Indian religion or philosophy based on the Buddha's teachings
Dharmacakra , símbolo del Dharma, la enseñanza del Buda sobre el camino hacia la iluminación.
El budismo ( en pali y sánscrito : बौद्ध धर्म Buddha Dharma ) es una religión y filosofía que abarca una variedad de tradiciones, creencias y prácticas, basadas en gran medida en las enseñanzas atribuidas a Siddhartha Gautama , comúnmente conocido como el Buda , "el despierto".
El siguiente esquema se ofrece como una descripción general y una guía temática del budismo.
Tathāgata — que significa simultáneamente "El que Así Llega" y "El que Así Se Va", el epíteto que el Buda usa con más frecuencia para referirse a sí mismo; ocasionalmente se usa como una designación general para una persona que ha alcanzado el logro más elevado.
Las Cuatro Visiones : observaciones que afectaron profundamente al Príncipe Siddhartha y lo hicieron comprender los sufrimientos de todos los seres, y lo obligaron a comenzar su viaje espiritual.
Theravada , que literalmente significa "la enseñanza de los ancianos" o "la enseñanza antigua", es la escuela budista más antigua que aún se conserva . Fue fundada en la India. Es relativamente conservadora y, en general , más cercana al budismo primitivo [2] y durante muchos siglos ha sido la religión predominante de Sri Lanka (ahora representa alrededor del 70% de la población [3] ) y de la mayor parte del sudeste asiático continental.
Mahayana , que literalmente significa "Gran Vehículo", es la escuela más grande del budismo y se originó en la India. El término también se utiliza para clasificar las filosofías y prácticas budistas . Según las enseñanzas de las tradiciones Mahāyāna, "Mahāyāna" también se refiere al camino de búsqueda de la iluminación completa para el beneficio de todos los seres sintientes, también llamado "Bodhisattvayāna", o el " Vehículo del Bodhisattva ". [4] [5]
Porcentaje de budistas formales/practicantes respecto del número de seguidores registrados (según las estimaciones más bajas).Porcentaje de seguidores culturales/nominales del budismo combinado con sus religiones relacionadas (según las estimaciones más altas).
Buda — Gautama Buda, el Bendito, el Despierto, el Maestro
Realizado ( arahaṃ • arhat )
Completamente iluminado ( sammā-sambuddho • samyak-saṃbuddha )
Perfecto en verdadero conocimiento y conducta ( vijjā-caraṇa sampanno • vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna )
Sublime ( sugato • sugata )
Conocedor de los mundos ( lokavidū • loka-vid )
Líder incomparable de personas que deben ser domesticadas ( anuttaro purisa-damma-sārathi • puruṣa-damya-sārathi )
Maestro de devas y humanos ( satthā deva-manussānaṃ • śāsta deva-manuṣyāṇaṃ )
El Iluminado ( buddho )
El Bendito ( bhagavā • bhagavat )
Dhamma (Dharma): el principio cósmico de verdad, legalidad y virtud descubierto, comprendido y enseñado por el Buda; la enseñanza del Buda como expresión de ese principio; la enseñanza que conduce a la iluminación y la liberación.
Bien explicado por el Bendito ( svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo • svākhyāta )
Directamente visible ( sandiṭṭhiko • sāṃdṛṣṭika )
Inmediato ( akāliko • akālika )
Invitar a alguien a venir y ver ( ehi-passiko • ehipaśyika )
Digno de aplicación ( opanayiko • avapraṇayika )
Ser experimentado personalmente por los sabios ( paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhi • pratyātmaṃ veditavyo vijñaiḥ )
Saṅgha (Saṃgha) — la comunidad espiritual, que es doble (1) la Saṅgha monástica, la orden de monjes y monjas; y (2) la Saṅgha noble, la comunidad espiritual de discípulos nobles que han alcanzado las etapas de la realización que trasciende el mundo.
