La década de 2010 (pronunciada "veinte-diez" o "dos mil [y] diez"), apodada de diversas formas " los '10 " [" los Diez "], " los Tenties " o, más raramente, " los Teens "), fue una década que comenzó el 1 de enero de 2010 y terminó el 31 de diciembre de 2019.
La década comenzó con una recuperación económica de la Gran Recesión . La inflación y las tasas de interés se mantuvieron bajas y estables durante toda la década, el producto mundial bruto creció de 2010 a 2019. La recuperación económica mundial se aceleró durante la segunda mitad de la década, impulsada por un fuerte crecimiento económico en muchos países, un gasto de consumo robusto , una mayor inversión en infraestructura y la aparición de nuevas tecnologías . Sin embargo, la recuperación se desarrolló de manera desigual. Las crisis socioeconómicas en algunos países, particularmente en el mundo árabe , desencadenaron revoluciones políticas en Túnez , Egipto y Bahréin , así como guerras civiles en Libia , Siria y Yemen en un fenómeno regional que comúnmente se denominó la Primavera Árabe . Mientras tanto, Europa tuvo que lidiar con una crisis de deuda que se pronunció a principios de la década. El cambio de actitudes sociales hizo que los derechos LGBT hicieran avances sustanciales a lo largo de la década, particularmente en los países desarrollados .
Durante el decenio, la población mundial aumentó de 6.900 millones a 7.700 millones de personas. Hubo aproximadamente 1.400 millones de nacimientos durante el decenio (140 millones por año) y alrededor de 560 millones de muertes (56 millones por año). [3]
Apodos
Esta década ha sido denominada de diversas maneras: "los años 10" ("The Tens"), ocasionalmente "The Teens", [ cita requerida ] y (especialmente en el Reino Unido) "the Tenties". [4] [5] [6]
La Primavera Árabe fue una serie de protestas antigubernamentales, levantamientos y rebeliones armadas que se extendieron por gran parte del mundo islámico a principios de la década de 2010. Comenzó como respuesta a los regímenes opresivos y a un bajo nivel de vida , empezando por las protestas en Túnez . [115] [116] En las noticias, las redes sociales han sido anunciadas como la fuerza impulsora detrás de la rápida propagación de la revolución en todo el mundo, a medida que aparecen nuevas protestas en respuesta a las historias de éxito compartidas de las que tienen lugar en otros países. En muchos países, los gobiernos también han reconocido la importancia de las redes sociales para la organización y han cerrado ciertos sitios o bloqueado el servicio de Internet por completo, especialmente en los momentos previos a una manifestación importante. [117] Los gobiernos también han examinado o suprimido la discusión en esos foros acusando a los creadores de contenido de delitos no relacionados o cerrando la comunicación en sitios o grupos específicos, como Facebook. [118]
El 8 de abril de 2010, Estados Unidos y Rusia firmaron un tratado en Praga ( República Checa ) en el que acordaron reducir a la mitad sus arsenales de armas nucleares. El tratado pretende sustituir al Tratado de Reducción de Armas Estratégicas Ofensivas (SORT), que estaba a punto de expirar. [129] El tratado entró en vigor el 5 de febrero de 2011, tras ser ratificado por ambas naciones. [130]
En 2015, Irán y otras potencias mundiales acordaron negociar el alivio de las sanciones a cambio de restricciones explícitas al polémico programa nuclear iraní, incluida la autorización de inspecciones de las instalaciones nucleares por parte del Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA). [131] El 16 de enero de 2016, el OIEA confirmó que Irán había cumplido con el acuerdo (el JCPOA ), lo que permitió a las Naciones Unidas levantar las sanciones de inmediato. [132] [133] Sin embargo, el 8 de mayo de 2018, el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, anunció que Estados Unidos se retiraba del acuerdo. [134]
El 7 de julio de 2017, las Naciones Unidas aprobaron el Tratado sobre la Prohibición de las Armas Nucleares , el primer acuerdo internacional jurídicamente vinculante para prohibir de forma integral las armas nucleares, con el objetivo de conducir hacia su eliminación total . [135] [136] Ha sido firmado por 58 naciones. [137]
A lo largo de la década, Corea del Norte amplió sus capacidades nucleares , realizando supuestas pruebas nucleares en 2013 [138] y 2016 [139] , a las que los gobiernos respondieron imponiendo sanciones internacionales al país. [140] [141] En respuesta, Corea del Norte ha amenazado a Estados Unidos, Corea del Sur y Japón con ataques nucleares preventivos. [142] Sin embargo, en 2018, Corea del Norte sugirió que podría desarmar su arsenal nuclear después de las negociaciones con Estados Unidos.
