Boston , Massachusetts, mantuvo una muralla defensiva y una puerta a lo largo de Boston Neck , el único punto donde la ciudad estaba conectada con el continente, desde 1631 hasta finales del siglo XVIII.
Charleston , Carolina del Sur, fue una ciudad amurallada desde la década de 1690 hasta la década de 1720. Una parte de la muralla, llamada Half Moon Battery, aún es visible en el Provost Dungeon del Old Exchange Building.
San Agustín, Florida : a partir de 1704, los españoles construyeron la Línea Cubo , unida al Castillo de San Marcos y que encierra la ciudad. Los mapas del siglo XVIII detallan las murallas que encierran toda San Agustín [7]
Nueva Orleans, Luisiana , planificada en 1718 como ciudad amurallada. La muralla estuvo presente durante la Batalla de Nueva Orleans , pero se encontró en tal estado de desorden que no pudo ser utilizada. [8] [9]
Torres de vigilancia en la muralla de la ciudad de Xi'an , China
Pekín , véase Muralla de Pekín . Muchas partes de las murallas de Pekín fueron demolidas durante la década de 1960 para abrir grandes calles alrededor de la ciudad. Una línea de metro también sigue la ubicación de las antiguas murallas de la ciudad.
Xi'an – La ciudad de Xi'an tiene murallas bien conservadas con un foso lleno de agua que es una atracción turística que incorpora pequeños parques que rodean una zona concurrida y moderna de la ciudad.
Pakuan Pajajaran , la capital del Reino de la Sonda , estaba rodeada de fosos y murallas defensivas. Ahora la zona forma parte de la ciudad moderna de Bogor.
Una muralla del siglo XVIII construida por Hamengkubuwono I, del reino Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, para proteger la capital interior de los holandeses y otros enemigos durante el período del reino Mataram. Hoy en día, el 96 % de la muralla todavía existe y es un punto de referencia local.
El 17 de febrero de 1745, el Reino de Surakarta se trasladó a un nuevo bosque abierto llamado Villa Sala y construyó su Palacio Residencial Real y una zona urbana con un "Beteng Kraton" o muralla del palacio de 15 kilómetros de largo a su alrededor. En 2022, todavía se conserva el 90 % de las murallas de la ciudad.
Surosowan
Conocida como la capital del Reino de Banten , la muralla fue destruida por los holandeses durante su período colonial para poner fin al reinado de Banten. La muralla de la ciudad que quedó es solo un 10% de su aspecto real.
Trowulan fue la capital del antiguo Imperio Majapahit . Durante su período de gloria, la capital fue la primera ciudad antigua sistematizada europea (con un sistema de canales para el transporte y también un gran pasillo y carretera para el transporte principal) en Indonesia, porque Trowulan se desarrolló en el período de gloria de Majapahit entre los siglos XIII y XV. La muralla protegía el "Kraton" interior o palacio real y algunos lugares importantes. Hoy en día, la muralla no se puede ver con su aspecto original.
Acre : fortificación otomana moderna del siglo XVIII capaz de resistir ataques de cañones. La muralla ha sido restaurada y ahora incluye una muralla para turistas.
Baalbek : todavía se pueden ver secciones de las fortificaciones árabes (construidas con piedras de estructuras romanas) alrededor de la Acrópolis y el casco antiguo.
Batroun : la ciudad es conocida por su muralla fenicia de 225 m de longitud. También había una ciudadela del siglo IX a. C., de la que todavía se pueden ver partes.
Biblos : el casco antiguo está rodeado por murallas medievales, con un castillo en su extremo sur.
Sidón : hoy en día quedan pocos restos de las fortificaciones medievales de la ciudad, excepto el Castillo de San Luis .
Malasia
Malaca – Construida por los portugueses después de la ocupación de la ciudad en 1511, fue demolida por los británicos en 1806. Conocida localmente como A Famosa .
Pakistán
Casi todas las ciudades antiguas de Pakistán tenían una muralla defensiva. Los británicos destruyeron gran parte de estas murallas para reforzar las ciudades. Algunas de las ciudades que fueron fortificadas fueron:
Manila ( Intramuros ): parcialmente conservada y parcialmente restaurada después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Las paredes originales todavía están bien conservadas.
Chiang Mai estaba rodeada por un foso y murallas cuando el rey Mangrai el Grande la fundó en 1296. Fueron reconstruidas en gran medida a principios del siglo XIX. Grandes partes de las murallas y las puertas de la ciudad de Chiang Mai sobrevivieron hasta el presente.
