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Nueva Jersey

Nueva Jersey es un estado en las regiones del Atlántico Medio y Noreste de los Estados Unidos. Es el estado más densamente poblado y está en el centro de la megalópolis del Noreste . Nueva Jersey limita al norte y al este con el estado de Nueva York ; al este, sureste y sur con el océano Atlántico ; al oeste con el río Delaware y Pensilvania ; y al suroeste con la bahía de Delaware y Delaware . Con 7354 millas cuadradas (19 050 km 2 ), Nueva Jersey es el quinto estado más pequeño en superficie terrestre , pero con cerca de 9,3 millones de residentes según el censo de los Estados Unidos de 2020 , ocupa el puesto 11 en población . La capital del estado es Trenton , y la ciudad más poblada del estado es Newark . Nueva Jersey es el único estado de EE. UU. en el que la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. considera urbanos todos los condados .

Nueva Jersey fue habitada por primera vez por paleoindios ya en el año 13 000 a. C. Los lenape eran el grupo indígena dominante cuando llegaron los europeos a principios del siglo XVII, y se subdividieron en grupos dialectales como los munsee, en el norte, y los unami y los unalachtigo, en otros lugares. [10] [11] Los colonos holandeses y suecos fundaron los primeros asentamientos europeos en el estado, [12] y los británicos tomaron más tarde el control de la región y establecieron la provincia de Nueva Jersey , llamada así por Jersey . [13] [14] Las tierras fértiles de la colonia y su relativa tolerancia religiosa atrajeron a una población grande y diversa. Nueva Jersey estuvo entre las trece colonias que apoyaron la Revolución estadounidense , albergando varias batallas fundamentales y comandos militares en la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . Nueva Jersey permaneció en la Unión durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense y proporcionó tropas, recursos y líderes militares en apoyo del Ejército de la Unión . Después de la guerra, el estado emergió como un importante centro manufacturero y un destino líder para inmigrantes, ayudando a impulsar la Revolución Industrial en los EE. UU. Nueva Jersey fue el sitio de muchas innovaciones industriales, tecnológicas y comerciales . [15] Muchos estadounidenses prominentes asociados con Nueva Jersey han demostrado ser influyentes a nivel nacional y mundial, incluso en el ámbito académico, la defensa, los negocios, el entretenimiento, el gobierno, el ejército, el liderazgo sin fines de lucro y otros campos.

La ubicación central de Nueva Jersey en la megalópolis del noreste ayudó a impulsar su rápido crecimiento y suburbanización en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Desde principios del siglo XXI, la economía del estado se ha diversificado enormemente, con sectores importantes que incluyen biotecnología , productos farmacéuticos , tecnología de la información , finanzas y turismo , y se ha convertido en un epicentro de la costa atlántica para la logística y la distribución . Nueva Jersey sigue siendo un destino importante para los inmigrantes y es el hogar de una de las poblaciones más multiculturales del mundo . [16] [17] Haciendo eco de las tendencias históricas, el estado se ha reurbanizado cada vez más, con un crecimiento en las ciudades que supera a los suburbios desde 2008. [18]

Nueva Jersey es uno de los estados más educados, ricos, saludables, diversos y altamente desarrollados de los EE. UU. y ocupa un lugar destacado en varias métricas de calidad de vida. [19] En 2022, Nueva Jersey tenía el ingreso familiar medio anual más alto , $ 96,346, de los 50 estados. [20] Casi una décima parte de todos los hogares del estado, o más de 323 000, son millonarios , la mayor representación de millonarios entre todos los estados. [21] El sistema de escuelas públicas de Nueva Jersey se ubica constantemente en la cima o entre los primeros de todos los estados de EE. UU. [22] [23] [24] [25] En 2024, Nueva Jersey fue clasificada como la segunda población más saludable en general. [26] Nueva Jersey fue clasificada como el cuarto estado más diverso en 2024. [27] Nueva Jersey se ubica cerca de la cima tanto en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano Estadounidense como en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano estándar . Según una investigación climatológica de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica de Estados Unidos , Nueva Jersey ha sido el estado con el calentamiento más rápido en términos de temperatura media del aire durante un período de 100 años a partir de principios del siglo XX, lo que se ha atribuido al calentamiento del Océano Atlántico Norte . [28]

Historia

Era prehistórica

La presión de la colisión entre América del Norte y África dio origen a los montes Apalaches . Hace unos 18.000 años, la Edad de Hielo dio lugar a glaciares que llegaron hasta Nueva Jersey. A medida que los glaciares se retiraban, dejaron atrás el lago Passaic junto con ríos, praderas , pantanos y gargantas . [29]

Desde el sexto milenio a. C. , los pueblos nativos americanos han habitado Nueva Jersey, comenzando con la tribu Lenape . Scheyichbi es el nombre Lenape para la tierra que representa la actual Nueva Jersey. [30] Los Lenape eran varios grupos autónomos que practicaban la agricultura del maíz para complementar su caza y recolección en la región que rodea el río Delaware , el bajo río Hudson y el oeste de Long Island Sound . Los Lenape se dividían en clanes matrilineales que se basaban en antepasados ​​​​femeninos comunes. Los clanes se organizaban en tres fratrías distintas identificadas por su signo animal: tortuga , pavo y lobo . Se encontraron por primera vez con los holandeses a principios del siglo XVII, y su relación principal con los holandeses y más tarde con los colonos europeos fue a través del comercio de pieles .

Época colonial

Un mapa de Nueva Holanda y Nueva Suecia en Nueva Jersey durante la era colonial

Los holandeses fueron los primeros europeos en reclamar tierras en Nueva Jersey. La colonia holandesa de Nueva Holanda consistía en partes de los modernos estados del Atlántico Medio . Aunque el principio europeo de propiedad de la tierra no fue reconocido por los Lenape , la política de la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Occidentales requería que sus colonos compraran las tierras en las que se establecieran. El primero en hacerlo fue Michiel Pauw , quien estableció un barco patrón llamado Pavonia en 1630 a lo largo del río North , que eventualmente se convirtió en Bergen . La compra de tierras por parte de Peter Minuit a lo largo del río Delaware estableció la colonia de Nueva Suecia , que duró hasta que los holandeses la conquistaron en 1655. Luego, toda la región se convirtió en territorio de Inglaterra el 24 de junio de 1664, después de que una flota inglesa bajo el mando del coronel Richard Nicolls navegara hacia lo que ahora es el puerto de Nueva York y tomara el control de Fort Amsterdam , anexando toda la provincia.

Durante la Guerra Civil Inglesa , la Isla del Canal de Jersey permaneció leal a la Corona Británica y dio santuario al Rey . En la Plaza Real de St Helier , Carlos II de Inglaterra fue proclamado Rey en 1649, tras la ejecución de su padre, Carlos I. Las tierras de América del Norte fueron divididas por Carlos II , quien le dio a su hermano, el Duque de York (más tarde el Rey Jacobo II ), la región entre Nueva Inglaterra y Maryland como colonia propietaria (en lugar de una colonia real ). Jacobo luego otorgó tierras entre el río Hudson y el río Delaware (la tierra que se convertiría en Nueva Jersey) a dos amigos que habían permanecido leales durante la Guerra Civil Inglesa : Sir George Carteret y Lord Berkeley de Stratton . [31] El área fue nombrada Provincia de Nueva Jersey .

