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Lista de casos de dopaje en el ciclismo

La siguiente es una lista incompleta de casos de dopaje y acusaciones recurrentes de dopaje en el ciclismo profesional , donde dopaje significa "uso de sustancias fisiológicas o métodos anormales para obtener un aumento artificial del rendimiento". [1] No es una lista de vergüenza ni una lista de ilegalidades, ya que las primeras leyes no se aprobaron hasta 1965 y su implementación es un proceso en desarrollo continuo. Por lo tanto, la lista contiene incidentes de dopaje, aquellos que han dado positivo por drogas ilegales para mejorar el rendimiento , drogas recreativas prohibidas o han sido suspendidos por un organismo rector del deporte por no someterse a pruebas de drogas obligatorias . También contiene y aclara casos en los que las pruebas y explicaciones posteriores han demostrado que las partes no practican prácticas ilegales.

En 1963, el Consejo de Europa dio la siguiente definición de dopaje :

“El dopaje es la administración a un sujeto normal, en cualquier forma posible, de un agente extraño o de cantidades anormales de sustancias fisiológicas con el único fin de aumentar artificialmente y de manera desleal el rendimiento del sujeto que participa en una competición.” [2]

El Comité Olímpico Internacional modificó ligeramente esto y adoptó esta definición:

"La administración o el uso por parte de un deportista en competición de cualquier sustancia extraña al organismo o de cualquier sustancia fisiológica ingerida en cantidad anormal o por una vía de entrada anormal en el organismo con la única intención de aumentar de manera artificial e injusta su rendimiento en competición. Cuando la necesidad exija un tratamiento médico con cualquier sustancia que, por su naturaleza, dosis o aplicación, sea capaz de aumentar el rendimiento del deportista en competición de manera artificial e injusta, esto también se considerará dopaje." [3]

Década de 1880

1886

En 1886, un ciclista galés murió tras beber una mezcla de cocaína , cafeína y estricnina , supuestamente en la carrera Burdeos-París . Este hecho se incluyó en el estudio del Comité Olímpico Internacional de 1997 sobre la evolución histórica del fenómeno del dopaje y se lo incluyó como la primera muerte presuntamente debida al dopaje durante una competición. El informe admitió que en ese período era una práctica común y no ilegal. [1] Esto también se ha descrito como envenenamiento por "trimetil" (un compuesto que en realidad no existe). [3] Sin embargo, la carrera principal de Burdeos-París no comenzó hasta 1891, y el ciclista que supuestamente murió en 1886, Arthur Linton , en realidad terminó segundo en 1896 y murió unas semanas después, según se informa por una combinación de agotamiento inducido por fármacos y fiebre tifoidea . [4] Linton fue dirigido por el famoso Choppy Warburton - ver 1896 a continuación. [5] La historia puede ser apócrifa.

Década de 1890

1896

La nitroglicerina se utilizaba para estimular el corazón después de los ataques cardíacos y se le atribuía una mejora en la respiración de los jinetes. [10] Los jinetes sufrían alucinaciones debido al agotamiento y quizás a las drogas. El campeón estadounidense Major Taylor se negó a continuar una carrera en Nueva York, diciendo: "No puedo seguir con seguridad, porque hay un hombre persiguiéndome por el ring con un cuchillo en la mano". [11]

1897

Warburton fue expulsado del deporte tras acusaciones no probadas de dopaje masivo en el Burdeos-París de 1896. Sus actividades pueden haber contribuido a las muertes prematuras de Arthur Linton , Tom Linton y Jimmy Michael . [13] [14]

Años 1900

1904

Década de 1910

1911

Década de 1920

1924

Henri Pelissier, 1919

Década de 1930

1930

La aceptación del consumo de drogas en el Tour de Francia era tan completa en 1930 que el reglamento, distribuido por Henri Desgrange , recordaba a los corredores que los organizadores no proporcionarían drogas. [20]