Practicar el buen camino ( supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho )
Practicar el camino recto ( ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho )
Practicando el camino verdadero ( ñāyapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho )
Practicar el camino correcto ( sāmīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho )
Digno de regalos ( āhuṇeyyo )
Digno de hospitalidad ( pāhuṇeyyo )
Digno de ofrendas ( dakkhiṇeyyo )
Digno de saludo reverencial ( añjalikaraṇīyo )
El campo insuperable del mérito para el mundo ( anuttaraṃ puññākkhettaṃ lokassā )
Cuatro nobles verdades (Cattāri ariyasaccāni•Catvari Aryasatyanāni)
Definición: acción volitiva, considerada particularmente como una fuerza moral capaz de producir, para el agente, resultados que corresponden a la calidad ética de la acción; así, el buen karma produce felicidad y el mal karma produce sufrimiento.
Utu Niyama : orden físico inorgánico (cambios estacionales y clima), la ley natural que se aplica a los objetos físicos y a los cambios en el entorno natural, como el clima; la forma en que las flores florecen durante el día y se pliegan durante la noche; la forma en que el suelo, el agua y los nutrientes ayudan a un árbol a crecer; y la forma en que las cosas se desintegran y se descomponen. Esta perspectiva enfatiza los cambios provocados por el calor o la temperatura.
Bīja Niyama — Orden orgánico físico (leyes de la herencia), la ley natural relativa a la herencia, que se describe mejor en el adagio, "como la semilla, así el fruto".
Citta Niyama — Orden de la Mente y Ley Psíquica (voluntad de la mente), la ley natural relativa al funcionamiento de la mente, el proceso de cognición de los objetos sensoriales y las reacciones mentales a ellos.
Kamma Niyama : orden de los actos y los resultados (consecuencias de las acciones de uno), la ley natural que rige la conducta humana, el proceso de generación de la acción y sus resultados. En esencia, esto se resume en las palabras: "las buenas acciones traen buenos resultados, las malas acciones traen malos resultados".
Dhamma Niyama : Orden de la Norma (la tendencia de la naturaleza a producir un tipo perfecto), la ley natural que rige la relación e interdependencia de todas las cosas: la forma en que todas las cosas surgen, existen y luego cesan. Todas las condiciones están sujetas a cambios, se encuentran en un estado de aflicción y no son propias: esta es la Norma.
Renacimiento (Punabbhava•Punarbhava)
Saṃsāra — Lit., el "vagabundeo", la ronda de renacimientos sin un comienzo descubrible, sostenido por la ignorancia y el anhelo.
Pensando "Conoceré lo desconocido" ( anaññāta-ñassāmīt-indriya )
Gnosis ( aññ-indriya )
Aquel que sabe ( aññātā-vindriya )
Formaciones (Sankhāra•Samskara)
Factores mentales (Cetasika•Caitasika)
El abhidhamma Theravada
Siete factores mentales universales comunes a todos; factores mentales éticamente variables comunes a todas las conciencias ( sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas )
Seis factores mentales ocasionales o particulares; factores mentales éticamente variables que se encuentran sólo en ciertas conciencias ( pakiṇṇaka cetasikas )
Eye-consciousness – seeing apprehended by the visual sense organs
Ear-consciousness – hearing apprehended by the auditory sense organs
Nose-consciousness – smelling apprehended through the olfactory organs
Tongue-consciousness – tasting perceived through the gustatory organs
Ideation-consciousness – the aspect of mind known in Sanskrit as the "mind monkey"; the consciousness of ideation
Body-consciousness – tactile feeling apprehended through skin contact, touch
The manas consciousness – obscuration-consciousness – a consciousness which through apprehension, gathers the hindrances, the poisons, the karmic formations
Store-house consciousness (ālāyavijñāna) — the seed consciousness, the consciousness which is the basis of the other seven
Mental proliferation (papañca • prapañca) — the deluded conceptualization of the world through the use of ever-expanding language and concepts
Identity view (sakkāyadiṭṭhi) — the view of a truly existent self either as identical with the five aggregates, or as existing in some relation to them
Doubt (vicikicchā) — doubt about the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṅgha, or the training
Wrong grasp of rules and observances (sīlabbata-parāmāsa) — the belief that mere external observances, particularly religious rituals and ascetic practices, can lead to liberation
Welfare and happiness directly visible in this present life, attained by fulfilling one's moral commitments and social responsibilities (diṭṭha-dhamma-hitasukha)
Welfare and happiness pertaining to the next life, attained by engaging in meritorious deeds (samparāyika-hitasukha)
The ultimate good or supreme goal, Nibbāna, final release from the cycle of rebirths, attained by developing the Noble Eightfold Path (paramattha)
Abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to carelessness
Abstaining from eating at the wrong time (the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon)
Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music, attending entertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmetics and garlands (decorative accessories)
Abstaining from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping
Pātimokkha (Pratimoksha) — the code of monastic rules binding on members of the Buddhist monastic order
Parajika (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life
Sexual intercourse, that is, any voluntary sexual interaction between a bhikkhu and a living being, except for mouth-to-mouth intercourse which falls under the sanghadisesa
Stealing, that is, the robbery of anything worth more than 1/24 troy ounce of gold (as determined by local law.)
