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Década de 2010

Arab SpringRussian Annexation of CrimeaWar against the Islamic StateBrexitParis AgreementIPhoneObergefell v. HodgesEvent Horizon Telescope
De arriba a la izquierda, en el sentido de las agujas del reloj: las protestas antigubernamentales llamadas la Primavera Árabe surgieron en 2010-2011 y, como resultado, muchos gobiernos fueron derrocados, incluido el asesinato del dictador libio Muammar Gaddafi ; Rusia anexa Crimea en 2014; ISIS / ISIL perpetra ataques terroristas y captura territorio en Siria e Irak; concienciación sobre el cambio climático y el Acuerdo de París ; el Event Horizon Telescope captura la primera imagen de un agujero negro en 2019; Obergefell v. Hodges legaliza el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en los Estados Unidos en 2015, lo que marca un progreso continuo de los derechos LGBT en los países desarrollados ; aumento del uso de los medios digitales y auge de los dispositivos móviles ; el Reino Unido vota a favor de abandonar la UE en 2016 en una marea creciente de populismo a lo largo de la década.

La década de 2010 (pronunciada "veinte-diez" o "dos mil [y] diez"), apodada de diversas formas " los '10 " [" los Diez "], " los Tenties " o, más raramente, " los Teens "), fue una década que comenzó el 1 de enero de 2010 y terminó el 31 de diciembre de 2019.

La década comenzó con una recuperación económica de la Gran Recesión . La inflación y las tasas de interés se mantuvieron bajas y estables durante toda la década, el producto mundial bruto creció de 2010 a 2019. La recuperación económica mundial se aceleró durante la segunda mitad de la década, impulsada por un fuerte crecimiento económico en muchos países, un gasto de consumo robusto , una mayor inversión en infraestructura y la aparición de nuevas tecnologías . Sin embargo, la recuperación se desarrolló de manera desigual. Las crisis socioeconómicas en algunos países, particularmente en el mundo árabe , desencadenaron revoluciones políticas en Túnez , Egipto y Bahréin , así como guerras civiles en Libia , Siria y Yemen en un fenómeno regional que comúnmente se denominó la Primavera Árabe . Mientras tanto, Europa tuvo que lidiar con una crisis de deuda que se pronunció a principios de la década. El cambio de actitudes sociales hizo que los derechos LGBT hicieran avances sustanciales a lo largo de la década, particularmente en los países desarrollados .

La década vio el dominio musical y cultural del dance-pop , la música electrónica de baile , la cultura hipster y el electropop . La globalización y una mayor demanda de variedad y personalización frente a los servicios de transmisión de música como Spotify , SoundCloud y Apple Music crearon muchos subgéneros musicales. A medida que avanzaba la década, también se vio diversidad con el éxito general del K-pop , la música latina y el trap . Las películas de superhéroes se convirtieron en líderes de taquilla, y Avengers: Endgame se convirtió en la película más taquillera de todos los tiempos . [nota 1] Los proveedores de cable vieron una disminución en los suscriptores a medida que los cortadores de cable cambiaron a servicios de transmisión en línea de menor costo como Netflix , Amazon Prime , Hulu y Disney+ . La industria de los videojuegos siguió estando dominada por Nintendo , Sony y Microsoft ; mientras que los juegos independientes se hicieron más populares, y Minecraft se convirtió en el juego más vendido de todos los tiempos. Los ingresos de los juegos de consola portátil fueron superados por los ingresos de los juegos móviles en 2011. El libro más vendido de esta década fue Cincuenta sombras de Grey . Drake fue nombrado el mejor artista musical de la década en los EE. UU. por Billboard . [nota 2]

Estados Unidos siguió manteniendo su estatus de superpotencia mientras China buscaba expandir su influencia en el Mar de China Meridional y en África a través de sus iniciativas económicas y reformas militares . Solidificó su posición como una superpotencia emergente , a pesar de causar una serie de conflictos en sus fronteras. Dentro de su frontera, China aumentó su represión y control de Hong Kong , Xinjiang y el Tíbet . Estos acontecimientos llevaron a Estados Unidos a implementar una política de contención e iniciar una guerra comercial contra China. En otras partes de Asia, las Coreas mejoraron sus relaciones después de una crisis prolongada entre los dos países , y la Guerra contra el Terror continuó como parte de la continua participación militar de Estados Unidos en muchas partes del mundo. El ascenso de la organización extremista Estado Islámico de Irak y el Levante en 2014 borró la frontera entre Siria e Irak, lo que resultó en una intervención multinacional en su contra . En África, Sudán del Sur se separó de Sudán , y las protestas masivas y varios golpes de estado vieron a los hombres fuertes de larga data derrocados. En Estados Unidos, el empresario célebre Donald Trump fue elegido presidente en medio de una ola internacional de populismo y neonacionalismo . La Unión Europea vivió una crisis migratoria a mediados de la década y la retirada del Reino Unido como estado miembro tras el histórico referéndum de adhesión del Reino Unido a la UE . Rusia intentó afirmarse en los asuntos internacionales, anexando Crimea en 2014. En los últimos meses de la década, los primeros casos de la pandemia del coronavirus Sars-Cov2 surgieron en Wuhan , China, antes de afectar al resto del mundo.

La tecnología de la información progresó, con los teléfonos inteligentes generalizados y desplazando cada vez más a las computadoras de escritorio para muchos usuarios. La cobertura de Internet creció del 29% al 54% de la población mundial, y también vio avances en dispositivos de redes inalámbricas, telefonía móvil y computación en la nube . Los avances en el procesamiento de datos y el lanzamiento de la banda ancha 4G permitieron que los datos , metadatos e información se recopilaran y dispersaran entre dominios a ritmos nunca antes vistos, mientras que los recursos en línea como las redes sociales facilitaron fenómenos como el movimiento Me Too , el auge del activismo de la relajación y la cultura de la cancelación en línea . WikiLeaks ganó atención internacional por publicar información clasificada sobre temas relacionados con la Bahía de Guantánamo , Siria , las guerras de Afganistán e Irak , y la diplomacia de los Estados Unidos . Edward Snowden denunció la vigilancia global , creando conciencia sobre el papel que desempeñan los gobiernos y las entidades privadas en la vigilancia global y la privacidad de la información . Baidu (4.º), Twitter (6.º) e Instagram (8.º) surgieron para convertirse en parte de los 10 sitios web más visitados, mientras que Wikipedia pasó del 9.º al 5.º sitio web más popular, casi sextuplicando sus visitas mensuales. Yahoo disminuyó significativamente en popularidad, descendiendo del 1.º al 9.º sitio más popular, con visitas mensuales disminuyendo en dos tercios. Google , Facebook , YouTube y Yandex mantuvieron una popularidad relativamente constante y permanecieron dentro del top 10 a lo largo de la década.

El calentamiento global se hizo cada vez más notorio a través de nuevas temperaturas récord en diferentes ocurrencias y eventos climáticos extremos en todos los continentes . La concentración de CO2 aumentó de 390 a 410 PPM durante la década. Al mismo tiempo, la lucha contra la contaminación y el cambio climático siguieron siendo áreas de gran preocupación, ya que las protestas, las iniciativas y la legislación atrajeron una atención sustancial de los medios. El Acuerdo de París se adoptó en 2015 y se formó el movimiento juvenil climático global . Los principales desastres naturales incluyeron el terremoto de Haití de 2010 , el terremoto y tsunami de Tōhoku de 2011 , el terremoto de Nepal de 2015, el terremoto y tsunami de Sulawesi de 2018 , los devastadores ciclones tropicales Bopha (Pablo), Haiyan (Yolanda) y María , así como las olas de calor europeas de 2019 .