Década de 1940

1949

Década de 1950

1955

1956

1958

1959

Década de 1960

1960

1962

El caso Wiel's-Groene Leeuw – En la etapa de Luchon a Carcassonne del Tour de Francia de 1962, doce corredores enfermaron y dijeron que la causa era "pescado en mal estado". El médico del Tour, Pierre Dumas, se dio cuenta de que a todos les había dado el mismo medicamento el mismo soigneur. [18] El alemán Hans Junkermann había estado enfermo durante la noche, por lo que la salida se retrasó 10 minutos, pero en la primera colina se bajó de su bicicleta y se sentó al costado de la carretera, diciendo a los espectadores "Anoche comí pescado en mal estado en el hotel". [35] Otros once corredores abandonaron el Tour ese día, incluido el ex líder, Willy Schroeders , el ganador de 1960 Gastone Nencini y un futuro líder, Karl-Heinz Kunde . Jacques Goddet escribió que sospechaba de dopaje, pero no se demostró nada, aparte de que ninguno de los hoteles había servido pescado la noche anterior.

1964

Francia aprobó su primera ley antidopaje en noviembre de 1964. [36]

1965

El 1 de junio de 1965, las drogas para mejorar el rendimiento se volvieron ilegales. Los primeros corredores que fueron descubiertos fueron cuatro aficionados, tres españoles (Luis Santamarina, Canet y Usamentiaga) y un británico (Ken Hill), que fueron expulsados ​​de la Milk Race cuando dieron positivo en anfetaminas después de que el profesor Arnold Beckett aplicara por primera vez técnicas sensibles de cromatografía de gases para controlar el abuso de drogas. [3] [18] [42]

1966

El 29 de julio comenzaron los test del Tour de Francia . Raymond Poulidor fue el primer ciclista en ser sometido a un test en el Tour, al final de una etapa en Burdeos. Según contó, "estaba paseando por el pasillo con ropa normal cuando me encontré con dos tipos que me preguntaron si era ciclista. Me hicieron entrar en una habitación, meé en unas botellas y las cerraron sin sellarlas. Luego tomaron mi nombre, mi fecha de nacimiento, sin pedirme nada para comprobar mi identidad. Podría haber sido cualquiera, y podrían haber hecho lo que quisieran con las botellas". [44] A la mañana siguiente, de camino a los Pirineos, los ciclistas se bajaron, empezaron a caminar y a gritar protestas. [45]

1967

1968

1969

Década de 1970

1972

1973

1974

En 1974, un avance en las pruebas atrapó a 13 ciclistas destacados, entre ellos Herman Van Springel .

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

Durante el Tour de Francia de 1979 , el líder de la clasificación de montaña Giovanni Battaglin dio positivo por dopaje en la etapa 13. Fue penalizado con 10 minutos en la clasificación general, perdió los puntos que ganó en la etapa 13 y recibió 10 puntos de penalización en la clasificación de montaña. [71] Battaglin aún pudo ganar la clasificación de montaña.

Frans Van Looy y Gilbert Chaumaz también dieron positivo por dopaje durante el Tour. [72] Una vez finalizado el Tour de Francia, Joop Zoetemelk fue descubierto por dopaje, algo que confesó más tarde. Zoetemelk fue penalizado con 10 minutos en la clasificación general, pero mantuvo su segundo puesto. [73]

Década de 1980

1980

1982

1983

1984

Dopaje sanguíneo sistemático en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1984 en Los Ángeles. Los éxitos del equipo de ciclismo de EE. UU. se vieron teñidos por las revelaciones de que los ciclistas habían recibido transfusiones de sangre antes de sus eventos, una práctica conocida como dopaje sanguíneo. Las transfusiones eran para aumentar los glóbulos rojos en la sangre de los ciclistas. Eso llevaría más oxígeno a sus músculos. Recibían la sangre de otros con tipos de sangre similares. [91] La práctica, instigada por el entrenador nacional Eddie Borysewicz , no estaba en contra de las reglas olímpicas, aunque las pautas médicas de los Juegos la desaconsejaban. Borysewicz y un colega, Ed Burke, establecieron una clínica en una habitación de un motel de Los Ángeles y cuatro de los siete atletas que recibieron transfusiones ganaron medallas. [92] La federación estadounidense prohibió el dopaje sanguíneo en enero de 1985. Borysewicz y Burke fueron multados con un mes de salario. Mike Fraysse, ex presidente de la federación, fue degradado de primer a tercer vicepresidente. [93]

