La Galería de Arte de Ontario ( AGO ; en francés: Musée des beaux-arts de l'Ontario ) es un museo de arte en Toronto , Ontario, Canadá, ubicado en el barrio de Grange Park del centro de Toronto , en Dundas Street West . El complejo de edificios ocupa 45.000 metros cuadrados (480.000 pies cuadrados) de espacio físico, lo que lo convierte en uno de los museos de arte más grandes de América del Norte y el segundo museo de arte más grande de Toronto, después del Museo Real de Ontario . Además de los espacios para exposiciones, el museo también alberga una oficina y un estudio para artistas en residencia , instalaciones para comer, espacios para eventos, una tienda de regalos, una biblioteca y archivos, un teatro y una sala de conferencias, un centro de investigación y un taller.
Fue establecido en 1900 como el Museo de Arte de Toronto y se incorporó formalmente en 1903. El museo pasó a llamarse Galería de Arte de Toronto en 1919, antes de adoptar su nombre actual, Galería de Arte de Ontario, en 1966. El museo adquirió el Grange en 1911 y más tarde emprendió varias ampliaciones al norte y al oeste de la estructura. La primera serie de ampliaciones se produjo en 1918, 1924 y 1935, diseñadas por Darling y Pearson . Desde 1974, la galería ha experimentado cuatro ampliaciones y renovaciones importantes. Estas ampliaciones se produjeron en 1974 y 1977 por John C. Parkin , y en 1993 por Barton Myers y KPMB Architects . De 2004 a 2008, el museo experimentó otra ampliación por parte de Frank Gehry . El complejo del museo fue objeto de nuevas renovaciones en la década de 2010 por parte de KPMB y Hariri Pontarini Architects .
La colección permanente del museo incluye más de 120.000 obras que abarcan desde el primer siglo hasta la actualidad. [4] La colección del museo incluye una serie de obras de artistas canadienses, de las Primeras Naciones , inuit , africanos, europeos y oceánicos. Además de las exposiciones de su colección, el museo ha organizado y acogido muchas exposiciones de arte itinerantes.
El museo fue fundado en 1900 como el Museo de Arte de Toronto por un grupo de ciudadanos privados y miembros de la Sociedad de Artes de Toronto . [5] [6] Los fundadores de la institución incluyeron a George A. Cox , Lady Eaton , Sir Joseph W. Flavelle , JWL Forster , EFB Johnston, Sir William Mackenzie , Hart A. Massey , el profesor James Mavor , F. Nicholls , Sir Edmund Osler , Sir Henry M. Pellatt , George Agnew Reid , Byron Edmund Walker , la Sra. HD Warren , ER Wood y Frank P. Wood . [7]
La incorporación del museo fue confirmada por el Gobierno de Ontario tres años más tarde mediante una ley, [6] en la Ley relativa al Museo de Arte de Toronto de 1903. La legislación proporcionó al museo poderes de expropiación para adquirir terrenos para el museo. [8] Antes de que el museo se mudara a una ubicación permanente, realizó exposiciones en espacios alquilados que pertenecían a la Biblioteca Pública de Toronto cerca de la intersección de Brunswick Avenue y College Street . [9]
El museo adquirió la propiedad que ocupa actualmente poco después de la muerte de Harriet Boulton Smith en 1909, cuando legó su histórica mansión georgiana de 1817, The Grange , a la galería tras su muerte. [10] [11] Sin embargo, las exposiciones continuaron realizándose en los espacios alquilados en la sucursal de la Biblioteca Pública de Toronto hasta junio de 1913, cuando The Grange se inauguró formalmente como museo de arte. [9] En 1911, la propiedad de The Grange y la propiedad circundante se transfirió formalmente al museo. [12] Poco después, el museo firmó un acuerdo con el gobierno municipal de Toronto para mantener los terrenos al sur de The Grange como un parque municipal . [12]
En 1916, el museo elaboró los planos para construir una pequeña parte de un nuevo edificio de galería diseñado por Darling y Pearson en estilo Beaux-Arts . [9] La excavación de la nueva instalación comenzó en 1916. Las primeras galerías adyacentes a The Grange se abrieron en 1918. Al año siguiente, el museo pasó a llamarse Galería de Arte de Toronto, en un esfuerzo por evitar confusiones con el Museo Real de Ontario , que también era un museo de arte. [13] En 1920, el museo también permitió que el Ontario College of Art construyera un edificio en el terreno. El museo se amplió nuevamente en 1924, con la apertura del patio de esculturas del museo, sus dos galerías adyacentes y su entrada principal en Dundas Street . [13] El museo se amplió nuevamente en 1935 con la construcción de dos galerías adicionales. [13] Partes de las ampliaciones de 1935 fueron financiadas por la cadena de grandes almacenes Eaton's . [12]
