the film was too long and overused 1980s nostalgia.[262][263]

In 2019, Spielberg filmed West Side Story, an adaptation of the musical of the same name.[264] It stars Ansel Elgort and Rachel Zegler in her film debut with Ariana DeBose, David Alvarez, Mike Faist, and Rita Moreno in supporting roles. Written by Tony Kushner, the film stays true to the 1950s setting.[265] West Side Story was released in December 2021 to positive reviews and received seven Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, and Best Director.[266] Spielberg also received nominations from the Golden Globe Awards, Directors Guild of America, and Critics' Choice Movie Awards.[267] The Economist praised the choreography, stating that it "stunningly melds beauty and violence".[268] In March 2022, Spielberg said that West Side Story would be the last musical he will direct.[269]

Spielberg's 2022 film The Fabelmans is a fictionalized account of his own adolescence, which he wrote with Tony Kushner.[270] Gabriel LaBelle plays Sammy Fabelman, a character inspired by Spielberg, while Michelle Williams plays Sammy's mother Mitzi Fabelman, Paul Dano plays Burt Fabelman, his father, Seth Rogen plays Bennie Loewy, Burt's best friend and co-worker who becomes Sammy's surrogate uncle, and Judd Hirsch as Mitzi's Uncle Boris.[271][272] Filming began in Los Angeles in July 2021, and the film premiered at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, Spielberg's first appearance at that festival.[273] It received widespread critical acclaim and won the festival's People's Choice Award.[274] It received a limited theatrical release on November 11, 2022, by Universal Pictures, before expanding wide on November 23.[275] Despite the favorable critical reception, West Side Story and The Fabelmans were box office failures, which Variety suggested could be attributed to a decline in the popularity of Spielberg in a film-going environment altered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the public's loss of interest in prestige films.[276] The Fabelmans received seven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay.[277][278] It was, however, a major box office success in France and became the highest-rated film of the 21st century in the country, with a 4.9 average from critics on AlloCiné from 43 reviews, with all but 6 giving the film 5 stars. Cahiers du Cinéma wrote that Spielberg, at age 76, had "come to represent like no other, the idea of cinema as wonder, at a time when the relationship to the spectacular and the cinema seems more tormented than ever" and declared that the film will "undoubtedly remain the most important and singular film of his career."[279][280]

Spielberg had planned to direct Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny, but he stepped down and was replaced by James Mangold. Spielberg said that he would remain "hands on" as a producer,[281][282] along with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall. In 2016, it was announced that it would be written by David Koepp,[283] with a release by Disney on July 19, 2019.[284] After a change of filming and release dates,[285][286] it was postponed again when Jonathan Kasdan was announced as the film's new writer.[287] Soon after, a new release date of July 9, 2021, was announced.[288] In May 2019, Dan Fogelman was hired to write a new script, and Kasdan's story, focused on the Nazi gold train, would not be used; the script was ultimately credited to Mangold, Koepp, Jez Butterworth, and John-Henry Butterworth.[289] In April 2020, it was announced that the release of the film was delayed to July 29, 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[290] and in October 2021, the release date was again delayed to June 30, 2023.[291] The film began production in the UK in June 2021[292] and finished in February 2022.[293]

In January 2013, HBO confirmed that it was developing a third World War II miniseries based on the book Masters of the Air by Donald L. Miller with Spielberg and Tom Hanks.[294] NME reported in March 2017 that production was under the working title The Mighty Eighth.[295] By 2019, it was confirmed development of the series, now titled Masters of the Air, had moved to Apple TV+.[296] It premiered on January 26, 2024.

Upcoming projects

On June 21, 2021, it was announced that Amblin Entertainment signed a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service. Under the deal, Amblin is expected to produce at least two films a year for Netflix for an unspecified number of years.[297] In February 2022, Deadline Hollywood reported that Spielberg was developing an original film centered around the character Frank Bullitt, a fictional San Francisco police officer originally portrayed by Steve McQueen in the 1968 film Bullitt. The screenplay is set to be written by Josh Singer, who previously co-wrote The Post for Spielberg. McQueen's son Chad and granddaughter Molly will serve as executive producers.[298] Bradley Cooper was cast as Bullitt in November 2022 and will also serve as producer alongside Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger.[299]