Entre los ciclistas que recibieron transfusiones se encontraban Steve Hegg , que ganó una medalla de oro y una de plata, y Rebecca Twigg , Pat McDonough y Leonard Nitz, que ganaron medallas de plata. Los otros que recibieron transfusiones fueron John Beckman, Mark Whitehead y Brent Emery . El resto del equipo se había negado. [91]

1986

1987

1988

La aparición de la EPO : a finales de los años 80, un fármaco recombinante creado para personas que sufrían insuficiencia renal se convirtió en una sustancia de la que abusaban los deportistas que buscaban mejorar su resistencia y su rendimiento. El fármaco es la eritropoyetina recombinante , conocida como EPO, que fue desarrollada por la empresa Amgen . La EPO recombinante es una copia biofabricada de una hormona que normalmente se produce en el riñón y que no era detectable mediante ninguna prueba en ese momento. [99]

La EPO estimula la médula ósea para aumentar la producción de glóbulos rojos y, por lo tanto, la capacidad del cuerpo para transportar oxígeno . Un estudio realizado a 15 atletas suecos por el Instituto de Gimnasia y Deportes de Estocolmo encontró una mejora de casi el 10 por ciento en el rendimiento aeróbico . El volumen "promedio" de glóbulos rojos de la población a nivel del mar es de aproximadamente el 45% de glóbulos rojos. Alrededor del 5% de la población tiene menos del 40% de glóbulos rojos, lo que se define como "anemia" y el 5% de la población, incluidos muchos atletas de clase mundial, tiene un volumen natural de glóbulos rojos del 50%... El 1% de la población tiene un volumen de glóbulos rojos del 54%.

El aumento del espesor de la sangre (por encima del 70% de glóbulos rojos) aumenta el riesgo de coagulación sanguínea que puede bloquear los vasos sanguíneos causando un ataque cardíaco o un derrame cerebral, especialmente en mitad de la noche cuando la frecuencia cardíaca es más baja. Los médicos y especialistas en sangre concluyeron que el fármaco podría haber estado implicado en las muertes de hasta 18 ciclistas profesionales europeos entre 1987 y 1991. Uno de ellos fue Johannes Draaijer , un ciclista holandés de 27 años que terminó 130º en el Tour de Francia de 1989 , y murió de un ataque cardíaco en febrero de 1990. [99] Aunque la autopsia no especificó la causa de la muerte, la esposa de Draaijer le dijo más tarde a la revista de noticias alemana Der Spiegel que su marido se enfermó después de usar EPO. [99] [100] [101] [102]

1989

Década de 1990

1990

El caso PDM En noviembre de 1997, Cyclingnews.com informó sobre una investigación que acababa de hacerse pública en los Países Bajos . [110] Esta investigación pareció revelar el dopaje en el equipo ciclista PDM . El médico del equipo entre 1990 y 1991 fue Wim Sanders, quien fue el centro de la investigación que se informó que se inició cuando el gerente general del equipo, Manfred Krikke, llamó al FIOD (Servicio de Información e Investigación Fiscal) para investigar el negocio médico del equipo. Se dijo que Wim Sanders suministró esteroides anabólicos y EPO al equipo y fue responsable del "asunto intralipid" del Tour de Francia de 1991 , [110] cuando todo el equipo se retiró debido a lo que se informó en ese momento como intoxicación alimentaria. [111] En un documental de televisión de 2008; [112] Los miembros del equipo y el médico del equipo Wim Sanders explican que la causa fue, de hecho, el almacenamiento descuidado de Intralipid , un suplemento nutricional que se les había inyectado a los miembros del equipo. [113]

Según cyclingnews.com, 1990 fue el año de mayor consumo de drogas en el equipo y durante ese año, dos ciclistas tuvieron que dejar de competir por problemas cardíacos agudos; [110] no está claro si esto se refiere a dejar de competir en el ciclismo profesional o a consumir drogas para mejorar el rendimiento. El director del equipo, Gisbers, negó tener conocimiento de que hubiera dopaje en el equipo. [113]

1991

PDM . Algunos equipos utilizaron técnicas de recuperación sofisticadas, en las que se les ponía a los ciclistas un suero durante la noche y se les suministraban nutrientes como la vitamina B12. Esta práctica fue denunciada cuando todo el equipo PDM sufrió una fiebre en la décima etapa del Tour de Francia. La dirección de PDM atribuyó el hecho a un virus, aunque sólo los ciclistas estaban infectados. Diez días después, un comunicado de prensa afirmaba que el equipo había utilizado sustancias de recuperación cuya fecha de caducidad había pasado. [18]