Los ataques terroristas más destacados cometidos contra poblaciones civiles durante el decenio incluyen, entre otros:
Tendencias políticas
Relaciones internacionales
Los BRICS , una cooperativa económica supranacional que comprende cinco grandes economías nacionales emergentes —Brasil, Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica— creció hasta representar a más de 3.100 millones de personas, o alrededor del 41 por ciento de la población mundial en 2015.
A principios de la década de 2010, China fue considerada cada vez más una superpotencia , incluso en la reunión de 2011 entre el presidente Hu Jintao y el presidente de los Estados Unidos, Barack Obama . A fines de la década, China superó a los Estados Unidos como la nación comercial más grande del mundo y el país que presentó la mayor cantidad de patentes , expandió drásticamente su ejército y aterrizó su explorador lunar Yutu en la Luna, poniendo fin a una pausa de cuatro décadas de exploración lunar. En 2018, el gasto militar mundial alcanzó su nivel más alto desde 1988, los niveles de fines de la Guerra Fría , impulsado en gran medida por el aumento del gasto de defensa de los Estados Unidos (un aumento del 4,6% a $ 649 mil millones) y China (un aumento del 5% a $ 250 mil millones). Juntos, sus presupuestos representaron la mitad del gasto militar total del mundo. [189] En 2019, el Índice de Poder de Asia del Lowy Institute , que mide las proyecciones de poder en ocho índices en el Indo-Pacífico, clasificó a Estados Unidos en el puesto número 1 con una puntuación de 84,5 y a China en el puesto número 2 con una puntuación de 75,9. [190]
La polarización sociopolítica aumentó a medida que los conservadores y los liberales sociales se enfrentaron por el papel y el tamaño del gobierno y otras cuestiones sociales, económicas y ambientales en Occidente . En los Estados Unidos , las encuestas mostraron un electorado dividido con respecto a la reforma de la atención médica, la inmigración, los derechos de armas, los impuestos, la creación de empleo y la reducción de la deuda. [191] En Europa , se desarrollaron movimientos que protestaban por el aumento del número de refugiados y migrantes de los países islámicos , como la Liga de Defensa Inglesa y Pegida . [192] [193]
La tendencia de polarización en Occidente estuvo parcialmente influenciada por la prevalencia de la política de identidad , tanto de izquierda como de derecha , entre los movimientos activistas . [194] A partir de 2011, los conceptos de extrema izquierda y progresistas como la lucha contra la desigualdad social y la desigualdad económica , a menudo a través de tácticas de acumulación progresiva , proliferaron en el mundo occidental y en otros lugares. [195] [196] [197] A mediados de la década, fenómenos como el nacionalismo blanco , el identitarismo y los sentimientos envalentonados de nativismo vieron un marcado resurgimiento en Occidente debido al drástico aumento de la migración y la delincuencia correspondiente y, tanto en la derecha como en la izquierda, la insatisfacción general con las respuestas del gobierno occidental y los medios de comunicación a ciertas cuestiones. [198] También hubo un aumento de los llamados al igualitarismo , incluso entre los sexos, [199] y algunos académicos afirman que una cuarta ola de feminismo comenzó alrededor de 2012, con un enfoque principal en la interseccionalidad . [200] [201]
El populismo en política experimentó un aumento generalizado a lo largo de la década, con muchos políticos y varios movimientos políticos expresando sentimientos populistas y utilizando retórica populista. [202] [203] Esto incluyó el fenómeno de la ola conservadora en América Latina y el fervor neonacionalista en Europa y América del Norte. Las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo de 2019 vieron la participación electoral más alta en dos décadas y vieron a partidos de centroderecha y centroizquierda relativamente moderados sufrir pérdidas significativas ante partidos de extrema derecha menos moderados, ambientalistas y tanto pro-UE como euroescépticos , que obtuvieron ganancias. [204] Los ejemplos de movimientos populistas de la década de 2010 incluyeron el movimiento Tea Party , [205] Occupy Wall Street , [206] Brexit , [207] Black Lives Matter , [208] y la alt-right . [209] [210] Los ejemplos de líderes populistas en países fueron igualmente extensos, con Donald Trump , [211] Narendra Modi , [212] Andrés Manuel López Obrador , [213] Hugo Chávez , [214] Matteo Salvini , [215] Jair Bolsonaro , [216] Rodrigo Duterte , [217] y Boris Johnson , de izquierda y derecha, descritos como tales.
El ascenso del populismo y los movimientos de protesta se relacionó con el declive de los partidos políticos tradicionales. En Europa, la pasokificación describió la pérdida de votos que experimentaron los partidos tradicionales de centroizquierda o socialdemócratas . En Francia, en particular, el partido La République En Marche! de Emmanuel Macron obtuvo la mayoría en sus primeras elecciones en 2017.
Durante más de 15 meses no estuvo claro qué sucedió exactamente con el vuelo 370 de Malaysia Airlines hasta que a finales de julio de 2015 algunos restos del avión llegaron a las costas de la isla de Reunión.