Desde sus inicios, Nueva Jersey se ha caracterizado por su diversidad étnica y religiosa . Los congregacionalistas de Nueva Inglaterra se asentaron junto a los presbiterianos escoceses y los inmigrantes reformados holandeses . Si bien la mayoría de los residentes vivían en pueblos con propiedades individuales de 100 acres (40 ha), unos pocos propietarios ricos poseían vastas propiedades. Los cuáqueros ingleses y los anglicanos poseían grandes propiedades. A diferencia de la colonia de Plymouth , Jamestown y otras colonias, Nueva Jersey estuvo poblada por una ola secundaria de inmigrantes que vinieron de otras colonias en lugar de aquellos que migraron directamente de Europa. Nueva Jersey siguió siendo agraria y rural durante la era colonial, y la agricultura comercial se desarrolló esporádicamente. Algunos municipios, como Burlington en el río Delaware y Perth Amboy , surgieron como puertos importantes para el envío a la ciudad de Nueva York y Filadelfia. Las tierras fértiles de la colonia y la política religiosa tolerante atrajeron a más colonos, y la población de Nueva Jersey había aumentado a 120.000 en 1775.

Durante los primeros diez años de dominio inglés, los asentamientos se produjeron a lo largo del río Hackensack y Arthur Kill . Los colonos procedían principalmente de Nueva York y Nueva Inglaterra. El 18 de marzo de 1673, Berkeley vendió su mitad de la colonia a los cuáqueros de Inglaterra, que se establecieron en la región del valle de Delaware como colonia cuáquera, con William Penn actuando como fideicomisario de las tierras durante un tiempo. Nueva Jersey fue gobernada como dos provincias distintas, East y West Jersey , durante 28 años entre 1674 y 1702, que formaron parte del Dominio de Nueva Inglaterra desde 1686 hasta 1689.

En 1702, las dos provincias se reunificaron bajo un gobernador real en lugar de uno propietario . Edward Hyde , titulado Lord Cornbury, se convirtió en el primer gobernador de la colonia real. Gran Bretaña creía que era un gobernante ineficaz y corrupto, que aceptaba sobornos y especulaba con la tierra. En 1708, fue llamado de regreso a Inglaterra. Nueva Jersey fue gobernada entonces por los gobernadores de Nueva York, pero esto enfureció a los colonos de Nueva Jersey, que acusaron a estos gobernadores de favoritismo hacia Nueva York. El juez Lewis Morris dirigió el caso para un gobernador separado, y fue nombrado gobernador por el rey Jorge II en 1738. [32]

Época de la Guerra Revolucionaria

Washington cruzando el Delaware , un retrato de 1851 de Emanuel Leutze que representa el cruce encubierto de Washington del río Delaware desde el condado de Bucks, Pensilvania, hasta el condado de Mercer el 25 de diciembre de 1776, antes de la batalla de Trenton.
Washington reuniendo a los estadounidenses en la batalla de Princeton , un retrato de William Ranney que representa a George Washington reuniendo a las tropas del Ejército Continental en la batalla de Princeton en enero de 1777

Nueva Jersey fue una de las trece colonias que se rebelaron contra el dominio británico en la Revolución estadounidense . La Constitución de Nueva Jersey de 1776 se aprobó el 2 de julio de 1776, solo dos días antes de que el Segundo Congreso Continental declarara la independencia estadounidense de Gran Bretaña . Fue una ley del Congreso provincial , que se convirtió en la legislatura estatal . Para tranquilizar a los neutrales, dispuso que se convertiría en la legislatura se disolvería si Nueva Jersey alcanzaba la reconciliación con Gran Bretaña. Entre los 56 Padres Fundadores que firmaron la Declaración de Independencia , cinco eran representantes de Nueva Jersey: Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart y Abraham Clark .

Durante la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos , los ejércitos británico y estadounidense cruzaron Nueva Jersey en numerosas ocasiones y se libraron varias batallas cruciales en el estado. Por este motivo, en la actualidad a Nueva Jersey se la conoce a veces como "la encrucijada de la Revolución de los Estados Unidos". [33] El general George Washington estableció dos veces los cuarteles de invierno del Ejército Continental en Nueva Jersey en Morristown , que se ha denominado "la capital militar de la Revolución de los Estados Unidos". [34]

En la noche del 25 al 26 de diciembre de 1776, el Ejército Continental al mando de George Washington cruzó el río Delaware . Tras el cruce, sorprendieron y derrotaron a las tropas hessianas en la batalla de Trenton . Poco más de una semana después de la victoria en Trenton , las fuerzas del Ejército Continental obtuvieron una importante victoria al detener las cargas del general Cornwallis en la segunda batalla de Trenton . Al evadir al ejército de Cornwallis, el Ejército Continental pudo realizar un ataque sorpresa en Princeton y derrotó con éxito a las fuerzas británicas allí el 3 de enero de 1777. La pintura de Emanuel Leutze de Washington cruzando el Delaware se convirtió en un icono de la Revolución.

Las fuerzas del Ejército Continental bajo el mando de Washington se enfrentaron a las fuerzas británicas bajo el mando del general Henry Clinton en la batalla de Monmouth en un enfrentamiento indeciso en junio de 1778. Las fuerzas de Washington intentaron tomar por sorpresa a la columna británica. Cuando el ejército británico intentó flanquear a los estadounidenses, el Ejército Continental se retiró en desorden. Sus filas se reorganizaron más tarde y resistieron los ataques británicos. [35]

En el verano de 1783, el Congreso Continental se reunió en el Nassau Hall de la Universidad de Princeton , convirtiendo a Princeton en la capital del país durante cuatro meses. Fue allí donde el Congreso Continental se enteró de la firma del Tratado de París , que puso fin a la guerra.

El 18 de diciembre de 1787, Nueva Jersey se convirtió en el tercer estado en ratificar la Constitución de los Estados Unidos , que fue abrumadoramente popular en Nueva Jersey ya que impedía que Nueva York y Pensilvania cobraran aranceles sobre los bienes importados de Europa. El 20 de noviembre de 1789, Nueva Jersey se convirtió en el primero de la recién formada Unión en ratificar la Declaración de Derechos . [36]

La Constitución del Estado de Nueva Jersey de 1776 concedió el derecho al voto a todos los habitantes que tuvieran un cierto nivel de riqueza. Esto incluía a las mujeres y a los negros, pero no a las mujeres casadas porque no se les permitía legalmente poseer propiedades por separado de sus maridos. Ambos partidos, en varias elecciones, afirmaron que el otro bando había hecho votar a mujeres no cualificadas y se burlaron de ellas por el uso de electores de enagua, tuvieran o no derecho a votar; por otro lado, ambos partidos aprobaron leyes de derecho al voto. En 1807, la legislatura aprobó un proyecto de ley que interpretaba la constitución como el sufragio universal masculino blanco , excluyendo a los pobres; la constitución en sí era una ley de la legislatura y no estaba consagrada como la constitución moderna. [37]

Siglo XIX

Mapa del canal Morris de 107 millas (172 km) de largo que atraviesa el norte de Jersey

El 15 de febrero de 1804, Nueva Jersey se convirtió en el último estado del norte en abolir la esclavitud y promulgó una legislación que gradualmente eliminó la esclavitud existente. Esto llevó a una disminución gradual de la población esclava. Al final de la Guerra Civil estadounidense , alrededor de una docena de afroamericanos en Nueva Jersey todavía estaban en cautiverio. [38] Los votantes de Nueva Jersey finalmente ratificaron las enmiendas constitucionales que prohibían la esclavitud y otorgaban derechos a la población negra de los Estados Unidos.

