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El terrorismo en Estados Unidos

Los atentados del 11 de septiembre , en los que murieron 2.977 personas, fueron el ataque terrorista más mortífero de la historia de la humanidad.
Miembros de la rama de Mississippi del Ku Klux Klan , un grupo terrorista de supremacía blanca , que fueron acusados ​​de conspiración para asesinar a tres activistas de derechos civiles en 1964. Primera fila: Cecil R. Price , Travis M. Barnette , Alton W. Roberts , Jimmy K. Arledge , Jimmy Snowden . [1] Segunda fila: Jerry M. Sharpe, Billy W. Posey, Jimmy L. Townsend, Horace D. Barnette, James Jordan.

Mapa de 2.872 incidentes terroristas en los Estados Unidos continentales de 1970 a 2017.
CLAVE: Naranja: 2001-2017; Verde: 1970-2000
Muertes por terrorismo en Estados Unidos

En los Estados Unidos , una definición común de terrorismo es el uso sistemático o amenazante de la violencia para crear un clima general de miedo para intimidar a una población o gobierno y así producir un cambio político , religioso o ideológico . [2] [3] Este artículo sirve como una lista y una compilación de actos de terrorismo , intentos de cometer actos de terrorismo y otros elementos similares que pertenecen a actividades terroristas en las que participan actores no estatales o espías que actúan en interés de actores estatales o personas que actúan sin la aprobación de gobiernos extranjeros dentro de las fronteras nacionales de los Estados Unidos.

Durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense , los Bushwhackers pro- Confederados y los Jayhawkers pro- Unión en Missouri y Kansas respectivamente participaron en incursiones transfronterizas, cometieron actos de violencia contra civiles y soldados, robaron bienes y quemaron granjas. El evento más infame ocurrió en Lawrence, Kansas el 21 de agosto de 1863, cuando los Raiders de Quantrill liderados por William Quantrill saquearon la ciudad y asesinaron a unos 190 civiles debido al sentimiento antiesclavista de la ciudad. [4] Otros actos de terrorismo ocurridos durante la guerra incluyeron el Asunto de Chesapeake de 1863 [5] y la Incursión de St. Albans de 1864 , [6] [7] el primero fue cometido por súbditos británicos.

Desde el final de la Guerra Civil, grupos organizados o supremacistas blancos solitarios han cometido muchos actos de terrorismo interno contra los afroamericanos . [8] [9] Esta forma de terrorismo ha consistido en linchamientos , crímenes de odio , tiroteos , atentados con bombas y otros actos de violencia . Tales actos de violencia ocurrieron abrumadoramente en el sur de los Estados Unidos , e incluyeron actos de violencia cometidos por el Ku Klux Klan (KKK). [10] Los incidentes terroristas de supremacía blanca incluyen la masacre racial de Tulsa de 1921, [11] la masacre de Rosewood de 1923 y la insurrección de Wilmington de 1898. [ 12] [13] [14]

El 19 de noviembre de 2019, según las observaciones realizadas por Matthew Alcoke, subdirector adjunto de la División Antiterrorista del FBI , Alcoke define a los terroristas nacionales como "individuos que cometen actos criminales violentos para promover objetivos ideológicos derivados de problemas internos". [15] Aunque los actos de violencia cometidos por extremistas nacionales cumplen sistemáticamente con la definición, no existe ningún cargo penal en Estados Unidos por terrorismo interno . Más bien, la frase es una categoría de investigación del FBI que se utiliza para clasificar cuatro tipos de extremismo: "extremismo violento por motivos raciales, extremismo antigubernamental/antiautoritario, extremismo por los derechos de los animales / ambiental y extremismo abortista ". [15] Un informe de 2017 de la Oficina de Responsabilidad Gubernamental de Estados Unidos encontró que de los 85 incidentes extremistas mortales que habían ocurrido desde el 11 de septiembre de 2001 , los grupos extremistas de supremacía blanca fueron responsables del 73%, mientras que los extremistas islamistas radicales fueron responsables del 27%. El número total de muertes causadas por cada grupo fue aproximadamente el mismo. Sin embargo, el 41% de las muertes fueron atribuibles a islamistas radicales y todas ocurrieron en un solo evento: el tiroteo en un club nocturno de Orlando en 2016 en el que 49 personas fueron asesinadas por un solo pistolero. Ninguna muerte fue atribuida a grupos de izquierda . [16] [17] Un informe de 2017 de Type Media Center y The Center for Investigative Reporting analizó una lista de los incidentes terroristas que ocurrieron en los EE. UU. entre 2008 y 2016 e incluyó los asesinatos de oficiales de policía de Nueva York en 2014 y el tiroteo de oficiales de policía de Dallas en 2016 (un total de siete muertes que dijeron que podrían "atribuirse plausiblemente a un perpetrador con tales simpatías"). [18]

En 2018, la mayoría de los asesinatos por motivos ideológicos en los Estados Unidos de América estaban relacionados con el extremismo de derecha . [19] A partir de 2020, el terrorismo de extrema derecha representó la mayoría de los ataques y complots terroristas en los EE. UU. [20] [21] y ha matado a más personas en los Estados Unidos continentales desde los ataques del 11 de septiembre que el terrorismo islámico. [22] El Departamento de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos informó en octubre de 2020 que los supremacistas blancos representaban la principal amenaza de terrorismo interno, lo que el director del FBI, Christopher Wray , confirmó en marzo de 2021, señalando que la oficina había elevado la amenaza al mismo nivel que ISIS . [23] [24] [25]

Totales en EE.UU.

