Una comunidad planificada , ciudad planificada , pueblo planificado o asentamiento planificado es cualquier comunidad que haya sido cuidadosamente planificada desde su inicio y que, por lo general, se construya en terrenos que no habían sido desarrollados previamente. Esto contrasta con los asentamientos que evolucionan orgánicamente. [2]
El término ciudad nueva se refiere a las comunidades planificadas del movimiento de las nuevas ciudades en particular, principalmente en el Reino Unido . También era común en la colonización europea de las Américas construir según un plan, ya sea sobre terreno nuevo o sobre las ruinas de aldeas indígenas americanas anteriores . [3]
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Una capital planificada es una ciudad especialmente planificada, diseñada y construida para ser una capital. Varias de las capitales nacionales del mundo son capitales planificadas, incluidas Canberra en Australia, Brasilia en Brasil, Belmopán en Belice, Nueva Delhi en la India, Abuja en Nigeria, Islamabad en Pakistán, Naypyidaw en Myanmar (Birmania), Washington, DC en los Estados Unidos, las partes modernas de Astaná en Kazajistán y Ankara en Turquía. En Indonesia, está previsto que Nusantara se inaugure el 17 de agosto de 2024, [4] y en Egipto se está construyendo una nueva capital (al este de El Cairo). Putrajaya , el centro administrativo y judicial federal de Malasia , también es una ciudad planificada.
Abu Dhabi (EAU) y algunas de las ciudades recientemente construidas en la región del Golfo Pérsico también son ciudades planificadas.
Sejong fue construida para ser una capital administrativa planificada de Corea del Sur.
La ciudad de Gaborone fue planificada y construida en la década de 1960. [5]
Ciudades de empresa
Durante la construcción del Canal de Suez en la década de 1860 y posteriormente, se planificaron y construyeron nuevas ciudades para servir al nuevo canal de navegación internacional. Durante el siglo XX se construyeron otras ciudades más pequeñas bajo la administración de empresas para servir a los sitios de exploración y fábricas de petróleo. Desde entonces, las ciudades más grandes se han incorporado al gobierno local general. [6]
Nuevas comunidades urbanas
A finales de la década de 1970, se convirtió en política nacional la construcción de nuevas ciudades en el desierto de Egipto, administradas por la Autoridad de Nuevas Comunidades Urbanas .
En 2012, el presidente Teodoro Obiang decidió trasladar la capital a un nuevo sitio en la selva, en Oyala . [7]
Konza Technology City es una ciudad planificada que se espera que se convierta en un centro de ciencia y tecnología africana cuando se complete su construcción en 2030. [8]
Tatu City también es otra ciudad planificada ubicada en el condado de Kiambu.
La capital, Abuja , es una ciudad planificada y se construyó principalmente en la década de 1980. [9] Varias otras ciudades están en desarrollo para dar cabida a la creciente población, algunas de las cuales incluyen: Eko Atlantic City , una ciudad planificada del estado de Lagos que se está construyendo en tierras recuperadas del océano Atlántico. Una vez finalizada, la nueva ciudad que aún está en desarrollo prevé 250.000 residentes y un flujo diario de 150.000 viajeros. [10] Centenary City , en el Territorio de la Capital Federal , es otra ciudad inteligente planificada en desarrollo. La ciudad está diseñada para convertirse en una importante atracción turística para el país. [11] A continuación, se incluye una lista de ciudades y barrios nigerianos que pasaron por alguna forma de planificación:
Durante la era del apartheid se crearon varias ciudades para distintos grupos étnicos. Entre los asentamientos planificados para los habitantes blancos se encontraban Welkom , Sasolburg y Secunda . Además, la mayoría de los asentamientos de Sudáfrica se planificaron en sus primeras etapas y los centros urbanos originales todavía se encuentran en forma de cuadrícula. También se establecieron algunos asentamientos para personas de color, como la antigua capital de la patria, Bisho . [ cita requerida ]
Los terrenos de Hong Kong son en su mayoría montañosos y muchos lugares en los Nuevos Territorios tienen acceso limitado a las carreteras. Hong Kong comenzó a desarrollar nuevas ciudades en la década de 1950, para dar cabida a una población en rápido crecimiento. En los primeros días se utilizó el término "ciudades satélite". Las primeras ciudades nuevas incluyeron Tsuen Wan y Kwun Tong . Wah Fu Estate se construyó en un rincón remoto de la isla de Hong Kong , con conceptos similares en una escala más pequeña.
A finales de los años 60 y en los 70 se inició otra etapa de desarrollo de nuevas ciudades. Hasta la fecha se han desarrollado nueve nuevas ciudades. El uso del suelo se planifica cuidadosamente y el desarrollo proporciona mucho espacio para proyectos de vivienda pública. El transporte ferroviario suele estar disponible en una etapa posterior. Las primeras ciudades son Sha Tin , Tsuen Wan , Tuen Mun y Tseung Kwan O. Tuen Mun estaba destinada a ser autosuficiente, pero no tuvo éxito al principio y se mantuvo como ciudad dormitorio hasta las últimas décadas, al igual que las otras nuevas ciudades. Los desarrollos más recientes son Tin Shui Wai y North Lantau . El gobierno también planea construir ciudades de este tipo en Hung Shui Kiu , Ping Che - Ta Kwu Ling , Fanling North y Kwu Tung North. En la actualidad, hay un total de nueve nuevas ciudades:
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En el período del Imperio persa safávida , Isfahán , la capital persa, se construyó según un esquema planificado, compuesto por un largo bulevar y viviendas planificadas y zonas verdes a su alrededor.
En el Irán actual se han desarrollado o están en construcción más de 20 ciudades planificadas, la mayoría en torno a las principales áreas metropolitanas del país, como Teherán , Isfahán , Shiraz y Tabriz . Algunas de estas nuevas ciudades se construyen con fines especiales, como:
Se planeó que 576.000 personas se asentaran en las nuevas ciudades de Irán en 2005.
Para obtener una lista de las ciudades modernas planificadas de Irán, consulte: Lista de ciudades planificadas de Irán .
Según la política de asentamiento del país, se crearon varias ciudades planificadas en las regiones periféricas. De hecho, se han planificado todas las ciudades que tienen población judía en su nuevo lado judío, como Nueva Acre y Nazaret Illit. Esas ciudades también se conocen como ciudades de desarrollo . La más exitosa es Ashdod , con más de 200.000 habitantes, un puerto e infraestructura desarrollada. Otras ciudades que se desarrollaron siguiendo el plan de delineación de Israel son Shoham , Karmiel y Arad . Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut ha sido otra de las ciudades planificadas más exitosas del país. La construcción comenzó en 1994 y ahora tiene una población de más de 80.000. Modi'in también tiene una calificación más alta en términos de salario promedio y tasas de graduación que el promedio nacional. Fue diseñada y planificada por el arquitecto israelí Moshe Safdie . Muchos asentamientos israelíes siguen este modelo, incluidas ciudades como Modi'in Illit y Betar Illit .
La ciudad de Kioto fue desarrollada como una ciudad planificada en 794 como una nueva capital imperial (entonces llamada Heian-kyō ), construida sobre un diseño de cuadrícula y permaneció como capital durante más de un milenio. El diseño de cuadrícula se mantiene, lo que se refleja en las calles principales de este a oeste que están numeradas, como la calle 4 (四条, shi-jō ) . En tiempos modernos, Sapporo se construyó a partir de 1868, siguiendo un plan de cuadrícula estadounidense, y hoy es la quinta ciudad más grande de Japón. Ambas ciudades tienen sistemas de direcciones regulares (siguiendo la cuadrícula) a diferencia del sistema de direcciones japonés habitual basado en subdivisiones .
En Japón se han construido unas 30 ciudades nuevas, inspiradas en el movimiento New Town del Reino Unido. La mayoría de estas construcciones se iniciaron durante el período de rápido crecimiento económico de la década de 1960, pero continuaron hasta la década de 1980. La mayoría de ellas están situadas cerca de Tokio y de las grandes ciudades de la región de Kansai . Algunas ciudades (Senri New Town, Tama New Town ) no ofrecen mucho empleo y muchos de sus residentes se desplazan a las ciudades cercanas. Estas ciudades han fomentado la infame congestión de los trenes de cercanías (aunque, a medida que las áreas metropolitanas han crecido, este trayecto se ha vuelto relativamente corto en comparación con los desplazamientos desde la nueva periferia urbana).