La industrialización se aceleró en la actual región del norte de Nueva Jersey del estado después de la finalización del Canal Morris en 1831. El canal permitió transportar carbón antracita desde el valle Lehigh , en el este de Pensilvania, hasta las crecientes industrias del norte de Nueva Jersey en Paterson , Newark y Jersey City .

En 1844 se ratificó y entró en vigor la segunda constitución estatal . Los condados se convirtieron así en distritos del senado estatal y se produjo inmediatamente una cierta realineación de los límites (incluida la creación del condado de Mercer ). Esta disposición se mantuvo en la Constitución de 1947, pero fue revocada por la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en 1962, mediante la decisión Baker v. Carr . Si bien la gobernación era más fuerte que bajo la constitución de 1776, la constitución de 1844 creó muchos cargos que no eran responsables ante él ni ante el pueblo, y le dio un mandato de tres años, pero no podía sucederse a sí mismo.

Nueva Jersey fue uno de los pocos estados de la Unión (los otros fueron Delaware y Kentucky ) que eligió a un candidato distinto de Abraham Lincoln dos veces en las elecciones nacionales, y se puso del lado de Stephen A. Douglas (1860) y George B. McClellan (1864) durante sus campañas. McClellan, oriundo de Filadelfia, tenía vínculos con Nueva Jersey y residía formalmente en Nueva Jersey en ese momento; más tarde se convirtió en gobernador de Nueva Jersey (1878-1881). (En Nueva Jersey, las facciones del partido demócrata lograron una coalición efectiva en 1860). Durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense , el estado fue dirigido primero por el gobernador republicano Charles Smith Olden , luego por el demócrata Joel Parker . Durante el curso de la guerra, entre 65.000 y 80.000 soldados del estado se alistaron en el ejército de la Unión; a diferencia de muchos estados, incluidos algunos del norte, no se libró ninguna batalla allí. [39]

En la Revolución Industrial , ciudades como Paterson crecieron y prosperaron. Anteriormente, la economía había sido en gran parte agraria, lo que estaba sujeto a problemas de malas cosechas y suelos pobres. Esto provocó un cambio hacia una economía más industrializada , basada en productos manufacturados como textiles y seda. El inventor Thomas Edison también se convirtió en una figura importante de la Revolución Industrial, habiéndosele concedido 1.093 patentes , muchas de las cuales por inventos que desarrolló mientras trabajaba en Nueva Jersey. Las instalaciones de Edison, primero en Menlo Park y luego en West Orange , se consideran quizás los primeros centros de investigación de los Estados Unidos. Christie Street en Menlo Park fue la primera vía pública del mundo en tener iluminación eléctrica. El transporte mejoró enormemente con la introducción de la locomoción y los barcos de vapor en Nueva Jersey.

La minería de hierro también fue una industria importante durante mediados y fines del siglo XIX. Los pozos de hierro de las ciénagas de Pine Barrens, en Nueva Jersey, estuvieron entre las primeras fuentes de hierro para la nueva nación. [40] Minas como Mt. Hope, Mine Hill y Rockaway Valley Mines crearon una industria próspera. La minería generó el impulso para nuevas ciudades y fue una de las fuerzas impulsoras detrás de la necesidad del canal Morris . Las minas de zinc también fueron una industria importante, especialmente la mina Sterling Hill .

Siglo XX

Nueva Jersey prosperó durante los locos años veinte . El primer concurso de Miss América se celebró en 1921 en Atlantic City ; el túnel Holland que conecta Jersey City con Manhattan se inauguró en 1927; y el primer autocine se proyectó en 1933 en Camden . Durante la Gran Depresión de la década de 1930, el estado ofreció licencias para mendigar a los residentes desempleados, [41] el dirigible zeppelin Hindenburg se estrelló en llamas sobre Lakehurst y el SS Morro Castle encalló cerca de Asbury Park después de incendiarse mientras estaba en el mar.

Durante ambas guerras mundiales , Nueva Jersey fue un centro de producción bélica, especialmente de construcción naval. Los astilleros de la Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company en Kearny y Newark y el astillero de la New York Shipbuilding Corporation en Camden produjeron portaaviones , acorazados, cruceros y destructores. [42] Nueva Jersey fabricó el 6,8 por ciento del total de armamentos militares de los Estados Unidos producidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , ocupando el quinto lugar entre los 48 estados. [43] Además, Fort Dix (1917) (originalmente llamado "Camp Dix"), [44] Camp Merritt (1917), [45] y Camp Kilmer (1941) [ cita requerida ] fueron construidos para albergar y entrenar a los soldados estadounidenses durante ambas guerras mundiales. Nueva Jersey también se convirtió en un lugar principal para la defensa en la Guerra Fría . Se construyeron catorce estaciones de misiles Nike para la defensa de las áreas de la ciudad de Nueva York y Filadelfia . El PT-109 , un torpedero a motor comandado por el teniente John F. Kennedy en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, fue construido en Elco Boatworks en Bayonne . El portaaviones USS Enterprise (CV-6) estuvo brevemente atracado en la Terminal Oceánica Militar en Bayonne en la década de 1950 antes de ser enviado a Kearney para ser desguazado. [46] En 1962, el primer buque de carga de propulsión nuclear del mundo, el NS Savannah , fue botado en Camden.

En 1951, se inauguró la autopista de peaje de Nueva Jersey , que facilitó los viajes eficientes en automóvil y camión entre el norte de Nueva Jersey y el área metropolitana de Nueva York , y el sur de Nueva Jersey y el área metropolitana de Filadelfia . [47] Posteriormente, en 1957, se completó la Garden State Parkway , que sirvió como contraparte diagonal de la autopista de peaje y abrió el viaje por carretera a lo largo del flanco costero de Nueva Jersey entre el condado de Bergen en el noreste y la península del condado de Cape May en el extremo sureste de Nueva Jersey; al hacerlo, la costa de Jersey se volvió fácilmente accesible para millones de residentes en el área metropolitana de Nueva York. En 1959, el Comando de Defensa Aérea desplegó el misil tierra-aire CIM-10 Bomarc en la Base de la Fuerza Aérea McGuire . El 7 de junio de 1960, una explosión en un tanque de combustible del misil CIM-10 Bomarc provocó un accidente y la posterior contaminación por plutonio. [48]

En la década de 1960, estallaron disturbios raciales en muchas de las ciudades industriales del norte de Nueva Jersey . Los primeros disturbios raciales en Nueva Jersey ocurrieron en Jersey City el 2 de agosto de 1964. Varios otros se produjeron en 1967, en Newark y Plainfield . Otros disturbios siguieron al asesinato de Martin Luther King Jr. en abril de 1968, al igual que en el resto del país. Un disturbio ocurrió en Camden en 1971. Como resultado de una orden de la Corte Suprema de Nueva Jersey para financiar las escuelas de manera equitativa, la legislatura de Nueva Jersey aprobó un proyecto de ley de impuesto sobre la renta en 1976. Antes de este proyecto de ley, el estado no tenía impuesto sobre la renta. [49]

Siglo XXI

A principios de la década de 2000, se inauguraron dos sistemas de tren ligero : el tren ligero Hudson-Bergen en el condado de Hudson y el River Line entre Camden y Trenton . La intención de estos proyectos era fomentar el desarrollo orientado al tránsito en el norte y el sur de Nueva Jersey , respectivamente. Se le atribuyó al HBLR una revitalización del condado de Hudson y la ciudad de Jersey . [50] [51] [52] [53] La revitalización urbana ha continuado en el norte de Nueva Jersey en el siglo XXI. En 2014, la población estimada por el censo de la ciudad de Jersey era de 262.146, [54] con el mayor aumento de población de cualquier municipio de Nueva Jersey desde 2010, [55] lo que representa un aumento del 5,9% con respecto al censo de EE. UU. de 2010 , cuando la población de la ciudad se enumeró en 247.597. [56] [57] Entre 2000 y 2010, Newark experimentó su primer aumento de población desde la década de 1950, y en 2020 se había recuperado hasta alcanzar los 311.549 habitantes.

