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Vladímir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin [c] [d] (nacido el 7 de octubre de 1952) es un político ruso y ex oficial de inteligencia que es el presidente de Rusia . Putin ha ocupado cargos continuos como presidente o primer ministro desde 1999: [e] como primer ministro de 1999 a 2000 y de 2008 a 2012, y como presidente de 2000 a 2008 y desde 2012. [f] [7] Es el líder ruso o soviético con más años en el cargo desde Joseph Stalin .

Putin trabajó como oficial de inteligencia extranjera de la KGB durante 16 años, ascendiendo al rango de teniente coronel antes de renunciar en 1991 para comenzar una carrera política en San Petersburgo . En 1996, se mudó a Moscú para unirse a la administración del presidente Boris Yeltsin . Se desempeñó brevemente como director del Servicio Federal de Seguridad (FSB) y luego como secretario del Consejo de Seguridad de Rusia antes de ser nombrado primer ministro en agosto de 1999. Tras la renuncia de Yeltsin, Putin se convirtió en presidente interino y, en menos de cuatro meses, fue elegido para su primer mandato como presidente. Fue reelegido en 2004. Debido a las limitaciones constitucionales de dos mandatos presidenciales consecutivos, Putin se desempeñó como primer ministro nuevamente de 2008 a 2012 bajo Dmitri Medvédev . Regresó a la presidencia en 2012, luego de una elección marcada por acusaciones de fraude y protestas , y fue reelegido en 2018 .

Durante el mandato presidencial inicial de Putin, la economía rusa creció en promedio un siete por ciento anual, [8] impulsada por reformas económicas y un aumento de cinco veces en el precio del petróleo y el gas. [9] [10] Además, Putin lideró a Rusia en un conflicto contra los separatistas chechenos , restableciendo el control federal sobre la región. [11] [12] Mientras se desempeñaba como primer ministro bajo Medvedev, supervisó un conflicto militar con Georgia y promulgó reformas militares y policiales . En su tercer mandato presidencial, Rusia anexó Crimea y apoyó una guerra en el este de Ucrania a través de varias incursiones militares, lo que resultó en sanciones internacionales y una crisis financiera en Rusia . También ordenó una intervención militar en Siria para apoyar a su aliado Bashar al-Assad durante la guerra civil siria , asegurando finalmente bases navales permanentes en el Mediterráneo oriental . [13] [14] [15]

En febrero de 2022, durante su cuarto mandato presidencial, Putin lanzó una invasión a gran escala de Ucrania , que provocó la condena internacional y condujo a la ampliación de las sanciones . En septiembre de 2022, anunció una movilización parcial y anexó por la fuerza cuatro óblasts ucranianos, juntos aproximadamente del tamaño de Portugal, a Rusia . En marzo de 2023, la Corte Penal Internacional emitió una orden de arresto contra Putin por crímenes de guerra [16] relacionados con su presunta responsabilidad penal por secuestros ilegales de niños durante la guerra . [17] En abril de 2021, después de un referéndum , firmó enmiendas constitucionales que incluían una que le permitía postularse a la reelección dos veces más, lo que potencialmente extendería su presidencia hasta 2036. [18] [19] En marzo de 2024, fue reelegido para otro mandato.

Bajo el gobierno de Putin , el sistema político ruso se ha transformado en una dictadura autoritaria con culto a la personalidad . [20] [21] [22] Su gobierno ha estado marcado por una corrupción endémica y violaciones generalizadas de los derechos humanos , incluido el encarcelamiento y la represión de opositores políticos , la intimidación y la censura de los medios independientes en Rusia y la falta de elecciones libres y justas . [23] [24] [25] Bajo el gobierno de Putin, Rusia ha recibido constantemente puntuaciones muy bajas en el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción de Transparencia Internacional , el Índice de Democracia de The Economist , el índice de Libertad en el Mundo de Freedom House y el Índice de Libertad de Prensa de Reporteros sin Fronteras .

Primeros años de vida

Putin nació el 7 de octubre de 1952 en Leningrado, Unión Soviética (hoy San Petersburgo, Rusia), [26] el menor de los tres hijos de Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911-1999) y Maria Ivanovna Putina ( née Shelomova; 1911-1998). Su abuelo, Spiridon Putin (1879-1965), fue cocinero personal de Vladimir Lenin y Joseph Stalin . [27] [28] El nacimiento de Putin fue precedido por la muerte de dos hermanos: Albert, nacido en la década de 1930, murió en la infancia, y Viktor, nacido en 1940, murió de difteria y hambre en 1942 durante el Sitio de Leningrado por las fuerzas de la Alemania nazi en la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [29] [30]

La madre de Putin era trabajadora de fábrica y su padre era un recluta de la Armada Soviética , sirviendo en la flota de submarinos a principios de la década de 1930. Durante la primera etapa de la invasión nazi de la Unión Soviética , su padre sirvió en el batallón de destrucción de la NKVD . [31] [32] [33] Más tarde, fue transferido al ejército regular y resultó gravemente herido en 1942. [34] La abuela materna de Putin fue asesinada por los ocupantes alemanes de la región de Tver en 1941, y sus tíos maternos desaparecieron en el Frente Oriental durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. [35]

Educación

El 1 de septiembre de 1960, Putin comenzó a asistir a la Escuela Nº 193 de Baskov Lane, cerca de su casa. Era uno de los pocos de su clase de unos 45 alumnos que aún no eran miembros de la organización de Jóvenes Pioneros ( Komsomol ). A la edad de 12 años, comenzó a practicar sambo y judo. [36] En su tiempo libre, disfrutaba leyendo las obras de Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels y Lenin. [37] Putin asistió a la Escuela Secundaria 281 de San Petersburgo con un programa de inmersión en el idioma alemán. [38] Habla alemán con fluidez y a menudo da discursos y entrevistas en ese idioma. [39] [40]

Putin, alrededor de  1960

Putin estudió derecho en la Universidad Estatal de Leningrado que lleva el nombre de Andrei Zhdanov (ahora Universidad Estatal de San Petersburgo ) en 1970 y se graduó en 1975. [41] Su tesis fue sobre "El principio comercial de la nación más favorecida en el derecho internacional". [42] Mientras estuvo allí, se le pidió que se uniera al Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética (PCUS); permaneció como miembro hasta que dejó de existir en 1991. [43] Putin conoció a Anatoly Sobchak , un profesor asistente que enseñaba derecho comercial , [g] y que más tarde se convirtió en el coautor de la constitución rusa . Putin fue influyente en la carrera de Sobchak en San Petersburgo, y Sobchak fue influyente en la carrera de Putin en Moscú. [44]

En 1997, Putin se licenció en economía ( kandidat ekonomicheskikh nauk ) en la Universidad de Minería de San Petersburgo por una tesis sobre las dependencias energéticas y su instrumentalización en la política exterior. [45] [46] Su supervisor fue Vladimir Litvinenko , quien en 2000 y nuevamente en 2004 dirigió sus campañas electorales presidenciales en San Petersburgo. [47] Igor Danchenko y Clifford Gaddy consideran que Putin es un plagiador según los estándares occidentales. Un libro del que copió párrafos enteros es la edición en ruso de Planificación estratégica y política de King y Cleland (1978). [47] Balzer escribió sobre la tesis de Putin y la política energética rusa y concluye junto con Olcott que "La primacía del estado ruso en el sector energético del país no es negociable", y cita la insistencia en la propiedad rusa mayoritaria de cualquier empresa conjunta, particularmente desde que BASF firmó el acuerdo Gazprom Nord Stream - Yuzhno-Russkoye en 2004 con una estructura 49-51, a diferencia de la antigua división 50-50 del proyecto TNK-BP de British Petroleum . [48]

