Una locomotora Garratt es un tipo de locomotora de vapor articulada inventada por el ingeniero británico Herbert William Garratt que está articulada en tres partes. [1] Su caldera , caja de fuego y cabina están montadas en un bastidor central o "puente". Las otras dos partes, una en cada extremo, tienen un pivote para sostener el bastidor central; consisten en una unidad de motor de vapor , con ruedas motrices, ruedas traseras, mecanismo de válvulas y cilindros, y sobre ella, almacenamiento de combustible y/o agua.
La articulación permite a las locomotoras sortear curvas que podrían restringir el paso de locomotoras grandes con bastidor rígido. El diseño también proporciona más ruedas motrices por unidad de peso de la locomotora, lo que permite el funcionamiento en vías de ingeniería ligera. Las locomotoras Garratt producían hasta el doble de esfuerzo de tracción [nota 1] que las locomotoras convencionales más grandes de los ferrocarriles que las introdujeron, lo que reducía la necesidad de múltiples locomotoras y tripulaciones.
La principal ventaja del diseño de la Garratt es que la caldera y la unidad de la caja de fuego están colgadas entre las dos unidades del motor . Otra ventaja es que la caja de fuego y el cenicero no están limitados en dimensiones por el tren de rodaje; el cenicero puede tener una capacidad mucho mayor que en una locomotora normal, lo que permite viajes continuos más largos sin necesidad de detenerse y vaciar el cenicero para limpiar los productos de combustión de la parrilla. [2] Una caja de fuego grande y su suministro de aire sin restricciones también permitieron que la Garratt funcionara con combustible de mala calidad sin reducir la capacidad de vapor. [3]
Los Garratt funcionaban igual de bien en ambas direcciones, lo que eliminaba la necesidad de plataformas giratorias. A menudo circulaban con la cabina delante de la caldera (a veces llamada búnker [de combustible] delante), especialmente en rutas con túneles. [3]
La mayoría de las Garratt fueron diseñadas para el transporte de mercancías o mixto, pero varias clases de Garratt fueron diseñadas para el transporte de pasajeros. Una Garratt de los Ferrocarriles Argelinos, construida en Francia , ostenta el récord mundial de velocidad para una locomotora articulada, con 132 kilómetros por hora (82 mph). [4] Las Garratt que operaban a velocidades más altas tenían una ventaja sobre el diseño de Mallet debido a la geometría del diseño. Al girar en las curvas, la unidad de caldera y cabina se movía hacia dentro, lo que reducía la fuerza centrífuga, mientras que la unidad articulada delantera de la Mallet se movía hacia fuera a medida que la locomotora tomaba las curvas. [5]
Como escribió OS Nock , [6] el tipo Garratt tiene varias ventajas sobre el tipo Mallet :
Esta [la Mallet] fue diseñada para proporcionar una unidad de motor muy grande, para ser manejada por una sola tripulación, pero para distribuir el peso muerto sobre muchos ejes y así evitar cargas excesivas en la vía y los puentes subterráneos, y al mismo tiempo mantener la flexibilidad de la distancia entre ejes para facilitar la operación en secciones de línea severamente curvas. La Mallet, con unidades de ruedas motrices debajo de la caldera, mantiene la limitación en dimensiones inherente al tipo ortodoxo de locomotora de vapor, mientras que la inmensa longitud de algunas de estas máquinas es en sí misma una desventaja. Excepto con el encendido por aceite, ... no se puede poner la cabina en frente. HW Garratt ... patentó ... la idea de tener una sola caldera grande colgada en una cuna transportada en dos unidades de motor completamente separadas. ... La caldera podría desarrollarse hasta proporciones ideales, sin restricciones de ruedas debajo de ella. Podría mantenerse corta y de gran diámetro, que es la mejor forma posible para asegurar una alta tasa de evaporación.