On January 18, 2023, Spielberg told press at a red carpet event for The Fabelmans that he was executive producing a documentary about John Williams, directed by Laurent Bouzereau with production companies Amblin Television, Imagine Documentaries, and Nedland Media.[300][301][302][303] Other executive producers for the film include Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Darryl Frank, Justin Falvey, Justin Wilkes, Sara Bernstein, and Meredith Kaulfers.[300] The announcement came days after Williams suggested that he might not retire from film scoring as he had previously announced.[304][305] In April 2024, it was announced that Spielberg was developing a film based on UFOs, with David Koepp attached to pen the script, which will be based on an original idea from Spielberg.[306]

Prospective projects

In May 2009, Spielberg bought the rights to the life story of Martin Luther King Jr., with the intention of being involved as both the producer and director.[307] The purchase was made from the King estate, led by son Dexter, while the two other surviving children, the Reverend Bernice and Martin III, immediately threatened to sue, not having given their approvals to the project.[308] In March 2013, Spielberg announced that he was developing a miniseries based on the life of Napoleon.[309] In May 2016, it was announced that Cary Joji Fukunaga was in talks to direct the miniseries for HBO, from a script by David Leland based on extensive research materials accumulated by Stanley Kubrick over the years.[310]

Spielberg was set to film an adaptation of David I. Kertzer's The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara in early 2017, for release at the end of that year,[311] but production had been postponed. It was first announced in 2014, with Tony Kushner adapting the book for the screen.[312] Mark Rylance, in his fourth collaboration with Spielberg, was announced to star in the role of Pope Pius IX. Spielberg saw more than 2,000 children to play the role of the young Edgardo Mortara.[313] In 2015, it was announced that Spielberg was attached to direct an adaptation of American photojournalist Lynsey Addario's memoir It's What I Do, with Jennifer Lawrence in the lead role.[314] In April 2018, it was announced that Spielberg would direct a film adaptation of the Blackhawk comic book series. Warner Bros. would distribute the film with David Koepp writing the script.[315]

Other ventures

Production

Spielberg's first film as an executive producer was the directorial debut of Robert Zemeckis, I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978). He produced the dark comedy Used Cars (Zemeckis, 1980), which was a critical but not a commercial success. In 1980, Spielberg, Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall founded Amblin Productions; the first film it produced was the romantic comedy Continental Divide (Michael Apted, 1981).[316] Between 1984 and 1990, Spielberg served as either producer or executive producer on nineteen feature films;[114] these include: The Goonies, The Money Pit, Joe Versus the Volcano, *batteries not included, Back to the Future, Cape Fear, and Who Framed Roger Rabbit.[115][116][117] In some films, such as Harry and the Hendersons and Young Sherlock Holmes, the title "Steven Spielberg Presents" would be shown in the opening credits.[118] Much of Spielberg's producing work was aimed at children and teens, including cartoons such as Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Freakazoid!, and Family Dog.[119] Spielberg also produced the Don Bluth animations, An American Tail and The Land Before Time.[116]

In 1994, Spielberg set up his new film studio, DreamWorks, with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen.[164][157] Spielberg cited more creative control and distribution improvements as the main reasons for founding his own studio;[165] he and his partners compared themselves to the founders of United Artists back in 1919.[166] DreamWorks' investors included Microsoft founders Paul Allen and Bill Gates.[167] After starting DreamWorks, Spielberg continued to operate Amblin Entertainment and direct films for other studios.

Video games

Spielberg has been an avid gamer since 1974; in 2005, Spielberg collaborated with Electronic Arts (EA) on several games including one for the Wii called Boom Blox, and its sequel Boom Blox Bash Party.[317][318] He is also the creator of EA's Medal of Honor series.[319] In 1995, Spielberg helped create and design LucasArts' adventure game The Dig.[119] He also collaborated with software publishers Knowledge Adventure on the game Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair, which was released in 1996; Spielberg appears in the game to direct the player.[320]

Spielberg played many of LucasArts adventure games, including the first Monkey Island games.[321][322] He owns a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and an Xbox 360, and enjoys playing first-person shooters such as the Medal of Honor series and Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. He dislikes the use of cutscenes in games, and thinks that natural storytelling is a challenge for game developers.[323]

Filmmaking style and techniques

Influences

"I was self-taught. But I had great teachers, you know? All my influencers were the directors and the writers of the movies I was watching in theaters and on television. And my film school was really the cultural heritage of Hollywood and international filmmaking because there's no better teacher than Lubitsch or Hitchcock or Kurosawa or Kubrick, you know, or Ford or William Wyler or Billy Wilder or Clarence Brown – I mean, Val Lewton. I mean, those were my teachers."