Carrera en la KGB

Putin en la KGB , hacia  1980

En 1975, Putin se unió a la KGB y se entrenó en la 401.ª Escuela de la KGB en Okhta, Leningrado . [49] [50] Después del entrenamiento, trabajó en la Segunda Dirección General ( contrainteligencia ), antes de ser transferido a la Primera Dirección General , donde monitoreaba a extranjeros y funcionarios consulares en Leningrado. [49] [51] [52] En septiembre de 1984, Putin fue enviado a Moscú para recibir capacitación adicional en el Instituto Bandera Roja Yuri Andropov . [53] [54] [55]

De 1985 a 1990, sirvió en Dresde , Alemania del Este , [56] utilizando una identidad encubierta como traductor. [57] Mientras estuvo destinado en Dresde, Putin trabajó como uno de los oficiales de enlace de la KGB con la policía secreta Stasi y, según se informa, fue ascendido a teniente coronel . Según el sitio oficial presidencial del Kremlin, el régimen comunista de Alemania del Este elogió a Putin con una medalla de bronce por "fiel servicio al Ejército Popular Nacional ". Putin ha expresado públicamente su alegría por sus actividades en Dresde, relatando una vez sus enfrentamientos con manifestantes anticomunistas de 1989 que intentaron la ocupación de edificios de la Stasi en la ciudad. [58]

"Putin y sus colegas se redujeron principalmente a recopilar recortes de prensa , contribuyendo así a las montañas de información inútil producida por la KGB", escribió la ruso-estadounidense Masha Gessen en su biografía de Putin de 2012. [57] Su trabajo también fue minimizado por el exjefe de espionaje de la Stasi Markus Wolf y el ex colega de Putin en la KGB, Vladimir Usoltsev. La periodista Catherine Belton escribió en 2020 que esta minimización era en realidad una tapadera para la participación de Putin en la coordinación y el apoyo de la KGB a la terrorista Fracción del Ejército Rojo , cuyos miembros se escondían con frecuencia en Alemania del Este con el apoyo de la Stasi. Dresde fue preferida como una ciudad "marginal" con solo una pequeña presencia de servicios de inteligencia occidentales. [59] Según una fuente anónima que afirmó ser un ex miembro de la RAF, en una de estas reuniones en Dresde los militantes le presentaron a Putin una lista de armas que luego fueron entregadas a la RAF en Alemania Occidental. Klaus Zuchold, que afirmó haber sido reclutado por Putin, dijo que Putin trató con un neonazi , Rainer Sonntag, e intentó reclutar a un autor de un estudio sobre venenos. [59] Según se informa, Putin se reunió con alemanes para ser reclutados para asuntos de comunicaciones inalámbricas junto con un intérprete. Estuvo involucrado en tecnologías de comunicaciones inalámbricas en el sudeste asiático debido a viajes de ingenieros alemanes, reclutados por él, allí y a Occidente. [52] Sin embargo, una investigación de 2023 de Der Spiegel informó que la fuente anónima nunca había sido miembro de la RAF y es "considerado un fabulista notorio" con "varias condenas previas, incluso por hacer declaraciones falsas". [60]

El documento de identidad de la Stasi de Vladimir Putin, que trabajó en Dresde como oficial de enlace del KGB con la Stasi [61]

Según la biografía oficial de Putin, durante la caída del Muro de Berlín , que comenzó el 9 de noviembre de 1989, él guardó los archivos del Centro Cultural Soviético (Casa de la Amistad) y de la villa de la KGB en Dresde para las autoridades oficiales de la futura Alemania unificada, con el fin de impedir que los manifestantes, incluidos los agentes de la KGB y la Stasi, los obtuvieran y destruyeran. Luego supuestamente quemó sólo los archivos de la KGB, en unas pocas horas, pero guardó los archivos del Centro Cultural Soviético para las autoridades alemanas. No se dice nada sobre los criterios de selección durante esta quema; por ejemplo, sobre los archivos de la Stasi o sobre los archivos de otras agencias de la República Democrática Alemana o de la URSS. Explicó que muchos documentos se dejaron en Alemania sólo porque el horno estalló, pero muchos documentos de la villa de la KGB fueron enviados a Moscú. [62]

Tras el colapso del gobierno comunista de Alemania Oriental , Putin tuvo que dimitir del servicio activo en la KGB debido a las sospechas que se despertaron sobre su lealtad durante las manifestaciones en Dresde y antes, aunque la KGB y el ejército soviético todavía operaban en Alemania Oriental. Regresó a Leningrado a principios de 1990 como miembro de las "reservas activas", donde trabajó durante unos tres meses con la sección de Asuntos Internacionales de la Universidad Estatal de Leningrado , reportando al vicerrector Yuriy Molchanov , mientras trabajaba en su tesis doctoral. [52]

Allí, buscó nuevos reclutas para la KGB, observó al estudiantado y renovó su amistad con su antiguo profesor, Anatoly Sobchak , que pronto sería alcalde de Leningrado . [63] Putin afirma que dimitió con el rango de teniente coronel el 20 de agosto de 1991, [63] el segundo día del intento de golpe de Estado soviético de 1991 contra el presidente soviético Mijail Gorbachov . [64] Putin dijo: "Tan pronto como empezó el golpe, decidí inmediatamente de qué lado estaba", aunque señaló que la elección fue difícil porque había pasado la mayor parte de su vida con "los órganos". [65]

Carrera política

1990-1996: Administración de San Petersburgo

En mayo de 1990, Putin fue nombrado asesor en asuntos internacionales del alcalde de Leningrado, Anatoly Sobchak . En una entrevista de 2017 con Oliver Stone , Putin dijo que renunció a la KGB en 1991, tras el golpe de Estado contra Mijail Gorbachov, ya que no estaba de acuerdo con lo sucedido y no quería formar parte de la inteligencia en la nueva administración. [66] Según las declaraciones de Putin en 2018 y 2021, es posible que haya trabajado como taxista privado para ganar dinero extra, o haya considerado ese trabajo. [67] [68]

Putin, Lyudmila Narusova y Ksenia Sobchak en el funeral del ex mentor de Putin [69] Anatoly Sobchak , alcalde de San Petersburgo (1991-1996)

El 28 de junio de 1991, Putin se convirtió en jefe del Comité de Relaciones Exteriores de la Oficina del Alcalde , con la responsabilidad de promover las relaciones internacionales y las inversiones extranjeras [70] y registrar las empresas comerciales. En el plazo de un año, Putin fue investigado por el consejo legislativo de la ciudad dirigido por Marina Salye . Se concluyó que había subestimado los precios y permitido la exportación de metales valorados en 93 millones de dólares a cambio de ayuda alimentaria extranjera que nunca llegó. [71] [41] A pesar de la recomendación de los investigadores de que Putin fuera despedido, Putin siguió siendo jefe del Comité de Relaciones Exteriores hasta 1996. [72] [73] De 1994 a 1996, ocupó varios otros cargos políticos y gubernamentales en San Petersburgo.