Geografía

Mapa interactivo de Nueva Jersey
En lo alto de Hudson Palisades en Englewood Cliffs , condado de Bergen , con vista al río Hudson , el puente George Washington y los rascacielos de Midtown Manhattan , ciudad de Nueva York
Delaware Water Gap es compartido entre el condado de Warren y el vecino estado de Pensilvania .
Con una longitud de 112,0 km (69,6 mi), el río Raritan es el río más largo que se encuentra enteramente dentro de Nueva Jersey y fluye desde el valle de Raritan , cerca de Clinton (arriba), hacia el este hasta la bahía de Raritan y el océano Atlántico .
Las Grandes Cataratas del Río Passaic en Paterson fueron designadas Parque Histórico Nacional de EE. UU . en 2009.

Nueva Jersey está situada en el centro de la megalópolis del noreste , la aglomeración urbana más poblada de Estados Unidos . Limita al norte y al noreste con Nueva York (parte de la cual se encuentra al otro lado del río Hudson , la bahía superior de Nueva York , Kill Van Kull , la bahía de Newark y Arthur Kill ); al este con el océano Atlántico; al suroeste con Delaware al otro lado de la bahía de Delaware ; y al oeste con Pensilvania al otro lado del río Delaware .

Nueva Jersey se divide en las regiones geográficas Norte , Central y Sur de Jersey , aunque algunos residentes no consideran que Central Jersey sea una región por derecho propio. En las regiones hay cinco áreas distintas divididas por geografía natural y concentración de población. El noreste de Nueva Jersey, a menudo denominado Región de la Puerta de Entrada , se encuentra más cerca de Manhattan en la ciudad de Nueva York, y hasta un millón de residentes viajan diariamente a la ciudad para trabajar, muchos en transporte público. [68] La costa de Jersey , a lo largo de la costa atlántica en el centro y sur de Jersey, tiene sus propias características naturales, residenciales y culturales únicas debido a su ubicación junto al océano. El sur de Jersey representa la región geográfica más al sur del noreste de los Estados Unidos . El valle de Delaware incluye los condados del suroeste del estado, que se encuentran dentro del valle de Delaware que rodea Filadelfia .

A pesar de su carácter fuertemente urbano y una larga historia de industrialización , los bosques cubren aproximadamente el 45 por ciento de la superficie terrestre de Nueva Jersey, o aproximadamente 2,1 millones de acres (8500 km 2 ), ocupando el puesto 31 entre los 50 estados y seis territorios de EE. UU. [69] El noroeste de Nueva Jersey, a menudo denominado región Skylands , es más boscoso, rural y montañoso. El árbol principal de los bosques del norte es el roble . New Jersey Pine Barrens está situado en el interior sur de Nueva Jersey y está cubierto extensamente por bosques mixtos de pino y roble ; su densidad de población es menor que la de la mayor parte del estado.

High Point en Montague Township , Sussex County es la elevación más alta del estado a 1,803 pies (550 m) sobre el nivel del mar. La prominencia más alta del estado es Kitty Ann Mountain en Morris County , que se eleva 892 pies (272 m). The Palisades son una línea de acantilados escarpados en el lado oeste del río Hudson en los condados de Bergen y Hudson . Los principales ríos de Nueva Jersey incluyen Hudson , Delaware , Raritan , Passaic , Hackensack , Rahway , Musconetcong , Mullica , Rancocas , Manasquan , Maurice y Toms . Debido a la geografía peninsular de Nueva Jersey , tanto el amanecer como el atardecer son visibles sobre el agua desde diferentes puntos de la costa de Jersey.

Características geográficas destacadas

La costa de Jersey se extiende hacia el interior desde el Océano Atlántico hasta sus numerosas ensenadas , incluida Manasquan Inlet , mirando hacia el oeste al atardecer desde el embarcadero de Manasquan .

Clima

El estado consta de dos zonas climáticas; los extremos más meridionales del estado tienen un clima subtropical húmedo , mientras que el resto tiene un clima continental húmedo . [70] Nueva Jersey recibe entre 2.400 y 2.800 horas de sol al año. [71]

Los veranos suelen ser calurosos y húmedos, con temperaturas máximas promedio en todo el estado de 28 a 31 °C (82 a 87 °F) y mínimas de 16 a 21 °C (60 a 69 °F); sin embargo, las temperaturas superan los 32 °C (90 °F) en promedio 25 días cada verano, superando los 38 °C (100 °F) en algunos años. Los inviernos suelen ser fríos, con temperaturas máximas promedio de 1 a 6 °C (34 a 43 °F) y mínimas de −9 a −2 °C (16 a 28 °F) para la mayor parte del estado, pero las temperaturas pueden, por breves períodos, caer por debajo de los −12 °C (10 °F) y, a veces, subir por encima de los 10 °C (50 °F). Las partes del noroeste del estado tienen inviernos significativamente más fríos, con temperaturas por debajo de 0 °F (−18 °C) siendo una ocurrencia casi anual. La primavera y el otoño pueden presentar amplias variaciones de temperatura, con menor humedad que el verano. La clasificación de la zona de rusticidad de las plantas del USDA varía de  6 en el noroeste del estado a 7B cerca de Cape May. [72] Los extremos de temperatura de todos los tiempos registrados en Nueva Jersey incluyen 110 °F (43 °C) el 10 de julio de 1936 en Runyon , condado de Middlesex y −34 °F (−37 °C) el 5 de enero de 1904 en River Vale , condado de Bergen. [73]

La precipitación media anual oscila entre 1100 y 1300 mm (43 y 51 pulgadas), distribuida uniformemente a lo largo del año. La nevada media por temporada de invierno varía entre 25 y 38 cm (10 y 15 pulgadas) en el sur y cerca de la costa, entre 38 y 76 cm (15 y 30 pulgadas) en la parte noreste y central del estado, y entre 1,0 y 1,3 m (40 y 50 pulgadas) en las tierras altas del noroeste, pero esto suele variar considerablemente de un año a otro. Las precipitaciones caen una media de 120 días al año, con entre 25 y 30 tormentas eléctricas, la mayoría de las cuales se producen durante el verano.

Durante el invierno y principios de la primavera, Nueva Jersey puede experimentar tormentas del noreste , que son capaces de causar ventiscas o inundaciones en todo el noreste de los Estados Unidos. Los huracanes y las tormentas tropicales , los tornados y los terremotos son poco frecuentes; el estado se vio afectado por un huracán en 1903 , la tormenta tropical Floyd en 1999 , [74] y el huracán Sandy en 2012 , que tocó tierra en el estado con vientos máximos de 90 mph (145 km/h).

Cambio climático

El cambio climático está afectando a Nueva Jersey más rápidamente que a gran parte del resto de Estados Unidos. Los climatólogos de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica de Estados Unidos han llegado a la conclusión de que Nueva Jersey ha sido el estado que más rápido se ha calentado en términos de temperatura media del aire durante un período de 100 años a partir de principios del siglo XX. [28]

Divisiones administrativas

La Oficina del Censo de los EE. UU. divide los 21 condados de Nueva Jersey en siete áreas estadísticas metropolitanas , de las cuales 20 están incluidas en el Área estadística combinada de la ciudad de Nueva York o de Filadelfia . El condado de Warren forma parte del área metropolitana de Lehigh Valley , con sede en Pensilvania.