Schwanenstadt es un asentamiento rodeado por un terraplén, coronado por una empalizada de madera y con sólo un pequeño tramo de muralla adyacente a la "Stadtturm".
Zeiselmauer . El fuerte auxiliar romano fue fortificado nuevamente por los Babenberg en el siglo X, pero nunca se le concedió un mercado ni una concesión.
Bakú conserva la mayor parte de las murallas que separan el centro histórico de las partes más nuevas de la ciudad desarrolladas después del siglo XIX.
Jihlava – En los lados sur, oeste y este de la ciudad medieval se conservan grandes partes de las murallas de la ciudad. En el lado norte se conservan algunos fragmentos. Las fortificaciones también son un buen ejemplo de Zwinger .
Znojmo : se han conservado más de la mitad de las murallas y gran parte del Zwinger .
Dinamarca
Fredericia , extensas murallas renacentistas al norte y al oeste de la ciudad y murallas orientadas al mar.
Copenhague , extensas murallas renacentistas al sur y al este, restos de vestigios al norte y al oeste, bonito fuerte en la entrada del puerto, tres pequeños fortines insulares fuera de la entrada del puerto.
Nyborg : los restos incluyen tres bastiones conservados, una puerta de la ciudad y el casco antiguo todavía está rodeado en gran parte por un foso que indica la ubicación de los otros bastiones (ahora demolidos).
Stege , una de las puertas de la ciudad, la Mølleporten, todavía se conserva. La mayor parte de la muralla de tierra y el foso seco que rodea el centro de la ciudad todavía se conservan.
Caponera "Crescent 1" de la fortaleza de Hamina con la "Fortaleza de la Flecha" al fondoLa fortaleza marítima de Suomenlinna frente a la costa de Helsinki
Hamina está rodeada por una fortificación amurallada en forma de estrella de unos 4-5 km de largo.
Lappeenranta El casco antiguo de la ciudad se encuentra dentro de una fortaleza.
Loviisa Se planeó construir una fortaleza completa alrededor de la ciudad, pero solo se completaron dos bastiones.
Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique – Se conservan grandes partes de las murallas, aunque en parte en estado ruinoso. Entre los restos se encuentran varias torres, tramos de muralla y tres puertas, la puerta de Laon, la puerta de Soissons y la puerta de Chauny.
Loches – Se conservan grandes partes intactas. La ciudad alta y el castillo de Loches están construidos sobre una colina que ofrece una posición estratégica con vistas al campo circundante y al río Indre . Las murallas de la ciudad alta se mantienen prácticamente intactas e incluyen las ruinas de la Puerta de Saint-Ours, la bien conservada Puerta Real, largos tramos de muralla y varias torres y bastiones. Las murallas de la ciudad baja están parcialmente derribadas, pero aún permanecen intactas 4 torres, algunas torretas más pequeñas añadidas posteriormente, una larga sección de muralla y la bien conservada Puerta de los Cordeliers y la Puerta Picois (que ahora sirve como Ayuntamiento).
Saint-Valery-sur-Somme – Se conservan grandes partes, incluida la Puerta de Nevers, la Puerta de Juana de Arco , tramos de muralla y algunas torres. Una colina llamada Cap Hornu se alza sobre la ciudad, que es la ubicación más probable y posible del fuerte y puerto romano sajón de la costa llamado Locus Quartensis sive Hornensis.
En Aquisgrán , todavía se conservan algunos tramos de la muralla interior junto al Tempelgraben (en la esquina con la Eilfschornsteinstraße y la Pontstraße), y en la parte trasera de las casas junto al Seilgraben. De la muralla exterior, todavía se conservan tres torres: la Langerturm, la Pfaffenturm y la Marienturm. Las dos puertas de la ciudad que quedan, la Ponttor y la Marschiertor, se encuentran entre las puertas mejor conservadas de Alemania.
Berlin had a defensive wall around the city from about 1250 until the mid-17th century, and a Customs Wall from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries. The Berlin Wall that existed from 1961 to 1989 was claimed by the authorities of East Germany to be defensive, but in fact it was rather intended to prevent unauthorized emigration. Parts of Berlin's medieval wall still remain alongside the Littenstraße.
Dresden – Dresden's defensive walls were some of the first in Germany, inspired by the earlier Italian model. The walls surrounded both the ‘Old City’ south of the Elbe, and the ‘New City’ to the north. The walls, gates and moats were largely removed c. 1815, following the Napoleonic Wars, being deemed outmoded for modern warfare. Some small sections have been rediscovered and established as the Museum Festung Dresden https://web.archive.org/web/20160509160153/http://www.festung-dresden.de/de/festung_dresden/museum/ below the more famous Brühl Terrace.