En 1965, el museo vio ampliarse su colección de obras de arte europeas y canadienses, con la adquisición de 340 obras de la Exposición Nacional Canadiense . [14] A mediados de la década de 1960, el director del museo, William J. Withrow, presionó para que el museo fuera designado como museo provincial , en un esfuerzo por obtener más fondos provinciales para la institución. [15] En 1966, el museo cambió su nombre a Galería de Arte de Ontario, para reflejar su nuevo mandato de servir como museo de arte provincial. [16]
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En la década de 1970, el museo se embarcó en otra expansión de su espacio de galería, [13] con su primera fase completada con la apertura del Centro de Escultura Henry Moore el 26 de octubre de 1974. Aunque el museo planeaba expandir sus exhibiciones canadienses en su segunda fase de expansiones, la creación de un centro dedicado a artistas no canadienses generó críticas de la Representación de Artistas Canadienses y amenazó con protestar por la apertura del centro. [17]
El museo se amplió nuevamente en 1993, lo que supuso la incorporación de 9.290,3 metros cuadrados (100.000 pies cuadrados) de espacio nuevo y 17.651,6 metros cuadrados (190.000 pies cuadrados) de renovación (espacio utilizable), lo que aumentó la superficie existente en un 30 por ciento. La ampliación supuso la renovación de 20 galerías y la construcción de 30 galerías. [18] En 1978, el personal del museo se sindicalizó en el Sindicato de Empleados del Servicio Público de Ontario . [15]
Durante la década de 1990, el museo elaboró planes que habrían visto el desarrollo de un centro comercial peatonal desde University Avenue hasta la galería de arte. [19] Sin embargo, desarrollos conflictivos en propiedades adyacentes, la falta de apoyo del gobierno de la ciudad de Toronto y el eventual desarrollo de otro plan de renovación por parte del arquitecto Frank Gehry hicieron que los planes del museo para un centro comercial peatonal se abandonaran a principios de la década de 2000. [19]
En 1996, el artista multimedia canadiense Jubal Brown vandalizó la obra Harbor at le Havre de Raoul Dufy en la Galería de Arte de Ontario vomitando deliberadamente colores primarios sobre ella. [20]
Bajo la dirección del entonces director ejecutivo Matthew Teitelbaum , el museo se embarcó en un plan de remodelación de 254 millones de dólares canadienses (más tarde aumentado a 276 millones de dólares canadienses ) por Frank Gehry en 2004, llamado Transformation AGO . Aunque Gehry nació en Toronto, la remodelación del complejo del museo sería su primer trabajo en Canadá. El proyecto inicialmente generó algunas críticas. Como una expansión, en lugar de una nueva creación, se plantearon preocupaciones de que la estructura no se vería como un edificio emblemático de Gehry, [21] y que se estaba desperdiciando la oportunidad de construir una galería completamente nueva, tal vez en el paseo marítimo de Toronto . Durante el curso de la planificación de la remodelación, el miembro de la junta y mecenas Joey Tanenbaum renunció temporalmente a su puesto por preocupaciones sobre el reconocimiento de los donantes, problemas de diseño relacionados con el nuevo edificio, así como el costo del proyecto. La grieta pública se curó posteriormente. [22]
Kenneth Thomson fue un importante benefactor de Transformation AGO, donando gran parte de su colección de arte a la galería (lo que hizo grandes contribuciones a las colecciones europeas y canadienses), además de proporcionar 50 millones de dólares canadienses para la renovación, así como una dotación de 20 millones de dólares canadienses . [23] Thomson murió en 2006, dos años antes de que se completara el proyecto.