Otras ciudades nuevas actúan como aglomeraciones industriales y académicas ( sangyo-shuseki ) ( Tsukuba Science City , Kashima Port Town). Estas áreas intentan crear un entorno integral para la vida diaria, de acuerdo con el principio de "esferas de vida" de Uzō Nishiyama .
Japón también ha desarrollado el concepto de nuevas ciudades, lo que Manuel Castells y Sir Peter Hall llaman tecnópolis . El programa de tecnópolis de la década de 1980 tiene precedentes en la Ley de Nuevas Ciudades Industriales de la década de 1960. Estas ciudades siguen en gran medida el modelo de la Nueva Ciudad Académica de Tsukuba (Tsukuba Science City), en el sentido de que intentan aglomerar recursos de alta tecnología en un entorno similar a un campus.
En el pasado, el gobierno japonés había propuesto trasladar la capital a una ciudad planificada, pero este plan fue cancelado.
En general, el programa de la Nueva Ciudad de Japón consta de muchos proyectos diversos, la mayoría de los cuales se centran en una función principal, pero también aspiran a crear un entorno urbano que incluya a todos. El programa de la Nueva Ciudad de Japón está fuertemente influenciado por la tradición angloamericana de las ciudades jardín , el diseño de barrios estadounidenses y las estrategias soviéticas de desarrollo industrial.
En 2002, el primer ministro Junichiro Koizumi anunció el fin de la construcción de nuevas ciudades, aunque estas siguen recibiendo financiación gubernamental y para su reurbanización.
Fuentes:
Naypyidaw es la capital de Myanmar. Está administrada por el Territorio de la Unión de Naypyidaw , según la Constitución de 2008. [20] El 6 de noviembre de 2005, la capital administrativa de Myanmar se trasladó oficialmente a un terreno verde a 3,2 km al oeste de Pyinmana , y aproximadamente a 300 km al norte de Yangon (Rangún), la capital anterior. El nombre oficial de la capital se anunció el 27 de marzo de 2006, el Día de las Fuerzas Armadas de Myanmar . Gran parte de la ciudad todavía estaba en construcción en 2012. [21] En 2009, la población era de 925.000, [22] lo que la convierte en la tercera ciudad más grande de Myanmar , después de Yangon y Mandalay .
Muchas ciudades antiguas de China , especialmente las de la llanura del norte de China , fueron diseñadas cuidadosamente según la teoría del feng shui , con murallas cuadradas o rectangulares, una red de caminos rectilínea y un diseño simétrico. Ejemplos famosos son Chang'an, en la dinastía Tang , y Beijing.
Una excepción a esto es una antigua ciudad en el condado de Tekes , prefectura autónoma kazaja de Ili , Xinjiang, con forma de ba gua .
En la China moderna se han desarrollado a partir de un boceto, muchas zonas económicas especiales , por ejemplo, Pudong , un nuevo distrito de Shanghai.
Ciudad Quezón fue la ciudad planificada por el presidente Manuel L. Quezón , quien anteriormente había propuesto que se construyera una nueva ciudad en un terreno al noreste de la ciudad de Manila . Los distritos cuidadosamente planificados incluyen Santa Mesa Heights (parte del Plan Burnham original para Manila), Diliman Estate (incluye la Universidad de Filipinas ), New Manila, el distrito comercial Cubao, South Triangle, los proyectos de vivienda 1 (distrito de Roxas), 2 y 3 (distrito de Quirino), 4, 5 (distrito de Kamias-Kamuning), 6, 7 y 8.
El presidente Elpidio Quirino proclamó Ciudad Quezón como capital nacional el 17 de julio de 1948, y el presidente Ferdinand Marcos restableció a Manila como capital el 24 de junio de 1976. Luego creó un área metropolitana llamada Metro Manila , que sigue congestionada hoy debido a la ejecución fallida del plan de Ciudad Quezón, así como del Plan Burnham.
Otras ciudades planificadas (en orden de fundación):
Ciudad Económica Rey Abdullah , una futura ciudad planificada a lo largo del Mar Rojo ubicada en Arabia Saudita.
En 1975, el gobierno saudí designó a Jubail Industrial City, también conocida como Jubail , como nueva ciudad industrial . Proporciona el 50% del agua potable del país mediante la desalinización del agua del Golfo Pérsico .
El nuevo concepto de planificación urbana se introdujo en Singapur con la construcción de la primera ciudad nueva, Queenstown , entre julio de 1952 y 1973 por parte de la autoridad de vivienda pública del país, la Junta de Vivienda y Desarrollo . Hoy, la gran mayoría de los aproximadamente 11.000 edificios de vivienda pública están organizados en 22 ciudades nuevas en todo el país.
Cada nueva ciudad está diseñada para ser completamente autosostenible. Dirigida por una jerarquía de desarrollos comerciales, que van desde un centro urbano hasta puntos de venta a nivel de distrito, no hay necesidad de aventurarse fuera de la ciudad para satisfacer las necesidades más comunes de los residentes. Se puede encontrar empleo en polígonos industriales ubicados dentro de varias ciudades. Las necesidades educativas, de atención médica y recreativas también están atendidas con la provisión de escuelas, hospitales, parques, complejos deportivos, etc.
La experiencia de Singapur en el diseño exitoso de nuevas ciudades fue reconocida internacionalmente cuando la Fundación para la Construcción y la Vivienda Social (BSHF) de las Naciones Unidas otorgó el Premio Mundial del Hábitat a Tampines New Town, que fue seleccionada como representante de las nuevas ciudades de Singapur, el 5 de octubre de 1992. [26]
Desde 2007, Sejong fue planificada como la nueva capital, pero se está convirtiendo en la capital administrativa de facto, y muchas agencias gubernamentales nacionales e institutos de investigación se han mudado allí entre 2013 y la actualidad. Tiene una población planificada de 0,8 millones, que es la más grande de todos los planes de desarrollo de la nueva ciudad. El jefe de la administración nacional, el Primer Ministro de Corea del Sur , también reside en Sejong, junto con más del 65% de las instalaciones gubernamentales de Corea del Sur.
New Songdo City es un centro internacional de negocios planificado que se desarrollará en 6 kilómetros cuadrados de terrenos recuperados a lo largo de la costa de Incheon, a 65 kilómetros al oeste de Seúl y conectado al Aeropuerto Internacional de Incheon por un puente de autopista de 10 kilómetros. Se estima que este proyecto de desarrollo de 10 años costará más de 40 mil millones de dólares, lo que lo convierte en el proyecto de desarrollo privado más grande jamás realizado en cualquier parte del mundo.
La ciudad nueva de Gwanggyo se encuentra a 25 km al sur de Seúl, en la ciudad de Suwon y la ciudad de Youngin, provincia de Gyeonggi. La zona de la ciudad nueva de Gwanggyo, de 11 kilómetros cuadrados, fue designada en 2004 por la provincia de Gyeonggi, la ciudad de Suwon, la ciudad de Youngin y la Corporación de Desarrollo de Gyeonggi (GICO). Albergará a más de 31.000 hogares. La ciudad nueva de Gwanggyo no sólo tenía como objetivo el suministro de viviendas, sino también varios objetivos regionales, como el traslado de oficinas provinciales, la construcción de un centro de convenciones y la creación de un núcleo de crecimiento económico en el área provincial de Gyeonggi. Su infraestructura estaba prevista para ser construida en 2012.
Desde la década de 1990, se han construido varias comunidades planificadas en el área metropolitana de Seúl para aliviar la demanda de viviendas en la ciudad . Entre ellas se incluyen:
Después de perder la Guerra Civil China , el gobierno central de China y sus fuerzas gubernamentales se retiraron a la antigua provincia Qing y más tarde colonia japonesa de la isla de Taiwán, que todavía era un territorio japonés bajo ocupación aliada. Como resultado, las fuerzas nacionalistas construyeron varias aldeas para dependientes militares que estaban destinadas a ser viviendas temporales para los miembros del partido y sus familias para recuperar China continental de los comunistas . Muchos de estos barrios se volvieron permanentes y todavía existen hoy.