Intentionally bringing about the death of a human being, even if it is still an embryo — whether by killing the person, arranging for an assassin to kill the person, inciting the person to die, or describing the advantages of death
Deliberately lying to another person that one has attained a superior human state, such as claiming to be an arahant when one knows one is not, or claiming to have attained one of the jhanas when one knows one hasn't
Sanghadisesa — thirteen rules requiring an initial and subsequent meeting of the sangha (communal meetings)
Aniyata — two indefinite rules where a monk is accused of having committed an offence with a woman in a screened (enclosed) or private place by a lay person
Nissaggiya pacittiya — thirty rules entailing "confession with forfeiture"
Pacittiya — ninety-two rules entailing confession
Patidesaniya — four violations which must be verbally acknowledged
Sekhiyavatta — seventy-five rules of training, which are mainly about the deportment of a monk
Sāruppa — proper behavior
Bhojanapatisamyutta — food
Dhammadesanāpatisamyutta — teaching dhamma
Pakinnaka — miscellaneous
Adhikarana-samatha — seven rules for settlement of legal processes that concern monks only
Samaya — a set of vows or precepts given to initiates of an esoteric Vajrayana Buddhist order
Ascetic practices (dhutanga) — a group of thirteen austerities, or ascetic practices, most commonly observed by Forest Monastics of the Theravada Tradition of Buddhism
I am subject to ageing, I am not exempt from ageing
I am subject to illness, I am not exempt from illness
I am subject to death, I am not exempt from death
There will be change and separation from all that I hold dear and near to me
I am the owner of my actions, heir to my actions, I am born of my actions, I am related to my actions and I have my actions as refuge; whatever I do, good or evil, of that I will be the heir
Buddhānussati (Buddhanusmrti) — Recollection of the Buddha — fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly on the glorious virtues and attributes of Buddha
Dhammānussati (Dharmanusmrti) — Recollection of the Dhamma — reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues and qualities of Buddha's teachings and his doctrine
Saṅghānussati (Sanghanusmrti) — Recollection of the Saṅgha — fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes and sanctity of the Sangha
Sīlānussati — Recollection of virtue — reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one's own morality or sīla
Cāgānussati — Recollection of generosity — reflecting repeatedly on the mind's purity in the noble act of one's own dāna, charitableness and liberality
Devatānussati — Recollection of deities — reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one's own complete possession of the qualities of absolute faith (saddhā), morality (sīla), learning (suta), liberality (cāga) and wisdom (paññā) just as the devas have, to enable one to be reborn in the world of devas
Maraṇānussati — Mindfulness of death — reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability of death
Kāyagatāsati — Mindfulness of the body — reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body which is composed of the detestable 32 constituents such as hair, body hair, nails, teeth, skin, etc.