En 2015, el Canadian Jewish News informó que 46 pinturas y esculturas en posesión del museo tenían "una laguna en su procedencia", ya que el historial de su propiedad desde los años 1933 y 1945 había desaparecido, coincidiendo con la existencia del Tercer Reich . [24] El museo publica investigaciones sobre expoliación en su sitio web público. [25]
En 2018, el museo cambió formalmente el nombre de la pintura The Indian Church de Emily Carr de 1929 a Church at Yuquot Village en un esfuerzo por eliminar el lenguaje culturalmente insensible del título de las obras de su colección. [26] Una nota al lado de la pintura proporciona el nombre original de la pieza y explica que el uso del término por parte de Carr estaba en consonancia con "el lenguaje de su época". [26] El museo también ha revisado los títulos de varias otras obras caso por caso, a medida que los artículos de la colección canadiense se rotan de su exhibición o de su almacenamiento. [27]
En mayo de 2019, el museo revisó su modelo de admisión, ofreciendo entrada gratuita a visitantes de 25 años o menos y un pase de CA$35 para todos los demás, que brinda admisión al museo durante todo el año. [28]
El cuadro Naturaleza muerta con flores de Jan van Kessel el Viejo fue restituido a los herederos de Dagobert y Martha David en 2020, después de que el museo confirmara la procedencia del objeto y que la familia David se vio obligada a venderlo durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Tras su venta forzada, el cuadro fue revendido a un canadiense, que más tarde donó la pieza a la Galería de Arte de Ontario en 1995. [29] [30] [31]
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La Galería de Arte de Ontario ha acogido y organizado numerosas exposiciones temporales e itinerantes en sus galerías. Una lista selecta de exposiciones desde 1994 incluye:
The museum's property was acquired in 1911 when The Grange and the surrounding property south of Dundas Street were bequeathed to the institution by Harriet Boulton Smith. The Grange manor was reopened to serve as the museum's building in 1913. Since its opening, the museum underwent several expansions to the north, and west of The Grange. Expansions to the museum were opened in 1918, 1926, 1935, 1974, 1977, 1993, and 2008.[9]
The museum complex takes up 45,000 square metres (480,000 sq ft) of physical space,[9] and is made up of two buildings, The Grange, and the main building expansion, built to the north, and west of The Grange. After the main building's redevelopment in 2008, the museum complex has 12,000 square metres (129,000 sq ft) of dedicated gallery space.[32]
In addition to the complex, the museum also owns the land directly south of The Grange, Grange Park. The land is maintained as a municipal park in perpetuity by the Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division, as a result of an agreement between the museum and the City of Toronto.[33][34]
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The Grange is a historic manor built in 1817 and is the oldest portion of the museum complex. The building is two-and-a-half storeys tall, and built from stone, brick-on-brick cladding, and wood and glass detailing.[12] Although it was designed in a Neoclassical style, it retains the symmetrical features of Georgian-styled buildings, found in Upper Canada before the War of 1812.[12] The building was initially used as a private residence, with its previous owners having altered the property several times before its re-purposing into an art museum. This includes the addition of a west wing in the 1840s and another wing to the west in 1885.[12] Although the museum expanded the complex in the decades after acquiring the property, The Grange itself saw little work done to it for the next half-century. As a part of its 1967–1973 expansion project, the museum restored The Grange to its 1830s configuration and repurposed the building into a historic house.[12] The Grange was operated as a historic house until it was later repurposed by the museum as an exhibition space and members' lounge.
The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1970.[9] The building was later designated by the City of Toronto government as "The Grange and Grange Park" in 1991 under the Ontario Heritage Act.[9] In 2005, the City of Toronto government, and the museum entered a heritage easement agreement,[9] which requires designated interior and exterior elements of The Grange to be retained for perpetuity.[35]
Situated directly north and west of The Grange, the main building was opened to the public in 1918 and has undergone several expansions and renovations since opening.[36] Plans for the "main building" to the north of The Grange originated in 1912 when the architectural firm Darling and Pearson submitted their expansion plans for the north of The Grange.[37] Due to The Grange's location, and historic value, the expansion plans were limited along the southern portions of the museum's property; as the museum wanted to preserve The Grange's southern façade and the municipal park south of the building.[36]
The expanded plan featured 30 viewing halls, all of which would surround one of three open courtyards, an English landscape garden, an Italian garden, and a sculpture courtyard.[36] The design was largely modelled after another building designed by Darling and Pearson, the Royal Ontario Museum.[36] The designs by Darling and Pearson were intended to be implemented in three phases, although the plans for the final design phase were abandoned by the mid-20th century.[36]Construction for the first phase began in 1916 and was completed in 1918.[9][36] The first phase featured an expansion wing adjacent to The Grange, that had three galleries.[36]
The second phase of the design was opened in 1926. It included half of the sculpture court (later named Walker Court) to the north of the 1918 wing, two additional galleries flanking the sculpture court, and an entrance to the north.[36] The exterior façade of the 1926 expansion was only made of bricks and stucco. No serious designs were planned for the exterior facade of the 1926 expansion, as the museum envisioned that the exterior facade would eventually be enclosed in stone by future expansions.[38] Further expansions to the east and the west of the building was completed in 1935.[38] However, as the third phase of expansion was never embarked on, the "temporary façade" to the north remained the same until the early 1990s.[38]
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Another series of expansion was undertaken by the museum during the 1970s, as a part of a new three-phased expansion plan; with its first two phases designed by John C. Parkin.[38] The first phase of the expansion was completed in 1974, which saw the restoration of the Grange, and the opening of the Henry Moore Sculpture Centre,[38] a centre which Moore helped design.[17] Moore choose the dimensions for the centre, the colour of the floor and the walls, and saw the installation of a skylight in the centre, in order to allow more natural light into the gallery.[17] The centre saw little alteration to its design during the museum's expansion in the early 2000s, with the exception of a 7-metre (23 ft) opening, providing access to the Galleria Italia.[39]