A principios de los años 50, el Gobierno Provincial de Taiwán se trasladó de Taipei al centro de Taiwán por razones de seguridad. Se crearon varias comunidades nuevas para albergar a estos empleados gubernamentales. La primera comunidad planificada bajo este contexto fue Guangfu New Village, ubicada en Wufeng, Taichung . Después de Guangfu New Village, también se crearon otras comunidades: [27]
En la década de 1970, se planificaron varias ciudades nuevas para ayudar a aliviar la superpoblación en las ciudades más grandes de Taiwán, incluyendo la nueva ciudad de Linkou y la nueva ciudad de Danhai para aliviar la superpoblación del centro de Taipei, la nueva ciudad de Dapingding para aliviar el centro de Kaohsiung. [28] La mayoría de los nuevos planes de ciudades durante ese tiempo no tuvieron éxito debido a la fuerte oposición de los lugareños y las respuestas negativas de varios departamentos gubernamentales. [29] [30]
La 7.ª Zona de Reurbanización de Taichung , que se encuentra en Taichung , Taiwán, era una importante comunidad planificada. Antes del Plan de la 7.ª Zona de Reurbanización de Taichung, solo unas pocas casas de campo estaban dispersas a lo largo de un número limitado de calles estrechas. [31] Hoy, esta área es el nuevo distrito comercial central (CBD) de Taichung, alejado del Distrito Central de la ciudad . [32] Cuenta con bulevares amplios y muy espaciados, grandes complejos de apartamentos, grandes almacenes y torres de oficinas. Hay muchas universidades cerca, como la Universidad de Tunghai y la Universidad Feng Chia . [33]
Algunas partes de la ciudad más grande, Estambul , están siendo reurbanizadas y replanificadas . [34]
La capital, Ankara , fue construida según un plan y se replanifica constantemente. [35]
Atça , Aydın fue incendiada por las fuerzas griegas durante la Guerra de Independencia de Turquía . El plan de reconstrucción se basó en el plan de París. [36]
También se planificaron algunas otras ciudades, incluidas Erzincan , Karabük , Kars , Kayseri y Konya .
La cultura urbana es evidente en la fase madura de la civilización del valle del Indo , que prosperó en el actual Pakistán y el noroeste de la India desde alrededor del 3300 a. C. La calidad de la planificación urbana municipal sugiere conocimientos de planificación urbana y gobiernos municipales eficientes que otorgaban una alta prioridad a la higiene . Las calles de las principales ciudades del actual Pakistán, como Mohenjo-Daro y Harappa , las primeras ciudades planificadas del mundo, estaban diseñadas en una cuadrícula perfecta comparable a la de la ciudad de Nueva York actual. Las casas estaban protegidas del ruido, los olores y los ladrones.
Como se puede ver en los sitios antiguos de Harappa y Mohenjo-Daro en Pakistán y la frontera occidental de la India, este plan urbano incluía los primeros sistemas de saneamiento urbano del mundo . Dentro de la ciudad, las casas individuales o grupos de casas obtenían agua de pozos . Desde una habitación que parece haber sido reservada para el baño, las aguas residuales se dirigían a desagües cubiertos, que bordeaban las calles principales. Las casas se abrían solo a patios interiores y callejones más pequeños.
Los antiguos sistemas de alcantarillado y drenaje del Indo que se desarrollaron y utilizaron en ciudades de todo el valle del Indo eran mucho más avanzados que cualquiera de los que se encuentran en los sitios urbanos contemporáneos de Oriente Medio e incluso más eficientes que los que se encuentran en algunas áreas del sur de Asia actual. La arquitectura avanzada de los Harappa se muestra en sus astilleros , graneros , almacenes , plataformas de ladrillo y muros de protección.
Se planearon varias ciudades indias medievales, entre ellas:
La India cuenta con varias ciudades planificadas. Algunas de ellas son Navi Mumbai , Noida , Dholera , Amaravati , Nueva Delhi y Chandigarh . Noida fue uno de los experimentos más exitosos como ciudad planificada, llevado a cabo por el gobierno estatal. Se dividió en sectores, con zonas residenciales y comerciales, tanques de agua locales y distribuidores de electricidad. Cada sector está rodeado de carreteras, que finalmente conectan con Nueva Delhi, la capital de la India.
En el período posterior a la independencia , la India se dividió en regiones geográficas más pequeñas y se formaron nuevos estados, como Gujarat, con ciudades capitales planificadas.
Las principales ciudades planificadas de la India incluyen:
En Europa, al menos desde la antigüedad griega, se planificaban nuevos asentamientos (véase el artículo Historia del urbanismo ). Los griegos construyeron nuevas ciudades coloniales en torno al Mediterráneo. Los antiguos romanos también fundaron muchas nuevas ciudades coloniales a lo largo de su imperio. Sin embargo, también hay rastros de asentamientos planificados de origen no romano en la Europa prehistórica del norte. La mayoría de los asentamientos planificados de la Europa medieval se crearon en el período comprendido entre los siglos XII y XIV aproximadamente. Todo tipo de terratenientes, desde el rango más alto hasta el más bajo, intentaron fundar nuevos pueblos y ciudades en sus tierras, para ganar poder económico, político o militar. Los colonos generalmente fueron atraídos por las ventajas fiscales, económicas y jurídicas concedidas por el señor fundador, o se vieron obligados a mudarse desde otros lugares de sus tierras. La mayoría de las nuevas ciudades siguieron siendo bastante pequeñas (como por ejemplo las bastidas del suroeste de Francia), pero algunas de ellas se convirtieron en ciudades importantes, como Cardiff, Leeds, 's-Hertogenbosch, Montauban, Bilbao, Malmö, Lübeck, Múnich, Berlín, Berna, Klagenfurt, Alessandria, Varsovia y Sarajevo. [60]
Los romanos construyeron un gran número de ciudades a lo largo de su imperio, a menudo como colonias para el asentamiento de ciudadanos o veteranos. Estas se caracterizaban generalmente por una cuadrícula de calles y un suministro de agua planificado; y muchas ciudades europeas modernas de fundación romana aún conservan parte de la cuadrícula de calles original.
Bielorrusia tiene varias ciudades planificadas, todas construidas durante los años 1950 y 1970 a partir de proyectos de construcción rápida del Komsomol . Estas ciudades planificadas incluyen:
Como muchos campamentos militares romanos, el asentamiento de Atuatuca Tungrorum , en el lugar de la actual ciudad de Tongeren , se convirtió en un importante centro regional, dispuesto a lo largo de una red de carreteras y abastecido de agua por un acueducto . Si bien las funciones administrativas y militares de Tongeren se trasladaron a Maastricht a raíz de las invasiones germánicas en el siglo V a.C., dada la mejor posición estratégica de esta última, los restos de la ciudad romana son visibles hasta el día de hoy.
La ciudad de Charleroi (o Caroloregium , en latín), que recibió su nombre en honor al rey Carlos II de España , fue fundada en 1666 como una fortaleza cerca de la frontera francesa, para defenderse de posibles invasiones. Unos años antes, en 1659, la frontera entre Francia y los Países Bajos españoles se había desplazado hacia el norte debido al Tratado de los Pirineos . Este cambio, y la consiguiente pérdida de ciudades fronterizas fortificadas como Cambrai y Avesnes, habían provocado la necesidad de fundar nuevos fuertes para defender la frontera. Las fortificaciones originales fueron destruidas entre 1867 y 1871, dando paso a un centro industrial en rápida expansión.