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

El caso Telekom – En mayo de 2007, varios ex corredores admitieron haber usado sustancias prohibidas (incluida la EPO ) mientras corrían para el equipo a mediados de la década de 1990, incluidos Erik Zabel , Rolf Aldag , Brian Holm , [144] Bjarne Riis , [152] Bert Dietz , Udo Bölts y Christian Henn, incluidas las temporadas en las que Riis y Jan Ullrich ganaron el Tour de Francia. [142] Los médicos del equipo Andreas Schmid y Lothar Heinrich también confesaron participar y administrar sustancias prohibidas. Este último fue el director deportivo del Team Telekom hasta el 3 de mayo de 2007, cuando fue suspendido tras las acusaciones publicadas en el libro del ex miembro del equipo Jef d'Hont . [153]

El 25 de mayo de 2007, Riis emitió una declaración en la que confesaba haber tomado EPO , hormona del crecimiento y cortisona durante cinco años, de 1993 a 1998, incluso durante su victoria en el Tour de Francia de 1996. [154] A principios de semana, cinco de los antiguos compañeros de equipo de Riis del Team Telekom confesaron haber consumido sustancias prohibidas durante la década de 1990, cuando Riis ganó el Tour. [155] [156] Riis dijo que compró e inyectó la EPO él mismo, y el entrenador del equipo Walter Godefroot hizo la vista gorda ante el uso de drogas en el equipo. [157] Riis fue eliminado de los libros de récords oficiales del Tour de Francia, [158] pero en julio de 2008 volvió a aparecer en los libros junto con notas adicionales sobre su uso de dopaje.

1997

1998

El caso Festina es el conjunto de hechos que rodean varios escándalos de dopaje , investigaciones de dopaje y confesiones de ciclistas sobre dopaje que ocurrieron durante y poco después del Tour de Francia de 1998. El asunto comenzó cuando se encontró un gran botín de productos de dopaje en un automóvil del equipo ciclista Festina justo antes del inicio de la carrera, lo que condujo a una investigación policial a gran escala contra el equipo Festina, a lo que siguió la reapertura de un caso de investigación policial independiente sobre el equipo TVM y una posterior búsqueda de muchos equipos durante la carrera por posesión de sustancias dopantes ilícitas. El asunto puso de relieve el dopaje sistemático y la sospecha de una red generalizada de dopaje en muchos equipos del Tour de Francia, y se caracterizó por la publicidad negativa constante de los casos, registros policiales de hoteles, una serie de confesiones de dopaje por parte de ciclistas retirados y en activo, la detención y arresto de muchos miembros del equipo , protestas de los ciclistas en la carrera, así como la retirada masiva de varios equipos de la carrera.

1999

Tour de Francia 1999 - En 2005, el diario deportivo francés L'Équipe acusó a Lance Armstrong de utilizar la droga para mejorar el rendimiento EPO durante la carrera. Durante años, había sido imposible detectar la droga, llamada eritropoyetina, hasta que la UCI comenzó a utilizar una prueba de orina para EPO en 2001. Según el periódico, se realizaron pruebas en muestras de orina de 1999 para ayudar a los científicos a mejorar sus métodos de detección. El periódico dijo que 12 muestras habían revelado el uso de EPO, incluidas seis de Armstrong. [209] [210] En 2006, un abogado independiente designado por la UCI, Emile Vrijman, publicó un informe en 2006 en el que afirmaba que Lance Armstrong debería quedar libre de cualquier sospecha en torno a las pruebas retrospectivas del Tour de Francia de 1999. Vrijman denunció la forma en que el laboratorio de dopaje de Châtenay-Malabry llevó a cabo su investigación, afirmando que había demasiadas lagunas de procedimiento y de cadena de custodia. [211] [212] La Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA) lo rechazó, calificándolo de difamatorio para la AMA y sus funcionarios y empleados, así como para el laboratorio acreditado involucrado. [213]