Gardelegen – there are several remains of the old town wall, including the impressive Salzwedeler Tor, the remains of the Stendaler Tor, and some stretches of wall.
Gartz (Oder) – The remains of the walls around the medieval town include some sizable stretches of walls, towers and one town gate, the Stettiner Tor.
Göllheim – two town gates are preserved, the Kerzenheimer Tor and the Dreisener Tor. One tower remains, the Ulrichsturm.
Gräfenberg – the remains include three well-preserved town gates, the Egloffsteiner Tor, the Hiltpoltsteiner Tor and the Gesteiger Tor. Some parts of the walls still remain adjacent to the Gesteiger Tor and at the back of the houses alongside Am Gesteiger and Schulgasse.
Grebenstein – most of the medieval walls are still surrounding the old town. One town gate remains, the Burgtor.
Grimmen one tower still remains, the Wasserturm. All three of the original town gates also remain, the Stralsunder Tor, Greifswalder Tor and the Mühlentor.
Horb am Neckar – large sections of the walls still remain. One town gate, the Ihlinger Tor, still remains, and some towers still remain, most notably the Schurkenturm and the Schütteturm.
Ingelheim am Rhein – sizable remains, including stretches of wall, the Malakoffturm, the Bismarckturm, Ohrenbrückertor, Uffhubtor and the ruined Heidesheimer Tor. The medieval town centre also houses the ruins of the Ingelheimer Kaiserpfalz.
Alt Kaster – The old medieval town of Kaster now forms part of Bedburg. The town walls remain largely intact, including 2 town gates and several towers.
Kemnath – several sections and towers of the walls remain around the medieval town. The eastern town gate was later converted into a church tower.
Kempen – some parts of the walls still remain. They include the Kuhtor, a well-preserved town gate, the Mühlenturm and the remains of another town gate, the Peterstor.
Lauffen am Neckar – the old town consists of three parts. While the town is divided by the river Neckar, the castle stands on a small island circled by the river. On the left bank there is a sizable stretch of wall is located next to the church. On the right bank, some towers, stretches of wall and the Neues Heilbronner Tor still remain.
Maintal – large sections of the walls still remain, notably to the north of the medieval town.
Mainz – the remains include the well-preserved square-shaped citadel, the medieval Alexanderturm, and the remains of a bastion alongside the Augustusstraße.
Malchin two town gates still remain, the Kalensches Tor and the Steintor. Some parts of the walls to the south and east of the town still remain.
Neuburg an der Donau – some parts of the medieval walls still remain, including the Unteres Tor. The trace of the later bastion earthworks, the so-called Untere Schanze, Elias Holl Schanze and Oberer Schanze, is still recognizable in the fields and from the air.
Oppenheim – some stretches of the town walls remain near the ruins of Landskron castle. One town gate and two towers remain, the Gautor, the Ruprechtsturm and the Uhrturm.
Prenzlau there are some good remains of the walls, especially North, East and South of the town. 4 gates still remain, the Steintor, Wasserpforte, Mitteltor and the Blindower Tor. The walls also include 25 towers.
Ravensburg – three town gates still remain, the Frauentor, Obertor and the Untertor. Nine of the original ten wall towers still remain, most notably a tower named Mehlsack.
Recklinghausen two defensive towers and some portions of wall still remain today, north west of the old city.
Rees – large parts of the town walls still remain intact, mainly located at the riverside of the town and in the parks at the north-east and west side of the medieval town.
Schwalmstadt – the remains of a town gate still survive, the medieval Lüdertor. The earthworks are mostly demolished, leaving a moat of which the course indicates the location of four round bastions.
Seehausen – the moat still surrounds most of the medieval town. Fragments of the walls are to be found at the southern side of the old town. One town gate still remains, the Beustertor.
Soest – 2.5 km of the town walls (1180) are still intact, also a town gate ("Osthofentor", with the world largest collection of crossbow bolts) and a defense tower ("Kattenturm").
Treysa – the remains are located mainly South, East and North of the old town.
Trier, portions of the city walls still exist, but the size of the Roman gate, the "Porta Nigra", gives evidence of the importance of the city. Other Roman remains include the baths, the Constantine Basilica, an amphitheater, and a 2nd-century AD Roman bridge.
Werben – one town gate still remains to the north east of the medieval town, the Elbtor. A tower with adjacent portion of the town wall remains to the west of the medieval town.
Drama, Greece – sizable parts of the town walls remain to the north and east side of the old town. Including 2 towers and stretches of wall.