General
Incendios
Marina
Contaminación
Desastres naturales
Terremotos y tsunamis
Ciclones tropicales
Tornados
Inundaciones, avalanchas y deslizamientos de tierra
Erupciones volcánicas
Sequías, olas de calor e incendios forestales
Ciencias económicas
El aumento de la deuda de Grecia y la eurozona en los primeros años de la décadaÍndice ponderado de precios de propiedades residenciales en las capitales, elaborado por la Oficina Australiana de Estadísticas, desde 2003Un hombre y un robot repartidor esperan en un paso de peatones en Redwood City, California , Estados Unidos . El comercio electrónico impulsó los avances en la entrega con drones y transformó partes de los sectores de servicios y venta minoristaEn 2014, el One World Trade Center abrió sus puertas en el Distrito Financiero de Manhattan, reemplazando a las Torres Gemelas originales del World Trade Center que fueron destruidas en 2001. En el décimo aniversario del 11 de septiembre de 2011 (el mismo año en que Osama bin Laden fue asesinado), se inauguró el Memorial del 11 de septiembre .
La economía mundial durante la década de 2010 fue en general fuerte. Vio un crecimiento constante, bajo desempleo y una creciente confianza del consumidor recuperándose de la gran recesión . La década terminó con un final fuerte, con 2019 viendo máximos históricos en muchas áreas. Una crisis de deuda soberana en Europa comenzó a principios de 2010, y el gobierno griego admitió que estaba teniendo dificultades para pagar su gran deuda soberana . En el verano y el otoño de 2011, los rendimientos de los bonos de Italia y España se dispararon por encima del 6 por ciento. [477] Para 2015, las tasas de los bonos habían regresado a rangos normales en toda Europa, excepto para Grecia, que aceptó otro paquete de rescate aún más estricto. El tamaño del Fondo Europeo de Estabilidad Financiera se incrementó de € 440 mil millones a € 2 billones. [478] A pesar de la crisis de deuda de la eurozona, el Promedio Industrial Dow Jones estadounidense tuvo su racha más larga de ganancias desde el auge tecnológico de fines de la década de 1990. [479] Sin embargo, las cuestiones económicas, incluida la inflación y el aumento de los precios de los productos básicos , provocaron disturbios en muchos países de bajos ingresos. En algunos países, en particular los del mundo árabe , la agitación política se transformó en crisis socioeconómicas , lo que dio lugar a la Primavera Árabe , que derivó en inestabilidad política y guerras civiles.
Como resultado de la recesión global, muchos bancos centrales instituyeron una política de tasa de interés cero , o cercana a ella. [480] Otra forma de estímulo monetario fue la flexibilización cuantitativa . La inundación de liquidez del mercado resultante causó un aumento en los precios de los activos . [481] Como resultado, por ejemplo, los precios de las acciones de los Estados Unidos alcanzaron máximos históricos. [482] Otra consecuencia ha sido el aumento de los precios de la vivienda en muchas de las principales ciudades del mundo . [483] Algunas de las ciudades que registraron los aumentos más dramáticos incluyeron Sydney , San Francisco , Vancouver y Auckland . [484]
La producción mundial de petróleo en 2014 alcanzó un pico histórico, alcanzando los 93 millones de barriles/día. [492] En 2018, en parte debido a un auge del esquisto , Estados Unidos superó a Rusia y Arabia Saudita para convertirse en el mayor productor de petróleo crudo del mundo, la primera vez desde 1973. [493] Alrededor del año 2017 es un período visto por algunos economistas como el nuevo pico de una " economía de Ricitos de Oro ". [494] Las Perspectivas de la economía mundial de abril de 2019 del Fondo Monetario Internacional afirmaron: "Después de alcanzar un máximo cercano al 4 por ciento en 2017, el crecimiento [económico] mundial se mantuvo fuerte, con un 3,8 por ciento en la primera mitad de 2018, pero cayó al 3,2 por ciento en la segunda mitad del año". [495]
En 2018, el presidente de Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, anunció que impondría nuevos aranceles a algunos productos chinos, lo que dio inicio a la « guerra comercial entre Estados Unidos y China », un conflicto económico que involucra a las dos economías más grandes del mundo. Trump dijo que el motivo de la guerra comercial es castigar a China por prácticas comerciales «injustas», como la apropiación de puestos de trabajo y el robo de propiedad intelectual estadounidense . China respondió con sus propios aranceles y se inició un ciclo que intensificó el conflicto hasta la situación actual. Como parte de su política de « Estados Unidos primero », Trump también anunció que se impondrían nuevos aranceles a países de todo el mundo para varios productos, como el acero y el aluminio, lo que ha provocado algunas represalias económicas.