En 1923, la ciudad de Amberes se anexionó las tierras pantanosas y escasamente pobladas conocidas como Vlaams Hoofd, con la intención de utilizar la zona para el desarrollo urbano. Durante las décadas siguientes, el terreno se elevó y se creó una nueva comunidad urbana, ahora llamada Linkeroever (literalmente, 'Ribera izquierda'). Cabe destacar que Le Corbusier presentó un plan en la línea de su Cité radieuse [61], pero ni su plan ni los de sus colegas fueron aceptados. En cambio, Linkeroever se desarrolló gradualmente a lo largo de los siglos XX y XXI, inspirado en una mezcla de ideas modernistas y posteriores. [62]
Cuando la Universidad Católica de Lovaina se dividió por cuestiones lingüísticas en 1968, se decidió trasladar su división francófona, la Université catholique de Louvain , de Lovaina (en la Región Flamenca ) a una nueva ubicación, a unos 30 kilómetros al sur, en la Región Valona . La construcción de la ciudad de Louvain-la-Neuve (literalmente 'Nueva Lovaina') comenzó en la década de 1970, en lo que anteriormente había sido el campo casi vacío cerca del pueblo de Ottignies . Su centro de la ciudad está sostenido por una estructura de hormigón, lo que permite el paso del tráfico vehicular y convierte el centro de la ciudad en una zona peatonal.
Las ciudades de Stara Zagora y Kazanlak , en el centro de Bulgaria, fueron reconstruidas como ciudades planificadas después de que fueran incendiadas en la guerra ruso-turca de 1877-1878 . También la ciudad de Dimitrovgrad , en el sur de Bulgaria, que fue planificada como un centro industrial y de infraestructura clave.
Červar-Porat es una ciudad turística en el oeste de Croacia, situada en la costa este del mar Adriático , en la laguna de Červar. Fue construida como ciudad planificada en la década de 1970, aunque la zona estaba habitada en la época romana. Durante la Guerra de la Independencia se utilizó como campamento para refugiados de Bosnia y Herzegovina y Vukovar . Estaba previsto que albergara a 6500 personas. [ cita requerida ]
Raša en Istria fue construida como una "ciudad nueva" durante 1936-1937 como parte de la colonización urbana de Istria y otros territorios italianos por parte de Mussolini .
La capital de Zagreb experimentó una importante expansión durante la década de 1960. En ese momento, el límite oficial de la ciudad era el río Sava , ya que no se construyó nada sobre él. Después de una inundación en la década de 1960, muchos residentes se mudaron y se crearon otros distritos para los residentes, como Dubrava , que era la interconexión entre la parte antigua de Zagreb y Sesvete . Durante la década de 1960 y 1970, se construyó una parte planificada de Zagreb, Novi Zagreb ( Nueva Zagreb ), que está en la otra parte, anteriormente deshabitada del río Sava, y ahora es uno de los distritos principales que consiste en edificios y bloques puramente residenciales. Todavía está en expansión y se construyeron algunos nuevos puntos de referencia en él, el más famoso es el reciente, Arena Zagreb , construido en 2008.
La Ciudad Nueva de Praga fue fundada en 1348 por el rey y emperador Carlos IV . Esta expansión convirtió a Praga, la nueva sede imperial, en la tercera ciudad más grande de Europa por superficie en aquella época.
Poruba y Havířov fueron fundadas en los años 50 como nuevas ciudades satélites residenciales para los trabajadores de las minas de carbón, las acerías y otros complejos de la industria pesada en la región de Ostrava. [ cita requerida ]
En los años 70 y 80 Praga se amplió con grandes polígonos de viviendas , las "nuevas ciudades": Severní Město (ciudad del norte), Jižní Město (ciudad del sur) y Jihozápadní Město (ciudad del suroeste), con una población de unos 100.000 habitantes cada una, fueron las más grandes. Su lejanía respecto del centro de la ciudad se vio compensada por las líneas de metro que se construían normalmente una década después de la finalización de los proyectos de viviendas. [ cita requerida ] Actualmente (2017) se está construyendo parcialmente (Britská čtvrť) y parcialmente en fase de planificación un nuevo polígono de viviendas llamado Západní Město (ciudad del oeste).
Fredericia fue fundada en 1650 como ciudad militar y de mercado tras la Guerra de los Treinta Años . De manera similar, la ciudad portuaria de Esbjerg, en el Mar del Norte, fue construida en 1868 tras la pérdida de Altona (hoy parte de Hamburgo ).
Ejemplos más recientes son Græse Bakkeby en el norte de Selandia y Ørestad (un distrito de Copenhague ), planificado y construido para fortalecer el desarrollo en la región de Copenhague / Malmö . El suburbio de Albertslund también se construyó desde cero en la década de 1970, fusionando los pueblos de Vridsløselille y Herstedvester.
En 2017, las autoridades danesas aprobaron los planes para construir una nueva ciudad de 20.000 habitantes en las afueras de Frederikssund, llamada Vinge .
La ciudad de Helsinki , que antes tenía 5.000 habitantes, fue nombrada capital del nuevo Gran Ducado de Finlandia en 1812 por decreto del emperador ruso Alejandro I. El centro de la ciudad fue reconstruido bajo la dirección del arquitecto alemán Carl Ludwig Engel .
Sin embargo, la última ciudad de Finlandia que se ordenó construir sobre un terreno previamente completamente deshabitado fue Raahe , fundada por el gobernador general Per Brahe el Joven en 1649.
La ciudad de Vaasa fue reconstruida a unos siete kilómetros al noroeste de su ubicación original en 1862, después de un incendio que destruyó la ciudad en 1852. La nueva ciudad fue planificada por Carl Axel Setterberg . Se tuvieron en cuenta las desastrosas consecuencias del incendio, ya que el diseño incluía cinco amplias avenidas que dividían la ciudad en secciones y cada bloque estaba dividido por callejones.
Hamina es una antigua capital comercial del este de Finlandia, fundada durante el reinado sueco. La fortaleza en forma de estrella y el plano circular de la ciudad se basan en un concepto de fortaleza renacentista italiana del siglo XVI.
Finlandia también cuenta con diversas comunidades "ekokylä" o "aldeas ecológicas". Por ejemplo, Tapiola es una ciudad-jardín de posguerra en las afueras de Espoo .
Hervanta, en Tampere, es una ciudad satélite construida a partir de los años 70 para albergar a un número cada vez mayor de residentes urbanos. Se construyó lejos del centro de la ciudad debido a los precios más bajos del suelo. El distrito se concibió para que fuera lo más independiente posible. Incluye un gran campus universitario , la Escuela Universitaria de Policía de Finlandia y oficinas de muchas empresas tecnológicas.
Entre los siglos XII y XIV se fundaron en el suroeste de Francia, donde tuvo lugar la Guerra de los Cien Años, numerosas ciudades nuevas, llamadas bastidas , para reemplazar a las ciudades destruidas y organizar la defensa y el crecimiento. Entre ellas, Monpazier , Beaumont y Villeréal son buenos ejemplos.
En 1517, Francisco I de Francia ordenó la construcción de Le Havre como nuevo puerto. Fue completamente destruido durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y fue reconstruido íntegramente en estilo modernista durante los Trente Glorieuses , el período de treinta años que va de 1945 a 1975.
El cardenal Richelieu fundó la pequeña ciudad barroca de Richelieu , que permanece prácticamente inalterada.
A mediados de la década de 1960 se desarrolló un programa de nuevas ciudades (en francés ville nouvelle ) para intentar controlar la expansión de las ciudades. [64] Se crearon diez villes nouvelles .
La Défense , en el área metropolitana de París, también podría considerarse una ciudad planificada, aunque no se construyó de una sola vez sino en etapas sucesivas a partir de la década de 1950.
Las ciudades planificadas en Alemania son:
Welthauptstadt Germania was the projected renewal of Berlin as a planned city, although only a small portion was constructed between 1937 and 1943.
After World War II, several expellee towns were built like Espelkamp, Neutraubling and Traunreut.
Planned cities in Greece are:
All Hungarian planned cities were built in the second half of the 20th century when a program of rapid industrialization was implemented by the communist government.
In the Republic of Ireland the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during the Georgian era. Part of Limerick city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery".
In 1961 the first new town of Shannon was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set. This has since been exceeded. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with the Shannon Free Zone and Shannon Airport), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments.