Aunque al final de la era de las locomotoras de vapor, la mayoría de las locomotoras de vapor convencionales habían alcanzado su máximo en "dimensiones críticas", la Garratt todavía tenía potencial para un mayor desarrollo, con ruedas motrices más grandes, calderas más grandes y una mayor producción aún alcanzable. [5]
La principal desventaja teórica de un Garratt (compartida con todas las locomotoras de tanque ) era que el peso adhesivo disminuye a medida que se consume agua del tanque delantero y carbón y agua del tanque trasero y el búnker. El fenómeno existe, pero se minimiza por la adherencia de la multiplicidad de ruedas motrices, suficiente generalmente para evitar el deslizamiento de las ruedas. [7]
La Garratt no estaba sola en el campo de las locomotoras articuladas; en particular, las locomotoras articuladas en los Estados Unidos basadas en el diseño Mallet lograron potencias de salida que excedían con creces las de las Garratt. Lejos de América del Norte estaban los tipos articulados Fairlie y Meyer . Además, los diseños similares a la Garratt fueron Union Garratt, Modified Fairlie y Golwé . De estos, el más cercano fue Union Garratt, un tipo originalmente impulsado por la necesidad percibida de una conexión rígida entre un búnker o ténder y una caja de fuego alimentada por un alimentador mecánico. Eran, en efecto, un híbrido de Fairlie y Garratt con el búnker trasero unido al bastidor en lugar de ser transportado en el bogie trasero. [8] Las Union Garratt clase GH y clase U de los Ferrocarriles Sudafricanos fueron ejemplos. [nota 2]
Herbert William Garratt, un ingeniero de locomotoras británico, inventó el concepto de locomotora articulada que lleva su nombre, por el que se le concedió una patente (n.º 12079). En ese momento, era el ingeniero de inspección de los Ferrocarriles de Nueva Gales del Sur en Londres después de una carrera en los ferrocarriles coloniales británicos. Garratt se acercó primero a Kitson and Company con su diseño, pero su idea fue rechazada, tal vez porque esa empresa ya estaba comprometida con el diseño articulado de Kitson-Meyer . Luego se acercó a Beyer, Peacock and Company , que solo estaban marginalmente más interesados. [9] [ página necesaria ]
En 1907, Beyer, Peacock and Company presentó una propuesta para una locomotora Garratt 0-4-0+0-4-0 de ancho de vía de 2 pies ( 610 mm ) a los Ferrocarriles del Gobierno de Nueva Gales del Sur, que no fue aceptada. Al año siguiente, se presentó un diseño para una locomotora Mallet de ancho de vía de 2 pies en respuesta a una consulta del Gobierno de Tasmania . La compañía propuso entonces un diseño de Garratt basado en el diseño de Nueva Gales del Sur, pero un poco más pesado, con capacidad para negociar curvas de 99 pies (30,18 m) de radio y pendientes de 1 en 25. [10] [11] La propuesta fue aceptada y se construyeron dos locomotoras en 1909, que se convirtieron en la clase K. [12]
Los Ferrocarriles de Tasmania estipularon dos características que no estaban en el concepto original de Herbert Garratt. La primera era una configuración compuesta en la que dos cilindros de alta presión estaban en la unidad del motor trasero y una tubería conducía a dos cilindros más grandes de baja presión en la unidad del motor delantero. La segunda era tener los cilindros orientados hacia adentro, lo que reduciría las distancias entre el tubo de vapor principal y los cilindros de alta presión y entre los cilindros de alta presión y baja presión. [13] Esta última característica hizo que la locomotora fuera innecesariamente complicada y colocó los cilindros de alta presión directamente debajo de la cabina, lo que la hacía incómodamente calurosa para la tripulación en los raros días en que la Cordillera de la Costa Oeste de Tasmania estaba cálida. Solo se produjo una locomotora Garratt más con propulsión compuesta (por Beyer, Peacock & Co. en 1927 para Burma Railways ). [14] La compañía no construyó más Garratt con cilindros orientados hacia el interior, pero dos Garratt operados por el ferrocarril turístico del Sur Fueguino en Ushuaia, Argentina, basados en gran medida en la clase K, tienen esa característica. [8] [nota 3]
Las primeras dificultades de diseño y construcción tenían que ver con las conexiones flexibles herméticas al vapor entre la unidad de caldera y las unidades de potencia. Sin embargo, los ingenieros de Beyer, Peacock las resolvieron después de estudiar una descripción de las juntas esféricas de vapor utilizadas en una locomotora Fairlie . [16]
La tercera Garratt (otra 0-4-0+0-4-0 , como las dos primeras) se construyó en 1910 para el Ferrocarril del Himalaya de Darjeeling y se le dio la letra de clase "D". La potencia de salida estaba prevista para ser el doble de la de las locomotoras ST 0-4-0 existentes en la línea , pero solo se logró un aumento del 65% en la carga. [17]
En 1911, Beyer, Peacock & Company construyó seis Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 para los Ferrocarriles del Gobierno de Australia Occidental . A las locomotoras de la clase M les siguieron las de la clase Ms y la clase Msa . Estas locomotoras formaron el modelo para las locomotoras de vía estrecha de la clase G de los Ferrocarriles Victorianos y las Garratt de cemento Portland de Australia. [9] [ página necesaria ]