En marzo de 1994, Putin fue nombrado primer vicepresidente del Gobierno de San Petersburgo . En mayo de 1995, organizó la filial en San Petersburgo del partido político progubernamental Nuestra Casa – Rusia , el partido liberal en el poder fundado por el primer ministro Viktor Chernomyrdin . En 1995, dirigió la campaña de las elecciones legislativas de ese partido y, desde 1995 hasta junio de 1997, fue el líder de su filial en San Petersburgo.

1996–1999: Inicios de su carrera en Moscú

En junio de 1996, Sobchak perdió su intento de reelección en San Petersburgo y Putin, que había encabezado su campaña electoral, dimitió de sus cargos en la administración de la ciudad. Se trasladó a Moscú y fue nombrado subdirector del Departamento de Gestión de la Propiedad Presidencial dirigido por Pavel Borodin . Ocupó este puesto hasta marzo de 1997. Era responsable de la propiedad extranjera del Estado y organizó la transferencia de los antiguos activos de la Unión Soviética y el PCUS a la Federación Rusa. [44]

Putin como director del FSB , 1998

El 26 de marzo de 1997, el presidente Boris Yeltsin nombró a Putin subdirector del Estado Mayor Presidencial , cargo que ocupó hasta mayo de 1998, y jefe de la Dirección Principal de Control del Departamento de Gestión de la Propiedad Presidencial (hasta junio de 1998). Su predecesor en este puesto fue Alexei Kudrin y su sucesor fue Nikolai Patrushev , ambos futuros políticos destacados y asociados de Putin. [44] El 3 de abril de 1997, Putin fue ascendido a consejero de Estado activo de primera clase de la Federación de Rusia , el rango más alto del servicio civil estatal federal . [74]

El 27 de junio de 1997, en el Instituto de Minería de San Petersburgo , dirigido por el rector Vladimir Litvinenko , Putin defendió su disertación de Candidato a la Ciencia en economía, titulada Planificación estratégica de la reproducción de la base de recursos minerales de una región bajo condiciones de formación de relaciones de mercado . [75] Esto ejemplificó la costumbre en Rusia por la cual un funcionario joven en ascenso escribía un trabajo académico a mitad de su carrera. [76] La tesis de Putin fue plagiada . [77] Los investigadores de la Brookings Institution descubrieron que 15 páginas fueron copiadas de un libro de texto estadounidense. [78] [79]

El 25 de mayo de 1998, Putin fue nombrado primer jefe adjunto del Estado Mayor Presidencial para las regiones, en sucesión de Viktoriya Mitina . El 15 de julio, fue nombrado jefe de la comisión para la preparación de acuerdos sobre la delimitación del poder de las regiones y jefe del centro federal adjunto al presidente, en sustitución de Sergey Shakhray . Después del nombramiento de Putin, la comisión no completó ningún acuerdo de ese tipo, aunque durante el mandato de Shakhray como jefe de la Comisión se habían firmado 46 acuerdos de ese tipo. [80] Más tarde, después de convertirse en presidente, Putin canceló los 46 acuerdos. [44] El 25 de julio de 1998, Yeltsin nombró a Putin director del Servicio Federal de Seguridad (FSB), la principal organización de inteligencia y seguridad de la Federación Rusa y sucesora del KGB. [81] En 1999, Putin describió el comunismo como "un callejón sin salida, lejos de la corriente principal de la civilización". [82]

1999: Primer mandato como primer ministro

Putin con el presidente Boris Yeltsin el 31 de diciembre de 1999, cuando Yeltsin anunció su dimisión.

El 9 de agosto de 1999, Putin fue designado uno de los tres primeros viceprimeros ministros y, más tarde ese mismo día, fue designado primer ministro interino del Gobierno de la Federación Rusa por el presidente Yeltsin . [83] Yeltsin también anunció que quería ver a Putin como su sucesor. Más tarde ese mismo día, Putin aceptó postularse para la presidencia. [84]

El 16 de agosto, la Duma Estatal aprobó su nombramiento como primer ministro con 233 votos a favor (frente a 84 en contra y 17 abstenciones), [85] mientras que se requería una mayoría simple de 226, lo que lo convirtió en el quinto primer ministro de Rusia en menos de dieciocho meses. Tras su nombramiento, pocos esperaban que Putin, prácticamente desconocido para el público en general, durara más que sus predecesores. Inicialmente se lo consideró un leal a Yeltsin; al igual que otros primeros ministros de Boris Yeltsin , Putin no elegía a sus ministros él mismo, su gabinete lo determinaba la administración presidencial. [86]

Los principales oponentes de Yeltsin y sus posibles sucesores ya estaban haciendo campaña para reemplazar al enfermo presidente y lucharon arduamente para evitar que Putin surgiera como un sucesor potencial. Después de los atentados con bombas en los apartamentos rusos de septiembre de 1999 y la invasión de Daguestán por muyahidines , incluidos los ex agentes de la KGB, con base en la República Chechena de Ichkeria , la imagen de Putin de ley y orden y su enfoque implacable en la Segunda Guerra Chechena pronto se combinaron para aumentar su popularidad y le permitieron superar a sus rivales.

Aunque no estaba asociado formalmente con ningún partido, Putin prometió su apoyo al recién formado Partido de la Unidad , [87] que obtuvo el segundo mayor porcentaje del voto popular (23,3%) en las elecciones a la Duma de diciembre de 1999 , y a su vez apoyó a Putin.

1999-2000: Presidencia interina

El 31 de diciembre de 1999, Yeltsin dimitió inesperadamente y, según la Constitución de Rusia , Putin se convirtió en presidente interino de la Federación Rusa . Al asumir este papel, Putin realizó una visita previamente programada a las tropas rusas en Chechenia. [88]

El primer decreto presidencial que Putin firmó el 31 de diciembre de 1999 se titulaba "Sobre garantías para el ex presidente de la Federación Rusa y los miembros de su familia". [89] [90] En él se garantizaba que no se presentarían "acusaciones de corrupción contra el presidente saliente y sus familiares". [91] El decreto se dirigía, en particular, al caso de soborno de Mabetex en el que estaban implicados los miembros de la familia de Yeltsin. El 30 de agosto de 2000 se desestimó una investigación penal (número 18/238278-95) en la que el propio Putin, [92] [93] como miembro del gobierno de la ciudad de San Petersburgo , era uno de los sospechosos.

El 30 de diciembre de 2000, otro caso contra el fiscal general fue desestimado "por falta de pruebas", a pesar de que los fiscales suizos habían presentado miles de documentos. [94] El 12 de febrero de 2001, Putin firmó una ley federal similar que sustituyó al decreto de 1999. Marina Salye reabrió un caso sobre la presunta corrupción de Putin en las exportaciones de metales a partir de 1992 , pero fue silenciada y obligada a abandonar San Petersburgo. [95]

Mientras sus oponentes se preparaban para una elección en junio de 2000, la renuncia de Yeltsin dio lugar a que las elecciones presidenciales se celebraran el 26 de marzo de 2000; Putin ganó en la primera vuelta con el 53% de los votos. [96] [97]

2000–2004: Primer mandato presidencial

Putin prestando juramento presidencial junto a Boris Yeltsin, mayo de 2000

La toma de posesión del presidente Putin se produjo el 7 de mayo de 2000. Nombró al ministro de finanzas , Mijaíl Kasyanov , como primer ministro. [98] El primer desafío importante a la popularidad de Putin llegó en agosto de 2000, cuando fue criticado por la supuesta mala gestión del desastre del submarino Kursk . [99] Esa crítica se debió en gran medida a que Putin tardó varios días en regresar de sus vacaciones, y varios más antes de que visitara el lugar. [99]