Durante el decenio, la población mundial aumentó de 6.900 millones a 7.700 millones de personas. Hubo aproximadamente 1.400 millones de nacimientos durante el decenio (140 millones por año) y alrededor de 560 millones de muertes (56 millones por año). [3]

Apodos

Esta década ha sido denominada de diversas maneras: "los años 10" ("The Tens"), ocasionalmente "The Teens", [ cita requerida ] y (especialmente en el Reino Unido) "the Tenties". [4] [5] [6]

Política y guerras

Mapa de banderas del mundo del año 2015

Grandes conflictos

Las guerras más destacadas de la década incluyen:

Guerras internacionales

Guerras civiles

Revoluciones y grandes protestas

Las revoluciones exitosas y otras protestas importantes de la década incluyen, entre otras:

Primavera árabe

La Primavera Árabe fue una serie de protestas antigubernamentales, levantamientos y rebeliones armadas que se extendieron por gran parte del mundo islámico a principios de la década de 2010. Comenzó como respuesta a los regímenes opresivos y a un bajo nivel de vida , empezando por las protestas en Túnez . [115] [116] Las redes sociales fueron anunciadas como la fuerza impulsora detrás de la rápida propagación de la revolución en todo el mundo, a medida que aparecían nuevas protestas en respuesta a las historias de éxito compartidas de las que tenían lugar en otros países. Muchos gobiernos comenzaron a reconocer la importancia de las redes sociales para que los ciudadanos se organizaran y comenzaron a cerrar ciertos sitios web o bloquear el servicio de Internet por completo, especialmente antes de las grandes manifestaciones. [117] Los gobiernos también examinaron o suprimieron la discusión en foros en línea acusando a los creadores de contenido de delitos no relacionados o cerrando la comunicación en sitios o grupos específicos, como Facebook . [118]

Proliferación nuclear

Reunión del P5+1 y los negociadores iraníes en Ginebra para un acuerdo provisional sobre el programa nuclear iraní (2013)

Ataques terroristas

Los ataques terroristas más destacados cometidos contra poblaciones civiles durante el decenio incluyen, entre otros:

Tendencias políticas

Relaciones internacionales

Los BRICS , una cooperativa económica supranacional que comprende cinco grandes economías nacionales emergentes —Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica— creció hasta representar a más de 3.100 millones de personas, o alrededor del 41 por ciento de la población mundial en 2015.

A principios de la década de 2010, China fue considerada cada vez más una superpotencia , incluso en la reunión de 2011 entre el presidente Hu Jintao y el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Barack Obama . A fines de la década, China superó a los Estados Unidos como la nación comercial más grande del mundo y el país que presentó la mayor cantidad de patentes , expandió drásticamente su ejército y aterrizó su explorador lunar Yutu en la Luna, poniendo fin a una pausa de cuatro décadas de exploración lunar. En 2018, el gasto militar mundial alcanzó su nivel más alto desde 1988, los niveles de fines de la Guerra Fría , impulsado en gran medida por el aumento del gasto de defensa de los Estados Unidos (un aumento del 4,6% a $ 649 mil millones) y China (un aumento del 5% a $ 250 mil millones). Juntos, sus presupuestos representaron la mitad del gasto militar total del mundo. [189] En 2019, el Índice de Poder de Asia del Lowy Institute , que mide las proyecciones de poder en ocho índices en el Indo-Pacífico, clasificó a Estados Unidos en el puesto número 1 con una puntuación de 84,5 y a China en el puesto número 2 con una puntuación de 75,9. [190]

Junto con Estados Unidos y China, Rusia, bajo el presidente Vladimir Putin, aumentó constantemente su gasto en defensa y continuó modernizando su ejército a lo largo de la década. Esto incluyó el desarrollo del tanque de batalla principal T-14 Armata y el avión de combate Sukhoi Su-57 de quinta generación . Rusia también ejercitó sus capacidades de proyección de poder en su anexión de Crimea en 2014 y las intervenciones en el este de Ucrania y la Guerra Civil Siria . Rusia también libró campañas de guerra de información contra sus enemigos geopolíticos, interfiriendo en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016 mediante piratería y filtración de correos electrónicos de los líderes de los partidos políticos estadounidenses y difundiendo desinformación a través de la Agencia de Investigación de Internet . Otras supuestas operaciones de inteligencia rusas incluyeron los envenenamientos de Skripal y el complot golpista de Montenegro , ambos atribuidos por algunos a la Unidad 29155 del GRU . En conjunto, se ha hecho referencia a estas actividades, y a los esfuerzos liderados por Occidente para combatirlas, como el comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Fría .

La Unión Europea atravesó varias crisis. La crisis de la deuda europea causó graves problemas económicos a varios estados miembros de la eurozona , en particular a Grecia . La crisis migratoria de 2015 provocó que varios millones de personas ingresaran ilegalmente a la UE en un corto período de tiempo. Hubo un aumento significativo en las cuotas de voto de varios partidos euroescépticos , incluidos la Liga en Italia, Alternativa para Alemania y el Partido de los Finlandeses en Finlandia . Como resultado de un referéndum , el Reino Unido se convirtió en el primer estado miembro en la historia de la UE en abandonar la Unión .

Polarización occidental

La polarización sociopolítica aumentó a medida que los conservadores y los liberales sociales se enfrentaron por el papel y el tamaño del gobierno y otras cuestiones sociales, económicas y ambientales en Occidente . En los Estados Unidos , las encuestas mostraron un electorado dividido con respecto a la reforma de la atención médica, la inmigración, los derechos de armas, los impuestos, la creación de empleo y la reducción de la deuda. [191] En Europa , se desarrollaron movimientos que protestaban por el aumento del número de refugiados y migrantes de los países islámicos , como la Liga de Defensa Inglesa y Pegida . [192] [193] La tendencia de polarización en Occidente estuvo parcialmente influenciada por la prevalencia de la política de identidad , tanto de izquierda como de derecha , entre los movimientos activistas . [194] A partir de 2011, los conceptos de extrema izquierda y progresistas como la lucha contra la desigualdad social y la desigualdad económica , a menudo a través de tácticas de acumulación progresiva , proliferaron en el mundo occidental y en otros lugares. [195] [196] [197] A mediados de la década, fenómenos como el nacionalismo blanco , el identitarismo y los sentimientos envalentonados de nativismo vieron un marcado resurgimiento en Occidente debido al drástico aumento de la migración y la delincuencia correspondiente y, tanto en la derecha como en la izquierda, la insatisfacción general con las respuestas del gobierno occidental y los medios de comunicación a ciertas cuestiones. [198] También hubo un aumento de los llamados al igualitarismo , incluso entre los sexos, [199] y algunos académicos afirman que una cuarta ola de feminismo comenzó alrededor de 2012, con un enfoque principal en la interseccionalidad . [200] [201]

Política anti-establishment

El presidente brasileño Jair Bolsonaro y el presidente estadounidense Donald Trump en 2019. Ambos son emblemáticos de una ola de populismo conservador neonacionalista y cansado de la globalización en la segunda mitad de la década.

El populismo en la política experimentó un aumento generalizado a lo largo de la década, con muchos políticos y varios movimientos políticos expresando sentimientos populistas y utilizando una retórica populista. [202] [203] Esto incluyó el fenómeno de la ola conservadora en América Latina y el fervor neonacionalista en Europa y América del Norte. Las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 2019 vieron la participación electoral más alta en dos décadas y vieron a los partidos de centroderecha y centroizquierda relativamente moderados sufrir pérdidas significativas ante partidos de extrema derecha menos moderados, ambientalistas y tanto pro-UE como euroescépticos , que obtuvieron ganancias. [204] Los ejemplos de movimientos populistas de la década de 2010 incluyeron el movimiento Tea Party , [205] Occupy Wall Street , [206] Brexit , [207] Black Lives Matter , [208] y la alt-right . [209] [210] Los ejemplos de líderes de países populistas fueron igualmente extensos, con Donald Trump , [211] Narendra Modi , [212] Andrés Manuel López Obrador , [213] Hugo Chávez , [214] Matteo Salvini , [215] Jair Bolsonaro , [216] Rodrigo Duterte , [217] y Boris Johnson , de izquierda y derecha, descritos como tales.