Beyer, Peacock construyó más de mil locomotoras Garratt o Beyer-Garratt. [18] [nota 4] Las últimas locomotoras construidas según un diseño Beyer-Peacock, en 1967-1968 , fueron ocho locomotoras Clase NG G16 de los Ferrocarriles Sudafricanos de ancho de vía de 2 pies ( 610 mm ) . [nota 5]
La siguiente lista muestra las construcciones Garratt conocidas por todos los fabricantes. [20] [21] [22]
Los Garratt se utilizaron en África , Asia , Australia , Europa y Sudamérica . No se utilizaron en los ferrocarriles norteamericanos , siendo la explicación más probable que las compañías ferroviarias estadounidenses consideraran que las capacidades de carbón y agua de los Garratt eran insuficientes para sus necesidades. [9] [ página necesaria ]
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El Garratt fue el arma más utilizada en África : [9] [ página necesaria ] se utilizó en grandes cantidades en Sudáfrica, Rodesia (actualmente Zimbabue) y Argelia, y en cantidades más pequeñas en Angola, Congo, Ghana, Costa de Marfil, Kenia, Libia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Sudán, Uganda y Zaire.
En Argelia, 29 Garratt 4-6-2+2-6-4 , construidos entre 1936 y 1941 por la Société Franco-Belge de Matériel de Chemins de Fer en Raismes, en el norte de Francia, estuvieron en funcionamiento hasta que la guerra de independencia argelina provocó su retirada en 1951. Esta clase, designada 231-132BT, era aerodinámica y contaba con tren de rodaje Cossart, alimentadores mecánicos y ruedas motrices de 1,8 m (5 pies 11 pulgadas), las más grandes de cualquier clase Garratt. En una prueba en Francia, uno de ellos alcanzó una velocidad de 132 kilómetros por hora (82 mph), un récord para cualquier clase Garratt (y, de hecho, para cualquier clase articulada). [4]
All three main railways in Angola used Garratts. The largest user was the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Caminho de Ferro de Benguela. Forty-eight were purchased from Beyer, Peacock between 1926 and 1956. They came in four batches: class 10A (301–306); class 10B (311–324) in 1930; class 10C (331–348) in 1954; and class 10D (361–370).
The second-largest user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Luanda, which bought six 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotives (501–506) from Beyer, Peacock in 1949, and six more (551–556) from Krupp of Germany in 1954.
The third user was the Caminhos de Ferro de Moçâmedes, who bought six 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotives (101–106) from Henschel & Son of Germany.
Garratts operated on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge through trains from South Africa to Rhodesia.[citation needed]
Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours, which operated railways in British East Africa and the Uganda Protectorate from 1929 to 1948, acquired 77 Garratts between the same years. The Tanganyika Railway also acquired 3 in 1928. In 1948, the railways merged to form the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation, commonly known in the railways context as East African Railways, shown by the letters "EAR" on rolling stock.
In addition to the 80 acquired Garratts, East African Railways operated 63 that it purchased new between 1954 and 1956, making a total of 143. More details are in the following table.
The East African Railways 4-8-2+2-8-4 59 class Garratts were the largest and most powerful steam locomotives to run on metre gauge, having a large 70-square-foot (6.5-square-metre) grate and a tractive effort of 83,350 pounds-force (370.76 kilonewtons). The 34 oil-fired locomotives remained in regular service until 1980. As of 2020[update], the Nairobi Railway Museum held two of them.[5]
4-6-4+4-6-4 and 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratts operated in Mozambique, some built as late as 1956.[23]
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Rhodesia imported 246 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Garratts of four different wheel arrangements: 2-6-2+2-6-2s of the 13th, 14th and 14A classes; 4-6-4+4-6-4s of the 15th class, 2-8-2+2-8-2s of the 16th, 16A, and 18th classes; and 4-8-2+2-8-4s of the 20th and 20A classes. Many went to Zambia Railways in 1967 when Rhodesia Railways surrendered the lines in Zambia to its government. Zimbabwe's economic and political situation has extended the life of its Garratts. Five Garratts, including some from the Zimbabwe National Railway Museum, were returned to service in 2004–05 to haul commuter trains. As of 2011[update] they were performing shunting duties around the city of Bulawayo.[24][25]
On the Sierra Leone Government Railway, this 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge system had 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratts starting in the 1920s and in the middle 1950s purchased 14 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratts.