Heraklion Candia Khandak – see Fortifications of Heraklion see siege of Candia – Arab and Byzantine walls still remain, about 20%, Venetian 7.5 km long walls, 95% still remain, 30.000 people live now inside the Venecian walls. Two gates, one castle in the sea (Koules)
Veria (about 170 m of the Byzantine walls survive)
Hungary
Buda – the Castle Hill is surrounded by preserved medieval and early modern fortifications. Only a short section survived from the walls of the Víziváros neighbourhood.
Pest – segments of the 15th-century city walls are preserved inside the courtyards of later houses.
Eger – some segments preserved, mostly demolished
Győr – the walls were demolished in the 19th century but segments are preserved
Arezzo – Large parts of the town walls still survive, including several stretches of curtain wall, 6 bastions, 4 town gates and the well preserved citadel Fortezza Medicea.
Brescia – the castle hill (called Cidneo Hill) is surrounded by preserved medieval and Renaissance fortifications. Segments of Roman and venetian walls are partially survived
Bressanone – the western gate remains as well as the north side where the houses serves as walls
Brindisi – several parts of the walls are preserved, including 5 bastions and two town gates, the Porta Lecce and the Porta Mesagne.
Brunico – three gates remain, the western, northern and eastern ones.
Guastalla – a star-shaped road around the town indicates the trace of the fortifications. A wall tower still stands at the corner Via Giuseppe Verdi/Via Volturno.
Marostica – The defensive walls around the old town are fully intact. The walls are among the best preserved medieval defensive structures in Italy. Including 3 town gates, 20 towers and two castles, the Castello Superiore and the Castello Inferiore.
Reggio Emilia – very little remains of the medieval town walls. One town gate remains, the impressive Porta Santa Croce. A stretch of wall is located at the Viale Monte Grappa.
Susa – fragmentary remains of Roman walls. The cathedral is built against the side of the Roman town gate Porta Savoia. Several parts of the walls and three lowered towers can be found alongside the Corso Unione Sovietica.
Terra del Sole almost all town walls remain, with four bastion and two gate (Porta Romana and Fiorentina). Ideal-town of renaissance
Todi
Torino – the remains include the impressive Roman town gate Porta Palatina and 3 bastions with turrets and curtain walls in the park nearby the Porta Palatina.
Venzone – medieval stone walls surrounding the town, partly rebuilt after the 1976 earthquake
Vicenza large sections of the town walls still remain, mainly alongside the Viale Giuseppe Mazzini, Via Goivanni Cecciarini and the Via Legione Gallieno. Four town gates remain, the Porta San Bortolo, Porta Santa Lucia, Porta Castello and the Porta Santa Croce.
Riga – the best preserved part of the old town walls is the Powder Tower. Just north west of the Powder Tower remains a stretch of wall with a square tower. Foundations of the wall can be seen at Kalēju iela street, and there are fragments of a ruined wall at the site of a demolished building at Minsterejas iela street. The only remains of the earthen ramparts around the old town is a star shaped moat, now transformed into a park.
City walls in WarsawCity walls in KrakówCity walls in PaczkówChojnaCity walls in OlkuszCity walls in SzydłówCity walls in Stargard SzczecińskiCity walls in Wrocław
Brzeg – a star-shaped park around the old town is what remains of the renaissance fortifications. Some parts of the moat still remain. The shape of seven bastions is recognizable from the air.
Kłodzko – the remains include the impressive citadel located on a hill north of the medieval town.
Kołobrzeg – a round basion and a part of the moat still remain.
Kostrzyn – the medieval town was entirely destroyed during World War II, only remaining some ruins of houses, the ruins of a church and the riverside fortified walls. The fortified walls include three bastions and a land gate. The remaining moat of an outer work is located north west of the ruined medieval town.
Malbork – one gate and a round bastion still remain. Stretches of the walls still remain alongside the river in the direction of the famous Malbork Castle
Maszewo – the town walls are nearly complete, apart from two breaches made for the increasing traffic. The two original town gates are demolished, and an adjacent tower of one of the gates still remains.
Nysa – there are large remains of the renaissance fortifications, notably to the east of the old town and to the north of the Nysa Klodzka river. There are several forts around Nysa. The remains of the medieval town walls include two land gates, the remains of a water gate, some towers and stretches of wall.