The second phase saw the opening of several new galleries adjacent to Beverley Street in 1977.[38] The third phase of expansion planned by the museum was delayed until August 1986, when it announced a competition for Ontario-based architects to design the museum's southwest, and northern extension on Dundas Street to cover the "temporary façade".[38] A seven-member panel eventually selected a design by Barton Myers.[19] The architectural firm KPMB Architects was contracted to complete the expansion, which opened in 1993.[38] The expansion in 1993 saw 9,290.3 square metres (100,000 sq ft) of new space built, and the construction of 30 new galleries.[18] After the expansion and renovations in 1993, the museum complex had approximately 38,400 square metres (413,000 sq ft) of interior space.[9]
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From 2004 to 2008, the museum's building underwent a CA$276 million redevelopment, led by Canadian-born architect Frank Gehry. Gehry was commissioned to expand and revitalize the museum, not to design a new building; as such, one of the challenges he faced was to unite the disparate areas of the building that had become "a bit of a hodgepodge" after six previous expansions dating back to the 1920s.[40] The redevelopment plans was the first design by Gehry to not feature a highly contorted structural steel frame for the building's support system.[41]
The exterior fronting on Dundas Street was changed as a part of the redevelopment; with the front entrance moved to the north, aligning with Walker Court, and the installation of a 200-metre (660 ft) glass and wood projecting canopy known as the "Galleria Italia".[42] The roof of Walker's Court was also redeveloped, with steel truss girders installed, and glued laminated timber used to support the glass-panelled roof, which provides 325 square metres (3,500 sq ft) of skylight for the courtyard. The southern portion of the museum building also saw redevelopment, with the construction of a five-storey South Gallery block, and a protruding spiral staircase that connects the fourth and fifth levels of the block.[42] The exterior facade of the South Gallery Block includes glass and custom-made titanium panels, and like the Dundas Street fronting, is supported by glued laminated timber.[42] The new addition required the demolition of the postmodernist wing by Myers and KPMB Architects.
Wood was used extensively during the redevelopment, with woodwork needing to be done for the museum's hardwood floor, information kiosk, ticket booth, security booth, and the stairs inside the building, including a spiral staircase in Walker Court.[42] The facings of the booths, staircases, and the hardwood floor is made from Douglas fir wood.[43]
The redeveloped building opened in November 2008, with the transformation increasing the museum's total floor area by 20 per cent for a total of 45,000 square metres (480,000 sq ft); as well as increasing the art viewing space by 47 per cent.[41][9] An event space called Baillie Court occupies the entirety of the third floor of the south tower block.
The Galleria Italia is a 200 metres (660 ft) glass, steel, and wood projecting canopy at the fronting of Dundas Street, also acting as a viewing hall on the second level of the building. The galleria was named in recognition of a $13 million contribution by 26 Italian-Canadian families of Toronto, a funding consortium led by Tony Gagliano, a past President of the museum's Board of Trustees.
Both ends of the glass and wood canopy extend past the building forming "tears", providing the appearance that the building's façade has been pulled off the building. The Galleria Italia is made out of 200 metres (660 ft) glued laminated timber and glass gallery space atop the Dundas Street walkway.[42] Approximately 1,800 glued laminated timber pieces were used on the facade of the Galleria Italia; and 2,500 timber connectors.[44]
The galleria is composed of two layers, with the inner layer formed by 47 vertical radial arches, each of which increases in spacing between one another as it approaches the main entrance.[44] The radials provide lateral support against the wind for the outer layer, a glued laminated timber mullion grid, as it transfers the weight to the floor. Both of these sit on a steel frame, which supports the galleria.[44] The mullion grid itself is attached to sliding bearings that allow its curtain wall to adjust to changes in temperature, without compromising the integrity of the wood.[44] Most of the timber was made of Douglas fir trees, from a manufacturer based in Penticton, British Columbia.[43] Each piece of timber is unique, given that the galleria's design featured slants that increased in width incrementally, and whose curvatures were changing throughout its length.[45]
The galleria uses 128 steel horizontal beams to prevent the radials from contorting.[45] Given that the museum is typically maintained at 50 per cent relative humidity, the steel used to support the glued laminated timber required a galvanized finish to prevent corrosion.[41]
The completed expansion received wide acclaim, notably for the restraint of its design. An editorial in The Globe and Mail called it a "restrained masterpiece", noting: "The proof of Mr. Gehry's genius lies in his deft adaptation to unusual circumstances. By his standards, it was to be done on the cheap, for a mere $276 million. The museum's administrators and neighbours were adamant that the architect, who is used to being handed whole city blocks for over-the-top titanium confections, produce a lower-key design, sensitive to its context and the gallery's long history."[46] The Toronto Star's Christopher Hume called it "the easiest, most effortless and relaxed architectural masterpiece this city has seen".[47]
Critics also noted Gehry's ability to reinvigorate older structures, with The Washington Post commenting "Gehry's real accomplishment in Toronto is the reprogramming of a complicated amalgam of old spaces. That's not sexy, like titanium curves, but it's essential to the project."[21] The architecture critic of The New York Times wrote: "Rather than a tumultuous creation, this may be one of Mr. Gehry's most gentle and self-possessed designs. It is not a perfect building, yet its billowing glass facade, which evokes a crystal ship drifting through the city, is a masterly example of how to breathe life into a staid old structure. And its interiors underscore one of the most underrated dimensions of Mr. Gehry's immense talent: a supple feel for context and an ability to balance exuberance with delicious moments of restraint. Instead of tearing apart the old museum, Mr. Gehry carefully threaded new ramps, walkways and stairs through the original."[48]
The museum opened the Weston Family Learning Centre in October 2011, designed by Hariri Pontarini Architects. The 3,252-square-metre (35,000 sq ft) space is an exploration art centre, featuring a hands-on centre for children, a youth centre, and an art workshop and studio.[49] Several months later, in April 2012, the museum opened the David Milne Study Centre, which was designed by KPMB Architects.[50][51][52] The cost to build the David Milne Study Centre cost the museum approximately C$1 million.[53] The South Entrance and lounge outside the library, also designed by Hariri Pontarini Architects, was opened in July 2017.[54] The renovated and renamed J. S. McLean Centre for Indigenous & Canadian Art[55] opened in July 2018.