It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns in County Dublin. These were Blanchardstown, Clondalkin, Lucan and Tallaght but they were subsequently reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght. These areas had previously contained small semi-rural villages on the edge of the city of Dublin, but were greatly expanded throughout the 1970s. Each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today.
The most recent new town in Ireland is Adamstown in County Dublin. Building commenced in 2005 and it was anticipated that the occupation would commence late in 2006 with the main development of 10,500 units being completed within a ten-year timescale. As of 2017 Adamstown is complete but currently only has 3,500 out of the 25,500 planned.
A famous example of renaissance planned city is the walled star city of Palmanova. It is a derivative of ideal circular cities, namely of Filarete's imaginary Sforzinda.
In the early 20th century, during the fascist government of Benito Mussolini, many new cities were founded, the most prominent being Littoria (renamed Latina after the fall of the Fascism). The city was inaugurated on 18 December 1932. Littoria was populated with immigrants coming from Northern Italy, mainly from Friuli and Veneto.
The great Sicilian earthquake of 1693 forced the complete rebuilding on new plans of many towns.
Other well-known new cities are located close to Milan in the metropolitan area. Crespi d'Adda, a few kilometres east of Milan along the Adda River, was settled by the Crespi family. It was the first Ideal Worker's City in Italy, built close to the cotton factory. Today Crespi d'Adda is part of the Unesco World Heritage List. Cusano Milanino was settled in the first years of the 20th century in the formerly small town of Cusano. It was built as a new green city, rich in parks, villas, large boulevards and called Milanino (Little Milan).
In 1961 Elektrėnai was established as planned city for workers in Elektrėnai Power Plant and in 1975 Visaginas was established as planned city for workers in Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant.
One of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands, Flevoland (pop. 437,000 in 2022), was reclaimed from the Zuiderzee (Southern Sea). After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, a causeway (the Afsluitdijk) was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer (IJssel-lake) and its previously salty water became fresh.
The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 (Oost-Flevoland) and the southern part (Zuid-Flevoland) in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986.
The capital of Flevoland is Lelystad, but the biggest city is Almere (pop. 219,000 in 2022), which was founded in 1975. Apart from these two larger cities, several 'New Villages' were built. In the Noordoostpolder the central town of Emmeloord is surrounded by ten villages, all on cycling distance from Emmeloord since that was the most popular way of transport in the 1940s (and it's still very popular). Most noteworthy of these villages is Nagele which was designed by famous modern architects of the time, Gerrit Rietveld, Aldo van Eyck, Willem Wissing and Jaap Bakema among them. The other villages were built in a more traditional/vernacular style. In the more recent Flevolandpolders four more 'New Villages' were built. Initially more villages were planned, but the introduction of cars made fewer but larger villages possible.
New towns outside Flevoland are Hoofddorp and IJmuiden near Amsterdam, Hellevoetsluis and Spijkenisse near Rotterdam and the navy port Den Helder. Elburg is an example of a planned city in the medieval period.
The cities of Almere, Capelle aan den IJssel, Haarlemmermeer (also a reclaimed polder, 19th century), Nieuwegein, Purmerend and Zoetermeer are members of the European New Town Platform.
The Municipality of Aerodrom within the city of Skopje is a planned community.
Four cities stand out as examples of planned communities in Poland: Zamość, Gdynia, Tychy and Nowa Huta. Their very diverse layouts are the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of each of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland and its neighbors that once comprised the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. These are the Nobleman's Republic (16th to 18th centuries), the interwar period (1918–1939) and Socialist Realism (1944–1956).
The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the Renaissance left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes out of the grasp of the Royal Treasury. Jan Zamoyski founded the city of Zamość to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość was planned by the renowned Paduan architect Bernardo Morando and modeled on Renaissance theories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. to Greeks, Armenians and Sephardic Jews and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamoyski's success with Zamość spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as Białystok and many of these towns survive today, while Zamość was added to the UN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world.[citation needed]
The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. After World War I when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport (De iure Poles could use Gdańsk, which was the main port of the country before the War and is again today, but de facto the Germans residing in the city made it almost impossible for them), making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities in Gdynia, the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on the Baltic Sea. In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope the rapid development of 19th-century Chicago, growing from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. The Central Business District that developed in Gdynia is a showcase of Art Deco and Modernist architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra where Historicism inspired Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque architecture.
After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, the Communist government that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals of socialist realism. This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such as Warsaw's MDM. The City of Nowa Huta (now a district of Kraków) and Tychy were built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland.
Vila Real de Santo António was built after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, on the same model that was used for rebuilding Lisbon, Portugal's capital city (also destroyed in the earthquake), and on a similar orthogonal plan.
The cities of Brăila, Giurgiu and Turnu Severin were rebuilt, according to new plans, in the first part of the 19th century and the cities of Alexandria and Călărași were built completely new the same time. The town of Victoria, located in Brașov County, was built by the communist government starting in the late 1940s. The town of Motru in Oltenia dates to the 1960s.
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Novi Beograd, meaning New Belgrade in Serbian, is a municipality of the city of Belgrade, built on a previously undeveloped area on the left bank of the Sava river. The first development began in 1947, the municipality has since expanded significantly and become the fastest developing region in Serbia.
Drvengrad, meaning Wooden Town in Serbian, is a traditional village that the Serbian film director Emir Kusturica had built for his film Life Is a Miracle. It is located in the Zlatibor District near the city of Užice, two hundred kilometers southwest of Serbia's capital, Belgrade. It is located near Mokra Gora and Višegrad.
Nova Gorica, built after 1947 immediately to the east of the new border with Italy, in which the town of Gorizia remained.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of Spain declined due to emigration to the Americas and later kings and governments made efforts to repopulate the country. In the second half of the 18th century, King Charles III implemented the so-called New Settlements (Nuevas Poblaciones) plan which would bring 10,000 immigrants from central Europe to the region of Sierra Morena. Pablo de Olavide was appointed superintendent and about forty new settlements were established of which the most notable was La Carolina, which has a perfectly rectangular grid design.[66]
Later kings and repopulation efforts led to the creation of more settlements, also with rectangular grid plans. One of them was the town of La Isabela (40.4295 N, 2.6876 W), which disappeared in the 1950s submerged under the waters of the newly created artificial lake of Buendía but is still visible just under the water in satellite imagery.
Under Francisco Franco, the Instituto Nacional de Colonización (National Institute of Colonization) built a great number of towns and villages.
Tres Cantos, near Madrid, is a good example of a successful new town design in Spain. It was built in the 1970s.
Newer additional sections of large cities are often newly planned as is the case of the Salamanca district or Ciudad Lineal in Madrid or the Eixample in Barcelona.
Gothenburg was planned and built as a major fortified city from nothing from 1621.
Karlskrona was also planned and built as a major city and naval base from nothing, beginning 1680.
Vällingby, a suburb, is an example of a new town in Sweden from after 1950.
Kiruna was built because of the large mine, from 1898.
Arvika was also a planned city, in 1811.
Most old planned cities have grown far outside the original planned areas. The new areas were usually (but not always) also planned, but later and separately. Majorna is a near suburb of Gothenburg that was not planned, but grew more ad-hoc, with irregular curvy streets following the topography.
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Odesa was built as a planned city according to 18th-century plans by the Flemish engineer Franz de Wollant (also known as François Sainte de Wollant).[67] The same engineer also planned the following municipalities in Ukraine in the late 18th century:
During its Soviet period, there were number of projects carry out in Ukraine as part of the All-Union urban development programs. In 1920s-1930s cities throughout the Soviet Union were "redeveloped" and had new neighborhoods created known as "Sots-gorodok" or "Sots-misto". After the World War II that program was discontinued, but number of cities still have some of their neighborhoods named after that program. Some city neighborhoods were developed as hubs for science development and were named as Akademgorodok which could be traced among many cities of the former Soviet Union. There also were built special cities like "Atomgrad" (cities of nuclear scientists), "Goroda Energetikov" (cities of power installers), city-satellites of hydropower plants, etc (Teplodar, Enerhodar, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Svitlodarsk, Svitlovodsk and many others).