En la misma línea que las criptomonedas, la tendencia hacia una sociedad sin dinero en efectivo continuó a medida que las transacciones sin efectivo y las monedas digitales experimentaron un aumento en la preferencia en la década de 2010. Para 2016, solo alrededor del 2 por ciento del valor transaccionado en Suecia fue en efectivo, y solo alrededor del 20 por ciento de las transacciones minoristas fueron en efectivo. Menos de la mitad de las sucursales bancarias en el país realizaron transacciones en efectivo. [499] Un informe publicado en 2019 sugirió que el porcentaje de pagos realizados en efectivo en el Reino Unido había caído al 34% desde el 63% de 2009. [500] El Estudio de la Encuesta de Consumidores Usuarios de Estados Unidos de 2016 afirmó que el 75 por ciento de los encuestados prefería una tarjeta de crédito o débito como método de pago, mientras que solo el 11 por ciento de los encuestados prefería el efectivo. [501]
Ciencia y tecnología
Dos de las muertes más destacadas de la comunidad científica durante la década fueron las de Neil Armstrong en 2012 y Stephen Hawking en 2018.
En 2016, la cantidad de personas en todo el mundo que utilizan dispositivos móviles para acceder a Internet superó a las que utilizan computadoras de escritorio por primera vez, después de haber sido precedida por los EE. UU. dos años antes, en 2014. [513] [514] [515] [516] [517] Las impresoras 3D también surgieron en la década de 2010 y fueron referenciadas o utilizadas en la cultura pop durante la década.
En 2018, durante el vuelo de prueba del Falcon Heavy , se lanzó al espacio el primer automóvil de producción. El vehículo estaba acoplado al cohete Falcon Heavy, el cohete más potente en funcionamiento en ese momento.
En la década de 2010, se lanzaron versiones más pequeñas y anteriores del iPhone, ya que los teléfonos inteligentes más nuevos comenzaron a reemplazar a los teléfonos plegables. Los teléfonos de la década de 2010 se caracterizaron principalmente por el uso de tecnologías 3G y 4G .
Muchos de los primeros iPhones se lanzarían con auriculares con cable incluidos.
Los DVD siguieron utilizándose durante toda la década de 2010, a medida que aparecieron nuevos locales de alquiler de DVD como Redbox .
Los cartuchos de Nintendo DS y 3DS se usarían para jugar videojuegos portátiles a principios de la década, antes del lanzamiento posterior del sistema híbrido Nintendo Switch en 2017.
El SIDA , una pandemia responsable de la muerte de más de 30 millones de personas desde su descubrimiento a principios de la década de 1980, especialmente en el África subsahariana, se convirtió en una enfermedad tratable, aunque a finales de la década solo se habían curado dos casos . [532] Con un buen tratamiento, los pacientes generalmente pueden esperar vidas y expectativas de vida normales. Sin embargo, en 2011 [update]solo unos 5 millones de los 12 millones de personas afectadas tenían acceso a dicho tratamiento. [533]
Durante la década de 2010, los cambios sociales incluyeron aumentos en la expectativa de vida y caídas en las tasas de natalidad, lo que llevó a que una mayor proporción de la población fuera anciana. Esto ejerció presión sobre las pensiones y otros programas de seguridad social en las naciones desarrolladas. El medio ambiente se convirtió en un tema de mayor preocupación pública en todo el mundo. [534] Muchas partes del mundo avanzaron hacia una mayor aceptación de las personas LGBT, a menudo incluyendo la legalización del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. Internet asumió un papel cada vez más importante en el entretenimiento, la comunicación, la política y el comercio, especialmente para las personas más jóvenes y aquellas que vivían en países más ricos. En 2011, la población mundial alcanzó los siete mil millones de personas. [535]
Cultura popular
Silly Bandz , una pieza de cultura pop y moda de principios de la década de 2010. Los niños de la escuela solían intercambiarlos y usarlos.
The Big Bang Theory , que fue popular en la década de 2010, se convirtió en la comedia de situación más importante durante su emisión en CBS . El programa contó con la participación de numerosas figuras de la cultura pop de la ciencia y la tecnología, incluidos Bill Gates , Buzz Aldrin y Elon Musk .
Un niño pequeño haciendo girar un fidget spinner , uno de los juguetes más populares de la década de la primavera y el verano de 2017, uniéndose a los juguetes novedosos de la década de 2010 como el fidget cube .
La Nintendo 3DS , un dispositivo de juegos 3D portátil que contenía 3D sin gafas y fue lanzado durante el auge de la moda 3D en la década de 2010. Su título estrella fue Super Mario 3D Land .
Los teléfonos inteligentes y las tabletas comenzaron a reemplazar a los teléfonos plegables y se convirtieron en algo común. Se podían usar para jugar, hacer llamadas telefónicas, descargar música y consultar Internet. El iPad fue presentado por primera vez en 2010 por Steve Jobs , quien luego murió en 2011.