Ese mismo año, un segundo diario francés, Le Journal du Dimanche , informó que se sospechaba que el jinete español Manuel Beltrán , el danés Bo Hamburger y el colombiano Joaquim Castelblanco se encontraban entre aquellos cuyas muestras de orina congelada habrían dado positivo. [214]

Década de 2000

2000

2001

Giro de Italia 2001 - El Giro se vio ensombrecido por una serie de escándalos relacionados con el dopaje. La policía allanó los hoteles de varios equipos durante la carrera, descubriendo una variedad de sustancias prohibidas. El italiano Dario Frigo , que luchaba por el liderato de la carrera en ese momento, fue expulsado de la carrera como resultado. [235] La semana anterior a la redada, Pascal Hervé y Riccardo Forconi fueron expulsados ​​​​de la carrera después de dar positivo por EPO . La policía italiana llevó a cabo redadas antidrogas en varios hoteles de la ciudad de San Remo donde se alojaban los participantes de la carrera. Aproximadamente 200 oficiales participaron en la redada. Los agentes de policía registran las habitaciones de los corredores de los 20 equipos y confiscan medicamentos. Los organizadores decidieron cancelar la 18.ª etapa después de que el segundo clasificado, Dario Frigo, fuera despedido por el equipo Fassa Bortolo después de que se encontraran drogas ilegales en su habitación. Frigo admitió más tarde que las llevaba como medida de seguridad en caso de que necesitara un refuerzo durante las últimas etapas de la carrera. El italiano Marco Pantani fue sancionado durante seis meses después de que se encontrara una jeringa de insulina en su habitación. En apelación, la sanción fue levantada. [233]

2002

2003

Petróleo por Drogas fue un caso de dopaje italiano contra el doctor Carlo Santuccione y varios cómplices, iniciado en 2003. Fue acusado de administrarproductos dopantes prohibidos a atletas profesionales y aficionados , para mejorar su rendimiento, además de estar involucrado en una red de dopaje en toda Italia. [280]

2004

2005

2006

El Tour de Francia de 2006 se vio empañado por los escándalos de dopaje. Antes del Tour, numerosos ciclistas, incluidos los dos favoritos Jan Ullrich e Ivan Basso , fueron expulsados ​​del Tour debido a su vínculo con el caso de dopaje de la Operación Puerto . Después del final de la carrera, se descubrió que el aparente ganador Floyd Landis había dado positivo en un control antidopaje después de la etapa 17; Landis impugnó el resultado y exigió un arbitraje. El 20 de septiembre de 2007, Landis fue declarado culpable y suspendido retroactivamente al 30 de enero de 2007 y despojado del título del Tour de Francia de 2006, lo que convirtió a Óscar Pereiro en el poseedor del título. [324]

El caso de dopaje Operación Puerto (que significa Operación Paso de Montaña ) [311] es un caso de dopaje español contra el médico Eufemiano Fuentes y varios cómplices, iniciado en mayo de 2006. Se le acusa de administrarproductos dopantes prohibidos a 200 atletas profesionales , para mejorar su rendimiento. Los favoritos del Tour de Francia, Jan Ullrich e Ivan Basso, fueron expulsados ​​del Tour de Francia antes de que comenzara la carrera.

2007

Pruebas de dopaje positivas

Casos de dopaje

Tour de Francia 2007 - El evento se vio afectado por una serie de escándalos y especulaciones relacionadas con el dopaje . Al final del Tour, dos ciclistas fueron despedidos por dar positivo, el portador del maillot amarillo , Michael Rasmussen, fue retirado voluntariamente por su equipo por mentir sobre su paradero y faltar a las pruebas de dopaje. Se confirmó que un cuarto ciclista había consumido dopaje durante una sesión de entrenamiento antes del Tour de Francia 2007 y un quinto ciclista dio positivo al final de la carrera, y su resultado se anunció oficialmente justo después del final del Tour. En el camino, a dos equipos que disputaban la competencia se les pidió que se retiraran debido a las pruebas positivas de al menos un miembro.

2008

Pruebas de dopaje positivas

Casos de dopaje

2009

Década de 2010

2010

2011

2012

Sanciones tras investigaciones

Admisiones de dopaje en el pasado

Pruebas de dopaje positivas

Casos de dopaje

2013

Admisiones de dopaje en el pasado

Casos de dopaje

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020s

2022

2024

See also

References

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