In 1921, the South African Railways held a comparative trial between three 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) locomotives: a class 14B 4-8-2 tender engine; a class MH Mallet 2-6-6-2, and a newly arrived class GA Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 – the first Garratt of that gauge to enter service in South Africa. The trial was conducted on the line between Durban and Ladysmith, which had gradients as steep as 1 in 30 and curves as tight as 4.5 chains (91 metres) in radius. The Garratt proved the superior locomotive in all regards.[26][27]
The most powerful of all Garratts irrespective of gauge were the South African Railways' eight 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge GL class locomotives of 1929–30, which delivered 89,130 lbf (396.47 kN) of tractive effort. They were all out of service by the late 1960s.[28] There was also a proposal for a quadruplex super Garratt locomotive with a 2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement for South African Railways, but this was never built.[29]
On the two foot gauge lines in South Africa, several successive classes of Garratts were made, of which the NG G16 became the most powerful steam locomotive ever built for the gauge. Some of these were imported to Wales for the Welsh Highland Railway.
Sudan operated at least one 4-6-4+4-6-4 Garratt.[30]
Burma had 43 metre gauge Garratts. Five B class 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratts went to the Burma Railway Company between 1924 and 1927, with seven more built by Krupp of Germany in 1929.[31] They were followed by 31 locomotives transferred from India for War Department service: ten 2-8-0+0-8-2 locomotives, class GB (ex-Indian class MWGL); twelve 2-8-2+2-8-2 locomotives of class GC (ex-Indian class MWGH); and nine 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotives of class GD (ex-Indian class MWGX).[32][33][34] A class of four 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotives, the GE class, was built for Burma Railways in 1949,[34] but was diverted to the Assam Railway in India.[35]
Two 0-6-0+0-6-0 2 ft 6in gauge Beyer-Garratts were supplied to the Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway which became the Arakan Light Railway. BP works Nos. 5702 & 5703 of 1913 refer.[36]
Ceylon had 10 Garratts: an H1 class 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) 2-4-0+0-4-2 in 1924, a C1 class 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) 2-6-2+2-6-2 in 1927 and eight more C1 class 5 ft 6 in gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2s in 1945.[34][37]
India had 83 Garratts. One 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2 was built for the Indian State in 1925.[34] The 5 ft 6 in gauge Bengal Nagpur Railway had 32 Garratts: a pair of HSG class 2-8-0+0-8-2 locomotives built in 1925; 16 N class and 10 NM class 4-8-0+0-8-4 locomotives built in 1930–31 and four P class 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotives built in 1939.[34][38]
The metre gauge Assam-Bengal Railway had six T class 2-6-2+2-6-2 locomotives built in 1927. They later became the GT class on the Bengal Assam Railway. Three types of Garratt were supplied for war service on the BAR: ten MWGL class 2-8-0+0-8-2 locomotives; twelve MWGH 2-8-2+2-8-2 locomotives; and 18 MWGX class 4-8-2+2-8-4 War Department standard light Garratts. Of these, only nine MWGX stayed in India, with the remainder transferred to Burma.[32][34] After the war, the four Burma Railways GE class 4-8-2+2-8-4s were diverted to the Assam Railway.[citation needed]
The Trans-Iranian Railway had four 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratts (class 86) built in 1936.[34]
Mauritius had three standard gauge 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratts that were built in 1927.[34]
The Nepal Government Railway (NGR) had 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt locomotives manufactured by Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1932 and 1947.[20]
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The Royal State Railway of Siam acquired 8 Garratts built by the German company Henschel during 1929–1937 for heavy freight duties in the Pak Chong highland areas. One has been preserved; it is displayed at Kanchanaburi railway station.