Condados

Los 21 condados de Nueva Jersey, ordenados por población (según el censo de 2020), son: [75]

  1. Condado de Bergen : 955.732
  2. Condado de Essex : 863.728
  3. Condado de Middlesex : 863.162
  4. Condado de Hudson : 724.854
  5. Condado de Monmouth : 643.615
  6. Condado de Ocean : 637,229
  7. Condado de Union : 575,345
  8. Condado de Passaic : 524,118
  9. Condado de Camden : 523.485
  10. Condado de Morris : 509,285
  11. Condado de Burlington : 461.860
  12. Condado de Mercer : 387.340
  13. Condado de Somerset : 345.361
  14. Condado de Gloucester : 302.294
  15. Condado de Atlantic : 274,534
  16. Condado de Cumberland : 154.152
  17. Condado de Sussex : 144.221
  18. Condado de Hunterdon : 128,947
  19. Condado de Warren : 109,632
  20. Condado de Cape May : 95,263
  21. Condado de Salem : 64,837

Municipios

En términos de población total y densidad de población líder en el país, Nueva Jersey tiene una relativa escasez de grandes ciudades clásicas. Esta paradoja es más pronunciada en el condado de Bergen , el condado más poblado del estado, cuyos 955.732 residentes en el censo de 2020 habitaban 70 municipios, de los cuales el más poblado es Hackensack , con 46.030 residentes. Muchas áreas urbanas se extienden mucho más allá de los límites de una sola gran ciudad, ya que los municipios de Nueva Jersey tienden a ser geográficamente pequeños; tres de las cuatro ciudades más grandes de Nueva Jersey por población tienen menos de 20 millas cuadradas (52 km 2 ) de superficie terrestre, y ocho de las diez principales, incluidas las cinco principales, tienen una superficie terrestre inferior a 30 millas cuadradas (78 km 2 ). Según el censo de los Estados Unidos de 2010 , solo cuatro municipios tenían más de 100.000 residentes (aunque Edison y Woodbridge Township se acercaron mucho); este número aumentó a siete en el censo de 2020.

Demografía

Población

Densidad de población de Nueva Jersey en 2020

Los residentes de Nueva Jersey son más comúnmente conocidos como neojerseyanos o, con menos frecuencia, como neojerseyitas. Según el censo de EE. UU. de 2020 , el estado tenía una población de 9.288.994, un aumento del 5,7 % desde el censo de EE. UU. de 2010 , que contabilizó 8.791.894 residentes. [6] El estado ocupó el undécimo lugar en el país por población total y el primero en densidad de población, con 1.185 residentes por milla cuadrada (458 por km² ) . Históricamente, Nueva Jersey ha experimentado una de las tasas de crecimiento más rápidas del país, con su población aumentando en dos dígitos casi cada década hasta 1980; el crecimiento se ha desacelerado desde entonces, pero se mantuvo relativamente sólido hasta hace poco. En 2022, la Oficina del Censo estimó que había 6.262 residentes menos que en 2020, una disminución del 0,3 % con respecto a 2020, relacionada con la pandemia de COVID-19 . [79]

Nueva Jersey es el único estado donde cada condado se considera urbano según la definición de la Oficina del Censo . [80] La mayoría de los residentes viven en los condados que rodean la ciudad de Nueva York , la ciudad más grande del país, Filadelfia , la sexta ciudad más grande del país, o a lo largo de la costa este de Jersey ; los condados del extremo sur y noroeste son relativamente menos densos en general. Desde el censo de 2000, la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos calculó que el centro de población de Nueva Jersey estaba ubicado en East Brunswick . [81] [82] [83] El estado está ubicado en el medio de la megalópolis del noreste , que tiene más de 50 millones de residentes.

En 2019, Nueva Jersey era el tercer estado de EE. UU. con el ingreso familiar medio más alto , detrás de Maryland y Massachusetts ; [84] el ingreso familiar medio del estado era de más de $85 000 en comparación con el promedio nacional de aproximadamente $65 000. [85] Por el contrario, la tasa de pobreza de Nueva Jersey del 9,4 % fue ligeramente inferior al promedio nacional del 11,4 %, [85] y la sexta más baja de los cincuenta estados, Washington, DC y Puerto Rico . Esto se atribuye a varios factores, incluida la proximidad del estado a los principales centros económicos de la ciudad de Nueva York y Filadelfia , el hecho de que alberga el mayor número de millonarios tanto per cápita como por milla cuadrada en los EE. UU., y el hecho de que tiene la mayor cantidad de científicos e ingenieros por milla cuadrada en el mundo. [86] [87] [88]

Según el Informe Anual de Evaluación de Personas sin Hogar de 2022 del HUD , se estima que había 8.752 personas sin hogar en Nueva Jersey. [89] [90] Los principales países de origen de los inmigrantes de Nueva Jersey en 2018 fueron India , República Dominicana , México , Ecuador y Filipinas . [91]

Raza y etnicidad

Orígenes étnicos en Nueva Jersey

Nueva Jersey es uno de los estados con mayor diversidad étnica del país: en 2022, más de una quinta parte (21,5 %) de sus residentes son hispanos o latinos, el 15,3 % son negros y una décima parte son asiáticos. Uno de cada cuatro habitantes de Nueva Jersey nació en el extranjero y más de un millón (12,1 %) no domina el inglés. En comparación con Estados Unidos en su conjunto, el estado es más diverso racial y étnicamente y tiene una mayor proporción de inmigrantes. [92]

Mapa de condados de Nueva Jersey por pluralidad racial, según el censo de 2020
Leyenda
India Square, en la sección Marion de Jersey City , alberga la mayor concentración de indios asiáticos del hemisferio occidental . [98]
Koreatown, condado de Bergen , al otro lado del puente George Washington desde la ciudad de Nueva York
Áreas estadísticas metropolitanas y divisiones de Nueva Jersey ; las que están sombreadas en azul son parte del Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Nueva York , incluidos los condados de Mercer y Warren . Los condados sombreados en verde, incluidos los condados de Atlantic , Cape May y Cumberland , pertenecen al Área Metropolitana de Filadelfia . [ aclaración necesaria ]

Nueva Jersey es el hogar de aproximadamente medio millón de inmigrantes no autorizados , [99] [100] lo que representa aproximadamente el 6,2% de la población, que en 2018 fue el quinto porcentaje más alto de cualquier estado de EE. UU. [101] Los municipios de Camden, Jersey City y Newark se consideran ciudades santuario para inmigrantes ilegales. [102]

Para obtener más información sobre los distintos grupos etnoraciales y vecindarios destacados en Nueva Jersey, consulte los siguientes artículos:

Nueva Jersey es uno de los estados con mayor diversidad étnica y religiosa de los Estados Unidos. Casi una cuarta parte de los habitantes de Nueva Jersey (22,7 %) nacieron en el extranjero , en comparación con el promedio nacional del 13,5 %. [85] En 2011, el 56,4 % de los niños de Nueva Jersey menores de un año pertenecían a grupos raciales o étnicos minoritarios, lo que significa que tenían al menos un padre que no era blanco no hispano. [103] El censo del año de cosecha de 2019 estimó que la composición étnica del estado era la siguiente: 71,9 % solo blancos, 15,1 % solo negros o afroamericanos, 10,0 % solo asiáticos, 0,6 % solo indios americanos y nativos de Alaska, 0,1 % solo nativos hawaianos y otras islas del Pacífico, y 2,3 % dos o más razas. Los hispanos o latinos representaron el 20,9%, mientras que los blancos solos (no hispanos o latinos) representaron el 54,6% de la población. [104] Muchos de los municipios del condado de Bergen, Nueva Jersey , el condado más grande del estado, tienen una población minoritaria considerable de hispanos y asiáticos. [105]