Entre 2000 y 2004, Putin se dedicó a reconstruir la situación de pobreza del país, aparentemente ganando una lucha de poder con los oligarcas rusos y alcanzando un “gran pacto” con ellos, que les permitió conservar la mayor parte de sus poderes a cambio de su apoyo explícito al gobierno de Putin y su alineamiento con él. [100] [101]

Putin con Tom Brokaw antes de una entrevista el 2 de junio de 2000

La crisis de los rehenes en el teatro de operaciones de Moscú se produjo en octubre de 2002. Muchos medios de comunicación rusos e internacionales advirtieron de que la muerte de 130 rehenes en la operación de rescate de las fuerzas especiales durante la crisis dañaría gravemente la popularidad del presidente Putin. Sin embargo, poco después de que terminara el asedio, el presidente ruso disfrutaba de índices de aprobación pública récord: el 83% de los rusos se declararon satisfechos con Putin y su gestión del asedio. [102]

En 2003, se celebró un referéndum en Chechenia , adoptando una nueva constitución que declara que la República de Chechenia es parte de Rusia; por otra parte, la región adquirió autonomía. [103] Chechenia se ha estabilizado gradualmente con el establecimiento de las elecciones parlamentarias y un gobierno regional. [104] [105] A lo largo de la Segunda Guerra Chechena , Rusia desactivó gravemente el movimiento rebelde checheno; sin embargo, los ataques esporádicos de los rebeldes continuaron ocurriendo en todo el norte del Cáucaso. [106]

2004–2008: Segundo mandato presidencial

Putin con Junichiro Koizumi , Jacques Chirac , Gerhard Schröder , George W. Bush y otros líderes estatales en Moscú durante el desfile del Día de la Victoria , 9 de mayo de 2005 [107]

El 14 de marzo de 2004, Putin fue elegido presidente para un segundo mandato, recibiendo el 71% de los votos. [108] La crisis de los rehenes en la escuela de Beslán tuvo lugar del 1 al 3 de septiembre de 2004; murieron más de 330 personas, incluidos 186 niños. [109]

El período de casi 10 años previo al ascenso de Putin tras la disolución del régimen soviético fue una época de agitación en Rusia. [110] En un discurso en el Kremlin en 2005 , Putin caracterizó el colapso de la Unión Soviética como la "mayor catástrofe geopolítica del siglo XX". [111] Putin explicó: "Además, la epidemia de desintegración infectó a la propia Rusia". [112] La red de seguridad social del país desde la cuna hasta la tumba había desaparecido y la esperanza de vida disminuyó en el período anterior al gobierno de Putin. [113] En 2005, se lanzaron los Proyectos de Prioridad Nacional para mejorar la atención sanitaria , la educación , la vivienda y la agricultura de Rusia . [114] [115]

La continua persecución penal del hombre más rico de Rusia en ese momento, el presidente de la compañía de petróleo y gas Yukos , Mikhail Khodorkovsky , por fraude y evasión fiscal fue vista por la prensa internacional como una represalia por las donaciones de Khodorkovsky a opositores liberales y comunistas del Kremlin. [116] Khodorkovsky fue arrestado, Yukos se declaró en quiebra y los activos de la compañía fueron subastados a un valor inferior al del mercado, y la mayor parte fue adquirida por la empresa estatal Rosneft . [117] El destino de Yukos fue visto como una señal de un cambio más amplio de Rusia hacia un sistema de capitalismo de Estado . [118] [119] Esto se subrayó en julio de 2014, cuando los accionistas de Yukos recibieron 50 mil millones de dólares en compensación por parte del Tribunal Permanente de Arbitraje de La Haya . [120]

El 7 de octubre de 2006, Anna Politkovskaya , una periodista que expuso la corrupción en el ejército ruso y su conducta en Chechenia , fue asesinada a tiros en el vestíbulo de su edificio de apartamentos, el día del cumpleaños de Putin. La muerte de Politkovskaya desencadenó críticas internacionales, con acusaciones de que Putin no había protegido a los nuevos medios independientes del país. [121] [122] El propio Putin dijo que su muerte causó al gobierno más problemas que sus escritos. [123]

En una reunión de enero de 2007 con la canciller alemana, Angela Merkel , Putin trajo delante de ella a su labrador, que tiene fobia a los perros .

En enero de 2007, Putin se reunió con la canciller alemana Angela Merkel en su residencia del Mar Negro en Sochi , dos semanas después de que Rusia cortara los suministros de petróleo a Alemania. Putin llevó a su labrador negro Konni frente a Merkel, que tiene una notoria fobia a los perros y parecía visiblemente incómoda en su presencia, y agregó: "Estoy seguro de que se comportará", lo que provocó un furor entre el cuerpo de prensa alemán. [124] [125] Cuando se le preguntó sobre el incidente en una entrevista de enero de 2016 con Bild , Putin afirmó que no estaba al tanto de su fobia y agregó: "Quería hacerla feliz. Cuando descubrí que no le gustaban los perros, por supuesto me disculpé". [126] Merkel dijo más tarde a un grupo de periodistas: "Entiendo por qué tiene que hacer esto: para demostrar que es un hombre. Tiene miedo de su propia debilidad. Rusia no tiene nada, ni política ni economía exitosas. Todo lo que tienen es esto". [125]

Putin, Bill Clinton , George HW Bush y Lyudmila Putina en el funeral de Estado de Boris Yeltsin en Moscú, abril de 2007

En un discurso pronunciado en febrero de 2007 en la Conferencia de Seguridad de Munich , Putin se quejó del sentimiento de inseguridad engendrado por la posición dominante en la geopolítica de los Estados Unidos y observó que un ex funcionario de la OTAN había hecho promesas retóricas de no expandirse a nuevos países de Europa del Este.

El 14 de julio de 2007, Putin anunció que Rusia suspendería la implementación de sus obligaciones en virtud del Tratado sobre Fuerzas Armadas Convencionales en Europa , con efecto a los 150 días, [127] [128] y suspendería su ratificación del Tratado Adaptado sobre Fuerzas Armadas Convencionales en Europa , tratado que fue rechazado por los miembros de la OTAN en espera de la retirada rusa de Transnistria y la República de Georgia . Moscú siguió participando en el grupo consultivo conjunto, porque esperaba que el diálogo pudiera llevar a la creación de un nuevo y efectivo régimen de control de armas convencionales en Europa. [129] Rusia especificó los pasos que la OTAN podría tomar para poner fin a la suspensión. "Entre ellas, los miembros de la OTAN recortaron sus asignaciones de armas y restringieron aún más los despliegues temporales de armas en el territorio de cada uno de sus miembros. Rusia también quería que se eliminaran las restricciones sobre el número de fuerzas que puede desplegar en sus flancos sur y norte. Además, está presionando a los miembros de la OTAN para que ratifiquen una versión actualizada de 1999 del acuerdo, conocida como el Tratado CFE Adaptado , y está exigiendo que los cuatro miembros de la alianza que no forman parte del tratado original, Estonia, Letonia, Lituania y Eslovenia, se unan a él". [128]