Turkish State Railways had just one standard gauge 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt that was built in 1927.[34]
The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG) was designed in Australia as an emergency measure during World War II, when demand on 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge railways could not be met by the available stock of locomotives. The ASG was used on the railways of Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania and, after the war, on the South Australian Railways, the Emu Bay Railway in Tasmania and the Fyansford Cement Works railway in Victoria.[39][40][page needed]
The first was built in a record-breaking four months, entering service in September 1943.[41][42] Considerable differences between the states, especially in loading gauges, sharpness of curves and limits to axle load, compromised the design, as did the inclusion of features that led to unreliability. A royal commission convened in 1946 to investigate the locomotives, whose deficiencies had caused enginemen to go on strike, concluded: "It is obvious when one analyses the evidence that the new Australian Standard Garratt has put up a poor performance. At times these locomotives have done good work but they cannot compare with the old Beyer Garratts, which have such an enduring record of service."[43][note 6] Many were withdrawn in September 1945, weeks after the war ended. Those sold to the South Australian Railways in 1952 (as a stopgap) served for only 18 months, but others lasted longer: on the Queensland Government Railways for two years, at Fyansford and Emu Bay for 11 years, on the Tasmanian Government Railways (including some ex-QR engines) for 13 years, and on the Western Australian Government Railways for 14 years, during which periods many of the defects were rectified or components replaced.[44]
New South Wales Government Railways introduced the 4-8-4+4-8-4 AD60 Garratt in 1952, built by Beyer, Peacock. The AD60 weighed 265 tonnes, with a 16-tonne axle loading. As delivered, it developed a tractive effort of 60,000 lbf (270 kN)), not as powerful as the South African Railways GMA/M 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratts of 1954, which developed a tractive effort of 60,700 lbf (270 kN).[28] Following modifications in 1958 to thirty AD60s, their tractive effort was increased to 63,016 lbf (280.31 kN). These locomotives remained in service until the early 1970s with a replacement "6042" using the boiler cradle of 6043 (The original was scrapped in 1968) the last withdrawn in February 1973.[45] Oberg wrote he witnessed an AD60 clear a dead 1220-tonne double-headed diesel freight (total weight 1450 tonnes) from a 1 in 55 grade without wheel slip.[46] Four AD60's survive today: 6029 (which operates occasionally out of Thirlmere), 6039 (under private ownership at Dorrigo Museum), 6040 (on static display at THNSW, Thirlmere), & 6042 (also owned by the Dorrigo museum but sitting in the middle of a field in Forbes, NSW).
Queensland Railways operated 30 Beyer Garratt locomotives. These were mainly based in the Rockhampton area.[47]
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One of ten Garratts delivered in 1953 to the South Australian Railways – number 409 – is on static display at the National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide, South Australia. The locomotives were ordered in 1951 from Beyer, Peacock & Company, when there was a need for more and bigger motive power to haul the heavy ore trains on the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge line between Broken Hill and Port Pirie. The company subsequently subcontracted the order, with main specifications identical to those of the notable 60th class of the East African Railways, to Société Franco-Belge, its European associate based in Raismes.[48]
By 1955, the 400 class had taken over most of the working of the Broken Hill line. They operated as oil-burners, with provision for a mechanical stoker to be installed if converted to burn coal. They were also designed to be easily converted for service on either the broad or standard gauge. They were superseded by diesel power in 1963.[48]
Following the success of the K class Garratts on the North East Dundas Tramway, the Tasmanian Government Railways imported Beyer, Peacock Garratts for their main lines, in particular the 4-4-2+2-4-4 M class for express passenger work. These were the only eight-cylinder Garratts.[49][page needed] The M1 achieved a world speed record of 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) on 30 November 1912. Their 5-foot (1.5 m) diameter driving wheels were at the time the largest on any narrow-gauge locomotive in Australia.[50] Their eight cylinders proved a nightmare to maintain, and after several fatal and disastrous derailments in the late 1920s, mainly due to inadequate trackwork, they were withdrawn and scrapped.