Horishni Plavni, founded in the 1960 as Komsomolsk, is the most prosperous planned city in Ukraine, depending on the internationally important iron ore mining business. The city was built by method of "community effort" (Soviet Union unpaid labor) and Komsomol activism.
Prypiat is another new city in Ukraine built in 1970. The city was abandoned on 27 April 1986 after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. On 26 April the city had 50,000 habitants, the majority working at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Now the abandoned town is highly contaminated by radiation. Most of the Prypiat's former inhabitants were resettled to Slavutych which was planned and built for that purpose.
The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The town of Winchelsea is said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of King Edward I in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Another claimant to the title is Salisbury, established in the early 13th century by the then Bishop of Sarum. The best known pre-20th-century new town in the UK was undoubtedly the Edinburgh New Town, built in accordance with a 1766 master plan by James Craig, and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of the Georgian style of British architecture.
The term "new town" often refers in the UK to towns built after World War II under the New Towns Acts. These were influenced by the garden city movement, launched around 1900 by Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes and the work of Raymond Unwin, and manifested at Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire.
Following World War II, some 17 projected new towns were designated under the New Towns Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 68),[a] and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people whose homes had been destroyed by the Luftwaffe during WW2 and partly to move parts of the population out of (mainly Victorian) urban slums. New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:[citation needed]
Also crucial to thinking was the Abercrombie Plan for London (1944), which envisaged moving a million and a half people from London to new and expanded towns. (A similar plan was developed for the Clyde Valley in 1946 to combat similar problems faced in Glasgow.) Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities. For some, this consensus was tied up with a concern for social welfare reform (typified by the Beveridge Report), as typified in the motto if we can build better, we can live better; for others, such as John Betjeman it was a more conservative objection to the changing character of existing towns.
Following the building of Borehamwood, Middlesex, 12 miles north-west of central London, the first in a ring of major "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) were Stevenage, Hertfordshire, 33 miles to the north of London, and Basildon, Essex, 32 miles east of London along the River Thames. Hertfordshire built four other new towns, two in the vicinity of Stevenage (Welwyn Garden City and Hatfield), a third to the north called Letchworth, and Hemel Hempstead to the west. New Towns in the North East were also planned, such as Newton Aycliffe (which the social reformer and government adviser William Beveridge wanted to be the "ideal town to live in"), Washington, Killingworth, Billingham and Peterlee which were in both County Durham and Northumberland (except Washington and Killingworth which are now in Tyne and Wear). Bracknell in Berkshire, to the south-west of London, was designated a New Town in 1949 and is still expanding. Other London new towns from this era include Harlow in Essex and Crawley in West Sussex.
Later, a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of the Corby Steelworks. Finally, following the New Towns Act 1965, five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such as Peterborough. Probably the most well-known was Milton Keynes – designed from the outset to be a new city[b] – midway between London and Birmingham, known for its grid network of distributor roads between rather than through neighbourhoods, its G2 listed central park and "covered high street" shopping centre. The 1960s saw new towns being designated around England's second-city Birmingham, namely Redditch, Tamworth and Telford.
Other towns, such as Ashford in Kent, Basingstoke in Hampshire and Swindon in Wiltshire, were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns: Cumbernauld in 1956, noted for its enclosed 'town centre', Livingston (1962) and Irvine (1966).[68]
In spite of the relative success of new towns in the London Metropolitan green belt, London continued to suffer from a chronic housing shortage, especially in the south-east. Another small New Town, Thamesmead, was developed adjacent to the Thames in the early 1960s but suffered from poor transport links. Some improvement in infrastructure has been seen subsequently.
All the new towns featured a car-aware layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. Milton Keynes in particular has a grid-based distributor road system, designed to minimise traffic in residential areas. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "new town blues".[citation needed] These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes,[69] public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.[citation needed]
The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.[citation needed]
All New Towns designated under the New Towns Act of 1946 were serviced by a secretariat, the New Towns Association, a quango that reported to the New Towns Directorate of the Department of the Environment. It coordinated the work of the General Managers and technical officers, published a monthly information bulletin and provided information for visitors from around the world. As each New Town reached maturity, the town's assets were taken over by the Commission for New Towns. Set up in 1948, the New Towns Association was dissolved in 1998. All papers held by it and the Commission for New Towns are held in The National archives:[70]
From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1992 (with the closure of Milton Keynes Development Corporation), even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for New Towns was also dissolved and its assets – still including a lot of undeveloped land – passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known as English Partnerships).
Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporate public art and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. In Harlow the architect in charge of the design of the new town, Frederick Gibberd, founded the Harlow Art Trust[71] and used it to purchase works by leading sculptors, including Auguste Rodin, Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. In Peterlee the abstract artist Victor Pasmore was appointed part of the design team, which led to the building of the Apollo Pavilion. Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. The public art in Milton Keynes includes the Concrete Cows, which resulted from the work of an 'artist in residence' and have gone on to become a recognised landmark.
In the 1990s, an experimental "new town", developed by the Prince of Wales to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles, was started at Poundbury in Dorset.
In Northern Ireland, building of Craigavon in County Armagh commenced in 1966 between Lurgan and Portadown, although entire blocks of flats and shops lay empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed.[72] It was intended to be the heart of a new linear city incorporating Lurgan and Portadown, but this plan was mostly abandoned and later described as having been flawed.[73]
Derry was the first ever planned city on the island of Ireland. In 1613, Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry (Doire Cholm Chille or Doire). The walls were actually completed five years later in 1618. The central diamond (plaza) within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.[74]
Two "post-war new towns" were planned at East Kilbride (1947) and Glenrothes (1948), then the late 1950s and early 1960s saw the creation of Cumbernauld, Irvine and Livingston. Each of these towns is in Scotland's list of 20 most populated towns and cities.Glenrothes was the first new town in the UK to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concrete hippos to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes include David Harding[75] and Malcolm Robertson.[76]
The only new towns in Wales have been Newtown and Cwmbran. Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of the South Wales Coalfield.
When Prime Minister John A. Macdonald began to settle the West in Canada, he put the project under the command of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), which exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. The federal government granted every second square mile section (totalling 101,000 km2) along the proposed route to the railway. The railway decided where to place the stations, and thus decided where the dominant town of the area would be. In most instances they built stations on empty sections of land to make the largest profit from land sales – meaning that the CPR founded many towns in western Canada, such as Medicine Hat and Moose Jaw, from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the railway, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town. Calgary, Alberta and Yorkton, Saskatchewan, were among the towns that had to move themselves.[citation needed]
After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it planned how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the railway controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build where they wanted things to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas.
The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. Later influences on planned community development in Canada were the exploitation of mineral and forest wealth, usually in remote locations of the vast country. Among numerous company towns planned and built for these purposes were Corner Brook and Grand Falls in Newfoundland, Témiscaming and Fermont in Quebec.
In the modern suburban context, several "New Towns" were established in the suburbs of large cities. Early examples include Leaside in Toronto and Mount Royal in Montreal. Both were planned and developed by the Canadian Northern Railway as middle class suburbs, though both, Leaside in particular, featured large industrial tracts. Leaside had its own municipal government until 1967, while Mount Royal continues to enjoy autonomy from the City of Montreal.[citation needed]
In the post-war period, new corporate new towns were developed. Bramalea, located in Brampton, Ontario and Erin Mills, located in Mississauga, Ontario, were both developed in phases. Both included residential, commercial and industrial components. Development in Erin Mills continues to this day.
More recently, the Cornell development in Markham, Ontario, was built as a new town, using the concepts of New Urbanism. CityPlace in Toronto is another example of a planned community.
Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec empire, which was built on an island in Lake Texcoco in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico. The city was largely destroyed in the 1520s by Spanish conquistadores. Mexico City was erected on top of the ruins and, over the ensuing centuries, most of Lake Texcoco has gradually been drained.
Puebla was built because of the need of a Spanish settlement in the route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz.
Cancun in the state of Quintana Roo is a planned city, considered a tourism destination of global scale. It was transformed from old-growth forest to a well known Mexican destination.