A principios de 2007, el grupo opositor La Otra Rusia [130] , liderado por el ex campeón de ajedrez Garry Kasparov y el líder nacional-bolchevique Eduard Limonov , organizó las « Marchas de los disidentes » . Tras advertencias previas, las manifestaciones en varias ciudades rusas se enfrentaron a la acción policial, que incluyó la interferencia en el desplazamiento de los manifestantes y la detención de hasta 150 personas que intentaron romper las líneas policiales. [131]

El 12 de septiembre de 2007, Putin disolvió el gobierno a petición del primer ministro Mijail Fradkov . Fradkov comentó que era para darle al presidente "mano libre" de cara a las elecciones parlamentarias. Viktor Zubkov fue nombrado nuevo primer ministro. [132] El 19 de septiembre de 2007, los bombarderos con capacidad nuclear de Putin comenzaron ejercicios cerca de los EE. UU., por primera vez desde la caída de la URSS. [133]

En diciembre de 2007, Rusia Unida —el partido gobernante que apoya las políticas de Putin— ganó el 64,24% del voto popular en su campaña para la Duma Estatal según los resultados preliminares de las elecciones. [134] La victoria de Rusia Unida en las elecciones de diciembre de 2007 fue vista por muchos como una indicación del fuerte apoyo popular al entonces liderazgo ruso y sus políticas. [135] [136] El 11 de febrero de 2008, mientras Putin se dirigía a la fiesta del 15º aniversario de Gazprom , sus empleados amenazaron a Ucrania con detener el flujo. [133]

El 4 de abril de 2008, en la cumbre de la OTAN en Bucarest , el invitado Putin dijo a George W. Bush y a otros delegados de la conferencia: "Consideramos la aparición de un poderoso bloque militar en nuestra frontera como una amenaza directa a la seguridad de nuestra nación. La afirmación de que este proceso no está dirigido contra Rusia no basta. La seguridad nacional no se basa en promesas". [133]

2008–2012: Segundo mandato como primer ministro

Putin con Dmitri Medvedev , marzo de 2008

La Constitución prohibía a Putin ejercer un tercer mandato consecutivo . El primer viceprimer ministro, Dmitri Medvédev , fue elegido su sucesor. En una operación de alternancia de poderes el 8 de mayo de 2008 , sólo un día después de entregar la presidencia a Medvédev, Putin fue nombrado primer ministro de Rusia , manteniendo su dominio político. [137]

Putin ha dicho que superar las consecuencias de la crisis económica mundial fue uno de los dos principales logros de su segundo mandato como primer ministro. [115] El otro fue estabilizar el tamaño de la población de Rusia entre 2008 y 2011 tras un largo período de colapso demográfico que comenzó en la década de 1990. [115]

La guerra ruso-georgiana que comenzó y terminó en agosto de 2008 fue imaginada por Putin y comunicada a su personal a principios de 2006. [138]

Según Andriy Kobolyev , que en ese momento era asesor del director ejecutivo de la empresa de servicios públicos ucraniana Naftogaz , Putin controlaba el tablero de ajedrez de Gazprom durante su mandato como primer ministro . En 2010, Putin observó en una feria comercial alemana que si sus anfitriones no querían el gas natural ni la energía nuclear de Rusia, siempre podrían calentarse con madera y para eso tendrían que talar Siberia . [133]

En el Congreso de Rusia Unida celebrado en Moscú el 24 de septiembre de 2011, Medvedev propuso oficialmente a Putin que se presentase a la presidencia en 2012, oferta que Putin aceptó. Dado el dominio casi total de Rusia Unida en la política rusa, muchos observadores creían que Putin tenía asegurado un tercer mandato. Se esperaba que esta medida viera a Medvedev como candidato de Rusia Unida a las elecciones parlamentarias de diciembre, con el objetivo de convertirse en primer ministro al final de su mandato presidencial. [139]

Tras las elecciones parlamentarias del 4 de diciembre de 2011, decenas de miles de rusos participaron en protestas contra un supuesto fraude electoral, las mayores protestas en la era de Putin. Los manifestantes criticaron a Putin y a Rusia Unida y exigieron la anulación de los resultados electorales. [140] Esas protestas despertaron el temor de una revolución de colores en la sociedad. [141] Putin supuestamente organizó una serie de grupos paramilitares leales a él y al partido Rusia Unida en el período comprendido entre 2005 y 2012. [142]

2012-2018: Tercer mandato presidencial

Se cree que Nikolai Patrushev es uno de los asesores más cercanos a Putin.

Poco después de que Medvedev asumiera el cargo en 2008, los mandatos presidenciales se ampliaron de cuatro a seis años, a partir de las elecciones de 2012. [143]

El 24 de septiembre de 2011, durante un discurso en el congreso del partido Rusia Unida , Medvedev anunció que recomendaría al partido que nominara a Putin como su candidato presidencial. También reveló que los dos hombres habían llegado a un acuerdo hacía tiempo para permitir que Putin se postulara a la presidencia en 2012. [144] Este cambio fue denominado por muchos en los medios como "Rokirovka", el término ruso para la jugada de ajedrez " enroque ". [145]

El 4 de marzo de 2012, Putin ganó las elecciones presidenciales rusas de 2012 en la primera vuelta, con el 63,6% de los votos, a pesar de las acusaciones generalizadas de fraude electoral. [146] [147] [148] Los grupos de oposición acusaron a Putin y al partido Rusia Unida de fraude. [149] Aunque se hicieron públicos los esfuerzos por hacer transparentes las elecciones, incluido el uso de cámaras web en los centros de votación, la votación fue criticada por la oposición rusa y por los observadores internacionales de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa por irregularidades de procedimiento. [150]

Las protestas contra Putin tuvieron lugar durante y directamente después de la campaña presidencial. La protesta más notoria fue la actuación de Pussy Riot el 21 de febrero y el juicio posterior. [151] Se estima que entre 8.000 y 20.000 manifestantes se reunieron en Moscú el 6 de mayo, [152] [153] cuando ochenta personas resultaron heridas en enfrentamientos con la policía, [154] y 450 fueron arrestadas, y al día siguiente se produjeron otras 120 detenciones. [155] Se produjo una contraprotesta de partidarios de Putin que culminó con una reunión de unos 130.000 partidarios en el Estadio Luzhniki , el estadio más grande de Rusia. [156] Algunos de los asistentes afirmaron que les habían pagado para venir, que sus empleadores les obligaron a venir o que les hicieron creer erróneamente que iban a asistir a un festival folclórico. [157] [158] [159] Se considera que la manifestación es la más grande en apoyo de Putin hasta la fecha. [160]

Putin en una reunión bilateral con el presidente estadounidense Barack Obama durante la cumbre del G8 en Irlanda, el 17 de junio de 2013

La presidencia de Putin fue inaugurada en el Kremlin el 7 de mayo de 2012. [161] En su primer día como presidente, Putin emitió 14 decretos presidenciales , que a veces son llamados los "Decretos de Mayo" por los medios, incluyendo uno extenso que establece objetivos de amplio alcance para la economía rusa . Otros decretos se referían a la educación , la vivienda, la capacitación de mano de obra calificada, las relaciones con la Unión Europea , la industria de defensa , las relaciones interétnicas y otras áreas políticas tratadas en los artículos del programa de Putin emitidos durante la campaña presidencial. [162]