Nueva Jersey alberga algunas de las comunidades más grandes del país de minorías religiosas y étnicas en términos proporcionales o absolutos. Tiene la segunda población judía más grande por porcentaje (después de Nueva York); [106] la población musulmana más grande por porcentaje; [107] la población más grande de peruanos en los EE. UU.; la población más grande de cubanos fuera de Florida; la tercera población asiática más alta por porcentaje; y la segunda población italiana más alta, [108] según el censo de 2000. Los afroamericanos, hispanos ( puertorriqueños y dominicanos ), antillanos , árabes y brasileños y portugueses estadounidenses también son numerosos. En general, Nueva Jersey tiene la tercera población coreana más grande , y el condado de Bergen alberga la mayor concentración coreana per cápita de cualquier condado de EE. UU. [109] (6,9% en 2011). Nueva Jersey también tiene la cuarta población filipina más grande y la cuarta población china más grande , según el censo de EE. UU. de 2010.

Nueva Jersey tiene la tercera población india más alta de cualquier estado en números absolutos y la más alta en porcentaje, [110] [111 ] [112] [113] con India Square en Jersey City , condado de Hudson [98] albergando la mayor concentración de indios asiáticos en el hemisferio occidental . [114] Un estudio del Pew Research Center encontró que en 2013, Nueva Jersey era el único estado de EE. UU. en el que los inmigrantes nacidos en la India constituían la mayor nacionalidad nacida en el extranjero , representando aproximadamente el 10% de todos los residentes nacidos en el extranjero en el estado. [115] El centro de Nueva Jersey , particularmente Edison y el condado de Middlesex circundante , tiene la mayor concentración de indios, con casi el 20% en 2020; Little India es el centro cultural del sur de Asia más grande y diverso de los Estados Unidos. [116] [117] [118] [119] El área incluye un extenso Chinatown y Koreatown que corre a lo largo de la Ruta 27 de Nueva Jersey . [120] El municipio de Monroe en el condado de Middlesex ha experimentado una tasa de crecimiento particularmente rápida en su población india americana con un estimado de 5,943 (13.6%) a partir de 2017, [121] que fue 23 veces los 256 (0.9%) contabilizados en el censo de 2000; Diwali es celebrado por el municipio como una festividad hindú . En el condado de Middlesex, las papeletas electorales se imprimen en inglés, español , gujarati , hindi y punjabi . [122] Robbinsville , en el vecino condado de Mercer, alberga el templo hindú más grande del mundo fuera de Asia. [123] La comunidad sij punjabi de Carteret , estimada en más de 3000, es la mayor concentración de sijs en el estado. [124] El condado de Bergen es el hogar de la comunidad malayali más grande de Estados Unidos . [125] de la ciudad de Nueva York (뉴욕) , es un centro en crecimiento y hogar de los diez principales municipios del país por porcentaje de población coreana , [126] liderados (arriba) por Palisades Park (벼랑 공원) , [127] el municipio con la mayor densidad de coreanos étnicos en el hemisferio occidental . Con una señalización en hangul (한글) omnipresente y conocido como el pueblo coreano , [128] Palisades Park comprende de manera única una mayoría coreana (52% en 2010) de su población, [129] [130] con la mayor densidad y porcentaje de coreano-estadounidenses de cualquier municipio de los Estados Unidos. También hay tres tribus reconocidas por el estado y, en 2020, 51.186 se identificaron como nativos americanos únicamente, mientras que 96.691 lo hicieron en combinación con una o más razas diferentes. [131]

Datos de nacimiento

Idiomas

En 2010, el 71,31 % (5 830 812) de los residentes de Nueva Jersey de  5 años o más hablaban inglés en casa como lengua principal , mientras que el 14,59 % (1 193 261) hablaba español, el 1,23 % (100 217) chino (que incluye cantonés y mandarín ), el 1,06 % (86 849) italiano, el 1,06 % (86 486) portugués , el 0,96 % (78 627) tagalo y el 0,89 % (73 057) de la población mayor de cinco años hablaba coreano como lengua principal . En total, el 28,69 % (2 345 644) de la población de Nueva Jersey de 5 años  o más hablaba una lengua materna distinta del inglés. [141]

Desde entonces, se ha desarrollado una colección diversa de idiomas entre la población del estado, dado que Nueva Jersey se ha vuelto cosmopolita y es el hogar de enclaves étnicos de comunidades que no hablan inglés: [142] [143] [144] [145]

Orientación sexual e identidad de género

Nueva Jersey es un estado amigable con los LGBTQ+ y ahora alberga más pueblos gay por milla cuadrada que cualquier otro estado de EE. UU. El matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en Nueva Jersey ha sido reconocido legalmente desde el 21 de octubre de 2013, la fecha efectiva de un fallo de un tribunal de primera instancia que invalidó la restricción de Nueva Jersey del matrimonio a personas de diferentes sexos en ese momento. En septiembre de 2013, Mary C. Jacobson, juez de asignación de Mercer Vicinage del Tribunal Superior , dictaminó que, como resultado de la decisión de junio de 2013 de la Corte Suprema de los EE. UU. en Estados Unidos v. Windsor , la Constitución de Nueva Jersey requiere que el estado reconozca los matrimonios entre personas del mismo sexo . [154]

Han surgido numerosos barrios gay en Nueva Jersey, más prominentemente en Jersey City , [155] Asbury Park , Maplewood , [156] Montclair y Lambertville . [157] Trenton , la capital del estado de Nueva Jersey, eligió a Reed Gusciora , su primer alcalde abiertamente gay, en 2018, [158] y a Jennifer Williams, la primera concejal de la ciudad abiertamente transgénero de Nueva Jersey , en 2022. [159] En junio de 2018, Maplewood, condado de Essex, inauguró cruces peatonales permanentes de colores del arco iris para celebrar el orgullo LGBTQ, una característica que solo muestran algunas otras ciudades en el mundo, [160] incluida Rahway , condado de Union , que inauguró sus propios cruces peatonales de colores del arco iris en junio de 2019. [161] En enero de 2019, el gobernador de Nueva Jersey, Phil Murphy, firmó una legislación que exige un currículo educativo inclusivo LGBTQ+ en las escuelas. [162] En febrero de 2019, Nueva Jersey comenzó a permitir la elección de género neutral o no binario en los certificados de nacimiento . [163]

Religión

Por número de seguidores, las tradiciones religiosas más grandes en Nueva Jersey, según la Asociación de Archivos de Datos de Religión de 2010 , fueron la Iglesia Católica Romana con 3.235.290; el Islam con 160.666; y la Iglesia Metodista Unida con 138.052. [165] El templo hindú más grande del mundo fuera de Asia está en Robbinsville , condado de Mercer . [123] En septiembre de 2021, el estado de Nueva Jersey se alineó con el Consejo Hindú Mundial para declarar octubre como Mes de la Herencia Hindú . En enero de 2018, Gurbir Grewal se convirtió en el primer estadounidense sij en servir como fiscal general del estado en los Estados Unidos. [166] En enero de 2019, Sadaf Jaffer de Montgomery se convirtió en la primera alcaldesa musulmana estadounidense , la primera alcaldesa del sur de Asia y la primera alcaldesa paquistaní-estadounidense en los EE. UU. [167] Un gran número de judíos ortodoxos ahora están migrando a Nueva Jersey desde Nueva York, debido al mayor costo de vida de este último. [168]

Education

Old Queens at Rutgers University, the largest state university system in New Jersey
Nassau Hall at Princeton University, an Ivy League university and one of the world's most prominent research institutions, served briefly as the U.S. Capitol in the 18th century.