La Wii (Wii Mini, en la foto, de alrededor de 2013) fue una consola de juegos popular en la década de 2010 que influyó en Microsoft Kinect y PlayStation Move. Uno de los juegos más aclamados por la crítica de la década, Super Mario Galaxy 2 , se lanzó para Wii.
Un patinete autoequilibrado . Estos dispositivos (también llamados hoverboards en ese momento) atrajeron mucha atención y curiosidad alrededor de 2015 en Internet al aparecer en programas como Jimmy Fallon y Conan .
Los sombreros fedora fueron populares a principios de la década de 2010; aquí los usó Bruno Mars en 2011, cantante de " Uptown Funk " (la canción número 1 de la década de 2010 según el Billboard Hot 100).
A public stop or "Pokéstop" for the game Pokémon Go. The game made use of AR, or augmented reality, and became huge in the summer of 2016.
Two men using cell phones placed inside VR headsets in 2018. The same year Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One released, which featured Vive Virtual Reality headsets and helped advance motion capture.
A cosplayer dressed as the character Ramona Flowers from the 2010 movie Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, which helped popularize the e-girl aesthetic seen in the late 2010s.
In the late 2010s, vaping became popular. Fruit-flavored vape cartridges could be purchased as well, and became highly controversial.
Vaporwave was a 2010s music genre that attracted attention. Lofi hip hop was also new and grew a following. Floral Shoppe and Lofi Girl helped define these genres of the 2010s.
A group of teens dabbing, a popular fad and gesture of the youth around 2015–2016. Dabbing was the most prominent dance trend of the 2010s, which joined such dances as Flossing and the Harlem Shake.
A group of emojis. The 2010s saw the first usage of modern emoticons or "emojis" which were often on the operating systems of phones and computers.
The EDM scene obtained commercial success as seen with songs like "Party Rock Anthem" by LMFAO. The early 2010s had a unique party culture that was inspired by EDM.
In the 2010s indie artists gained much wider traction online. A few popular indie artists of the decade included talents such as Mitski (pictured), Gotye, Mac DeMarco, Tame Impala, and Foster the People.
Fashion of the 2010s became slimmer-fit and slightly more formal compared to previous decades. In addition, people's handheld devices such as cellphones (and their colorful cases), selfie sticks (for a brief period during the middle of the decade), tech-like Beats headphones, smart watches, wired and by the end of the decade wirelessear buds, as well as handheld gaming systems became more prevalent personal items.
The decade was also defined by new hipster fashion (hipster styles were marked by the wearing of knit beanies, checkered shirts, and clothes from thrift stores; as well as hobbies like horticulture, photography, and specialty coffee) athleisure, and a revival of austerity-era and other nostalgic alternative fashion trends (such as 1980s-style neon streetwear in the first part of the decade, and unisex 1990s-style elements influenced by grunge).
In 2018, a subculture of "e-kids" came into existence, whom took their style from Japanese street fashion, cosplay, skater aesthetic, and other pieces of pop culture. In contrast to the colorful subculture of "e-kids" later in the decade, the early 2010s saw the Emo revival.
Political fashion became a genre of fashion starting around 2016, as people wore hats like MAGA hats (popularized by political outsider, prior TV-star and businessman President Donald Trump), as well as the Pussyhat. These two pieces of fashion wear would be popularized in the 2010s in popular culture on television and further, but would become controversial in their own right.
The decade sparked many smaller fashion movements, notable examples including Cottagecore and Normcore (a notable icon of Normcore in the 2010s was Steve Jobs, whom represented the decade's casual clothing). Fad toys and accessories like the Fidget spinner, Silly Bandz, and Shutter shades each had waves of popularity among youth throughout the decade. Funko Pops were a collectible fad during the 2010s.
Internet
Internet users grew from covering 29% to 54% of the world population.[536]
Over the course of the 2010s, Baidu, Twitter and Instagram emerged to become among the top 10 most visited websites (becoming the 4th, 6th and 8th most popular websites by the end of the decade), while Wikipedia went the 9th to 5th most popular website, almost sextupling its monthly visits (from 1 to 5.7 billion). Meanwhile, Yahoo significantly declined in popularity, descending from being the 1st to 9th most popular site, with monthly visits declining by two-thirds (going from 11.6 to 3.9 billion). Google, Facebook, YouTube and Yandex maintained relatively consistent popularity and remained within the top 10 throughout the decade.[537]
Marvel's main competitor, DC Extended Universe also began to produce superhero films starting in 2013, with films such as Justice League releasing in 2017.