Victorian Railways operated two Beyer Garratts, used on the Crowes and Walhalla narrow-gauge railway lines. The two engines were classified as G class, numbered G41 and G42; the latter engine has been restored. It is currently in use at the Puffing Billy Railway near Melbourne. It was not used in public service on that line prior to the preservation era. Fyansford Cement Works operated a 3'6" gauge line, with an ASG (G33) and 2 Garratts (No.1 and No.2) similar in design to the WAGR Ms class, although these 2 were not designated any class of their own. No.1 was scrapped but No.2 and G33 are preserved at the Bellarine Railway, with G33 currently undergoing restoration work.[citation needed]
Beyer, Peacock built three 4-6-2+2-6-4 NZR G class locomotives in 1928, which were too powerful for the system and had complicated valve mechanisms. Unusually, these engines had three cylinders (24 in × 16.5 in or 610 mm × 420 mm) each, on two sets of engine frames, thus creating a six-cylinder Garratt; they were the second and final Garratts to employ this arrangement, the other being the one-off LNER U1. They entered service in 1929. Walschaerts valve gear operated the outside cylinders with the inner third cylinder linked by a Gresley conjugated valve gear. Photos verify the coal bunker was carried on an extension to the boiler frame rather than on the rear engine frame, as with most Garratts. The engines delivered 51,580 lbf (229.44 kN) of tractive effort, which was too powerful for the drawbars on the rolling stock. After a few years they were rebuilt as six Pacifics, also unsuccessful, but which saw nearly twenty years of service.[51]
Though no NZR Garratts survived, three preserved imported African Garratts are in New Zealand: Rhodesia Railways class 15A No. 398 of the Flying 15 Trust, Pakakarakiki, class 14A No. 509 of Mainline Steam Trust Plimmerton (under restoration), and South African Railways GMAM class No. 4083 at Mercer Auckland with the Mainline Steam Trust awaiting restoration. When it first arrived in NZ in the 1990s, it was steamed and ran in their former Parnell Depot yard. See preservation below.
Garratts were mainly employed in Great Britain, Russia, and Spain, where some five railway companies employed seven classes. These included the 1931 order for Central of Aragon Railway for six 4-6-2+2-6-4 "Double Pacific" Garratts for fast passenger service. In addition a Dutch and a Belgian tramway also operated one or more engines based on and built to the Garratt design.
In 1931, the Dutch Limburgsche Tramweg Maatschappij (LTM) 'Limburg tramway company' ordered a single standard gauge Garratt, numbered LTM 51, from Henschel (Germany) with builder's number 22063. This design was slightly different in that the coal bunker was located on the boiler frame and both machines only holding the watertanks. More importantly, it was the only Garratt with inside cylinders. The wheel arrangement was C+C (0-6-0+0-6-0). Due to abandonment of the line in 1938, the locomotive was sold to a metal merchant, who in turn sold it to an engineers' bureau, that sold it in 1941 to Germany. Further whereabouts of this machine are unknown, but it is presumed scrapped.
Spain had a varied collection of Garratts from most builders; Beyer, Peacock themselves only building a pair of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) 2-6-2+2-6-2s for Rio Tinto in 1929. The first Garratts in Spain, however, were four metre gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2s built for the Ferrocarriles Catalanes in 1922 by Sociéte Anonyme St. Leonard of Liége, Belgium. Four more followed in 1925. Also on the metre gauge, the Ferrocarril de la Robla bought two pairs of 2-6-2+2-6-2s, the first from Hanomag of Germany in 1929, the second from Babcock & Wilcox of Bilbao in 1931. The Compania Minera de Sierra Minera also bought a pair of metre-gauge 2-6-2+2-6-2s in 1930.
On the broad gauge, the Central of Aragon Railway bought six 2-8-2+2-8-2s from Babcock & Wilcox and six 4-6-2+2-6-4s from Euskalduna of Bilbao, both in 1931. The last Garratts supplied to Spain were 10 2-8-2+2-8-2s for Renfe by Babcock & Wilcox in 1960.
British usage of Garratts was minimal. A single large Garratt (2-8-0+0-8-2, London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 number 2395/9999/69999) was built in 1925 for banking heavy coal trains on the Woodhead route; 33 2-6-0+0-6-2 Garratts were built for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway between 1927 and 1930, although their undersized axle-boxes made them unreliable and they were withdrawn in the mid-1950s. They were also trialled unsuccessfully on the Lickey Incline between Bromsgrove and Birmingham.
Four standard-gauge Garratt locomotives were supplied by Beyer, Peacock for industrial service in the UK. One survived and is preserved at Bressingham Steam Museum. No. 6841 0-4-0+0-4-0T William Francis was built in 1937 for use at Baddesley Colliery.[52]
On the Welsh Highland Railway, a 1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm) narrow-gauge tourist line in Wales, a few imported South African NGG16 Garratts haul the greater part of service trains on the railway.