— Steven Spielberg, Fresh Air interview[25]

Spielberg cites John Ford as a formative influence: “I try to rent a John Ford film… before I start every movie, simply because he inspires me…. He’s like a classic painter, he celebrates the frame, not just what’s inside it.”[51] He names Frank Capra's It's A Wonderful Life (1946) as an influence on themes of "family, community and suburbia".[324] He enjoyed the work of Alfred Hitchcock,[46][325] David Lean,[326] Stanley Kubrick and John Frankenheimer.[327][328] In college, he was inspired by foreign films directed by Ingmar Bergman, Jacques Tati and François Truffaut.[329] Spencer Tracy has also influenced the characters of Spielberg's films,[330] as did The Twilight Zone.[68] He says Lawrence of Arabia is the film he's seen more times than any other.[331]

Method and themes

Spielberg often uses storyboards to visualize sequences, eschewing them for E.T. the Extraterrestrial and The Color Purple.for a more spontaneous effect.[332][333] After filming Jaws, Spielberg learned to save special effects scenes until last and to exclude the media from filming locations.[334] Spielberg prefers to shoot quickly, with large amounts of coverage (from single-shot to multi-shot setups), so that he will have many options in the editing room.[335] From the beginning of his career, Spielberg's shooting style consisted of extreme high and low camera angles, long takes, and handheld cameras.[336] He favors wide-angle lens for creating depth,[337] and by the time he was making Minority Report, he was more confident with elaborate camera movements.[338]

In an interview with The Tech in 2015, Spielberg described how he chooses his film projects:

[Sometimes], a story speaks to me, even if it doesn't speak to any of my collaborators or any of my partners, who look at me and scratch their heads and say, "Gee, are you sure you wanna get into that trench for a year and a half?" I love people challenging me that way because it's a real test about my own convictions and [whether] I can be the standing man of my own life and take a stand on a subject that may not be popular, but that I would be proud to add to the body of my work. That's pretty much the litmus test that gets me to say, "Yeah, I'll direct that one."[339]

Spielberg's films contain many recurrent themes. One of the most pertinent revolves around "ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances."[327][340] The ordinary people often have limitations, but they succeed in becoming a "hero".[340] A consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike sense of wonder and faith, and "the goodness in humanity will prevail."[340] He has also explored the importance of childhood, loss of innocence, and the need for parental figures.[341] In exploring the parent-child relationship, there is usually a flawed or irresponsible father figure. This theme personally resonates with Spielberg's childhood.[342] Exploring extraterrestrial life is another aspect to his work. Spielberg described himself as like an "alien" during childhood,[343] and this interest came from his father, a science fiction fan.[344]

Collaborators

Michael Kahn has edited all of Spielberg's films since 1977, with the exception of E.T. (1982). Spielberg has also worked consistently with production designer Rick Carter and writer David Koepp. The producer Kathleen Kennedy is one of Spielberg's longest serving collaborators.[345] Spielberg also displays loyalty to his actors, casting them repeatedly, including Tom Hanks, Harrison Ford, Mark Rylance, Richard Dreyfuss and Tom Cruise.[346][347][348] In 2005, Cruise called him "the greatest storyteller cinema's ever known".[349]

Hanks has collaborated with Spielberg on various projects in both film and television. He first worked with Spielberg in Saving Private Ryan (1998) for which he received a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor. Hanks starred in four more films, Catch Me if You Can (2002), The Terminal (2004), Bridge of Spies (2015) and The Post (2017). The pair also executive produced the war miniseries Band of Brothers (2001) and The Pacific (2010), both of which gained them Primetime Emmy Awards.[350][351]

Janusz Kamiński has served as a cinematographer on dozens of Spielberg's films.[352] Kamiński's first collaboration with Spielberg started with the holocaust drama film Schindler's List (1993) for which Kamiński received the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. The film used black-and-white cinematography. As Spielberg's career evolved from action to drama films, he and Kamiński adopted more handheld camerawork, as evidenced in Schindler's List and Amistad.[353] Kamiński would later receive his second Academy Award for cinematography on Saving Private Ryan.[354] The film's opening sequence to re-enact the invasion of Normandy was praised for realism. Kamiński garnered three more Academy Award nominations for his work on War Horse (2011), the historical epic Lincoln (2015), and West Side Story (2021).[355][356]