Kranj – evidence of the 1st-century fortifications and parts of the medieval fortifications, with four of the original eight towers preserved
Ljubljana – In the 1st century AD, a Roman settlement called Emona, on the site of the present-day Ljubljana, was fortified with strong walls. A small section of the southern wall is still preserved to this day. Ljubljana got its medieval walls, like many other towns in Slovenia, in the 13th century
Maribor – Originally 13th-century fortifications, rebuilt several times until the 17th century; some segments, including three towers and two bastions, are still preserved. Withstood sieges by Matthias Corvinus in 1480/1481 and by the Ottoman Empire in 1532.
Burgos – has some sizable remaining parts of the town walls alongside the Paseo Cubos and to the north east of the castle, including 10 wall towers. There are also remaining towers at the Calle Trinidad and the Calle San Lesmes. Five gates still remain intact, the Arco de Santa Maria, the Arco San Martin, the Arco de San Esteban, the Arco de San Gil and the Arco de San Juan
Olivenza – the oldest part of the town, the area adjacent to the medieval castle of Olivenza, still has well-preserved stretches of walls and towers, including two original town gates. Large parts of the later star-shaped Renaissance fortifications are also preserved, including 9 bastions and 1 town gate, the Puerta del Calvario
Santillana del Mar – there are fragmentary remains of the medieval walls, including a stretch of wall alongside a car park southeast of the old town and a tower at the Plaza las Arenas facing to the north
Gothenburg has a part of the western city wall left, the bastionCarolus Rex at Esperantoplatsen (Esperanto square) and most of the city moat is still left.
Halmstad had renaissance ramparts. To the north of the old town a bastion with adjacent town gate remains, the Norre Port. To the south of the old town a bastion with a remnant of the moat remains.
Kalmar substantial remains of the walls. Sizable stretches of walls and a bastion remain to the south of the old town. To the east remain two bastions. To the north remain portions of wall near Fiskaregatan. To the west the shape of two bastions is clearly recognizable, with a ravelin in front of the remaining town gate Westport (Westgate). Two other town gates still remain, an unmanned gate of later date at the Skeppsbrogatan, and a gate at Skeppsbron.
Stockholm has a small remainder of the medieval city wall preserved.
Plan of Geneva and environs in 1841. The colossal fortifications, among the most important in Europe, were demolished ten years later.
Aarau – the remains of the medieval town walls include two town gates (the Haldertor and the Oberer Turm) and a tower (the Pulverturm) with an adjacent stretch of wall.
Lucerne – the wall on the northern bank of the Reuss is well preserved and among the principal landmarks of the city. It is called Museggmauer and Stadtmauer.The late medieval walls of Lucerne, called Museggmauer or Stadtmauer.
Zug – the only remainder of the inner town walls is the Zeitturm (Clocktower), a medieval town gate. The remains of the outer town walls include four towers (the Kapuzinerturm, Knopfliturm, Huwilerturm and the Pulverturm), and some stretches of wall.
Zürich – the main remains are the Schanzengraben, and the shapes of several bastions are recognizable through the course of the moat. One bastions remains largely intact, and it now houses the Alter Botanischer Garten.
Turkey
A surviving section of the stone base of the walls of Troy, Turkey
Troy. The ancient city of Troy was famous for its defensive walls. There is archaeological evidence that Troy VII, generally identified as the stage of the legendary Trojan War of Homer's Iliad, usually dated between 1194 BC – 1184 BC, had walls with a carefully built stone base over four meters thick and some nine meters high in places, which was surmounted by a larger superstructure with towers in mudbrick. The walls in Homer's epic are so mighty that the siege of Troy by Achaeans lasts more than nine years, and only could be finished with the trickery of the Trojan Horse. Sections of the stone base of Trojan walls still survive on the archaeological site in present-day Hisarlık, in Çanakkale Province.
Istanbul. The system of walls around (as it was then known) Constantinople built in 412 by the Roman emperor Theodosius II was a complex stone barrier that stretched 6.5 kilometers and is often called the Wall of Theodosius. This barrier stood impregnable for ten centuries and resisted several violent sieges until 1453 when the Ottomans succeeded in breaching the walls. There was a new element in the battlefield: the Ottoman army had powdercannon and the walls offered limited resistance to them.
Diyarbakır. Diyarbakır is surrounded by an almost intact, dramatic set of high walls of black basalt forming a 5.5 km (3.4 mi) circle around the old city. There are four gates into the old city and 82 watch-towers on the walls, which were built in antiquity, restored and extended by the Roman emperor Constantius in 349.
Trabzon. Most of the city walls are still standing and are among the city's oldest buildings. Their oldest part can be dated back to the 1st century AD during the Roman Empire era. Historical sources provide information about older stages of their construction. Xenophon, who visited the city in the 5th century BC also mentioned the existence of city walls
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