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Cronología de los derechos legales de las mujeres en Estados Unidos (aparte del derecho al voto)

La siguiente cronología representa los cambios y reformas legales formales relacionados con los derechos de las mujeres en los Estados Unidos, excepto el derecho al voto. Incluye reformas legales reales, así como otros cambios formales, como reformas a través de nuevas interpretaciones de las leyes por precedentes .

Antes del siglo XIX

1641
1662
1664
1718

Siglo XIX

1820–1900
1821
1827
1835
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1848
1849

1850–1874

1850
1852
Hacia 1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1859
1860
1861
1862
1864
1865
1867
1868
1869
Hacia 1870
1870
1871
1872
1873
En lugares como Washington DC , donde el gobierno federal tenía jurisdicción directa, la ley también convirtió en un delito menor, punible con multa y prisión, vender, regalar o tener en posesión cualquier publicación "obscena". [28] La mitad de los estados aprobaron estatutos similares contra la obscenidad que también prohibían la posesión y venta de materiales obscenos, incluidos los anticonceptivos. [29]
La ley recibió el nombre de su principal defensor, Anthony Comstock . Debido a su propia aplicación personal de la ley durante sus primeros días, Comstock recibió una comisión del director general de correos para servir como agente especial del Servicio Postal de los Estados Unidos. [28]
1874

1875–1899

1875
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1887
1889
1890
1893
1894
1895
1896
1898

Siglo XX

1900–1939

1907
1908
1910
1912
1915
1918
1921
1922
1929
1931
1936

1940–1969

1945
1946
1947
1948
1955
1959
1961
1963
La ley establece (en parte) que:
Ningún empleador que tenga empleados sujetos a alguna de las disposiciones de esta sección [sección 206 del título 29 del Código de los Estados Unidos] discriminará, dentro de cualquier establecimiento en el que dichos empleados estén empleados, entre empleados sobre la base del sexo pagando salarios a los empleados en dicho establecimiento a una tasa menor que la tasa a la que paga salarios a empleados del sexo opuesto en dicho establecimiento por trabajo igual en trabajos[,] cuyo desempeño requiere habilidad , esfuerzo y responsabilidad iguales , y que se realizan bajo condiciones de trabajo similares, excepto cuando dicho pago se realice de conformidad con (i) un sistema de antigüedad ; (ii) un sistema de mérito ; (iii) un sistema que mida las ganancias por cantidad o calidad de producción; o (iv) un diferencial basado en cualquier otro factor distinto del sexo [...] [92] Durante los primeros nueve años de la EPA, el requisito de salario igual por trabajo igual no se extendió a las personas empleadas en una capacidad ejecutiva, administrativa o profesional, o como vendedor externo. Por lo tanto, la EPA eximió a las mujeres de cuello blanco de la protección de salario igual por trabajo igual. En 1972, el Congreso promulgó las Enmiendas a la Educación de 1972 , que modificaron la Ley de Normas Laborales Justas de 1938 para ampliar la cobertura de la EPA a estos empleados, excluyendo a la EPA de la exención de trabajadores profesionales de la FLSA.
1964
  • Gobierno federal; (Comentario: Las prohibiciones contra la discriminación en el empleo bajo el Título VII ahora son aplicables a ciertas oficinas del gobierno federal bajo la Sección 2000e-16 del Título 42 del Código de los Estados Unidos)
  • Tribus nativas americanas reconocidas a nivel federal
  • Grupos religiosos que realizan trabajos relacionados con las actividades del grupo, incluidas las instituciones educativas asociadas;
  • Organizaciones de membresía privada sin fines de lucro de buena fe.
  • La Enmienda Bennett es una disposición de la legislación laboral estadounidense incluida en el Título VII de la Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1964, §703(h), aprobada para limitar las demandas por discriminación sexual en materia de remuneración a las normas de la Ley de Igualdad Salarial de 1963. Establece que un empleador puede "hacer una diferenciación en función del sexo" cuando compensa a los empleados "si dicha diferenciación está autorizada por" la Ley de Igualdad Salarial.
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969

1970–1999

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

Siglo XXI

2000-2029

2000
2001
2002

Florida: En 2002, Sultaana Freeman presentó una demanda por discriminación religiosa contra Florida cuando el Departamento de Seguridad Vial del estado suspendió su licencia al negarse a ser fotografiada nuevamente sin su velo. Su licencia legal fue suspendida sin cambios en la política o la ley después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. Su demanda argumentó que sus creencias religiosas la obligaban a usar un velo "frente a extraños y hombres no relacionados". También afirmó que otros estados permitían licencias sin fotografía por razones religiosas. La jueza Janet C. Thorpe rechazó su demanda ese año, y un tribunal de apelaciones estatal confirmó más tarde el fallo de Thorpe. [351] [352]

2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Closely held" corporations are defined by the Internal Revenue Service as those which a) have more than 50% of the value of their outstanding stock owned (directly or indirectly) by 5 or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of the tax year; and b) are not personal service corporations. By this definition, approximately 90% of U.S. corporations are "closely held", and approximately 52% of the U.S. workforce is employed by "closely held" corporations. See Blake 2014, Washington Post.

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