Spielberg's long-time partnership with composer John Williams began with The Sugarland Express (1974)[357] Williams would return to compose all but five of Spielberg's feature films (the exceptions are Twilight Zone: The Movie, The Color Purple, Bridge of Spies, Ready Player One and West Side Story). Williams won three of his five Academy Awards for Best Original Score for his work on Spielberg's films, which were Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Schindler's List (1993). While making Schindler's List, Spielberg approached Williams about composing the score. After seeing a rough, unedited cut, Williams was impressed, and said that composing would be too challenging. He said to Spielberg, "You need a better composer than I am for this film." Spielberg responded, "I know. But they're all dead!"[358] In 2016, Spielberg presented Williams with the 44th AFI Life Achievement Award, the first to be awarded to a composer.[359] The Fabelmans (2022) was Williams's 29th collaboration with Spielberg.[360]

Personal life

Spielberg met actress Amy Irving in 1976 when she auditioned for Close Encounters of the Third Kind. After meeting her, Spielberg told his co-producer Julia Phillips, "I met a real heartbreaker last night."[361] Although she was too young for the role, she and Spielberg began dating and she eventually moved into what she described as his "bachelor funky" house.[362] They broke up in 1979.[109] In 1984, they renewed their romance and married in November 1985. Their son, Max, had been born on June 13 of that year.[363] In 1989, the couple divorced; they agreed to live near each other to share custody of their son.[137] Their divorce settlement is one of the most expensive in history.[364][109]

Spielberg met actress Kate Capshaw when he cast her in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. They married on October 12, 1991; Capshaw converted to Judaism before their marriage.[365][366] Spielberg said he rediscovered "the honor of being a Jew" when they married.[367] He said, "Kate is Protestant and she insisted on converting to Judaism. She spent a year studying, did the "mikveh", the whole thing. She chose to do a full conversion before we were married in 1991, and she married me after becoming a Jew. I think that, more than anything else, brought me back to Judaism."[367] He credits her for the family's level of observance;[368] "This shiksa goddess has made me a better Jew than my own parents", he said.[369] He and his family live in Pacific Palisades, California[370] and East Hampton, New York.[371]

He has five children with Capshaw: Sasha Rebecca Spielberg (born May 14, 1990), Sawyer Avery Spielberg (born March 10, 1992),[372] and Destry Allyn Spielberg (born December 1, 1996), and two adopted children: Theo Spielberg (born August 21, 1988), and Mikaela George (born February 28, 1996).[107] He also has a stepdaughter, Jessica Capshaw (born August 9, 1976). He is the godfather of Drew Barrymore and Gwyneth Paltrow.[373][374][375][376][377][378]

In 1997, a man named Jonathan Norman stalked Spielberg and attempted to enter his home; Norman was jailed for 25 years.[379][380] In 2001, Spielberg was stalked by conspiracy theorist and former social worker Diana Napolis. She accused him and actress Jennifer Love Hewitt, of installing a mind-control device in her brain, and being part of a satanic cult.[381] Napolis was committed to a mental institution, and pled guilty to stalking. She was released on probation with a condition that she have no contact with either Spielberg or Hewitt.[382][383]

Spielberg was diagnosed with dyslexia at age 60.[384] In 2013, Spielberg purchased the 282-foot (86 m) mega-yacht The Seven Seas for US$182 million. He has put it up for sale and has made it available for charter. At US$1.2 million per month, it is one of the most expensive charters on the market. The Canadian steel mogul Barry Zekelman bought it for US$150 millions and rechristened the ship Man of Steel.[385] Thereafter, Spielberg ordered a brand new 358-foot (109 m) Seven Seas.[386]In 2022, at age 75, Spielberg was diagnosed with COVID-19 but recovered.[387] In December 2022, Spielberg was a guest on Desert Island Discs for BBC Radio 4, choosing for his luxury item an H-8 Bolex Camera.[388]

Political views

Spielberg has usually supported U.S. Democratic Party candidates. He has donated over $800,000 to the Democratic party and its nominees. He has been a close friend of former president Bill Clinton and worked with the president for the USA Millennium celebrations. He directed an 18-minute film for the project, scored by John Williams and entitled The American Journey. It was shown at America's Millennium Gala on December 31, 1999, in the National Mall at the Reflecting Pool at the base of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.[389] Spielberg endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election; he donated $1 million to Priorities USA Action.[390]

Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen escorts Spielberg through a military honor cordon into the Pentagon in 1999

Spielberg resigned as a member of the national advisory board of the Boy Scouts of America in 2001 because he disagreed with the organization's anti-homosexuality stance.[391][392] In 2007, the Arab League voted to boycott Spielberg's movies after he donated $1 million for relief efforts in Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War.[393][394] On February 20, 2007, Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen invited Democrats to a fundraiser for Barack Obama.[395]

In February 2008, Spielberg resigned as advisor to the 2008 Summer Olympics in response to the Chinese government's inaction over the War in Darfur.[396] Spielberg said in a statement, "I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue business as usual [...] Sudan's government bears the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes, but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more."[397] The International Olympic Committee (IOC) respected Spielberg's decision but IOC president Jacques Rogge expressed disappointment: "[Spielberg] certainly would have brought a lot to the opening ceremony in terms of creativity."[398] Chinese state media called Spielberg's comments "unfair".[399]

In September 2008, Spielberg and his wife offered their support to same-sex marriage in California by issuing a statement following their donation of $100,000 to the "No on Proposition 8" campaign fund, a figure equal to the amount of money Brad Pitt donated to the same campaign less than a week prior.[400] In 2018, Spielberg and his wife donated $500,000 to the March for Our Lives student demonstration in favor of gun control in the United States.[401]

In December 2023, after the Hamas-led attack on Israel, the Shoah Foundation which was founded by Spielberg, said that it had gathered over 100 video testimonies of those who experienced the attacks on that day to add them to the collection of "Holocaust survivor and witness testimony."[402] Speaking of the attacks he said, "I never imagined I would see such unspeakable barbarity against Jews in my lifetime" and that the Shoah Foundation project will ensure "that their stories would be recorded and shared in the effort to preserve history and to work toward a world without antisemitism or hate of any kind."[403]

Filmography

Prolific in film since the 1960s, Spielberg has directed 36 feature films, and co-produced many works.

Awards and honors

Spielberg receiving a public service award presented by U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen, 1999

Spielberg has won three Academy Awards. He received nine nominations for Best Director, and won twice (for Schindler's List and Saving Private Ryan).[404][405] His third was in Best Picture, for Schindler's List.[158] He is the only director to receive a Best Director nomination from the academy in 6 different decades. In 1987, he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award for his work as a creative producer.[406] Drawing from his own experiences in Scouting, Spielberg helped the Boy Scouts of America develop a merit badge in cinematography to promote filmmaking as a marketable skill; the badge was launched at the 1989 National Scout Jamboree.[407] In 1989, Spielberg was presented with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[408] Spielberg received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995.[409]

In 1998, he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. The award was presented to him by President Roman Herzog in recognition of Schindler's List and work with the Shoah Foundation.[410] Spielberg was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Public Service in 1999, in recognition for Saving Private Ryan.[411] For the same film, he also received an award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures by the Directors Guild of America.[411] The next year, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America.[412]

Spielberg's shoeprints and handprints in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre

Spielberg was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, located on 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.[413] Additionally, he was awarded the Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from the Catholic Theological Union in 2003.[414] On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival,[415] and was awarded a Kennedy Center honor on December 3.[416] The tribute to Spielberg featured a biographical short film narrated by Liam Neeson, and a performance of the finale to Leonard Bernstein's Candide, conducted by John Williams.[417]

The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Spielberg in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors.[418][419] He was a recipient of the Visual Effects Society Lifetime Achievement Award in February 2008; it is awarded for "significant and lasting contributions to the art and science of the visual effects industry."[420] In 2009, Spielberg was awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for "outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment".[412]