Ānāpānasati — Mindfulness of breathing — repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath
Upasamānussati — Recollection of peace — reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme spiritual blissful state of Nirvana
Kōan — a story, dialogue, question, or statement in Zen, containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to intuition
Chöd — advanced spiritual practice and discipline arising from confluences of Bonpo, Mahasidda, Nyingmapa traditions and now practiced throughout the schools of Tibetan Buddhism
Nirvana (Nibbāna • Nirvāṇa) — the final goal of the Buddha's teaching; the unconditioned state beyond the round of rebirths, to be attained by the destruction of the defilements; Full Enlightenment or Awakening, the cessation of suffering; saupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu – Nibbāna with residue remaining
Parinirvana (Parinibbāna • Parinirvāṇa) — final passing away of an enlightened person, final Nibbāna, Nibbāna at death; anupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu – Nibbāna without residue remaining
Sammāsambuddha (Samyak-saṃbuddha) — one who, by his own efforts, attains Nirvana, having rediscovered the Noble Eightfold Path after it has been lost to humanity, and makes this Path known to others
Paccekabuddha (Pratyekabuddha) — "a lone Buddha", a self-awakened Buddha, but one who lacks the ability to spread the Dhamma to others
Sāvakabuddha (Śrāvakabuddha) — enlightened 'disciple of a Buddha'. Usual being named Arhat
Sotāpanna — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three fetters
The four factors leading to stream-entry
Association with superior persons
Hearing the true Dhamma
Careful attention
Practice in accordance with the Dhamma
The four factors of a stream-enterer
Possessing confirmed confidence in the Buddha
Possessing confirmed confidence in the Dhamma
Possessing confirmed confidence in the Sangha
Possessing moral virtues dear to the noble ones
Sakadagami — Once-returner (second stage of enlightenment) — will be reborn into the human world once more, before attaining enlightenment, having eradicated the first three fetters and attenuated greed, hatred, and delusion
Anāgāmi — Non-returner (third stage of enlightenment) — does not come back into human existence, or any lower world, after death, but is reborn in the "Pure Abodes", where he will attain Nirvāṇa, having eradicated the first five fetters
Arahant — "Worthy One", (see also: Arhat), a fully enlightened human being who has abandoned all ten fetters, and who upon decease (Parinibbāna) will not be reborn in any world, having wholly abandoned saṃsāra
Mahayana
Bodhisattva — one who has generated bodhicitta, the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood
Bodhisattva Bhumis — stages of enlightenment through which a bodhisattva passes
Zen
Satori — a Japanese Buddhist term for "enlightenment", which translates as a flash of sudden awareness, or individual enlightenment
和尚，Heshang — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general
僧侣，SengLv — Monk
住持，ZhuChi — Abbot
禅师，ChanShi — Chan/Zen Master
法师，FaShi — Dharma Master
律师，LvShi — Vinaya Master, teacher who focuses on the discipline and precepts
开山祖师，KaiShanZuShi — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
比丘，BiQiu — transliteration of Bhikkhu
比丘尼，BiQiuNi — transliteration of Bhikkhuni
沙弥，ShaMi — transliteration of Samanera
沙弥尼，ShaMiNi — transliteration of Samaneri
尼姑，NiGu — Nun
论师，LunShi — Abhidharma Master, one who is well versed in the psychology, thesis and higher teachings of Buddhism
师兄，ShiXiong — dharma brothers, used by laity to address each other, note that all male or female lay disciples are called 'Dharma Brothers'
in Japan
Ajari — a Japanese term that is used in various schools of Buddhism in Japan, specifically Tendai and Shingon, in reference to a "senior monk who teaches students
和尚 Oshō — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general
in Zen
in Japan
开山 Kaisan — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
老师 Roshi — a Japanese honorific title used in Zen Buddhism that literally means "old teacher" or "elder master" and usually denotes the person who gives spiritual guidance to a Zen sangha
先生 Sensei — ordained teacher below the rank of roshi
Zen master — individual who teaches Zen Buddhism to others
Geshe — Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks
Guru
Khenpo — academic degree similar to that of a doctorate or Geshe. Khenpos often are made abbots of centers and monasteries
Khenchen — academic degree similar in depth to post doctorate work. Senior most scholars often manage many Khenpos