El ascenso del populismo y los movimientos de protesta se relacionó con el declive de los partidos políticos tradicionales. En Europa, la pasokificación describió la pérdida de votos que experimentaron los partidos tradicionales de centroizquierda o socialdemócratas . En Francia, en particular, el partido La République En Marche! de Emmanuel Macron obtuvo la mayoría en sus primeras elecciones en 2017.

Los partidos de centroizquierda , neoliberales y socialdemócratas tradicionales a menudo perdieron su cuota de votos a favor de alternativas más socialistas o socialdemócratas , especialmente en Europa . Esto ocurrió con mayor plenitud en Grecia , donde el PASOK fue reemplazado por Syriza como el principal partido de izquierda. Otros partidos de extrema izquierda que cobraron importancia fueron Podemos en España y La France Insoumise en Francia . En los sistemas bipartidistas del mundo angloparlante , estos desafíos vinieron principalmente de dentro de los partidos establecidos de la izquierda, con Bernie Sanders en el Partido Demócrata y Jeremy Corbyn en el Partido Laborista impulsando políticas más de izquierda.

En muchos países, el establishment político también se vio desafiado por movimientos de protesta, a menudo organizados a través de nuevas plataformas de redes sociales , como las diversas protestas de la Primavera Árabe , el movimiento Occupy y el movimiento de los chalecos amarillos .

Democratización y autoritarismo

Xi Jinping se convirtió en el líder vitalicio de China en 2018.

Los países que se democratizaron total o parcialmente durante la década incluyeron Angola , que se reformó bajo João Lourenço ; [218] Armenia , que pasó por una revolución ; [218] [219] Ecuador , que se reformó bajo Lenín Moreno ; [218] Etiopía ; [218] [219] y Malasia , donde el partido gobernante perdió la primera elección desde la independencia. [218] [220]

Entre los dictadores de largo plazo que fueron expulsados ​​del poder se encuentran Muammar Gaddafi de Libia (después de 42 años), [221] Robert Mugabe de Zimbabwe (37 años), [222] Ali Abdullah Saleh de Yemen (33 años), [223] Omar al-Bashir de Sudán (30 años), [224] Hosni Mubarak de Egipto (29 años), [225] y Ben Ali de Túnez (23 años). [226]

El Invierno Árabe se refiere al resurgimiento del autoritarismo , las monarquías absolutas y el extremismo islámico [227] que evolucionó a raíz de las protestas de la Primavera Árabe en los países árabes . [228] El término "Invierno Árabe" se refiere a los eventos en los países de la Liga Árabe en Medio Oriente y el Norte de África, incluida la Guerra Civil Siria , [229] [230] la insurgencia iraquí y la siguiente guerra civil , [231] la Crisis egipcia , [232] la Crisis libia y la Crisis en Yemen . [233] Los eventos a los que se hace referencia como el Invierno Árabe incluyen aquellos en Egipto que llevaron a la eliminación de Mohamed Morsi y la toma del poder por el general Abdel Fattah el-Sisi en una campaña contra la Hermandad Musulmana . [234]

También se produjeron retrocesos democráticos en países como Hungría , [235] Venezuela , [236] y Turquía . [237]

En 2018, la Asamblea Popular Nacional de China aprobó un cambio constitucional que eliminó los límites de mandato para sus líderes , otorgando a Xi Jinping el estatus de " líder vitalicio ". Xi es el secretario general del Partido Comunista Chino ( líder de facto ).

Fallecidos

Líderes mundiales en ejercicio como Hugo Chávez de Venezuela, Muammar Gaddafi de Libia, Kim Jong-il de Corea del Norte, Abdullah de Arabia Saudita , Lech Kaczyński de Polonia, Zillur Rahman de Bangladesh, Islam Karimov de Uzbekistán y Beji Caid Essebsi de Túnez, todos ellos Murió en el cargo , al igual que los ex líderes Fidel Castro , Lee Kuan Yew , Nelson Mandela , Margaret Thatcher , Robert Mugabe , Giulio Andreotti , Francesco Cossiga , Oscar Luigi Scalfaro , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , Jacques Chirac , Helmut Schmidt , Helmut Kohl , Hussain Mohammad Ershad. , Mohamed Morsi , Ariel Sharon , Shimon Peres , Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani , Zine El Abidine Ben Ali , Václav Havel , Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke , BJ Habibie , Yasuhiro Nakasone , Alan García , Jorge Rafael Videla , Néstor Kirchner , Fernando de la Rúa , Patricio Aylwin , Itamar Franco , APJ Abdul Kalam , Atal Bihari Vajpayee y George HW Bush .

Eventos políticos destacados

Golpes de Estado

Los golpes de Estado contra gobiernos gobernantes durante la década incluyen:

Las siguientes tablas de eventos están ordenadas por región y por orden cronológico. Los eventos políticos más destacados incluyen, entre otros:

África

Américas

Asia

Europa

Líderes mundiales

2010 – 2011 – 2012 – 2013 – 2014 – 2015 – 2016 – 2017 – 2018 – 2019

Asesinatos e intentos

Entre los asesinatos, asesinatos selectivos e intentos de asesinato más destacados se incluyen los siguientes:

Osama bin Laden
Anwar al-Awlaki
Muammar al-Gaddafi
Malala Yousafzai
Andrei Karlov
Kim Jong Nam
Jamal Khashoggi
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Desastres

Desastres no naturales

Aviación

General

Incendios

Marina

Contaminación

Desastres naturales

Terremotos y tsunamis

Ciclones tropicales

Tornados

Inundaciones, avalanchas y deslizamientos de tierra

Erupciones volcánicas

Sequías, olas de calor e incendios forestales

Ciencias económicas

El aumento de la deuda de Grecia y la eurozona en los primeros años de la década
Índice ponderado de precios de propiedades residenciales en las capitales, elaborado por la Oficina Australiana de Estadísticas, desde 2003
Un hombre y un robot repartidor esperan en un paso de peatones en Redwood City, California , Estados Unidos . El comercio electrónico impulsó los avances en la entrega con drones y transformó partes de los sectores de servicios y venta minorista.
En 2014, el One World Trade Center abrió sus puertas en el Distrito Financiero de Manhattan, reemplazando a las Torres Gemelas originales del World Trade Center que fueron destruidas en 2001. En el décimo aniversario del 11 de septiembre de 2011 (el mismo año en que Osama bin Laden fue asesinado), se inauguró el Memorial del 11 de septiembre .

La economía mundial durante la década de 2010 fue en general sólida. Se observó un crecimiento constante, un bajo desempleo y una creciente confianza de los consumidores que se recuperaba de la gran recesión . La década terminó con un final fuerte, con 2019 registrando máximos históricos en muchas áreas. Una crisis de deuda soberana en Europa comenzó a principios de 2010, y el gobierno griego admitió que estaba teniendo dificultades para pagar su gran deuda soberana . En el verano y el otoño de 2011, los rendimientos de los bonos de Italia y España se dispararon por encima del 6 por ciento. [477] Para 2015, las tasas de los bonos habían regresado a rangos normales en toda Europa, excepto en Grecia, que aceptó otro paquete de rescate aún más estricto. El tamaño del Fondo Europeo de Estabilidad Financiera se incrementó de 440 mil millones de euros a 2 billones de euros. [478] A pesar de la crisis de deuda de la eurozona, el Promedio Industrial Dow Jones estadounidense tuvo su racha más larga de ganancias desde el auge tecnológico de fines de la década de 1990. [479] Sin embargo, las cuestiones económicas, incluida la inflación y el aumento de los precios de los productos básicos , provocaron disturbios en muchos países de bajos ingresos. En algunos países, en particular los del mundo árabe , la agitación política se transformó en crisis socioeconómicas , lo que dio lugar a la Primavera Árabe , que derivó en inestabilidad política y guerras civiles.