En 2012 y 2013, Putin y el partido Rusia Unida respaldaron una legislación más estricta contra la comunidad LGBT en San Petersburgo , Arjánguelsk y Novosibirsk ; una ley llamada ley rusa de propaganda gay , que está en contra de la "propaganda homosexual" (que prohíbe símbolos como la bandera del arcoíris , [163] [164] así como obras publicadas que contengan contenido homosexual) fue adoptada por la Duma Estatal en junio de 2013. [165] [166] En respuesta a las preocupaciones internacionales sobre la legislación de Rusia, Putin pidió a los críticos que señalaran que la ley era una "prohibición de la propaganda de la pedofilia y la homosexualidad" y afirmó que los visitantes homosexuales a los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2014 deberían "dejar a los niños en paz", pero negó que hubiera alguna "discriminación profesional, de carrera o social" contra los homosexuales en Rusia. [167]

En junio de 2013, Putin asistió a un mitin televisado del Frente Popular de toda Rusia , donde fue elegido jefe del movimiento, [168] que se creó en 2011. [169] Según el periodista Steve Rosenberg , el movimiento tiene como objetivo "reconectar el Kremlin con el pueblo ruso" y un día, si es necesario, reemplazar al cada vez más impopular partido Rusia Unida que actualmente respalda a Putin. [170]

Anexión de Crimea

Crimea (verde oscuro), resto de Ucrania (verde claro) y Rusia (rojo claro) en Europa
Putin en conversaciones en formato Normandía con el presidente ucraniano, Petro Poroshenko , la canciller alemana, Angela Merkel, y el presidente francés , François Hollande , el 17 de octubre de 2014.

En febrero de 2014, Rusia realizó varias incursiones militares en territorio ucraniano. Después de las protestas de Euromaidán y la caída del presidente ucraniano Viktor Yanukovych , soldados rusos sin insignias tomaron el control de posiciones estratégicas e infraestructura dentro del territorio ucraniano de Crimea. Rusia luego anexó Crimea y Sebastopol después de un referéndum en el que, según los resultados oficiales, los crimeos votaron para unirse a la Federación Rusa. [171] [172] [173] Posteriormente, las manifestaciones contra las acciones legislativas de la Rada ucraniana por parte de grupos prorrusos en el área de Donbas de Ucrania se intensificaron en la Guerra Ruso-Ucraniana entre el gobierno ucraniano y las fuerzas separatistas respaldadas por Rusia de las autoproclamadas Repúblicas Populares de Donetsk y Luhansk . En agosto de 2014, [174] vehículos militares rusos cruzaron la frontera en varios lugares del óblast de Donetsk. [175] [176] [177] Las autoridades ucranianas consideraron que la incursión del ejército ruso fue responsable de la derrota de las fuerzas ucranianas a principios de septiembre. [178] [179]

En octubre de 2014, Putin abordó las preocupaciones de seguridad rusas en Sochi en el Club de Discusión Internacional Valdai . En noviembre de 2014, el ejército ucraniano informó de un intenso movimiento de tropas y equipos desde Rusia hacia las partes controladas por los separatistas del este de Ucrania. [180] Associated Press informó de 80 vehículos militares sin distintivos en movimiento en zonas controladas por los rebeldes. [181] Una Misión Especial de Observación de la OSCE observó convoyes de armas pesadas y tanques en territorio controlado por la RPD sin insignias. [182] Los observadores de la OSCE afirmaron además que observaron vehículos que transportaban municiones y cadáveres de soldados cruzando la frontera entre Rusia y Ucrania bajo la apariencia de convoyes de ayuda humanitaria . [183]

A principios de agosto de 2015, la OSCE observó más de 21 de esos vehículos marcados con el código militar ruso para los soldados muertos en acción. [184] Según The Moscow Times , Rusia ha tratado de intimidar y silenciar a los trabajadores de derechos humanos que hablan de las muertes de soldados rusos en el conflicto. [185] La OSCE informó en repetidas ocasiones que a sus observadores se les negó el acceso a las zonas controladas por "fuerzas combinadas ruso-separatistas". [186]

En octubre de 2015, The Washington Post informó que Rusia había redistribuido algunas de sus unidades de élite de Ucrania a Siria en las últimas semanas para apoyar al presidente sirio Bashar al-Assad . [187] En diciembre de 2015, Putin admitió que oficiales de inteligencia militar rusos estaban operando en Ucrania. [188]

El académico prorruso Andrei Tsygankov , citado por el periódico Moscow Times, afirmó que muchos miembros de la comunidad internacional asumieron que la anexión de Crimea por parte de Putin había iniciado un tipo completamente nuevo de política exterior rusa [189] [190] y que su política exterior había pasado de ser una política exterior impulsada por el Estado a adoptar una postura ofensiva para recrear la Unión Soviética. En julio de 2015, opinó que este cambio de política podía entenderse como un intento de Putin de defender a las naciones en la esfera de influencia de Rusia de la "invasión del poder occidental". [191]

Intervención en Siria

Putin se reúne con el presidente estadounidense Barack Obama en la ciudad de Nueva York para hablar sobre Siria y el EIIL, el 29 de septiembre de 2015.
Putin con el presidente sirio Bashar al-Assad en 2017

El 30 de septiembre de 2015, el presidente Putin autorizó la intervención militar rusa en la guerra civil siria , tras una solicitud formal del gobierno sirio de ayuda militar contra los grupos rebeldes y yihadistas. [192]

Las actividades militares rusas consistieron en ataques aéreos, ataques con misiles de crucero y el uso de asesores de primera línea y fuerzas especiales rusas contra grupos militantes opuestos al gobierno sirio , incluida la oposición siria , así como el Estado Islámico de Irak y el Levante (EIIL), el Frente al-Nusra (al-Qaeda en el Levante), Tahrir al-Sham , Ahrar al-Sham y el Ejército de la Conquista . [193] [194] Después del anuncio de Putin el 14 de marzo de 2016 de que la misión que había establecido para el ejército ruso en Siria se había "cumplido en gran medida" y ordenó la retirada de la "parte principal" de las fuerzas rusas de Siria, [195] las fuerzas rusas desplegadas en Siria continuaron operando activamente en apoyo del gobierno sirio. [196]

La interferencia de Rusia en las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016

En enero de 2017, una evaluación de la comunidad de inteligencia estadounidense expresó alta confianza en que Putin ordenó personalmente una campaña de influencia, inicialmente para denigrar a Hillary Clinton y dañar sus posibilidades electorales y su posible presidencia, y luego desarrollar "una clara preferencia" por Donald Trump . [197] Trump negó constantemente cualquier interferencia rusa en las elecciones estadounidenses, [198] [199] [200] como lo hizo Putin en diciembre de 2016, [201] marzo de 2017, [202] junio de 2017, [203] [204] [205] y julio de 2017. [206]

Putin declaró más tarde que la interferencia era "teóricamente posible" y podría haber sido perpetrada por piratas informáticos rusos "de mentalidad patriótica", [207] y en otra ocasión afirmó que "ni siquiera rusos, sino ucranianos, tártaros o judíos, pero con ciudadanía rusa" podrían haber sido los responsables. [208] En julio de 2018, The New York Times informó que la CIA había nutrido durante mucho tiempo a una fuente rusa que finalmente ascendió a una posición cercana a Putin, lo que le permitió a la fuente pasar información clave en 2016 sobre la participación directa de Putin. [ 209] Putin continuó con intentos similares en las elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses de 2020. [210]

2018-2024: cuarto mandato presidencial

Putin y el recién nombrado primer ministro Mijail Mishustin se reúnen con miembros del gabinete de Mishustin , 21 de enero de 2020