As of the 2020–2021 school year, there were 686 operating districts in the state. Of these, 599 were traditional public school districts and 87 were charter school districts.[172][173] The NJDOE reported a total district enrollment of 1,362,400 students, the lowest total enrollment since the early 2000s, though these figures do not consider homeschooled students or those attending out-of-state schools.[174] New Jersey public schools emphasize STEM subjects, and New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere else in the world.[86][175]

Educational standards

New Jersey is known for the high quality of its education. In 2024, New Jersey spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, amounting to $26,600 spent per pupil;[176] Over 50% of the expenditure is allocated to student instruction.[177]

New Jersey is home to private universities including Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, featured at the top of U.S. News & World Report's national university rankings for the ninth consecutive year in 2024 as well as topping comparable lists by Forbes and The Wall Street Journal,[178][179][180] and public universities such as Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County, the state's flagship institution of higher education.[181]

In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website WalletHub.[182] In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by U.S. News & World Report.[25] In 2019, 2020, and 2021, Education Week also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.[183][22]

Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the Newsweek "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state.[184]

In November 2023, Governor Phil Murphy signed into law legislation eliminating testing for prospective teachers in reading, writing, and math, replacing it with an alternative certification process.[185]

Economy

The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the third quarter of 2022 was $753 billion.[186]

Affluence

A heat map showing median income distribution in New Jersey by county

New Jersey's per capita gross state product routinely ranks as one of the highest in the United States. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires both per capita and per square mile in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households.[21]

The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Three of New Jersey's counties are among the 20 highest-income U.S. counties.[187]

Fiscal policy

New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).[188]

The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over 2 million square feet (200,000 m2) of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home.[189] There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.[190][191][192]

New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income.[193] All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax or an estate tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax (which is levied only on heirs who are not direct descendants).[194] In 2023, Governor Phil Murphy signed into law a new tax-relief program known as StayNJ that will provide for an annual property-tax cut of 50% for those aged 65 and over with incomes below $500,000; the cut will go into effect in January 2026 and be capped at $6,500, but with this cap rising as indexed to the increase in New Jersey's overall property taxes.[195][196]

Federal taxation disparity

New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.[197]

New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation.[198] Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.

Industries

Cranberry harvest

New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, featuring high levels of both productivity and retail consumption; the Garden State's economy comprises the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, tourism, filmmaking, telecommunications, gambling, food processing, electrical equipment manufacturing, printing, and publishing. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products.[199] New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce.[200] The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.[201] South Jersey has become an East Coast epicenter for logistics and warehouse construction.[202]

Scientific economy

New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool, including one of the highest concentrations of engineers and other scientists in the world. There is also a robust service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry. New Jersey has more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere in the world,[203] and is a global leader in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, life sciences, and technology.[204][205]

Corporate and retail

New Jersey hosts numerous business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies.[206] Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales.[207] Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.

Shipping, manufacturing, and logistics

Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest. New Jersey's location at the center of the Eastern North American population belt has made the state a prime hub for the logistics, warehousing, and supply chain management industries. The manufacturing economy in New Jersey had declined for several decades in the post-Industrial Revolution era but has since resumed growth.

Tourism

Sunset on the beach at Atlantic City, an oceanfront resort and the nexus of New Jersey's gambling industry

New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.[208]

Gambling

In 1976, a referendum by Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978.[209] At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country.[210] Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the oldest and longest boardwalk in the world, at 5+12 miles (8.9 km) in length.[211] Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states.[212][213]

On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law.[214] Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey, with sportsbooks bringing in almost $12 billion in bets, making over $1 billion in revenue in 2023.[215] Since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018, New Jersey led all states in sports betting handle until New York passed them.[216][217] In September 2022, the lifetime revenue from online casinos operating in New Jersey for the nine years since the industry's launch had surpassed $5 billion.[218]

Media

New Jersey's telephone area codes
Television and film production

New Jersey is a growing center for filmmaking and television production,[219] with media companies, enticed by its proximity to Manhattan, in conjunction with tax incentives, collectively spending billions of dollars to develop large new studio facilities and sound stage complexes.[220] Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909.[221] DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.

A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state.[222] New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending.[223] When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.[224]

Newspapers
Radio stations
Television stations

New Jersey has several PBS affiliates: WNET (13) in Newark, WNJN (50) in Montclair, WNJB (58) in New Brunswick, WNJS (23) in Camden and WNJT (52) in Trenton.

There are no standard commercial network affiliates in the state. WMGM-TV (Wildwood) lost its affiliation with NBC in 2014. Viewers in northern New Jersey receive New York City market stations over cable or over the air; southern New Jersey viewers receive Philadelphia market stations over cable or over the air.

WMGM now affiliates with the True Crime Network. WJLP (Middletown) affiliates with the retro network MeTV. There are Telemundo affiliates in Fort Lee, Linden and Mount Laurel, and Univision affiliates in Paterson and Vineland.

Finance as Wall Street West

The Downtown Jersey City waterfront skyline is dubbed Wall Street West.[228]

Jersey City's Hudson River waterfront, from Exchange Place to Newport, is known as Wall Street West[228] and has over 13 million square feet of Class A office space. One third of the private sector jobs in the city are in the financial services sector: more than 60% are in the securities industry, 20% are in banking and 8% in insurance.[229] Jersey City is home to the headquarters of Verisk Analytics and Lord Abbett,[230] a privately held money management firm.[231] Companies such as Computershare, ADP, IPC Systems, and Fidelity Investments also conduct operations in the city.[232] In 2014, Forbes magazine moved its headquarters to the district, having been awarded a $27 million tax grant in exchange for bringing 350 jobs to the city over a ten-year period.[233] By the early 2020s, the construction of residential skyscrapers Downtown made median rental rates in Jersey City amongst the highest of any city in the United States.[234]

Natural resources and energy

Limited mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace in Sussex County.

Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. New Jersey's electricity comes primarily from natural gas and nuclear power.[235] New Jersey is seventh in the nation in solar power installations,[236] enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies and renewable portfolio standard. The state has more than 140,000 solar installations.[237]

Environment

Due to past industrial activity, New Jersey has more Superfund toxic waste sites than any other state in the union despite its small geographic size. By 2024, only 35 of New Jersey's Superfund sites (out of about 150 that have been on the EPA's list since the Superfund law was passed in 1980) have actually been cleaned up.[238]

In late 2023, a concern became public about PFAs (so-called "forever chemicals") existing in the state's water supplies.[239]

Transportation

New Jersey's population density and location at the geographic center of the Northeast Megalopolis have rendered it a vital transportation for hub for both passengers and industry.

Roadways

Map of New Jersey's major transportation networks and cities
The George Washington Bridge, connecting Fort Lee (foreground) in Bergen County across the Hudson River to New York City (background), is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[240][241]

The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.

The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.[242]

New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes.[240][241] It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.

New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.