Lama — Tibetan teacher of the Dharma
Rinpoche — an honorific which literally means "precious one"
Tulku — an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama who has, through phowa and siddhi, consciously determined to take birth, often many times, to continue his or her Bodhisattva vow
Gautama Buddha — The Buddha, Siddhattha Gotama (Pali), Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit), Śākyamuni (Sage of the Sakya clan), The Awakened One, The Enlightened One, The Blessed One, Tathāgata (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One)
Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists
Chief Disciples
Sāriputta — Chief disciple, "General of the Dhamma", foremost in wisdom
Mahamoggallāna — Second chief disciple, foremost in psychic powers
Uposatha — the Buddhist observance days, falling on the days of the full moon and new moon, when the monks gather to recite the Pātimokkha and lay people often visit monasteries and temples to undertake the eight precepts
Kathina — festival which comes at the end of Vassa
Bodhisatta — a future Buddha, one destined to attain unsurpassed perfect enlightenment; specifically, it is the term the Buddha uses to refer to himself in the period prior to his enlightenment, both in past lives and in his last life before he attained enlightenment
Borobudur — ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist Monument in Magelang, Indonesia
Brahmā — according to the brahmins, the supreme personal deity, but in the Buddha's teaching, a powerful deity who rules over a high divine state of existence called the brahma world; more generally, the word denotes the class of superior devas inhabiting the form realm
Buddhist Initiation Ritual — a public ordination ceremony wherein a lay student of Zen Buddhism receives certain Buddhist precepts, "a rite in which they publicly avow allegiance to 'The Three Refuges' of Buddhist practice: The Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha
Kalpa (aeon) — an aeon or cosmic cycle, the period of time it takes for a world system to arise, evolve, dissolve, and persist in a state of disintegration before a new cycle begins
Kanthaka — Prince Siddhartha's favourite white horse
Māra — "The Evil One" or "Tempter"; a malevolent deity who tries to prevent people from practicing the Dhamma and thereby escaping the round of rebirths
Klesa-māra, or Māra as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions
Mrtyu-māra, or Māra as death, in the sense of the ceaseless round of birth and death
Skandha-māra, or Māra as metaphor for the entirety of conditioned existence
Devaputra-māra, or Māra the son of a deva (god), that is, Māra as an objectively existent being rather than as a metaphor
^Cousins, L.S. (1996); Buswell (2003), Vol. I, p. 82; and, Keown & Prebish (2004), p. 107. See also, Gombrich (1988/2002), p. 32: “…[T]he best we can say is that [the Buddha] was probably Enlightened between 550 and 450, more likely later rather than earlier."
^ Williams (2000, pp. 6-7) writes: "As a matter of fact Buddhism in mainland India itself had all but ceased to exist by the thirteenth century CE, although by that time it had spread to Tibet, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia." [1] (Originally 1958), "Chronology," p. xxix: "c. 1000-1200: Buddhism disappears as [an] organized religious force in India." See also, Robinson & Johnson (1970/1982), pp. 100-1, 108 Fig. 1; and, Harvey (1990/2007), pp. 139-40.
References
^Embree 1988.
^Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism, p1. Oxford University Press, 1998.
^"The World Factbook: Sri Lanka". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2006-08-12..
^Keown, Damien (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism: p. 38
^"The Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle' or 'Great Carriage' (for carrying all beings to nirvana), is also, and perhaps more correctly and accurately, known as the Bodhisattvayana, the bodhisattva's vehicle." – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999). Indian Buddhism: p.338
^"SuttaCentral AN 8.53". SuttaCentral. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
Sources
Embree, Ainslie T .; Hay, Stephen N.; de Bary, Wm. Theodore, eds. (1988) [1958], Fuentes de la tradición india: desde el principio hasta 1800 , vol. 1, AL Bashram, RN Dandekar, Peter Hardy, JB Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler y Andrew Yarrow (2.ª ed.), Nueva York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-82-2-40-231-06651-1
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