Beyer, Peacock constructed the largest steam locomotive built in Europe, a 4-8-2+2-8-4 for the USSR, works order number 1176, in 1932. The locomotive had the Russian classification Ya.01 (Я.01). This massive machine was built to the Russian standard 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge and a loading gauge height of 17 feet (5.2 m). It underwent extensive testing and proved to be very able to operate in extremely low temperatures, due to adequate protection of the external plumbing between boiler and engine units. This may have been the lowest temperature operation of a Garratt type. The locomotive was used for a number of years for coal traffic in the Donbass region, but was never replicated. This decision appears to be a combination of unfamiliar maintenance processes and politics.[53][54][55]
No Garratts appeared in North America, although the American Locomotive Company became the sole licensee to build Garratts there. Alco was unable to garner sufficient interest from US railroads to produce even a prototype or demonstrator. This reluctance was reportedly based on a concern that tractive effort and factor of adhesion would suffer as the weight of water and fuel over the driving wheels diminished.[3]
In 1975, one 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratt NG class No. 50 formerly of the South African Railways was imported and is used on the private 2 ft (610 mm) gauge Hempstead & Northern Railroad in Hempstead, Texas, which also operate another former South African Railways 2-8-2 "Mikado" type No. 18.[citation needed]
The British-owned 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway operated twelve Garratt 4-8-2+2-8-4 oil-fired locomotives, numbers 4851–4862, built by Beyer, Peacock in 1929. They were used on the Bahía Blanca North Western section, particularly on the Toay line), on the main Bahía Blanca North Western line to General Pico, and between Tres Arroyos and Bahía Blanca. They were withdrawn in the 1950s due to the rapid decline in freight traffic caused by the increasing competition from road transport.[56]
Other British-owned railway companies in Argentina operated Garratt locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock:
The Southern Fuegian Railway at Ushuaia uses two 500 mm (19+3⁄4 in) gauge Garratts to haul tourist trains.
Three meter gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4 were delivered to the Antofagasta and Bolivia Railway in 1929, followed by six more in 1950.[57]
In Brazil after 1927, the São Paulo Railway operated broad-gauge 4-6-2+2-6-4] Garratts that ran passenger trains at 70 mph.[58]
In Colombia, one 914 mm (3 ft) gauge 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratt was purchased by the FC Pacifico in 1924 and two more by the La Dorada in 1937.[59]
Four 2-8-2+2-8-2 standard gauge Garratts were delivered to the Central Railway of Peru from 1929 to 1931. (Donald Binns, The Central Railway of Peru and The Cerro de Pasco Railway, 1996)
During World War II, several Garratt designs were built to meet the wartime needs of narrow-gauge railways in Africa, Asia, and Australia.[9][page needed]
Six 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratts were built for the 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge Sierra Leone Government Railway in 1942, to a design first supplied to that railway in 1926. Five of the older Garratts were converted to a 2-8-0+0-8-2 wheel arrangement to increase their tractive effort.[citation needed]
Seventy Garratts were constructed by Beyer, Peacock for the War Department, to three standard designs. A 2-8-2+2-8-2 based on the South African Railways GE class was constructed on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge for West Africa and Rhodesia, while a heavier class of 4-8-2+2-8-4 was constructed for East African Railways. A lighter metre-gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4 was constructed for India, Burma, and East Africa. This design was particularly successful, and was the basis for several postwar classes.[9][page needed]
The Australian Standard Garratt was designed in 1942, for use on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge railways, in the critical period of World War II following the Japanese bombing of Darwin in 1942, and aerial attacks on other northern Australian centres.[60] It was a 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotive, designed in Australia and constructed by a number of Australian railway workshops. Several design problems with the class emerged, and use of the locomotive encountered resistance from the drivers' union, especially in Queensland.[61] Most were withdrawn at the end of the war,[9][page needed] although a number continued to operate successfully in Tasmania.[62]
About 250 Garratts may exist today. However, many are dumped in varying states of disrepair in remoter parts of the world, and the number that may be likely to survive has been estimated as fewer than 100.[8] As of 2019[update], about 15 operating Garratt locomotives can be found in Europe, Africa, Argentina, the US and Australia.[63]