In the colonial history of the United States, the first planned community was St. Augustine, planned in 1565. The earliest towns in English-speaking America such as Jamestown had only rudimentary elements of planning. The first comprehensively planned town was Charles Town (later Charleston, South Carolina), which was founded in 1670, planned in 1672, and relocated in 1680. Later planned cities included Philadelphia, 1682; Albany, 1695; Williamsburg, 1699; Annapolis, 1718; New York City 1731 (redesigned by the British); Savannah, 1733; New Haven, 1748 (with an early plan dated 1638); and Alexandria, 1749.[77] The national capital (Washington, D.C.), and several state capitals (Jackson, Mississippi; Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Raleigh, North Carolina; Columbia, South Carolina; Madison, Wisconsin; Salt Lake City, Utah; Tallahassee, Florida; and Austin, Texas) were essentially carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities.
The Harmony Society created socialist utopian religious communities in Harmony, Pennsylvania (1804), New Harmony, Indiana (1814), and what is now Old Economy Village in Pennsylvania (1927).
During the early- to mid-19th century, after the success of Slater's Mill and mills at Waltham, Massachusetts, wealthy investors such as the Boston Associates bought land on rivers, built dams and textile mills, and created mill towns including Lowell, Lawrence, and Holyoke, Massachusetts.
Pullman, now incorporated into Chicago's South Side, was a world-renowned company town founded by the industrialist George M. Pullman in the 1880s.
Venice of America, a California City opened in 1904, founded by Abbot Kinney who saw a swamp like area wetland of land in Los Angeles County as an opportunity to create a visitor destination on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The entire city was laid out to conform to the contours of natural water runoff which allowed him to dredge mud from the low-lying areas thereby forming canals and with the dirt that was removed in the process, along the sides of the canals raise the elevation high enough to create housing pads.
In Beaver County, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh, American Bridge Company founded Ambridge, Pennsylvania in 1905 as a company town for American Bridge; American Bridge is still based near Ambridge today in nearby Coraopolis, Pennsylvania.
Another well-known company town is Gary, Indiana, which was founded in 1906 by the United States Steel Corporation as a home for its new steel mill, the Gary Works, and named after Elbert Henry Gary, the chairman of the company. For many years the Gary Works was the largest steel mill in the world, and it dominated the town, the main entrance being at the northern end of Broadway, the city's main thoroughfare. The fortunes of this planned city have historically risen and fallen with those of the steel mill: prosperous in the 1930s, the city has lost 55 percent of its population since 1960.
Riverside, Illinois, Radburn, New Jersey, and Kansas City, Missouri's Country Club District are other early examples of planned communities. Riverside is arguably the first planned suburb (as opposed to a stand-alone entity) in the United States, designed in 1869 by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted. The village was incorporated in 1875. Established in 1912, Shaker Heights, Ohio, was planned and developed by the Van Sweringen brothers, railroad moguls who envisioned the community as a suburban retreat from the industrial inner-city of Cleveland.[78] Kohler Company created a planned village of the same name west of the company's former headquarters city of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, which incorporated in 1912. In 1918, the Aluminum Company of America built the town of Alcoa, Tennessee for the employees of the nearby aluminum processing plant. Mariemont, Ohio is a town financed in the 1920s by philanthropist Mary Emery, designed as a place for both single-family homes and affordable apartments outside of the inner city.
The Stelton Colony in New Jersey was established as an anarchist community.
During the Florida land boom of the 1920s in South Florida, the communities of Coral Gables, Opa-locka, and Miami Springs, now suburbs of Miami, were incorporated as fully planned "themed" communities which were to reflect the architecture and look of Spain, Arabia, and Mexico respectively, and are now considered some of the first modern planned communities in the United States. Oldsmar, located in west central Florida, was developed by automobile pioneer Ransom E. Olds.
In 1928, San Clemente, California was incorporated by Ole Hanson who designated that all buildings must be approved by an architectural review board to retain control over development and building style.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, several model towns were planned and built by the Federal government. Arthurdale, Eleanor, and Tygart Valley, West Virginia, federally funded New Deal communities, were Eleanor Roosevelt's projects to ease the burden of the depression on coal miners. The Tennessee Valley Authority created several towns of its own to accommodate workers constructing their new dams; the most prominent being Norris, Tennessee. Three "Greenbelt Communities", Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio, and Greendale, Wisconsin, built by the Federal government during the 1930s were planned with a surrounding "belt" of woodland and natural landscaping. Government policy prevented initial settlement by African-Americans in these communities.
During World War II, the Manhattan Project built several planned communities to provide accommodations for scientists, engineers, industrial workers and their families. These communities, including Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Richland, Washington and Los Alamos, New Mexico were necessary because the laboratories and industrial plants of the Manhattan Project were built in isolated locations to ensure secrecy. Even the existence of these towns was a military secret, and the towns themselves were closed to the public until after the war.
The Levittowns—in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (now known as Willingboro, New Jersey) – typified the planned suburban communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California's Rohnert Park (north of San Francisco) is another example of a planned city (built at the same time as Levittown) that was marketed to attract middle-class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class." Concord Park, Pennsylvania, established in 1954, was intended to be a model racially integrated community, though to accommodate discriminatory attitudes among financiers, the fraction of African-American households was capped at 45%. Parts of Lexington, Massachusetts (Six Moon Hill, Five Fields, Peacock Farm, and Turning Mill / Middle Ridge) were developed along different philosophical linkes, with mid-century modern architecture and semi-communal property, in stages from 1947 to 1967.
Many other places, such as Orange County, California, the Conejo Valley in Ventura County, Valencia in Los Angeles County, as well as Phoenix, Arizona and Northern Arizona also have many master planned communities following the housing boom in the 1960s, which is when the fathers of Scottsdale, Arizona foresaw a huge amount of growth in Arizona. Some of those communities include Anaheim Hills, Rossmoor, Irvine, Ladera Ranch, Laguna Niguel, Mission Viejo, and Talega, Thousand Oaks, Westlake Village, Newbury Park, Valencia in California and (in the Phoenix area) Marley Park, Talking Rock Ranch, McCormick Ranch, Rio Verde, Tartesso and Verrado in Buckeye, Arizona. The neighborhood of Warren in the city of Bisbee has the distinction of being Arizona's first planned community. In the Conejo Valley, which is in the East County Area of Ventura County, all cities were master planned. Most notably, the Thousand Oaks, Newbury Park, and Westlake Village area was master planned by the Janss Investment Company, which was also responsible for the development of Westwood Village, part of the Westside in Los Angeles. Valencia is an area that is a master planned community that incorporated into the City of Santa Clarita, developed and planned by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. About 25% of Orange County is composed of various master planned communities, much of which was done by the Irvine Company, and since 1990, 85% of all developments in Orange County and a slightly smaller amount of communities in Arizona were part of a master planned community. 75% of all resales today in the Phoenix area are homes in master planned communities, and 80% of all new home construction permits issued by Arizona building departments are master planned communities. These communities provide functionality to the precious land left in the area, as well as the ability to create a housing-business-transportation-open space balance.
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The era of the modern planned city began in 1962–1964 with the creation of Reston, Virginia, followed a year later by Coral Springs, Florida, and Columbia, Maryland. In more recent years, New Urbanism has set the stage for new cities, with places like Seaside, Florida, and Celebration, Florida, developed by The Walt Disney Company.
In the United States, suburban growth in the Sunbelt states has coincided with the popularity of Master Planned Communities within established suburbs. In 1970, Jonathan, Minnesota became the first new town in the United States to receive a guarantee of financial assistance from federal government as part of Title IV of the Housing and Urban Development act of 1968; this community folded in 1979, though remnants of the planned community are still visible today. Las Colinas, established in 1973, was another early example and is still growing. Las Colinas is a 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) master planned community within the Dallas-area city of Irving. In 2006, residents approved changes to deed restrictions to allow greater density of urban mixed-use and residential construction. Also in the 1970s, just north of the existing town of Spring, Texas (north of Houston), oil and gas industry executive George P. Mitchell developed The Woodlands, a major residential and commercial master planned community which is now considered one of the premier residential and business destinations in the Houston area. The Woodlands is still experiencing huge growth to this day. In the 1990s, Cinco Ranch was first developed just south of the existing town of Katy, one of the western suburbs of Houston, and has contributed to the explosive recent growth of Houston's suburban west side.