Como resultado de la recesión global, muchos bancos centrales instituyeron una política de tasa de interés cero , o cercana a ella. [480] Otra forma de estímulo monetario fue la flexibilización cuantitativa . La inundación de liquidez del mercado resultante causó un aumento en los precios de los activos . [481] Como resultado, por ejemplo, los precios de las acciones de los Estados Unidos alcanzaron máximos históricos. [482] Otra consecuencia ha sido el aumento de los precios de la vivienda en muchas de las principales ciudades del mundo . [483] Algunas de las ciudades que registraron los aumentos más dramáticos incluyeron Sydney , San Francisco , Vancouver y Auckland . [484]

En 2010, China se convirtió en la segunda economía más grande del mundo, superando a Japón. [485] Japón también vio una rebaja de calificación el año siguiente debido a la carga de la deuda. [486] En agosto de 2011, el S&P rebajó la calificación crediticia de los Estados Unidos de triple AAA a AA-plus después de una crisis del techo de la deuda . [487] También en 2011, una encuesta de Gallup encontró que más de la mitad de los estadounidenses creían que el país todavía estaba en recesión. [488] En junio de 2015, la Bolsa de Valores de Shanghái perdió un tercio del valor de las acciones A en un mes, un evento conocido como la turbulencia del mercado de valores chino de 2015-16 . India se convirtió en la economía principal de más rápido crecimiento del mundo en 2015, superando a China. [489] En 2018, cuando la Reserva Federal de Estados Unidos aumentó las tasas de interés, los temores de una inversión de la curva de rendimiento que precediera a una posible recesión estadounidense hicieron subir la inflación en varios mercados emergentes, incluida Argentina , donde las tasas de interés alcanzaron el 40% y se emitió un rescate del Fondo Monetario Internacional . [490] En 2019, Singapur suplantó a Estados Unidos como la economía más competitiva del mundo, y Estados Unidos cayó al tercer lugar, detrás de Hong Kong . [491]

La producción mundial de petróleo en 2014 alcanzó un pico histórico, alcanzando los 93 millones de barriles/día. [492] En 2018, en parte debido a un auge del esquisto , Estados Unidos superó a Rusia y Arabia Saudita para convertirse en el mayor productor de petróleo crudo del mundo, la primera vez desde 1973. [493] Alrededor del año 2017 es un período visto por algunos economistas como el nuevo pico de una " economía de Ricitos de Oro ". [494] Las Perspectivas de la economía mundial de abril de 2019 del Fondo Monetario Internacional afirmaron: "Después de alcanzar un máximo cercano al 4 por ciento en 2017, el crecimiento [económico] mundial se mantuvo fuerte, con un 3,8 por ciento en la primera mitad de 2018, pero cayó al 3,2 por ciento en la segunda mitad del año". [495]

En 2018, el presidente de Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, anunció que impondría nuevos aranceles a algunos productos chinos, lo que dio inicio a la « guerra comercial entre Estados Unidos y China », un conflicto económico que involucra a las dos economías más grandes del mundo. Trump dijo que el motivo de la guerra comercial era castigar a China por prácticas comerciales «injustas», como la apropiación de puestos de trabajo y el robo de propiedad intelectual estadounidense . China respondió con sus propios aranceles y comenzó un ciclo que intensificó el conflicto. Como parte de su política de « Estados Unidos primero », Trump también anunció que se impondrían nuevos aranceles a países de todo el mundo para varios productos, como el acero y el aluminio, lo que también provocó algunas represalias económicas de los socios comerciales tradicionales de Estados Unidos.

A finales de la década, en las economías domésticas de América del Norte y algunas de Europa occidental , los hábitos de compra a nivel de consumidor habían cambiado significativamente, una consecuencia parcial del impacto de la Gran Recesión en los ingresos discrecionales y un modelo cambiante del sustentador de familia . El llamado " apocalipsis minorista " había comenzado a medida que los consumidores recurrían cada vez más a las compras en línea y al comercio electrónico , acelerando el declive del comercio minorista tradicional y el continuo declive de los centros comerciales interiores . La industria minorista en transición y la popularidad de las compras en línea facilitaron fenómenos económicos como los modelos de negocios de ladrillos y clics , el comercio minorista emergente y fuera de tiendas , los servicios de entrega con drones , los restaurantes fantasma y un sector de servicios de pedidos y entrega de alimentos en línea que maduraba rápidamente . [496] [497] Esto solo se perpetuó aún más por el aumento de las criptomonedas a lo largo de la década, como Bitcoin . Para mayo de 2018, existían más de 1.800 especificaciones de criptomonedas. [498]

En la misma línea que las criptomonedas, la tendencia hacia una sociedad sin dinero en efectivo continuó a medida que las transacciones sin efectivo y las monedas digitales experimentaron un aumento en la preferencia en la década de 2010. Para 2016, solo alrededor del 2 por ciento del valor transaccionado en Suecia fue en efectivo, y solo alrededor del 20 por ciento de las transacciones minoristas fueron en efectivo. Menos de la mitad de las sucursales bancarias en el país realizaron transacciones en efectivo. [499] Un informe publicado en 2019 sugirió que el porcentaje de pagos realizados en efectivo en el Reino Unido había caído al 34% desde el 63% de 2009. [500] El Estudio de la Encuesta de Consumidores Usuarios de Estados Unidos de 2016 afirmó que el 75 por ciento de los encuestados prefería una tarjeta de crédito o débito como método de pago, mientras que solo el 11 por ciento de los encuestados prefería el efectivo. [501]

Ciencia y tecnología

Dos de las muertes más destacadas de la comunidad científica durante la década fueron las de Neil Armstrong en 2012 y Stephen Hawking en 2018.

A continuación se presentan los avances científicos más significativos de cada año, según el premio anual Breakthrough of the Year de la revista Science de la Asociación Americana para el Avance de la Ciencia .

Tecnología

A finales de la década de 2000 surgieron dos importantes sistemas operativos móviles : Android , desarrollado por Google , e iOS, desarrollado por Apple .

Modelo impreso en 3D de un hígado humano

La robótica, en particular los drones como los cuadricópteros , se utilizó y aplicó ampliamente en la década de 2010. La tecnología y las ventas de vehículos autónomos y eléctricos también mostraron un crecimiento considerable. Además, las tecnologías de lanzamiento espacial sostenible fueron impulsadas por empresarios como Elon Musk .

En 2016, la cantidad de personas en todo el mundo que utilizan dispositivos móviles para acceder a Internet superó a las que utilizan computadoras de escritorio por primera vez, después de haber sido precedida por los EE. UU. dos años antes, en 2014. [513] [514] [515] [516] [517] Las impresoras 3D también surgieron en la década de 2010 y fueron referenciadas o utilizadas en la cultura pop durante la década.

En 2018, durante el vuelo de prueba del Falcon Heavy , se lanzó al espacio el primer automóvil de producción. El vehículo estaba acoplado al cohete Falcon Heavy, el cohete más potente en funcionamiento en ese momento.

Ciberseguridad y piratería informática

Los incidentes de ciberseguridad , como piratería informática , filtraciones o robo de información confidencial, han ganado cada vez más atención por parte de gobiernos, corporaciones e individuos.

Edward Snowden , ex empleado de la NSA que reveló una gran cantidad de programas de vigilancia global.
Jürgen Mossack , cofundador de Mossack Fonseca , que cerró a la luz de las revelaciones de los Papeles de Panamá .