The science fictionUniversal franchise Jurassic Park also saw a resurgence and popularity with the release of Jurassic World and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Both of these films each garnered over $1 billion in revenue with the first film became the 3rd highest-grossing film of all time and the second film became the 12th highest-grossing film of all time. Critical reception of the first movie was positive while the second movie had mixed reviews from critics and negative reviews from fans.
The critically acclaimed movies of the 2010s mentioned above set new precedents. Movies like Boyhood (2014) were filmed over the span of a decade in real time to show the growth and childhood of a young boy, and Uncut Gems (2019) brought Adam Sandler back to a wide screen release and was critically acclaimed, while teenage movies like The Edge of Seventeen (2016), Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015), The Fault in Our Stars (2014), and The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2012) gained large popularity. Her (2013) became Spike Jonze's highest grossing and most critically acclaimed movie, noted for its filming locations and art direction, Parasite (2019) became the first foreign film to win best picture, and movies like Ready Player One (2018) helped advance motion capture technologies (winning two Outstanding Achievement Awards from the Visuals Effects Society and a Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film), in addition to becoming one of Spielberg's highest-grossing films.
Television
The 2010s decade is often said to be a part of the Golden Age of Television, due to the widespread quality of multiple shows, as well as advancements in technology leading to streaming, cable television, and online outlets bringing this quality and quantity of programming. Cable providers saw a decline in subscriber numbers as cord-cutting viewers switched to lower-cost online streaming services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hulu.[540] On cable television, as well as streaming services, a variety of shows gained popularity.
Live-action TV
The comedy sitcom The Big Bang Theory ran for the entirety of the decade, and was the number-one television sitcom for all of its airing prior to its finale in 2019. Other sitcoms like Curb Your Enthusiasm, Will & Grace, The Office, Scrubs: Med School, and Netflix's Trailer Park Boys and its Out Of The Park: USA and Out Of The Park: Europe specials were popular in the 2010s. How I Met Your Mother (narrated by Bob Saget) gained controversy for its 2014 finale, "Last Forever", which sparked an alternate finale to be created for the show, a television-first. Cult shows like the dark comedy sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia carried its popularity from the 2000s and lasted through the entirety of the 2010s. CBS's Two Broke Girls began its run in 2011 (ending in 2017), its pilot being the highest watched on the network in a decade. In 2011, Charlie Sheen was fired from Two and a Half Men, who made his last appearance in the show in Season 8 during February 2011. Sheen's 2011 outbursts and firing from the show were highly publicized.[541] Indian sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah became the world's longest-running sitcom, with over 2,500 episodes,[542][543]
Science fiction television gained a renewed sense of interest, thanks in part to Black Mirror was popularized on Netflix after being broadcast on British television.
A new era of family television and tween television existed in the 2010s, sitcoms of which were mainly spearheaded by Disney and Nickelodeon, but also appeared on cable channels such as ABC (The Middle on ABC for example) and on streaming services like Netflix. Shows such as Nickelodeon's iCarly and Victorious, and Disney's Girl Meets World were notable examples of popular shows among tween and youth throughout the 2010s. The short-lived 2018 revival of Roseanne (a family sitcom on ABC) gained attention for the firing of its main star Roseanne Barr and her outbursts.
Reality television
Reality television grew an increased following during the decade. Kitchen Nightmares, Hell's Kitchen (UK), and Hotel Hell gained popularity on cable television, as well as getting millions of views on YouTube, making Gordon Ramsay a prominent celebrity chef. America's Got Talent drew in viewers when radio personality Howard Stern announced his joining of the show in late 2011, staying as host until 2015. Meanwhile, popular reality programming on ABC included What Would You Do?, Shark Tank and The Bachelor. Corinne Olympios also gained recognition on the 2017 season of The Bachelor for her behavior on set. American Idol remained popular into the beginning of the decade, as did The Voice. Impractical Jokers flourished throughout the 2010s, gaining exposure on YouTube and elsewhere. TMZ became a popular television show and news source in the 2010s on cable television and YouTube respectively. A genre of pawn shows emerged like Pawn Stars and Hardcore Pawn.
The Apprentice was a reality television show that starred media personality and businessman Donald Trump as host until 2015, at which time he resigned as host. Trump would use the success he gained on The Apprentice to run for President of the United States; which he was elected to in 2016. Additionally, programs such as The Celebrity Apprentice, Comedy Central's The Roast Of Donald Trump, and Donald Trump's November 2015 hosting of Saturday Night Live, would send the reality TV star and businessman into the spotlight to help win the U.S. presidency. Governor in the early 2010s and movie star Arnold Schwarzenegger took Trump's place on The Celebrity Apprentice.