In the San Francisco Bay Area, master planned commercial developments such as Bishop Ranch in San Ramon and Hacienda Business Park in Pleasanton have attracted major corporate tenants to relocate from downtown Oakland and San Francisco; these companies include Safeway, Chevron Corporation and AT&T (as the former Pacific Bell).
In recent years, new towns such as Mountain House, California, have added a new wrinkle to the movement: to prevent conurbation with nearby cities, they have imposed strict growth boundaries, as well as automatic "circuit breakers" that place moratoriums on residential development if the number of jobs per resident in the town falls below a certain value. Centennial, California, a planned community on a portion of Tejon Ranch halfway between Los Angeles and Bakersfield, will incorporate such restrictions to minimize the commuter load on severely congested I-5. Coyote Springs, Nevada, Destiny, Florida and Douglas Ranch in Buckeye, Arizona are amongst the largest communities being planned for the 21st century. A recent twist is the town of Ave Maria, Florida, founded in 2007, which is anchored by a Catholic university and has a large Catholic church in the center of town surrounded by commercial and residential development.
Although the Walt Disney Company divested its interest in Celebration, Florida,[79] in March 2022, the company selected Rancho Mirage, California as the location of its first mixed-use Storyliving by Disney community. Named Cotino, the community is being developed in collaboration with DMB Development of Scottsdale, Arizona.[80]
The colonial city was the basic administrative organism of the Portuguese and Spanish viceroyalties in America.
Cities were built and organized according to the Castilian model. Streets were drawn according to a perpendicular layout and in the center was the "Plaza de Armas", where the local and religious authorities were. Cities can be divided into several categories: administration centers, international ports, regional ports, mining centers, indigenous centers, agricultural centers, presidios, border military centers or religious centers (missions).[81][82]
Cities, of course, grew and transformed over time. The only example of the original layout of a city from the first decades of the conquest can be seen in the ruins of León Viejo, next to Lake Managua, in Nicaragua. The city was abandoned and moved to its current location before the end of the 16th century.
La Plata was planned in 1880 to replace Buenos Aires city as the capital of the Buenos Aires Province.
Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north–south and east–west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively.
The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an international architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, City Hall by Germans, etc. Electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America.
Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of Brasília, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to 21 April 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.
The former capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro, and resources tended to be concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil. While the city was built because there was a need for a neutrally located federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil's hinterland and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil. Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory.
Lúcio Costa, the city's principal architect, designed the city to be shaped like an airplane. Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc.[citation needed]
In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital of Minas Gerais, in tune with a modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be set. In 1893, due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economical and cultural center of the state, under the new name of "Cidade de Minas," or City of Minas. Aarão Reis, an urbanist from the State of Pará, was then set to design the second planned city of Brazil (the first one is Teresina), and then Cidade de Minas was inaugurated finally in 1897, with many unfinished constructions as the Brazilian Government set a deadline for its completion. Inhabitation of the city was subsidized by the local government, through the concession of free empty lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan for Belo Horizonte was the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and Brazilian indigenous tribes.
The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas. In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to Goiânia. The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.[citation needed]
Fordlândia was built to be a part of Henry Ford's motor company. Originally intended to be a rubber plantation, it failed within several years and is now home to squatting farmers.[83]
Other notable planned cities in Brazil include Teresina (The first one, inaugurated in 1842), Petrópolis, Boa Vista, Palmas, Londrina, and Maringá (the latter two in the state of Paraná).
While cities such as Santiago, La Serena or Concepción were planned and built in the Conquista period (16th century), it was in the 18th century when authorities promoted the founding of cities through the Population Office ("Junta de Poblaciones del Reino de Chile"), establishing new planned cities such as Rancagua, Talca or Chillán.[84] After Independence, more planned cities were founded to expedite the consolidation of national sovereignty in remote places, such as Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas and Temuco. In the 20th century onwards there were a few cases, like Coyhaique, though until the 1930s there were private planned communities for mining workers called oficinas, such as Sewell or María Elena.[85]
Although Panama City itself is not planned, certain areas are such as Costa del Este, an exclusive high density residential and business area, very close to downtown Panama City. The project combines many skyscrapers with beautiful green areas, and it is close to a highway that connects it to the city center. Other planned areas, but in a lesser degree, are Punta Pacifica and the former Canal Zone.
Australia's most prominent fully planned city is Canberra, its capital, designed by American architect Walter Burley Griffin. The early central areas of two state capital cities – Adelaide and Melbourne – were also planned by surveyors. Walter Burley Griffin was Australia's most notable city planner, having also designed smaller cities and towns, including Leeton and Griffith in New South Wales. A controversial Japanese-backed planned city, Multifunction Polis, was proposed in the 1980s, but never implemented.
Australia is still building planned communities with developers such as Delfin Lend Lease, an S&P/ASX 50 company, that has been responsible for large master planned communities such as;
Adelaide was founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test out Edward Gibbon Wakefield's theories of systematic colonisation. Convict labour was not employed and the colony in theory would be financially self-sufficient; in practice, government assistance was used in the early stages. Land had been sold before any European settlers set foot in the largely unexplored territory and the city (the basis for the future central business district) was surveyed and planned in a remarkably short space of time. Adelaide's design has been praised for its four-square layout, its choice of setting and its ample parklands which have had minimal encroachment of developments. The town centre was in sufficient proximity to a water source, the River Torrens.
Melbourne was planned as a free settlement in 1837 through the Hoddle Grid, drawn up by Robert Hoddle under instructions from George Gipps, the original plan for Melbourne as part of the first land sales (prior to the planning only a handful of existing settlements were built on the fringe of the grid). The grid featured wide parallel streets, spanning a gently sloping valley between hills (Batman's Hill, Flagstaff Hill and Eastern Hill) and roughly parallel to the course of the Yarra River. The deliberate exclusion of city squares or open space within the grid was a subject of future frustration for the municipality and residents. Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, in the centre of the grid, was built over a gully and has therefore been prone to flooding. Despite a later extension and later inclusion of planned suburbs, Melbourne's original plans were not as extensive as Adelaide's, and the city rapidly outgrew its original boundaries. As such, it is often not considered to be a planned city, but the grid continues to define much of the character of the Melbourne city centre.
Canberra, established in 1908, was planned as the capital city of Australia and is Australia's most notable and ambitious example of civic planning. The city was designed to be the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia. The new nation required a capital that was located away from other major settlements such as Melbourne and Sydney. Canberra is thus located in a Territory – the Australian Capital Territory – and not a State. Prior to this time the land that Canberra is found on was farming land, indigenous settlements, and forest. In 1912, after an extensive planning competition was completed, the vision of American Walter Burley Griffin was chosen as the winning design for the city. Extensive construction and public works were required to complete the city, this involved the flooding of a large parcel of land to form the center piece of the city, Lake Burley Griffin. Unlike some other Australian cities, the road network, suburbs, parks and other elements of the city were designed in context with each other, rather than haphazard planning as witnessed in much of Sydney. Notable buildings include the High Court, Federal Parliament, Government House, War Memorial, Anzac Parade and headquarters of the Department of Defence.
New Zealand has several small new towns, built for a specific purpose. Examples include Kawerau in the Bay of Plenty (a mill town), Twizel in south Canterbury, Mangakino in the Waikato (both for hydroelectricity), and Tūrangi in the Waikato (for the Tongariro Power Scheme). Construction of Kawerau began in 1953. Twizel was built in 1968 to house workers constructing the Upper Waitaki hydroelectric scheme and was supposed to close on their completion. However, its residents managed to save the town in 1983. Mangakino, constructed from 1946, was also meant to be a temporary construction town, but it too remains today. John Martin, the founder of the Wairarapa town of Martinborough, set out the town's first streets in the pattern of the Union Flag in the 19th century.
In 2006, construction began on Pegasus Town, a new planned town adjacent to Woodend, approximately 25 km (16 mi) north of Christchurch.
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