In 2022, Selldorf Architects, Diamond Schmitt Architects and Two Row Architects were contracted by the museum to design a new gallery space for contemporary art.[56][57] The proposed expansion, later named the Dani Reiss Modern and Contemporary Gallery, would add 3,700 square metres (40,000 sq ft) to the building, and would be the building's seventh major expansion.[58]
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AGO's permanent collection saw significant growth in the late 20th and early 21st century. The museum's permanent collection grew from 3,400 works in 1960 to 10,700 in 1985.[15] As of March 2021, the AGO's permanent collection holds over 120,000 pieces, representing many artistic movements and eras of art history.[4] The museum's collection is organized into several "collection areas," which typically encompass works from a specific art form, artist, benefactor, chronological era, or geographic locale. Until the early 1980s, works collected for the museum's collection were primarily Canadian or European artists.[59] Its collection has since expanded to include artworks from the Indigenous peoples in Canada, and other cultures from around the world.
The museum's African collection includes 95 artworks, most of which originate from the 19th century Sahara.[60] Exhibited at a permanent gallery on the second floor of the museum,[60] most of the pieces in the African collection were gifted to the museum by Murray Frum, with the first pieces donated to the museum in 1972.[61] The museum also has several Ethiopian Orthodox manuscripts and artworks, although these works form a part Thomson Collection of boxwoods and ivories.[62]
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In 2002, the museum was bequeathed 1,000 works by Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islanders artists.[63] Some of these items are exhibited at a gallery on the second floor of the museum. In 2004, Kenneth Thomson donated over 2,000 works from his collection to the museum.[64] Although the majority of the Thomson collection is made up of works by Canadian or European artists, the collection also includes works created by artists in other parts of the world.
The museum includes an extensive collection of Canadian art, from pre-Confederation to the 1990s.[65] Most of the museum's Canadian art is exhibited on the second floor, with 39 viewing halls dedicated to exhibiting 1,447 pieces from the museum's Canadian collection.[66] The wing includes the 23 viewing halls of the Thomson Collection of Canadian Art, and the 14 viewing halls of J.S. Mclean Centre for Indigenous & Canadian Art.[67] Canadian works are also exhibited in the David Milne Centre and the visible storage area in the museum's concourse.