Waxwork of Spielberg at Madame Tussauds, London

In 2001, he was awarded an honorary knighthood, KBE, by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the British film industry.[421][422] Premiere ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies in 2003.[423] In 2004, he was awarded France's highest civil honor, the Legion of Honour by President Jacques Chirac.[424] In June 2008, Spielberg received Arizona State University's Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence.[425] In October 2009, Spielberg received the Philadelphia Liberty Medal; the prize was presented by former U.S. President Bill Clinton.[426][427] In October 2011, he was made a Commander of the Order of the Belgian Crown, one of Belgium's highest honors.[428]On November 19, 2013, Spielberg was honored by the National Archives and Records Administration with a Records of Achievement Award. Spielberg was given two facsimiles of the 13th Amendment; the first which passed in 1861 but was not ratified, and the second signed by Abraham Lincoln in 1865 to abolish slavery. The amendment and the process of passing it were the subject of his film Lincoln.[429] On November 24, 2015, Spielberg was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama at the White House.[430]

In July 2016, Spielberg was awarded a gold Blue Peter badge by the BBC children's television program Blue Peter.[431] He has honorary degrees from the University of Southern California, 1994;[432] Brown University, 1999;[433] Yale University, 2002;[413] Boston University, 2009;[434] and Harvard University, 2016.[435]

Legacy

Spielberg's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

A figure of the New Hollywood era,[436] Spielberg is widely regarded as one of the most influential and commercially successful film directors of all time. Some of his films were in the top ten highest-grossing films of the 1970s and 1980s, with Jaws, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Jurassic Park all becoming the highest-grossing film ever at the time of their respective releases.[423][437][438] In 1996, Life magazine named Spielberg the most influential person of his generation.[439] In 2003, Premiere magazine ranked him first place in the list of 100 Most Powerful People in Movies.[423] In 2005, Empire magazine ranked him number one on a list of the greatest film directors of all time.[440] In 2013, Time magazine listed him as one of the 100 most influential people.[441] According to Forbes' magazine of Most Influential Celebrities of 2014, Spielberg was ranked at first place.[442][443][444] As of December 2022, Forbes estimates his net worth at $4 billion.[445]

His work is admired by numerous acclaimed directors, including Robert Aldrich,[446] Ingmar Bergman,[447] Werner Herzog,[448] Stanley Kubrick,[449] David Lean,[450] Sidney Lumet,[451] Roman Polanski,[452] Martin Scorsese,[453] François Truffaut[454] and Jean Renoir[455] Spielberg's films have also influenced directors J. J. Abrams,[456] Paul Thomas Anderson,[457] Neill Blomkamp,[458] Jon M. Chu,[459][460] Arnaud Desplechin,[461] Gareth Edwards,[462] Roland Emmerich,[463] Enrique Gato,[464] Max Hechtman,[465] Don Hertzfeldt,[466] Peter Jackson,[467] Kal Ng,[468] Jordan Peele,[469] Robert Rodriguez,[470] John Sayles,[471] Ridley Scott,[472] John Singleton,[473] Kevin Smith,[474] and Michael Williams.[475]

In 2004, film critic Tom Shone said of Spielberg, "If you have to point to any one director of the last twenty-five years [1979–2004] in whose work the medium of film was most fully itself–where we found out what it does best when left to its own devices, it has to be that guy."[476] Jess Cagle, former editor of Entertainment Weekly, called Spielberg "arguably (well, who would argue?) the greatest filmmaker in history."[477] Stephen Rowley, writing for Senses of Cinema, discussed Spielberg's strengths as a filmmaker, saying "there is a welcome complexity of tone and approach in these later films that defies the lazy stereotypes often bandied about his films", and that "Spielberg continues to take risks, with his body of work continuing to grow more impressive and ambitious", concluding that he has only received "limited, begrudging recognition" from critics.[478] In a 1999 "Millennium Movies" survey of British film fans run by the Sky Premier channel, Spielberg had seven films in the top 100, which made him the most popular director.[479]

Critics of Spielberg have argued that his films are commonly sentimental and moralistic.[480][481][478] In Easy Riders, Raging Bulls, Peter Biskind wrote that Spielberg is "infantilizing the audience, reconstituting the spectator as child, then overwhelming him and her with sound and spectacle, obliterating irony, aesthetic self-consciousness, and critical reflection".[482] Critic Ray Carney and actor Crispin Glover opined that Spielberg's works lack depth and do not take risks.[483][484] Filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard opined that Spielberg was partly responsible for the lack of artistic merit in mainstream cinema, and accused Spielberg of using Schindler's List to profit from a tragedy.[485] In defense of Spielberg, critic Roger Ebert said "Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg, with his Holocaust Project, to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors?"[486]

Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant": Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, E.T., Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, and Saving Private Ryan.[3]

See also

References

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Sources

Further reading

External links