Initially (early in the decade) channels like Fred Figglehorn (FRED), The Annoying Orange, Ray William Johnson, CollegeHumor, Smosh, PewDiePie and the Angry Video Game Nerd attracted millions of views, channels and videos becoming viral on the site. The popularity of YouTubers even ended up spawning films based on popular YouTubers, including Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie (2014), Smosh: The Movie (2015), and the Fred Trilogy (2010–2012) starting with Fred: The Movie. These YouTubers became well known through comedic skits, video game reviews, and "Let's Play" videos, as Angry Video Game Nerd reviewed games like Sonic The Hedgehog for the Xbox 360, and Life of Black Tiger for the PlayStation 4, which AVGN reviewed in a video featuring Gilbert Gottfried, Smosh would upload skits like "FOOD BATTLE" and Pewdiepie would play games such as Five Nights at Freddy's.[544][545]
YouTube would make an annual video series called YouTube Rewind where it would be a recap of each year's YouTubers, viral videos, trends, events, music and memes starting from 2010 to 2019. The 2018 and 2019 installments was heavily criticized by YouTubers, critics, and viewers alike, receiving millions of dislikes. Rewind did not return for 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and YouTube announced the following year that the series would be discontinued leading to other YouTubers to make their own YouTube Rewind videos.
Music
Adele (left) and Taylor Swift were two of the highest-selling musical artists of the decade, pictured here in 2016 and 2019 respectively.
Globalism and an increased demand for variety and personalisation in the face of music streaming services such as Spotify and Apple Music created many new subgenres. US digital music sales topped CD sales in 2012.[546]Dance, hip-hop, and pop music surged in the 2010s,[547] with hip-hop and R&B surpassing rock as the biggest US music genre in 2018.[548]
Genres
Electronic dance music (EDM) achieved mass commercial success in the middle of the decade but fell somewhat into decline by the end.[549][550] The mass global appeal of EDM music (and subgenres such as dubstep, electro house and trap) from the early-to-mid part of the decade spawned the rise in fame of DJs and digital music producers, such as Skrillex, Tiësto, Avicii, Steve Aoki, Deadmau5, Calvin Harris, Baauer and Diplo.
The popularity of video games increased across the world, as the Nintendo Wii influenced gaming in the early part of the decade,[556] and the Nintendo 3DS provided 3D gaming through autostereoscopy.[557] The successful Wii was followed by the Wii U in 2012, a commercial failure.[556] Ports and sequels to Wii U games on the Nintendo Switch would sell considerably better than their Wii U counterparts, and even though well-received games like Super Mario 3D World and Nintendo Land released on Wii U, the console still ultimately failed due to poor marketing and public confusion.[558] The Nintendo Wii would be responsible for the most critically acclaimed game of the 2010s decade, Super Mario Galaxy 2 (which is also often considered one of the greatest video games of all time by game critics).
The Wii (and later to a lesser extent the Wii U) would singlehandedly cause the increased use of motion controls in gaming with its Wii line up of games such as Wii Play: Motion, Wii Fit U, Wii Sports Club, Wii Party and Wii Party U, all released in the 2010s. Motion controls would carry over to Nintendo Switch's Joy-Con in 2017, and would form the foundation of 2010's motion-based PlayStation Move and Xbox Kinect, counterparts and competitors to the Wii. In addition to Super Mario Galaxy 2, it is notable in mentioning that Nintendo Wii released a large group of critically acclaimed games in the early 2010s with popular titles such as Kirby's Epic Yarn, Donkey Kong Country Returns (both games later in the decade released on 3DS), The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword, and Sonic Colors; as well Portal 2 was a critical success on Xbox and PlayStation early in the decade.[559][560]
The 2010s marked the growth, release, and large expansion of the "Toys To Life" category. Brands such as Nintendo's Amiibo became massively popular, and allowed figurines to be bought which were scanned into games to level up, train your figurine, or receive goods for your figurine. The Amiibo skyrocketed in success due to the roster of figurines available for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, with many posting videos of them online going "amiibo hunting" mostly around late 2014 and 2015. Skylanders and Disney Infinity also remained popular at the time, as fads. The Nintendo Labo released in 2018, was also a part of the "Toys To Life" brand of video games, using cardboard to create objects such as a fishing pole, a crank, and a race-car wheel to be played with games.
Online and multiplayer games
By the early 2010s, online gaming had become a mainstay of console platforms such as Xbox and PlayStation. During the 2010s, as the number of Internet users increased, two new video game genres rapidly gained worldwide popularity – battle royales and multiplayer online battle arenas (MOBA). Both designed exclusively for multiplayer gameplay over on the Internet. First-person shooters genre were also popular genre before and during the decade. These genres are commonly played in Esports.
Professional gaming, also known as Esports, although was well known in the 2000s, it became tremendously big incurring a large increase in both viewership and prize money. By the late 2010s, it was estimated that the total audience of esports would grow to 454 million viewers, with revenue increasing to more than US$1 billion, with China accounting for 35% of the global esports revenue in 2020. The increasing availability of online streaming media platforms, particularly YouTube and Twitch, have become central to the growth and promotion of esports competitions.