The first Garratt locomotive, the K class of the North East Dundas Tramway, has been preserved. After the line closed in 1929 the locomotives were put up for sale. K1 was purchased by Beyer, Peacock in 1947 for their museum. The preserved locomotive has parts from both original engines. When Beyer, Peacock ceased trading, the locomotive was sold to the Ffestiniog Railway, who initially proposed to cut it down to meet their loading gauge. For a number of years it was on loan to the National Railway Museum and was exhibited in York. In 1995 it was removed from York to commence restoration in Birmingham. It was returned to Wales in 2000 where restoration was continued at the Ffestiniog Railway workshops at Boston Lodge. It was fitted with a new boiler and restored to full running order on the Welsh Highland Railway by September 2008. The Welsh Highland Railway owns several former South African SAR NGG 16 Class Garratts, and operates both the first (K1) and last (NG/G16 143) Garratts constructed by Beyer, Peacock.[64][citation needed]. The K1 ten year boiler ticket expired in 2014. Even though the locomotive had worked infrequently, a full boiler overhaul was required to meet UK regulations. The FR/WHR declined to fund this activity, citing lack of revenue generating opportunities for the locomotive and the need to maintain their core fleet of NG/G16 locomotives. Finally, in 2019 it was decided to move the locomotive to the Statfold Barn Railway in Central England on a ten year loan with two boiler overhauls in the agreement. The first boiler overhaul was quickly completed along with other work at a cost of 60,000 GBP and the locomotive seen in steam at Statfold in February 2020.
In Spain, a 2-8-2+2-8-2 number 282F-0421, nicknamed "Garrafeta", occasionally ran in the Lleida area but no longer. An enormous 4-6-2+2-6-4, number 462F-0401, is under slow cosmetic restoration. Both locomotives are managed by ARMF, a non-profit organisation which also holds the only main line repair workshop for historical railway vehicles on broad gauge network.[65]
A single Hanomag-built narrow gauge example exists in the USA located in Hempstead Texas. It has been made operational again since November 2015.
Several Australian Garratts have been restored to operating condition. G 42, formerly used on the narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways, works regularly on the Puffing Billy Railway in the Dandenong Ranges outside Melbourne. The Puffing Billy Railway is also rebuilding ex SAR NG/G16 129 which entered service in late 2019. The Queensland Railways removed 1009, its sole remaining 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt, from an open-air museum and fully restored it to working order. It was out of service by December 2007, awaiting a new boiler. NSWGR AD60 6029 was restored to operating condition in Canberra. As of 2018, 6029 is privately owned and is stored at Thirlmere, NSW. It is occasionally used by the NSW Rail Museum on mainline excursions. 3'6" Garratts No.2 and G33 from Fyansford Cement Works are both preserved with the Bellarine Railway, with G33 undergoing restoration work and No.2 in storage.[citation needed]
In Kenya, East African Railways 59 class 5918 was maintained in operating condition from 2001 to 2011. Likewise in Zimbabwe 20th class 730 and 740 were held in operating condition until 2004. They have not run since 2004 when 730 was briefly used on Bulawayo commuter services. None are likely to operate again without external funding for major repairs as the only work available for them are excursion trains for foreign tourists and rail enthusiasts.
No New Zealand Railways G class Garratts survived, but three more modern Southern African Garratts have been imported for restoration in New Zealand, with No.509's boiler certified and restoration nearing completion as of 2018.
In December 2007, Zimbabwe class 14A Garratt number 509, overhauled in Bulawayo was offloaded in New Zealand for operational preservation by the Mainline Steam trust.[66][citation needed] In early 2011 Zimbabwe 15th class 398 was also delivered to New Zealand for restoration to operating condition by Steam Inc.
As of December 2020 there is only one place in the World where one can with reasonable confidence view a Garratt in daily operating service. Ushuaia, Argentina whilst Dinas in North Wales offers the sight of daily operation for about 10 months of the year.[citation needed]
In September 2018, South Eastern Zone of Indian Railways made a successful trial run of a Beyer-Garratt numbered 811 from Kharagpur. A heritage service is planned and scheduled to start from the upcoming festival season.[67]
In the movie Big World! Big Adventures! of the television program, Thomas & Friends, an EAR 59 class Garratt, named Kwaku, was introduced.
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