Salud y sociedad

El SIDA , una pandemia responsable de la muerte de más de 30 millones de personas desde su descubrimiento a principios de la década de 1980, especialmente en el África subsahariana, se convirtió en una enfermedad tratable, aunque a finales de la década solo se habían curado dos casos . [532] Con un buen tratamiento, los pacientes generalmente pueden esperar vidas y expectativas de vida normales. Sin embargo, en 2011 solo unos 5 millones de los 12 millones de personas afectadas tenían acceso a dicho tratamiento. [533]

Durante la década de 2010, los cambios sociales incluyeron aumentos en la expectativa de vida y caídas en las tasas de natalidad, lo que llevó a que una mayor proporción de la población fuera anciana. Esto ejerció presión sobre las pensiones y otros programas de seguridad social en las naciones desarrolladas. El medio ambiente se convirtió en un tema de mayor preocupación pública en todo el mundo. [534] Muchas partes del mundo avanzaron hacia una mayor aceptación de las personas LGBT, a menudo incluyendo la legalización del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. Internet asumió un papel cada vez más importante en el entretenimiento, la comunicación, la política y el comercio, especialmente para las personas más jóvenes y aquellas que vivían en países más ricos. En 2011, la población mundial alcanzó los siete mil millones de personas. [535]

Cultura popular

Fashion

Rihanna was a fashion icon of the era

Fashion of the 2010s became slimmer-fit and slightly more formal compared to previous decades. In addition, people's handheld devices such as cellphones (and their colorful cases), selfie sticks (for a brief period during the middle of the decade), tech-like Beats headphones, smart watches, wired and by the end of the decade wireless ear buds, as well as handheld gaming systems became more prevalent personal items.

The decade was also defined by new hipster fashion (hipster styles were marked by the wearing of knit beanies, checkered shirts, and clothes from thrift stores; as well as hobbies like horticulture, photography, and specialty coffee) athleisure, and a revival of austerity-era and other nostalgic alternative fashion trends (such as 1980s-style neon streetwear in the first part of the decade, and unisex 1990s-style elements influenced by grunge).

In 2018, a subculture of "e-kids" came into existence, whom took their style from Japanese street fashion, cosplay, skater aesthetic, and other pieces of pop culture. In contrast to the colorful subculture of "e-kids" later in the decade, the early 2010s saw the Emo revival.

Political fashion became a genre of fashion starting around 2016, as people wore hats like MAGA hats (popularized by political outsider, prior TV-star and businessman President Donald Trump), as well as the Pussyhat. These two pieces of fashion wear would be popularized in the 2010s in popular culture on television and further, but would become controversial in their own right.

The decade sparked many smaller fashion movements, notable examples including Cottagecore and Normcore (a notable icon of Normcore in the 2010s was Steve Jobs, whom represented the decade's casual clothing). Fad toys and accessories like the Fidget spinner, Silly Bandz, and Shutter shades each had waves of popularity among youth throughout the decade. Funko Pops were a collectible fad during the 2010s.

Internet

Internet users grew from covering 29% to 54% of the world population.[536]

Over the course of the 2010s, Baidu, Twitter and Instagram emerged to become among the top 10 most visited websites (becoming the 4th, 6th and 8th most popular websites by the end of the decade), while Wikipedia went the 9th to 5th most popular website, almost sextupling its monthly visits (from 1 to 5.7 billion). Meanwhile, Yahoo significantly declined in popularity, descending from being the 1st to 9th most popular site, with monthly visits declining by two-thirds (going from 11.6 to 3.9 billion). Google, Facebook, YouTube and Yandex maintained relatively consistent popularity and remained within the top 10 throughout the decade.[537]

Film

In January 2010, James Cameron's Avatar surpassed $1 billion in sales, becoming the first movie of the decade to do so, and surpassed $2 billion in sales by February 2010. The following year, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 became one of the fastest grossing films of all time, and became the highest-grossing film of 2011. 2019's Joker became the first R rated movie to gross over $1 billion and cemented itself in popular culture by making the "Joker Stairs" a famous tourist destination in New York City at the end of the decade. Motion capture grew in terms of its realism and reach, and was seen in movies like Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One, Pirates of the Caribbean, The Avengers, and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.[538]

Superhero films and franchises

Superhero films became box office leaders, especially with the start of The Infinity Saga of the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2008 with movies such as the Avengers franchise. Avengers: Infinity War was the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion internationally, broke numerous box office records, became the highest-grossing film of 2018, and the 4th-highest-grossing film of all time. Avengers: Endgame grossed over $2.7 billion worldwide, surpassed Infinity War's entire theatrical run in just eleven days, broke numerous box office records, and became the highest-grossing film of all time.

Marvel's main competitor, DC Extended Universe also began to produce superhero films starting in 2013, with films such as Justice League releasing in 2017.

Non-shared universe superhero films have also been successful with the release of The Dark Knight Rises in addition to animated films such as Incredibles 2, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, The Lego Batman Movie, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water, and many others.

Other prominent franchises

The epic space-opera franchise Star Wars saw a resurgence throughout its decade with the third trilogy aka the sequel trilogy of the franchise and the final act of the "Skywalker Saga". These films include Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker with all of them raking in over $4 billion with the first movie became the 3rd highest-grossing film of all time at its release.

The science fiction Universal franchise Jurassic Park also saw a resurgence and popularity with the release of Jurassic World and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Both of these films each garnered over $1 billion in revenue with the first film became the 3rd highest-grossing film of all time and the second film became the 12th highest-grossing film of all time. Critical reception of the first movie was positive while the second movie had mixed reviews from critics and negative reviews from fans.

The action racing heist spy franchise The Fast and the Furious continued on from the 2000s and became commercially successful in the 2010s becoming one of Universal's biggest franchises besides Jurassic Park and was the eighth highest-grossing film series. Films include Fast Five, Fast & Furious 6, Furious 7, and The Fate of the Furious.

Other films and genres

The horror film It, which was based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King, became the highest-grossing horror film of all time.[539] 2018 saw the acclaimed Halloween sequel, Halloween, the 11th installment of the Halloween franchise and sequel to the first film, Halloween.

Disney, Pixar, DreamWorks, Illumination, and Sony Pictures Animation have dominated the animated films market and have also gained popularity in this decade. The highest-grossing and critically successful franchises included Toy Story, Frozen, Wreck-It-Ralph, Hotel Transylvania, The Lego Movie, and Despicable Me being the highest grossing animated franchise of all time.

In 2019, Paramount Pictures, Paramount Animation and Nickelodeon Movies original computer-animated feature film Wonder Park.

The 2010s saw the release of many Disney live-action remakes based on Disney animated movies: Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking Glass, The Sorcerer's Apprentice, Maleficent, Maleficent: Mistress of Evil, Lady and the Tramp, Christopher Robin, Dumbo, The Jungle Book, Cinderella, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and The Lion King. Many of these movies were met with mixed reviews from critics and audiences but were financially successful at the box office, especially The Lion King which grossed over $1.6 billion and became the 7th-highest-grossing film of all time as well as the 2nd-highest-grossing film of 2019.

Acclaimed movies

The decade also saw many popular and critically acclaimed theatrical releases of varying genres, such as The Social Network, Her, 12 Years a Slave, Boyhood, Me and Earl and the Dying Girl, The Edge of Seventeen, The Fault in Our Stars, The Wolf of Wall Street, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, The Grand Budapest Hotel, Easy A, 21 Jump Street, Eighth Grade, Steve Jobs, Lady Bird, Green Book, Get Out, Parasite, Love, Simon, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, and Uncut Gems.

The critically acclaimed movies of the 2010s mentioned above set new precedents. Movies like Boyhood (2014) were filmed over the span of a decade in real time to show the growth and childhood of a young boy, and Uncut Gems (2019) brought Adam Sandler back to a wide screen release and was critically acclaimed, while teenage movies like The Edge of Seventeen (2016), Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015), The Fault in Our Stars (2014), and The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012) gained large popularity. Her (2013) became Spike Jonze's highest grossing and most critically acclaimed movie, noted for its filming locations and art direction, Parasite (2019) became the first foreign film to win best picture, and movies like Ready Player One (2018) helped advance motion capture technologies (winning two Outstanding Achievement Awards from the Visuals Effects Society and a Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film), in addition to becoming one of Spielberg's highest-grossing films.