The galleries of the Thomson Collection of Canadian Art provide an in-depth look at the works of individual artists, whereas the other viewing halls of organized around later thematic issues.[67] The Thomson Collection was donated to the museum by Kenneth Thomson in January 2004.[68] The collections features nearly 650 paintings and works by Canadian artists; 250 of which were created by Tom Thomson;[68] 145 works by Cornelius Krieghoff;[64] 168 works by David Milne,[53] and others by the Group of Seven. Nearly two-thirds of the collection was re-framed in preparation for their installation into the viewing halls.[68]
In addition to the Thomson Collection of Canadian Art, works by David Milne are also housed in the David Milne Study Centre.[53] The centre was opened in 2012, and features computer terminals linked to the Milne Digital Archives and televisions which play films on Milne's life.[53] The centre houses works and 230 other artifacts belonging to Milne, including diaries, journal, and paint boxes. Most of the Milne artifacts were gifted to the museum by Milne's son in 2009.[53]
The J.S. McLean Centre for Indigenous & Canadian Art exhibits 132 from Canadian and indigenous artists.[69] Approximately 40 percent of works presented in the centre were created by Indigenous artists.[69] The McLean Centre for Indigenous and Canadian Art is 1,200 square metres (13,000 sq ft),[70] with 14 viewing halls.[67] Three of these galleries are dedicated to exhibiting Inuit art, whereas one is dedicated to exhibiting contemporary First Nations art.[70]
Works in the Mclean Centre are organized around larger thematic issues relating to Canadian history, as opposed to chronologically.[67][71] As a result, works from indigenous and Canadian artists are presented together to showcase the reciprocal influences and conflict between the two.[69] An example of such thematic presentation is evident in how the museum exhibits Tom Thomson's The West Wind. When the painting was exhibited at the Mclean Centre, it was presented with Anishinaabe pouches adjacent to it, showcasing how two peoples viewed northern Ontario at that time.[72] Text that accompanies works in the centre are presented in three languages, English, French, and either Anishinaabemowin or Inuktitut.[69] The walls along the primary entry point into the McLean Centre are marked by small projectile points from arrows, spears, and knives from 9,000 BCE to 1,000 CE. The projectiles form a part of an art installation instead of an ethnographic or archeological display.[73]
Landscape paintings from Canadian artists were among the first to be acquired for the museum's collection.[14] The museum's Canadian collection has works from several Canadian artists, including Jack Bush, Paul-Émile Borduas, Kazuo Nakamura, and members of the Group of Seven.[65] The museum has more than 300 works by David Milne; 168 of which were donated to the museum as a part of the Thomson Collection of Canadian Art.[53] The museum also has nearly 150 works from A. Y. Jackson, although most of it is in storage.[74] The collection also features works from Canadian sculptors Frances Loring, Esmaa Mohamoud,[75] and Florence Wyle.[65]
The museum also has a large collection of Inuit artworks. The 1970s saw the first Inuit artwork added to the museum's collection; with the Art Gallery of Ontario acquiring the Sarick Collection, the Isaacs Reference Collection, and the Klamer Collection during the 1970s and early 1980s.[14] In 1988, the museum formed the Inuit Collections Committee to maintain and grow the collection.[14] The collection includes 2,800 sculptures, 1,300 prints, 700 drawings and wall hangings from Inuit artists.[63] 500 of these works are exhibited at the Inuit Visible Storage Gallery,[76] opened in 2013.[77]
Conversely, the museum did not acquire its first First Nations artwork until 1979, acquiring a piece by Norval Morrisseau for its contemporary collection.[14] The Art Gallery of Ontario did not acquire First Nations art until the late 1970s, to prevent overlap between the AGO's permanent collection and the permanent collections of the Royal Ontario Museum, which already had a collection of First Nations art.[14] The early 21st century saw the museum increase the representation of First Nations art in its Canadian-centred galleries, including the R. Samuel McLaughlin Gallery.[78] First Nations artists whose works are featured in the museum's collection include Charles Edenshaw and Shelley Niro.[63]
The museum's contemporary art collection contains works from international artists from the 1960s to the present and Canadians from the 1990s to the present.[79] The collection also extends to installations, photography, graphic art (such as concert, film, and historic posters), film and video art, and even minimal music. Works from these collections are exhibited in several centres and galleries throughout the museum, including the Vivian & David Campbell Centre for Contemporary Art, which comprise the upper three levels of the south gallery block, and the Galleria Italia.
The museum's contemporary collection includes several works by Canadian artists, General Idea, Brian Jungen, Liz Magor, Michael Snow, and Jeff Wall.[79] The museum's contemporary collection also has works by international artists in the Arte Povera, conceptualism minimalism, neo-expressionism, pop art, and postminimalism movements.[79] Artists from these movements whose works are included in the museum's collection include Jim Dine, Donald Judd, Mona Hatoum, Pierre Huyghe, John McCracken, Claes Oldenburg, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Gerhard Richter, Richard Serra, Robert Smithson, Andy Warhol, and Lawrence Weiner.[79]
The museum also features a permanent exhibition of Yayoi Kusama's Infinity Mirror Room – Let's Survive Forever in one of the viewing halls of the Signy Eaton Gallery.[80] The permanent Infinity Room was purchased in 2018 for C$2 million and opened in May 2019 due to popular demand, after the success of a larger multi-room Kusama and Infinity Mirror Room travelling exhibit held in the same year.[80]
The museum has a large collection of European art ranging from 1000 CE to 1900 CE,[81] Items from the museum's European collection are exhibited in several viewing halls throughout the museum. The Tannenbaum Centre for European Art and its viewing halls are located on the ground floor. Paintings and sculptures from the Thomson Collection of European Art are exhibited on the ground floor, while the ship models from the Thomson collection are exhibited in the museum's concourse.