It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.[243]

Airports

A NJ Transit train on the Northeast Corridor in Rahway

Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area, along with John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, which are both in Queens, New York. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal (Terminal C) there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.

Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.

Rail and bus

Two Hudson–Bergen Light Rail trains in Jersey City
Cape May–Lewes Ferry connects New Jersey and Delaware across Delaware Bay.

NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. NJ Transit has 12 rail lines that run through different parts of the state and 165 stations statewide.[244] Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, although some lines serve service to both terminal stations. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia.

NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton, and Camden.

The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison, and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.

Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.

The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.

AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.

Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.

Ferries

New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.

The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware as part of US 9. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.

Culture

New Brunswick, nicknamed the Hub city and the Healthcare City, is a focus city for academia, healthcare, and culture in New Jersey.
A 1950s-style diner in Orange

General

New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and halls of fame.

New Jersey is the birthplace of many modern inventions, including FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon,[245] the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.[246]

Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.[247]

New Jersey is the only state to have never had a state song;[248] as of 2021, it is one of only two states (the other being Maryland[249]) that are currently without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when the New Jersey Arts Council submitted state song suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature in 1996.[250]

New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture,[251] especially from New York City-based television shows, such as Saturday Night Live.[252] Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones.[253] Reality television shows like Jersey Shore and The Real Housewives of New Jersey have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture,[254] but Rockland cited The Sopranos and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.[253]

The "New" in "New Jersey" is often omitted in casual conversation.[255]

Cuisine

New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, salt water taffy, and Texas wieners. Just as New York City's cuisine has an influence on North Jersey, Philadelphia's cuisine influences South Jersey.

New Jersey's third-largest industry is food and agriculture just behind pharmaceuticals and tourism. New Jersey is one of the top 10 producers of blueberries, cranberries, peaches, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant, cucumbers, apples, spinach, squash, and asparagus in the United States. Many restaurants in the state offer locally grown ingredients because of this.[256]

Campbell's Soup Company has been headquartered in Camden since 1869.[257] Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States, operates a corporate headquarters in Jersey City.[258] Mars Wrigley Confectionery's US headquarters has been based in Hackettstown and Newark since 2007.[259]

Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.[260]

Music

New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:

Sports

MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, one of only two NFL stadiums shared by two teams, is home to the New York Giants and New York Jets.

New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.

Professional sports

Prudential Center in Newark, home of the NHL's New Jersey Devils

The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team was poor to mediocre in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, qualifying for the playoffs once in the 13 seasons from 1974 to 1987, the Devils ultimately established themselves in late 1980s and early 1990s during the tenure of Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. As of 2023, the Devils have appeared in 23 postseasons in 40 seasons in New Jersey, reaching five Stanley Cup Finals (most recently in 2012) and winning it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine "Big Four" major league teams based in New York metropolitan area, ultimately establishing its core following throughout the northern and central portions of the state and carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders which has the distinction of being the only metropolitan area in the country with three major league professional sports teams participating in the same sport.

In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.[268]

The New York metropolitan area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex.[269] Built for about $1.6 billion,[270] the venue is one of the most expensive stadiums ever built.[271] On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.

The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.[272] New Jersey hosted matches during the 1994 FIFA World Cup at Giants Stadium and will be one of 16 cities to host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup, at MetLife Stadium, which will also host the tournament final.[273]

From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets.[274] WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations.[275] In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.[276]

The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.

Major league sports

Minor league sports

College sports

Major schools

New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.

The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.

Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.

Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.

Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about 4 miles (6 km) from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.[277]

Other schools

The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).

Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.

Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.

High school

New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).[278]'[279]

Stadiums and arenas

Other notable sports venues

Government and politics

Executive

The position of Governor of New Jersey is one of the most powerful in the nation. The governor is elected on a ticket with their lieutenant governor as the only statewide elected executive officials in the state; the governor appoints the entire executive cabinet and judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.

Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey on the Republican ticket with Governor Chris Christie and took office on January 19, 2010. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters in 2005. Previously a gubernatorial vacancy would be filled by the president of the New Jersey State Senate as acting governor, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process.

Legislative

The design of the dome-capped New Jersey State House in Trenton differs from most other U.S. state houses in not resembling the U.S. Capitol.

The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in years ending in 1, 3, and 7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.

New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years (the others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia). New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year.

Judicial

The New Jersey Supreme Court[280] consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.

Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.

More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term and can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.

The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.

There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.

Counties

New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857.[281] New Jersey was formerly the only state in the nation where elected county officials were called "freeholders". Elected county officials are now called county commissioners as of bill S855 signed by Governor Murphy on August 8, 2020. The county commissioners govern each county as part of its own Board of Chosen County Commissioners[282] The number of county commissioners in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.

Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of County Commissioners or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, the County Commissioners perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each commissioner assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the commissioners retain a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.[283]

Municipalities

New Jersey currently has 564 municipalities; the most recent dissolution of a municipality was when Pine Valley merged into Pine Hill on January 1, 2022. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs.[284] In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.[285]

Forms of municipal government

Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for the day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.

The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.[286]

While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, none use the village form of government. Loch Arbour and Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) all migrated to other non-village forms.[287][288]

Politics

Social attitudes and issues

Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion.[289][290] As of 2022, all aspects of reproductive choice (including abortion) are protected by law.[291]

In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed.[292] On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie,[293] who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.[294]

New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on "assault firearms", hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.[295]

In 2020, the state's voting population passed a public question[296] that amended the state constitution to legalize marijuana and erase past legal convictions for possession. The measure passed by a two-thirds vote. At the time the measure was enacted, about a dozen other U.S. states had also legalized the sale and possession of marijuana. As of 2024, local governments and municipalities are still in the process of regulating marijuana-related businesses within their jurisdictions.

Elections

New Jersey is a Democratic stronghold. New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 24–16, and Assembly, 46–34), 9–3 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. There have been recent Republican governors, however: Christine Todd Whitman won election in 1993 and 1997 and Chris Christie in 2009 and 2013.

In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party, having last voted for a Republican for president in 1988. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrently serving black and Latino U.S. senators.[297]

The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).[298] Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County, had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party.

The northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and Cape May County as well as in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially in Hunterdon County, Sussex County, and Warren County.

To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.[299]

Capital punishment

On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey was the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965.[300] Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".[301]

Points of interest

Boardwalks

People walking along a wide pathway near the ocean on a sunny day
The Atlantic City boardwalk, as seen from Caesars Atlantic City, opened in 1870, as the world's first boardwalk.[302] At 5+12 miles (8.9 km) long, it is also the world's longest and busiest boardwalk.[303] New Jersey is home to the world's highest concentration of boardwalks.

New Jersey is home to the world's highest concentration of boardwalks.[citation needed] Many communities along the Jersey Shore having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, arcades, water parks, and amusement parks. The Atlantic City boardwalk, opened in 1870, as the world's first boardwalk.[302] At 5+12 miles (8.9 km) long, it is also the world's longest and busiest boardwalk.[211][303]

Museums

National Park Service areas

Entertainment and concert venues

Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:

Theme parks

Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, Ocean County, the world's largest theme park as of 2013[305] To the far left is Kingda Ka, the world's tallest roller coaster.[306]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

References

  1. ^ The Garden State and Other New Jersey State Nicknames Archived September 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Robert Lupp, New Jersey Reference Services, New Jersey State Library, October 12, 1994.
  2. ^ "New Jersey". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  4. ^ "Quickfacts New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "QuickFacts New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
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40°00′N 74°30′W / 40.0°N 74.5°W / 40.0; -74.5 (State of New Jersey)