Un informe de 2017 de The Nation Institute y el Center for Investigative Reporting analizó una lista de incidentes terroristas ocurridos en Estados Unidos entre 2008 y 2016. [28] Encontró lo siguiente: [29]

Según un informe basado en cifras del Departamento de Justicia publicadas por el gobierno de Estados Unidos en enero de 2018, aproximadamente tres de cada cuatro personas condenadas por cargos de terrorismo internacional entre el 11 de septiembre de 2001 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016 nacieron en el extranjero. Según el Departamento de Justicia, 549 personas fueron condenadas por cargos de terrorismo internacional, incluidas 254 personas que eran ciudadanos de otros países, 148 personas eran ciudadanos naturalizados y 148 personas eran ciudadanos por nacimiento . [31] En un discurso que pronunció ante una sesión conjunta del Congreso el 28 de febrero de 2017, el presidente Donald Trump atribuyó incorrectamente estos hallazgos al terrorismo interno ; en realidad, estos hallazgos se basaron en casos en los que terroristas internacionales pueden haber sido llevados a los Estados Unidos para ser procesados. [32]

En 2015, el Centro Triangle sobre Terrorismo y Seguridad Nacional y el Foro de Investigación Ejecutiva de la Policía realizaron una encuesta nacional en 382 departamentos de policía y sheriff. Casi el 74% de los encuestados afirmó que la violencia antigubernamental era su principal preocupación con respecto a las amenazas de extremistas violentos, mientras que alrededor del 39% de los encuestados afirmó que la violencia " inspirada por Al Qaeda " era su principal preocupación. [33] [34]

Durante la última década, la conversación nacional sobre el terrorismo se ha centrado en gran medida en los actos extremistas islámicos, sin embargo, los grupos encargados de hacer cumplir la ley han dejado en claro que los extremistas musulmanes perpetran un porcentaje minúsculo de los ataques terroristas de base ideológica que se perpetran en los Estados Unidos. [35] Desde el 9 de noviembre de 2001, solo unos 9 musulmanes estadounidenses por año han participado en complots terroristas en los Estados Unidos; en total, 20 incidentes resultaron en alrededor de 50 muertes. Un estudio de 2012 mostró que en aproximadamente el mismo período de tiempo, los extremistas de derecha fueron responsables de unos 337 ataques por año; en total, mataron a más de 5 veces el número de personas asesinadas por musulmanes en los Estados Unidos. [36]

El Consorcio Nacional para el Estudio del Terrorismo y las Respuestas al Terrorismo mantiene Perfiles de Radicalización Individual en los Estados Unidos , una base de datos que contiene más de 1.800 perfiles de individuos que han sido radicalizados por ideologías desde 1948. [37] La ​​base de datos muestra que desde 1948 hasta 2016, el 40,0% de los extremistas identificados eran de extrema derecha, el 24,5% de los extremistas identificados eran islamistas y el 17,4% de los extremistas identificados eran de extrema izquierda, mientras que el 18,2% de los extremistas identificados eran individuos de "un solo tema". [38]

En mayo de 2019 y por primera vez en su historia, el FBI identificó teorías conspirativas marginales como una fuente potencial de terrorismo interno, y citó específicamente a QAnon . [39]

Un estudio de junio de 2020 sobre incidentes terroristas nacionales realizado por el Centro de Estudios Estratégicos e Internacionales (CSIS) informó que durante los 25 años anteriores, la mayoría de los ataques y complots fueron perpetrados y tramados por atacantes de extrema derecha. Esta tendencia se ha acelerado en los últimos años, siendo este sector responsable de aproximadamente el 66% de todos los ataques y complots que se perpetraron en 2019, y también fue responsable del 90% de todos los ataques que se perpetraron en 2020. El siguiente grupo potencialmente más peligroso ha sido el de los "extremistas religiosos", la mayoría "yihadistas salafistas inspirados por el Estado Islámico y Al Qaeda", mientras que el número planeado por la extrema izquierda se ha reducido a una fracción minúscula desde mediados de la década de 2000. [40] [41]

En octubre de 2020, el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional publicó la Evaluación de Amenazas a la Patria , un informe que detalla varias amenazas internas a la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos . Afirma que, de todos los ataques terroristas internos que resultaron en amenazas letales a la vida entre 2018 y 2019, "los extremistas supremacistas blancos [WSE] llevaron a cabo la mitad de todos los ataques letales (8 de 16), lo que resultó en la mayoría de las muertes (39 de 48)". [42]

Ataques por tipo

Violencia antiabortista

Desde 1997, se han producido 8 asesinatos, 17 intentos de asesinato, 42 atentados con bombas y 186 ataques incendiarios contra clínicas de aborto y múltiples proveedores de servicios en todo Estados Unidos. En algunos casos, pequeños grupos de clínicas han sido atacados varias veces. [43]

Antisemitismo

Terrorismo ambiental

Extremismo islámico

Extremismo de izquierda y antigubernamental

Militancia palestina y antiisraelí

Nacionalismo puertorriqueño

Extremismo de derecha y antigubernamental

Nacionalismo blanco y supremacía blanca

Violencia organizada del KKK

George W. Ashburn fue asesinado por sus sentimientos a favor de los negros.

Los ataques más letales

A continuación se presenta una lista de los ataques terroristas más letales ocurridos en un solo día en Estados Unidos hasta la fecha. Solo se incluyen los incidentes con diez o más muertes, sin contar las de los perpetradores.

† Fue anteriormente el ataque terrorista más mortífero.

Ataques fallidos

Conspiraciones supuestas y probadas

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ including a victim who died due to complications in 2020
  2. ^ The fatality total includes an unborn child.
  3. ^ including a victim who died due to complications two years later

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