The European Collection includes the Margaret and Ian Ross Collection, which features several bronze sculptures and medals, with a particular emphasis on Baroque art from Italy.[81] The museum's collection of European paintings and sculptures was further bolstered in January 2004, after the museum acquired the Thomson Collection of European Art.[68] The Thomson Collection of European Art includes over 900 objects, including 130 ship models.[64]
The Thomson Collection of European Art includes the world's largest holding of the Gothic boxwood miniatures, featuring 10 carved beads and two altarpieces.[82][83] Other works featured in the Thomson Collection for European Art includes Massacre of the Innocents by Peter Paul Rubens.[84] The painting was acquired by Ken Thomson in 2002 for C$115 million,[84] at the time the most expensive Old Master work sold at an art auction.[85][note 1] Thomson intended for the work to serve as the centrepiece for the collections he donated to the museum in 2004.[84] When the museum reopened in 2008, the painting was installed in a blood-red, low-lit room in the Thomson Collection for European Art.[84] The room featured no other paintings, with the only lighting in the room directed towards the work.[84] The painting remained at that location until 2017 when it was placed in a gallery with other works from the European collection.[84]
In 2019, the museum acquired the painting Iris Bleus, Jardin du Petit Gennevilliers by Gustave Caillebotte for more than C$1 million.[86] The painting is the second work by Caillebotte to enter the permanent collections of a Canadian art museum.[86] The museum's European collection also includes major works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Giovanni del Biondo, Edgar Degas, Thomas Gainsborough, Paul Gauguin, Frans Hals, Claude Monet, Angelo Piò, Nino Pisano, Rembrandt, Auguste Rodin, and James Tissot.[81]
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The museum's modern art collection includes works from Americans, and Europeans from the 1900s to the 1960s,[87] Works by Canadian artists during that period are typically exhibited as a part of its Canadian collection, as opposed to the museum's modern art collection. Works from the modern art collection are exhibited in several centres and galleries throughout the museum, including the Joey & Toby Tanenbaum Sculpture Atrium, the Henry Moore Sculpture Centre, and several other galleries on the ground floor of the museum.
The museum is home to the largest public collection of works by Henry Moore, most of which is held in the Henry Moore Sculpture Centre.[88] The museum dedicated approximately 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft) of space to the sculptor, which includes the Henry Moore Sculpture Centre, and related galleries including the Irina Moore Gallery.[89] Moore donated 300 pieces,[15] nearly his entire personal collection, to the museum in 1974.[87] The donation originated from a commitment made by Moore on December 9, 1968, to donate a significant portion of his work to the Art Gallery of Ontario, contingent that the museum builds a dedicated gallery to exhibit his works.[90] In addition to the works donated by Moore, the museum also purchased another piece, Two Large Forms, from the sculptor in 1973.[17] The sculpture was originally placed at the museum's northeast façade, near the intersection of Dundas and McCaul streets.[17] However, the museum later relocated the sculpture to Grange Park nearby in 2017 as part of the park's renovation.
The museum's modern collection also includes works by Pierre Bonnard, Constantin Brâncuși, Marc Chagall, Otto Dix, Jean Dubuffet, Jacob Epstein, Helen Frankenthaler, Alberto Giacometti, Natalia Goncharova, Arshile Gorky, Barbara Hepworth, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Henri Matisse, Fernand Léger, Joan Miró, Amedeo Modigliani, Claude Monet, Ben Nicholson, Pablo Picasso, Gino Severini, and Yves Tanguy.[87]
In 2019, the Art Gallery of Ontario had a photography collection of 70,000 photographs dating from the 1840s to the present.[91] The photograph collection includes 495 photo albums from the First World War.[91] Items from this collection are exhibited in two viewing halls on the ground floor.
In 2017, the museum acquired 522 photographs by Diane Arbus, providing the museum with the largest collection of Arbus's photographs outside the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.[92] In June 2019, the museum acquired the Montgomery Collection of Caribbean Photos, which includes 3,500 historic photographs of the Caribbean from the 1840s to 1940s.[93] The collection was acquired by the museum for $300,000, most if which was provided by 27 donors from Toronto's Caribbean community.[93] The Montgomery Collection is the largest collection of its kind outside the Caribbean.[93] Other photographers whose works are featured in the collection include Edward Burtynsky, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Robert J. Flaherty, Suzy Lake, Arnold Newman, Henryk Ross, Josef Sudek, Linnaeus Tripe, and Garry Winogrand.[91]
The museum's prints and drawings collection includes more than 20,000 prints, drawings, and other works on paper, from the 1400s to the present day. This collection usually is displayed little at a time with revolving exhibitions. However, the collection is viewable by appointment at the museum's Marvin Gelber Print and Drawing Study Centre.[94]
The collection includes the largest and most significant body of works from Betty Goodwin, with a bulk of the works given to the gallery by the artist.[95] In 2015, the museum was bequeathed 170 drawings, prints, and sculptures by Käthe Kollwitz.[96] The prints and drawings collection also includes drawings by David Blackwood, François Boucher, John Constable, Greg Curnoe, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Thomas Gainsborough, Paul Gauguin, Wassily Kandinsky, Michelangelo, David Milne, Pablo Picasso, Egon Schiele, Michael Snow, Walter Trier, Vincent van Gogh, and Frederick Varley; and prints by Ernst Barlach, James Gillray, Francisco Goya, Käthe Kollwitz, Henry Moore, Robert Motherwell, Rembrandt, Thomas Rowlandson, Stanley Spencer, James Tissot, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and James McNeill Whistler.[94]
The Art Gallery of Ontario also houses the Edward P. Taylor Library & Archives. The library and archives are open to the public and require no entrance fee.[97] However, access to the museum's archives, and its special collections requires a scheduled appointment.[98] The library also serves as the adjunct art history library for OCAD University.[99]
The general collections of the library reflect the permanent collection of works of art and the public programs of the Art Gallery of Ontario, containing over 300,000 volumes for general art information and academic research in the history of art.[98] The library serves as a reference library; materials in the collections do not circulate. Holdings encompass Western art in all media from the medieval period to the 21st century; the art of Canada's indigenous peoples including Inuit art; and African and Oceanian art.