Television

The 2010s decade is often said to be a part of the Golden Age of Television, due to the widespread quality of multiple shows, as well as advancements in technology leading to streaming, cable television, and online outlets bringing this quality and quantity of programming. Cable providers saw a decline in subscriber numbers as cord-cutting viewers switched to lower-cost online streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hulu.[540] On cable television, as well as streaming services, a variety of shows gained popularity.

Live-action TV

The comedy sitcom The Big Bang Theory ran for the entirety of the decade, and was the number-one television sitcom for all of its airing prior to its finale in 2019. Other sitcoms like Curb Your Enthusiasm, Will & Grace, The Office, Scrubs: Med School, and Netflix's Trailer Park Boys and its Out Of The Park: USA and Out Of The Park: Europe specials were popular in the 2010s. How I Met Your Mother (narrated by Bob Saget) gained controversy for its 2014 finale, "Last Forever", which sparked an alternate finale to be created for the show, a television-first. Cult shows like the dark comedy sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia carried its popularity from the 2000s and lasted through the entirety of the 2010s. CBS's Two Broke Girls began its run in 2011 (ending in 2017), its pilot being the highest watched on the network in a decade. In 2011, Charlie Sheen was fired from Two and a Half Men, who made his last appearance in the show in Season 8 during February 2011. Sheen's 2011 outbursts and firing from the show were highly publicized.[541] Indian sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah became the world's longest-running sitcom, with over 2,500 episodes,[542][543]

In 2013, Nickelodeon original television series Sam & Cat was launched.

Dramas like Breaking Bad (2008–2013), The Walking Dead (2010–2022), Game of Thrones (2011–2019) and the Breaking Bad spin-off Better Call Saul (2015–2022) became some of the most popular American television series of all time. Stranger Things gained a massive following during the decade among teen and youth, and 2019's Stranger Things 3 gained even more recognition for the character of Robin Buckley, who was popularized online.

Science fiction television gained a renewed sense of interest, thanks in part to Black Mirror was popularized on Netflix after being broadcast on British television.

A new era of family television and tween television existed in the 2010s, sitcoms of which were mainly spearheaded by Disney and Nickelodeon, but also appeared on cable channels such as ABC (The Middle on ABC for example) and on streaming services like Netflix. Shows such as Nickelodeon's iCarly and Victorious, and Disney's Girl Meets World were notable examples of popular shows among tween and youth throughout the 2010s. The short-lived 2018 revival of Roseanne (a family sitcom on ABC) gained attention for the firing of its main star Roseanne Barr and her outbursts.

Reality television

Reality television grew an increased following during the decade. Kitchen Nightmares, Hell's Kitchen (UK), and Hotel Hell gained popularity on cable television, as well as getting millions of views on YouTube, making Gordon Ramsay a prominent celebrity chef. America's Got Talent drew in viewers when radio personality Howard Stern announced his joining of the show in late 2011, staying as host until 2015. Meanwhile, popular reality programming on ABC included What Would You Do?, Shark Tank and The Bachelor. Corinne Olympios also gained recognition on the 2017 season of The Bachelor for her behavior on set. American Idol remained popular into the beginning of the decade, as did The Voice. Impractical Jokers flourished throughout the 2010s, gaining exposure on YouTube and elsewhere. TMZ became a popular television show and news source in the 2010s on cable television and YouTube respectively. A genre of pawn shows emerged like Pawn Stars and Hardcore Pawn.

The Apprentice was a reality television show that starred media personality and businessman Donald Trump as host until 2015, at which time he resigned as host. Trump would use the success he gained on The Apprentice to run for President of the United States; which he was elected to in 2016. Additionally, programs such as The Celebrity Apprentice, Comedy Central's The Roast Of Donald Trump, and Donald Trump's November 2015 hosting of Saturday Night Live, would send the reality TV star and businessman into the spotlight to help win the U.S. presidency. Governor in the early 2010s and movie star Arnold Schwarzenegger took Trump's place on The Celebrity Apprentice.

Animation

Popular cartoons were dominated by Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel during the decade. Popular cartoons of the 2010s included the likes of SpongeBob SquarePants, Adventure Time, The Loud House, Arthur, Regular Show, Steven Universe, Star vs. the Forces of Evil, Phineas and Ferb, Gravity Falls, Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu, The Amazing World of Gumball, and My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (which, under its G4 status, became a pop culture phenomenon in its own right, thanks to its controversial, but loyal cult following known as "Bronies" who peaked in 2012–2015). SpongeBob SquarePants also made headlines for the petition and attempts to get "Sweet Victory" played at the 2019 Super Bowl after the passing of its series creator Stephen Hillenburg. Nickelodeon brought back three classic Nicktoons; Hey Arnold!, Rocko's Modern Life (which was themed around late 2010s culture), and Invader Zim near the end of the decade, turning them into reboot films.

In 2015, French computer-animated television series Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir was released.

Anime broadened its appeal worldwide with shows such as Attack on Titan, Akame ga Kill!, Madoka Magica, Mob Psycho 100, Darling in the Franxx, Fairy Tail, Black Clover, Tokyo Ghoul, KonoSuba, Food Wars!, Haikyu!!, Sailor Moon Crystal, One Piece, Bleach, Hunter × Hunter, One Punch Man, Little Witch Academia, Devilman Crybaby, My Hero Academia, JoJo's Bizzarre Adventure, Vinland Saga, Parasyte -the maxim-, Re:Zero and Steins;Gate, separately Japanese reality shows like Terrace House: Boys & Girls in the City reached new and international audiences because of the use of the internet and streaming services (it was Netflix's first international release and one of their earliest international releases). As a result of anime's international popularity it has inspired many creators outside of Japan to create their own shows incorporating anime characteristics. Anime elements can be seen in shows like The Boondocks. Anime was also viewed on services of the era like Crunchyroll.

Newer adult animation grew rapidly throughout the decade with shows such as Rick and Morty, F Is for Family, BoJack Horseman, Superjail! (continuing from the 2000s), Bob's Burgers, among many others; while adult animation like Family Guy, Futurama, South Park, The Simpsons, Robot Chicken, and 2011's Beavis and Butt-Head have remained popular.

YouTube

The video streaming website YouTube became popular, especially among younger people, as memes shifted the meaning of entertainment. Memes like Nyan Cat, Dat Boi, "We Are Number One", Trollface, Pepe the Frog, bottle flipping, Condescending Wonka (Gene Wilder died in 2016), creepypastas and others emerged on YouTube; the use of YouTube and the internet also lead to new and popular vernacular like: poggers, bae, Netflix and chill, and "on fleek".

Initially (early in the decade) channels like Fred Figglehorn (FRED), The Annoying Orange, Ray William Johnson, CollegeHumor, Smosh, PewDiePie and the Angry Video Game Nerd attracted millions of views, channels and videos becoming viral on the site. The popularity of YouTubers even ended up spawning films based on popular YouTubers, including Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie (2014), Smosh: The Movie (2015), and the Fred Trilogy (2010–2012) starting with Fred: The Movie. These YouTubers became well known through comedic skits, video game reviews, and "Let's Play" videos, as Angry Video Game Nerd reviewed games like Sonic The Hedgehog for the Xbox 360, and Life of Black Tiger for the PlayStation 4, which AVGN reviewed in a video featuring Gilbert Gottfried, Smosh would upload skits like "FOOD BATTLE" and Pewdiepie would play games such as Five Nights at Freddy's.[544][545]

Other YouTubers that constantly received views within the millions or went viral during the decade included the likes of bill wurtz for his "history of japan" and "history of the entire world i guess" videos (and music like "and the day goes on"), Swoozie, Etika (and his fanbase the "JOYCONBOYZ"), REACT, WatchMojo, The Joe Rogan Experience, The Nostalgia Critic, Studio C, Babish Culinary Universe, Good Mythical Morning, Penguinz0, Vsauce, CGP Gray, Kurzgesagt, Matpat, MrBeast, Scott the Woz, TheOdd1sOut, Domics, and Jaiden Animations among many others. YouTube itself would even end up banning controversial content creators like ImJayStation and LeafyIsHere during the decade.