Putin ganó las elecciones presidenciales rusas de 2018 con más del 76% de los votos. [211] Su cuarto mandato comenzó el 7 de mayo de 2018, [212] y durará hasta 2024. [213] El mismo día, Putin invitó a Dmitri Medvédev a formar un nuevo gobierno . [214] El 15 de mayo de 2018, Putin participó en la apertura del movimiento a lo largo de la sección de la autopista del puente de Crimea . [215] El 18 de mayo de 2018, Putin firmó decretos sobre la composición del nuevo Gobierno. [216] El 25 de mayo de 2018, Putin anunció que no se postularía a la presidencia en 2024, justificándolo en cumplimiento de la Constitución rusa. [217] El 14 de junio de 2018, Putin inauguró la 21.ª Copa Mundial de la FIFA , que tuvo lugar en Rusia por primera vez. El 18 de octubre de 2018, Putin dijo que los rusos "irían al cielo como mártires" en caso de una guerra nuclear , ya que solo usaría armas nucleares en represalia. [218] En septiembre de 2019, la administración de Putin interfirió en los resultados de las elecciones regionales nacionales de Rusia y las manipuló eliminando a todos los candidatos de la oposición. El evento, que tenía como objetivo contribuir a la victoria del partido gobernante, Rusia Unida , también contribuyó a incitar protestas masivas por la democracia, lo que condujo a arrestos a gran escala y casos de brutalidad policial. [219]

El 15 de enero de 2020, Medvedev y todo su gobierno dimitieron tras el discurso presidencial de 2020 de Putin ante la Asamblea Federal . Putin sugirió importantes enmiendas constitucionales que podrían ampliar su poder político después de la presidencia. [220] [221] Al mismo tiempo, en nombre de Putin, continuó ejerciendo sus poderes hasta la formación de un nuevo gobierno. [222] Putin sugirió que Medvedev asumiera el puesto recién creado de vicepresidente del Consejo de Seguridad . [223]

Ese mismo día, Putin nominó a Mijaíl Mishustin , jefe del Servicio Fiscal Federal del país , para el puesto de primer ministro. Al día siguiente, fue confirmado por la Duma Estatal en el cargo, [224] [225] y nombrado primer ministro por decreto de Putin. [226] Esta fue la primera vez en la historia que un primer ministro fue confirmado sin ningún voto en contra. El 21 de enero de 2020, Mishustin presentó a Putin un proyecto de estructura de su Gabinete . Ese mismo día, el presidente firmó un decreto sobre la estructura del Gabinete y nombró a los ministros propuestos. [227] [228] [229]

Pandemia de COVID-19

Putin (vestido con el traje amarillo contra materiales peligrosos) visita a pacientes con COVID-19 en el Hospital Clínico de la Ciudad Nº 40 de Moscú, el 24 de marzo de 2020.

El 15 de marzo de 2020, Putin dio instrucciones para formar un grupo de trabajo del Consejo de Estado para contrarrestar la propagación del COVID-19. Putin nombró al alcalde de Moscú, Serguéi Sobianin, como jefe del grupo. [230]

El 22 de marzo de 2020, tras una llamada telefónica con el primer ministro italiano Giuseppe Conte , Putin organizó el envío por parte del ejército ruso de médicos militares, vehículos especiales de desinfección y otros equipos médicos a Italia, el país europeo más afectado por la pandemia de COVID-19 . [231] Putin comenzó a trabajar de forma remota desde su oficina en Novo-Ogaryovo . Según Dmitry Peskov , Putin pasó pruebas diarias de COVID-19 y su salud no estaba en peligro. [232] [233]

El 25 de marzo, el presidente Putin anunció en un discurso televisado a la nación que el referéndum constitucional del 22 de abril se pospondría debido al COVID-19. [234] Añadió que la próxima semana sería un feriado nacional pagado e instó a los rusos a quedarse en casa. [235] [236] Putin también anunció una lista de medidas de protección social , apoyo a las pequeñas y medianas empresas y cambios en la política fiscal . [237] Putin anunció las siguientes medidas para las microempresas, las pequeñas y medianas empresas: aplazamiento de los pagos de impuestos (excepto el impuesto al valor agregado de Rusia ) durante los próximos seis meses, reducción a la mitad del tamaño de las contribuciones a la seguridad social, aplazamiento de las contribuciones a la seguridad social, aplazamiento de los reembolsos de préstamos durante los próximos seis meses, una moratoria de seis meses sobre multas, cobro de deudas y solicitudes de quiebra de las empresas deudoras por parte de los acreedores. [238] [239]

El 2 de abril de 2020, Putin volvió a emitir un discurso en el que anunció la prolongación del tiempo no laboral hasta el 30 de abril. [240] Putin comparó la lucha de Rusia contra el COVID-19 con las batallas de Rusia contra los nómadas esteparios pechenegos y cumanos invasores en los siglos X y XI. [241] En una encuesta de Levada del 24 al 27 de abril , el 48% de los encuestados rusos dijeron que desaprobaban el manejo de Putin de la pandemia de COVID-19, [242] y su estricto aislamiento y falta de liderazgo durante la crisis fue ampliamente comentado como una señal de pérdida de su imagen de "hombre fuerte". [243] [244]

El primer jefe adjunto del gabinete de Putin, Serguéi Kiriyenko (izquierda), está a cargo de la política interna de Rusia. [245]

En junio de 2021, Putin dijo que estaba completamente vacunado contra la enfermedad con la vacuna Sputnik V , enfatizando que si bien las vacunas deben ser voluntarias, hacerlas obligatorias en algunas profesiones frenaría la propagación de la COVID-19. [246] En septiembre, Putin entró en autoaislamiento después de que personas de su círculo íntimo dieron positivo en la prueba de la enfermedad. [247] Según un informe del Wall Street Journal , el círculo íntimo de asesores de Putin se redujo durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19 a un pequeño número de asesores de línea dura. [248]

Referéndum constitucional y enmiendas

El 3 de julio de 2020, Putin firmó una orden ejecutiva para introducir oficialmente enmiendas en la Constitución rusa que le permitirían presentarse como candidato a dos mandatos adicionales de seis años. Estas enmiendas entraron en vigor el 4 de julio de 2020. [249]

En 2020 y 2021, se llevaron a cabo protestas en el Krai de Jabárovsk, en el Lejano Oriente de Rusia, en apoyo del gobernador regional arrestado, Sergei Furgal . [250] Las protestas de 2020 en el Krai de Jabárovsk se volvieron cada vez más anti-Putin con el tiempo. [251] [252] Una encuesta de Levada de julio de 2020 encontró que el 45% de los rusos encuestados apoyaban las protestas. [253] El 22 de diciembre de 2020, Putin firmó un proyecto de ley que otorga inmunidad procesal de por vida a los expresidentes rusos. [254] [255]

Acuerdo comercial con Irán

Putin en una reunión con el presidente iraní Ebrahim Raisi y el líder supremo Ali Khamenei el 19 de julio de 2022

Putin se reunió con el presidente iraní, Ebrahim Raisi, en enero de 2022 para sentar las bases de un acuerdo de 20 años entre las dos naciones. [256]

Crisis ruso-ucraniana 2021-2022

Putin mantiene una videollamada con el presidente estadounidense Joe Biden el 7 de diciembre de 2021.