The library additionally comprises Canadian, American and European art journals and newspapers; over 50,000 art sales and auction catalogues (late 18th century to current); 40,000 documentation files on Canadian art and artists, and international contemporary artists; and multimedia, digital and microform collections. Materials may be searched on the online catalogue.[100] The Library & Archives also produces pathfinders and bibliographies for collections research, such as the Thomson Collection Resource Guide to the large collection of works of art donated by benefactor and collector Kenneth Thomson.[101]
The library's rare books collection includes art historical sourcebooks from the 17th century to the present; British Neoclassical folios of the 18th century; catalogues raisonnés; British and Canadian illustrated books and magazines; travel guides, particularly Baedekers, Murrays, and Blue Guides; French art sales catalogues from the late 18th century to the mid-20th century; and artists' books.
The museum's archives document the history of the institution since its establishment in 1900, as well as The Grange since 1820. Series include exhibition files, publicity scrapbooks (documenting Gallery exhibitions and all other activity), architectural plans, photographs, records of the Gallery School, and correspondence (with art dealers, artists, collectors, and scholars). Because of the regularity with which artists' groups held exhibitions at the Gallery, the archives are a resource for research into the activities of the Group of Seven, the Canadian Group of Painters, the Ontario Society of Artists, and others.
The Art Gallery of Ontario's special collections are one of the most important concentrations of archival material on the visual arts in Canada. In over 150 individual fonds and collections, ranging in date from the early 19th century to the present day, the Special Collections document with primary source material artists, art dealers and collectors, artist-run galleries, and other people and organizations that have shaped the Canadian art world, as well as the Tom Thomson Catalogue Raisonné files.[102]
AGO operates an artist-in-residence program, granting selected artists access to its facilities, a stipend covering materials and living costs, and a dedicated studio, the Anne Lind AiR Studio in the Weston Family Learning Centre.[103][104] Artists-in-residence are invited to create new work and ideas, and to use all media, including painting, drawing, photography, film, video, installation, architecture and sound.[105] The program is the first of its kind to be established at a major Canadian art gallery.[103]
Past artists-in-residences have included:
The AGO was the first Canadian museum included in the Google Art Project (later renamed Google Arts & Culture), where 166 pieces from the permanent collection are available for viewing, including works by Paul Gauguin, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Tom Thomson, Emily Carr, Anthony van Dyck, and Gerhard Richter. Currently, there is no "street view" option to tour the museum online.[115][116]
The Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) has 46 paintings and sculptures with what curators call "a gap in provenance," meaning the history of ownership, in this case between 1933 and 1945, has disappeared. Across the country, in public galleries large and small, there are similar mysteries. To date, three Canadian galleries (the Art Gallery of Hamilton, the National Art Gallery in Ottawa and the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts) have returned looted Holocaust-era paintings to heirs.
n 18 November 2020 the Commission jointly with the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada (AGO) announced the restitution of Still Life with Flowers by Jan van Kessel the Elder to the heirs of Dagobert and Martha David. In March 2020, the Commission made the restitution claim on behalf of the family, providing compelling evidence that the painting had formerly belonged to the family who had fled Germany to Belgium in 1939 only to be trapped there, forced to live in hiding under the German occupation and to sell their possessions in order to survive. Following the painting's forced sale in Brussels, it was traded through Amsterdam and Berlin before it was acquired by the dealer Wildenstein & Co. in London, England. A Canadian purchased the painting from Wildenstein in the early 1950s and donated it to the AGO in 1995.
Media related to Art Gallery of Ontario at Wikimedia Commons
![Emily Carr, The Indian Church, 1929, retitled by the museum as Church at Yuquot Village in 2018.[note 2]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emily_Carr_Indian_Church.jpg/1280px-Emily_Carr_Indian_Church.jpg)
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![Henry Moore, Two Large Forms, 1969[note 3]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Two_Forms_by_Henry_Moore.jpg/1280px-Two_Forms_by_Henry_Moore.jpg)
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