Since the 2010s, a common trend among online games has been operating them as games as a service, using monetization schemes such as loot boxes and battle passes as purchasable items atop freely-offered games. Unlike purchased retail games, online games have the problem of not being permanently playable, as they require special servers in order to function.
"Let's Players" were even referenced in greater pop culture such as the 2014 episode Rehash on South Park, where Pewdiepie would be featured onto the show. Jimmy Kimmel would make a sketch parody on his YouTube channel where he would ridicule the "let's plays" culture which led to backlash from the gaming community.
Video games and movies
In the 2010s movies based on video game franchises became popular, grossing more and being talked about in the media and among fans more than ever before. Movies like Detective Pikachu starringRyan Reynolds (which starred additional actors like Kathryn Newton as Lucy Stevens and Bill Nighy as Howard Clifford) broke box office records for movies based on game series at the time, while movies like Jim Carrey's debut in Sonic The Hedgehog created buzz in the media and on shows like Conan (where the film and its fans were satirized) in 2019 for the movie's depiction of a more realistic looking hedgehog character, which by demand of the fans, was changed into a more cartoon version of the titular character to much like and approval upon the November 2019 trailer and movie's release.[citation needed]
In early 2018 Nintendo and Illumination jointly announced (after the 2015 reveal of Nintendo's planned Universal theme parks) that they were working on a Super Mario Bros. movie. The announcement by Nintendo and Illumination was met with internet speculation; the new Illumination Super Mario film replaced the Sony-Nintendo Super Mario film that was leaked during the 2014 Sony Pictures hack.
The best-selling book of the decade was Fifty Shades of Grey, having sold 15.2 million copies in the United States.[563]
The following is a list of the 10 best-selling books of the decade. Note that global data is unavailable and this is limited to the United States:[563]
2011 IIHF World Championship gold medal celebrations in FinlandLeBron James, a sports icon of the decade, is the only NBA player to have won four championships with three separate franchises.
On 14 October 2012, skydiver Felix Baumgartner completed a jump from the stratosphere and set world records for the highest skydive (39 km or 24 mi), fastest freefall speed (1,357.64 km/h or 843.6 mph, or Mach 1.25), and became the first person in history to break the sound barrier without vehicular power.
In November 2016, the Chicago Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908, over the then-Cleveland Indians. Their win, along with Game 7 and the entire 2016 Series, was heavily noted in the sports and baseball community. It is often considered one of the best World Series ever played, due to the underdog nature of both teams, how close the games were and especially the final game, and how it ultimately ended the over 100-year drought of the Cubs not winning a series.
In June 2017, rock climber Alex Honnold became the first person in history to free solo climb El Capitan in Yosemite National Park, an accomplishment that one commentator described as "one of the great athletic feats of any kind, ever."
As the decade drew to a close, some commentators looked back on it as a politically unstable period. An article in the New York Times stated: "With the rise of nationalist movements and a backlash against globalisation on both sides of the Atlantic, the liberal post-World War II order – based on economic integration and international institutions – began to unravel." It heavily discussed the US presidency of Donald Trump (a reality TV Star and businessman with no political experience at the time of taking office, succeeding Barack Obama) whilst also commenting, "Echoes of Mr. Trump's nationalist populism can be found in Prime Minister Boris Johnson of Britain's recent electoral victory and the Brexit referendum of 2016, and in the ascent of the far-right President Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil and Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India. Democracy is under threat in Hungary and Poland. Once fringe right-wing parties with openly racist agendas are rebranding themselves in Sweden and Belgium. And far-right groups in Germany and Spain are now the third-largest parties in those nations' parliaments."[564] A December 2019 piece in The Guardian argued that the 2010s would be remembered "as a time of crises", elaborating "there have been crises of democracy and the economy; of the climate and poverty; of international relations and national identity; of privacy and technology". The article also noted that, in Britain, "politics since 2010 has often been manic. Parties have hastily changed their leaders and policies; sometimes their entire guiding philosophies. Last week's general election was the fourth of the decade; the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s had two apiece."[565] Similar trends of political unrest were felt beyond the Western world, as suggested in The Asian Review, which described the 2010s as a "tumultuous time for Asia, sometimes tragic, sometimes triumphant and never dull".[566]
Millennials (when the majority of that generation had reached maturity).
Generation Z (when older members of that generation had entered adulthood).
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Notes
^Avatar (2009) later surpassed Avengers: Endgame as the highest-grossing film of all time following a 2021 re-release in China.[1]
^ a bBillboard awards are based on album and digital songs sales, radio airplay, streaming, touring and social engagement.[2]
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Lectura adicional
Strong, Jason. La década de 2010: una mirada retrospectiva a una década dramática (2019)
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