YouTube would make an annual video series called YouTube Rewind where it would be a recap of each year's YouTubers, viral videos, trends, events, music and memes starting from 2010 to 2019. The 2018 and 2019 installments was heavily criticized by YouTubers, critics, and viewers alike, receiving millions of dislikes. Rewind did not return for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and YouTube announced the following year that the series would be discontinued leading to other YouTubers to make their own YouTube Rewind videos.

Music

Adele (left) and Taylor Swift were two of the highest-selling musical artists of the decade, pictured here in 2016 and 2019 respectively.

Globalism and an increased demand for variety and personalisation in the face of music streaming services such as Spotify and Apple Music created many new subgenres. US digital music sales topped CD sales in 2012.[546] Dance, hip-hop, and pop music surged in the 2010s,[547] with hip-hop and R&B surpassing rock as the biggest US music genre in 2018.[548]

Genres

Electronic dance music (EDM) achieved mass commercial success in the middle of the decade but fell somewhat into decline by the end.[549][550] The mass global appeal of EDM music (and subgenres such as dubstep, electro house and trap) from the early-to-mid part of the decade spawned the rise in fame of DJs and digital music producers, such as Skrillex, Tiësto, Avicii, Steve Aoki, Deadmau5, Calvin Harris, Baauer and Diplo.

Country music also saw a resurgence throughout the 2010s in the United States, with artists like Luke Bryan, Jason Aldean, Blake Shelton, Carrie Underwood, Eric Church, Kacey Musgraves, Chris Stapleton and Florida Georgia Line topping the charts and garnering many music industry awards.

With the rise of the internet in the 2010s, independent music (or "indie music") gained a large international cult following, with successful indie bands being Foster the People, Dr. Dog, Tally Hall, Florence and The Machine, Beach House, alt-J, Of Monsters and Men, The National, Two Door Cinema Club, and M83; as well as successful indie solo artists being Tame Impala, Neil Cicierega, St. Vincent, Father John Misty, Ellie Goulding, Feist, Sufjan Stevens, Lana Del Rey, Justin Vernon and Lorde.

Artists

Music artists like Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Bruno Mars, Rihanna and Nicki Minaj (with their albums such as 1989, The Fame Monster, My World 2.0, Teenage Dream, Doo-Wops & Hooligans, Loud and Pink Friday respectively) increased the global commercial appeal of pop music in the 2010s, with each of them selling over 100 million records in the 2010s and becoming some of the best-selling musicians of all time.

Billboard named Drake the top artist of the decade in the US.[551][note 2] Other popular musical solo artists of the 2010s included Adele, Ed Sheeran, Beyoncé, Kanye West, Kendrick Lamar, J. Cole, The Weeknd, Frank Ocean, Ariana Grande, Miley Cyrus, Khalid, Sam Smith, Travis Scott, Cardi B, Future, Shawn Mendes, Post Malone, Kesha, Selena Gomez and Fetty Wap.[551]

Popular musical groups of the decade included One Direction, BTS, Imagine Dragons, Mumford & Sons, Arcade Fire, Twenty One Pilots, Migos, Swedish House Mafia, Bon Iver, Zac Brown Band, Maroon 5, Alabama Shakes, The Chainsmokers, OneRepublic, Vampire Weekend, The Lumineers, Lady A, Fun, 5 Seconds of Summer and Anthem Lights.

Successful duos included The Black Keys, Run the Jewels, Matt and Kim, Rae Sremmurd, Love and Theft, LMFAO, Garfunkel and Oates and Dan + Shay.

Several prominent musicians from past decades died in the 2010s, including Ronnie James Dio in 2010, Gil Scott-Heron and Amy Winehouse in 2011, Whitney Houston and Adam Yauch in 2012, Lou Reed in 2013, Joe Cocker in 2014, Ben E. King, B.B. King and Lemmy Kilmister in 2015, David Bowie, Glenn Frey, Phife Dawg, Merle Haggard, Prince, Pete Burns, Leonard Cohen and George Michael all in 2016, Chuck Berry, Chris Cornell, Prodigy and Tom Petty in 2017, Aretha Franklin in 2018, and Keith Flint in 2019. There were also several deaths of newer hip hop artists who had started or first became successful in the 2010s, including Capital Steez, Lil Peep, XXXTentacion, Mac Miller, Nipsey Hussle, Juice WRLD and others.

Video games

Video game companies and products

The video game industry continued to be dominated by Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft; Minecraft became the best-selling game of all time in 2019.[552]

Sony's PlayStation 4 and Microsoft's Xbox One were released in 2013,[553] and in the United States the PlayStation 4 became the highest-selling console of the decade, surpassing Nintendo, releasing games such as Marvel's Spider-Man, God of War, Uncharted 4, The Last of Us, and Bloodborne.[554] The Nintendo Switch launched in 2017 and was responsible for bringing Nintendo's success back, the success of the console initially spawned by the strong sales of both The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Super Mario Odyssey, as well as Wii U ports/sequels with Super Mario Maker (Wii U) and Super Mario Maker 2 (Nintendo Switch), Splatoon (Wii U) and Splatoon 2 (Nintendo Switch), and updated "Deluxe" versions of Mario Kart 8 and New Super Mario Bros. U, among many others. Micro-consoles also emerged during the decade, a notable example being the Ouya, a system which was a commercial and critical failure that received attention online.

Handheld gaming console revenue was overtaken by mobile gaming revenue in 2011, due to the rise of smartphones and freemium apps.[555] The use of iPods, tablets, and cell phones became one of the most popular forms of gaming as the decade progressed with the rise of mobile games, expanding the industry's appeal among less traditional markets such as women and older adults. Gaming apps such as Angry Birds, Cut the Rope, Plants vs. Zombies, Fruit Ninja, Candy Crush, Flappy Bird, Clash of Clans, Temple Run, Smash Hit, Doodle Jump, Geometry Dash, Subway Surfers, and Pokémon Go became huge hits.

The popularity of video games increased across the world, as the Nintendo Wii influenced gaming in the early part of the decade,[556] and the Nintendo 3DS provided 3D gaming through autostereoscopy.[557] The successful Wii was followed by the Wii U in 2012, a commercial failure.[556] Ports and sequels to Wii U games on the Nintendo Switch would sell considerably better than their Wii U counterparts, and even though well-received games like Super Mario 3D World and Nintendo Land released on Wii U, the console still ultimately failed due to poor marketing and public confusion.[558] The Nintendo Wii would be responsible for the most critically acclaimed game of the 2010s decade, Super Mario Galaxy 2 (which is also often considered one of the greatest video games of all time by game critics).

The Wii (and later to a lesser extent the Wii U) would singlehandedly cause the increased use of motion controls in gaming with its Wii line up of games such as Wii Play: Motion, Wii Fit U, Wii Sports Club, Wii Party and Wii Party U, all released in the 2010s. Motion controls would carry over to Nintendo Switch's Joy-Con in 2017, and would form the foundation of 2010's motion-based PlayStation Move and Xbox Kinect, counterparts and competitors to the Wii. In addition to Super Mario Galaxy 2, it is notable in mentioning that Nintendo Wii released a large group of critically acclaimed games in the early 2010s with popular titles such as Kirby's Epic Yarn, Donkey Kong Country Returns (both games later in the decade released on 3DS), The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword, and Sonic Colors; as well Portal 2 was a critical success on Xbox and PlayStation early in the decade.[559][560]

The 2010s marked the growth, release, and large expansion of the "Toys To Life" category. Brands such as Nintendo's Amiibo became massively popular, and allowed figurines to be bought which were scanned into games to level up, train your figurine, or receive goods for your figurine. The Amiibo skyrocketed in success due to the roster of figurines available for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, with many posting videos of them online going "amiibo hunting" mostly around late 2014 and 2015. Skylanders and Disney Infinity also remained popular at the time, as fads. The Nintendo Labo released in 2018, was also a part of the "Toys To Life" brand of video games, using cardboard to create objects such as a fishing pole, a crank, and a race-car wheel to be played with games.

Online and multiplayer games

By the early 2010s, online gaming had become a mainstay of console platforms such as Xbox and PlayStation. During the 2010s, as the number of Internet users increased, two new video game genres rapidly gained worldwide popularity – battle royales and multiplayer online battle arenas (MOBA). Both designed exclusively for multiplayer gameplay over on the Internet. First-person shooters genre were also popular genre before and during the decade. These genres are commonly played in Esports.

Professional gaming, also known as Esports, although was well known in the 2000s, it became tremendously big incurring a large increase in both viewership and prize money. By the late 2010s, it was estimated that the total audience of esports would grow to 454 million viewers, with revenue increasing to more than US$1 billion, with China accounting for 35% of the global esports revenue in 2020. The increasing availability of online streaming media platforms, particularly YouTube and Twitch, have become central to the growth and promotion of esports competitions.

Since the 2010s, a common trend among online games has been operating them as games as a service, using monetization schemes such as loot boxes and battle passes as purchasable items atop freely-offered games. Unlike purchased retail games, online games have the problem of not being permanently playable, as they require special servers in order to function.

Let's Plays

YouTube and Twitch became a platform for "Let's Players" to upload videos of themselves playing certain games, which led to the popularity of existing games and newer indie games like Cuphead, Undertale, Terraria, Octodad/Octodad: Dadliest Catch, Shovel Knight, Stardew Valley, and Five Nights at Freddy's (indie games like Cuphead were lauded for its rubber hose animation style, while Undertale's soundtrack like "Megalovania" came to light and Five Nights At Freddy's became well known for its lore).

"Let's Players" were even referenced in greater pop culture such as the 2014 episode Rehash on South Park, where Pewdiepie would be featured onto the show. Jimmy Kimmel would make a sketch parody on his YouTube channel where he would ridicule the "let's plays" culture which led to backlash from the gaming community.

Video games and movies

In the 2010s movies based on video game franchises became popular, grossing more and being talked about in the media and among fans more than ever before. Movies like Detective Pikachu starring Ryan Reynolds (which starred additional actors like Kathryn Newton as Lucy Stevens and Bill Nighy as Howard Clifford) broke box office records for movies based on game series at the time, while movies like Jim Carrey's debut in Sonic The Hedgehog created buzz in the media and on shows like Conan (where the film and its fans were satirized) in 2019 for the movie's depiction of a more realistic looking hedgehog character, which by demand of the fans, was changed into a more cartoon version of the titular character to much like and approval upon the November 2019 trailer and movie's release.[citation needed]

In early 2018 Nintendo and Illumination jointly announced (after the 2015 reveal of Nintendo's planned Universal theme parks) that they were working on a Super Mario Bros. movie. The announcement by Nintendo and Illumination was met with internet speculation; the new Illumination Super Mario film replaced the Sony-Nintendo Super Mario film that was leaked during the 2014 Sony Pictures hack.

Video game themed movies became popular as well, with films such as Ready Player One, Pixels, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, Wreck-It Ralph, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Jumanji: The Next Level.

The best-selling games of every year throughout this decade were as follows:

Literature

The best-selling book of the decade was Fifty Shades of Grey, having sold 15.2 million copies in the United States.[563]

The following is a list of the 10 best-selling books of the decade. Note that global data is unavailable and this is limited to the United States:[563]

The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series also became one of the best-selling book series of all time throughout the 2010s, with installments such as Cabin Fever and The Long Haul winning awards at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.

Sports

2011 IIHF World Championship gold medal celebrations in Finland
LeBron James, a sports icon of the decade, is the only NBA player to have won four championships with three separate franchises.

Popular athletes of the decade included Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, Megan Rapinoe, LeBron James, Kevin Durant, Stephen Curry, Tiger Woods, Tom Brady, Aaron Rodgers, Floyd Mayweather, Manny Pacquiao, Canelo Álvarez, Serena Williams, Novak Djokovic, Kyle Busch, Conor McGregor, Ronda Rousey, Mike Trout, Michael Phelps, Usain Bolt, Shaun White, Kelly Slater, Simone Biles, Sidney Crosby and many more.

At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, tennis players John Isner and Nicolas Mahut competed in the longest professional tennis match in history, requiring five sets and 183 games for Isner to ultimately defeat Mahut in a match which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes, and was played over the course of three days.

A doping scandal and investigation that was concluded in 2012 led to former professional road racing cyclist Lance Armstrong being stripped of all seven of his Tour de France titles.

On 14 October 2012, skydiver Felix Baumgartner completed a jump from the stratosphere and set world records for the highest skydive (39 km or 24 mi), fastest freefall speed (1,357.64 km/h or 843.6 mph, or Mach 1.25), and became the first person in history to break the sound barrier without vehicular power.

In 2015, after Thoroughbred racehorse American Pharoah won the American Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Classic, he became 12th Triple Crown winner in history and the first in more than 30 years, and in winning all four races, became the first horse ever to win the Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing.

In November 2016, the Chicago Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, over the then-Cleveland Indians. Their win, along with Game 7 and the entire 2016 Series, was heavily noted in the sports and baseball community. It is often considered one of the best World Series ever played, due to the underdog nature of both teams, how close the games were and especially the final game, and how it ultimately ended the over 100-year drought of the Cubs not winning a series.

In June 2017, rock climber Alex Honnold became the first person in history to free solo climb El Capitan in Yosemite National Park, an accomplishment that one commentator described as "one of the great athletic feats of any kind, ever."

In January 2018, the final play of an NFL playoffs game between the Minnesota Vikings and the New Orleans Saints, dubbed the "Minneapolis Miracle", became the first time in NFL playoffs history where a game ended in a touchdown as time expired, and prompted a change to the NFL's rules as they pertain to extra-point conversion attempts.

Analysis

As the decade drew to a close, some commentators looked back on it as a politically unstable period. An article in the New York Times stated: "With the rise of nationalist movements and a backlash against globalisation on both sides of the Atlantic, the liberal post-World War II order – based on economic integration and international institutions – began to unravel." It heavily discussed the US presidency of Donald Trump (a reality TV Star and businessman with no political experience at the time of taking office, succeeding Barack Obama) whilst also commenting, "Echoes of Mr. Trump's nationalist populism can be found in Prime Minister Boris Johnson of Britain's recent electoral victory and the Brexit referendum of 2016, and in the ascent of the far-right President Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil and Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India. Democracy is under threat in Hungary and Poland. Once fringe right-wing parties with openly racist agendas are rebranding themselves in Sweden and Belgium. And far-right groups in Germany and Spain are now the third-largest parties in those nations' parliaments."[564] A December 2019 piece in The Guardian argued that the 2010s would be remembered "as a time of crises", elaborating "there have been crises of democracy and the economy; of the climate and poverty; of international relations and national identity; of privacy and technology". The article also noted that, in Britain, "politics since 2010 has often been manic. Parties have hastily changed their leaders and policies; sometimes their entire guiding philosophies. Last week's general election was the fourth of the decade; the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s had two apiece."[565] Similar trends of political unrest were felt beyond the Western world, as suggested in The Asian Review, which described the 2010s as a "tumultuous time for Asia, sometimes tragic, sometimes triumphant and never dull".[566]

See also

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

Notes

  1. ^ Avatar (2009) later surpassed Avengers: Endgame as the highest-grossing film of all time following a 2021 re-release in China.[1]
  2. ^ a b Billboard awards are based on album and digital songs sales, radio airplay, streaming, touring and social engagement.[2]

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Lectura adicional

Enlaces externos