En julio de 2021, Putin publicó un ensayo titulado Sobre la unidad histórica de rusos y ucranianos , en el que afirma que los bielorrusos, ucranianos y rusos deberían estar en una nación panrusa como parte del mundo ruso y son "un pueblo" al que "las fuerzas que siempre han buscado socavar nuestra unidad" querían "dividir y gobernar". [257] El ensayo niega la existencia de Ucrania como nación independiente. [258] [259]

El 30 de noviembre de 2021, Putin declaró que una ampliación de la OTAN en Ucrania sería una cuestión de "línea roja" para Rusia. [260] [261] [262] El Kremlin negó repetidamente que tuviera planes de invadir Ucrania, [263] [264] [265] y el propio Putin descartó esos temores como "alarmistas". [266] El 21 de febrero de 2022, Putin firmó un decreto que reconocía a las dos repúblicas separatistas autoproclamadas en el Donbás como estados independientes y pronunció un discurso sobre los acontecimientos en Ucrania . [267]

Putin fue persuadido para invadir Ucrania por un pequeño grupo de sus colaboradores más cercanos, especialmente Nikolai Patrushev , Yury Kovalchuk y Alexander Bortnikov . [268] Según fuentes cercanas al Kremlin, la mayoría de los asesores y colaboradores de Putin se opusieron a la invasión, pero Putin los desestimó. La invasión de Ucrania había sido planeada durante casi un año. [269]

Invasión a gran escala de Ucrania (2022-actualidad)

El 24 de febrero, Putin anunció en un discurso televisado una " operación militar especial " [270] (SMO) en Ucrania, [271] [272] lanzando una invasión a gran escala del país. [273] Citando un propósito de " desnazificación ", afirmó que estaba haciendo esto para proteger a la gente en la región predominantemente rusoparlante de Donbas que, según Putin, se enfrentó a "humillación y genocidio" por parte de Ucrania durante ocho años. [274] Minutos después del discurso, lanzó una guerra para obtener el control del resto del país y derrocar al gobierno electo bajo el pretexto de que estaba dirigido por nazis. [275] [276]

Protesta contra la invasión rusa de Ucrania en Niza, Francia, 27 de febrero de 2022

La invasión rusa fue recibida con condena internacional. [277] [278] [279] Se impusieron sanciones internacionales ampliamente contra Rusia, incluso contra Putin personalmente. [280] [281] La invasión también dio lugar a numerosos llamamientos para que Putin fuera perseguido con cargos de crímenes de guerra. [282] [283] [284] [285] La Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) declaró que investigaría la posibilidad de crímenes de guerra en Ucrania desde finales de 2013, [286] y Estados Unidos se comprometió a ayudar a la CPI a procesar a Putin y otros por crímenes de guerra cometidos durante la invasión de Ucrania. [287] En respuesta a estas condenas, Putin puso en alerta máxima a las unidades de disuasión nuclear de las Fuerzas de Cohetes Estratégicos . [288] A principios de marzo, las agencias de inteligencia estadounidenses determinaron que Putin estaba "frustrado" por el lento progreso debido a una defensa ucraniana inesperadamente fuerte. [289]

Putin y el ministro de Defensa, Serguéi Shoigú, con oficiales rusos el 20 de octubre de 2022

El 4 de marzo, Putin firmó una ley que introducía penas de prisión de hasta 15 años para quienes publicaran "información deliberadamente falsa" sobre el ejército ruso y sus operaciones, lo que llevó a algunos medios de comunicación en Rusia a dejar de informar sobre Ucrania. [290] El 7 de marzo, como condición para poner fin a la invasión, el Kremlin exigió la neutralidad de Ucrania , el reconocimiento de Crimea como territorio ruso y el reconocimiento de las autoproclamadas repúblicas de Donetsk y Luhansk como estados independientes. [291] [292] El 8 de marzo, Putin prometió que no se utilizarían reclutas en el SMO. [293] El 16 de marzo, Putin lanzó una advertencia a los "traidores" rusos que, según él, Occidente quería utilizar como una " quinta columna " para destruir a Rusia. [294] [295] Tras la invasión de Ucrania en 2022, [296] la crisis demográfica a largo plazo de Rusia se profundizó debido a la emigración , las tasas de fertilidad más bajas y las bajas relacionadas con la guerra . [297]

Ya el 25 de marzo, la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos informó que Putin ordenó una política de "secuestro", mediante la cual los ciudadanos ucranianos que no cooperaron con la toma de posesión rusa de su patria fueron víctimas de agentes del FSB. [298] [299] El 28 de marzo, el presidente ucraniano Volodymyr Zelenskyy dijo que estaba "99,9 por ciento seguro" de que Putin pensaba que los ucranianos darían la bienvenida a las fuerzas invasoras con "flores y sonrisas", mientras abría la puerta a las negociaciones sobre la oferta de que Ucrania sería de ahora en adelante un estado no alineado . [300]

El 21 de septiembre, Putin anunció una movilización parcial , tras una exitosa contraofensiva ucraniana en Járkov y el anuncio de referendos de anexión en la Ucrania ocupada por Rusia . [301]

Óblasts de Ucrania anexados por Rusia desde 2014 ( Crimea ) y 2022 ( Donetsk , Jersón , Luhansk y Zaporizhia ), con una línea roja que marca el área de control real por parte de Rusia el 30 de septiembre de 2022

El 30 de septiembre, Putin firmó decretos que anexaban las provincias de Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhia y Kherson de Ucrania a la Federación Rusa. Las anexiones no están reconocidas por la comunidad internacional y son ilegales según el derecho internacional. [302] El 11 de noviembre del mismo año, Ucrania liberó Kherson . [303]

En diciembre de 2022, dijo que una guerra contra Ucrania podría ser un "largo proceso" [304]. Cientos de miles de personas han muerto en la guerra ruso-ucraniana desde febrero de 2022. [305] [306] En enero de 2023, Putin citó el reconocimiento de la soberanía de Rusia sobre los territorios anexados como condición para las conversaciones de paz con Ucrania. [307]

Del 20 al 22 de marzo de 2023, el presidente chino, Xi Jinping, visitó Rusia y se reunió con Vladimir Putin tanto de manera oficial como no oficial. [308] Fue la primera reunión internacional de Vladimir Putin desde que la Corte Penal Internacional emitió una orden de arresto en su contra. [309]

Putin recibe al presidente chino Xi Jinping en Moscú, el 21 de marzo de 2023.

En mayo de 2023, Sudáfrica anunció que otorgaría inmunidad diplomática a Vladimir Putin para asistir a la 15ª Cumbre BRICS en Johannesburgo a pesar de la orden de arresto de la CPI. [310] En julio de 2023, el presidente sudafricano Cyril Ramaphosa anunció que Putin no asistiría a la cumbre "de mutuo acuerdo" y en su lugar enviaría al ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Sergei Lavrov . [311]

Putin con el presidente sudafricano Cyril Ramaphosa en San Petersburgo el 17 de junio de 2023

En julio de 2023, Putin amenazó con tomar "acciones recíprocas" si Ucrania usaba municiones en racimo suministradas por Estados Unidos durante una contraofensiva ucraniana contra las fuerzas rusas en el sureste de Ucrania ocupado. [312] El 17 de julio de 2023, Putin se retiró de un acuerdo que permitía a Ucrania exportar granos a través del Mar Negro a pesar de un bloqueo en tiempos de guerra, [313] arriesgándose a profundizar la crisis alimentaria mundial y antagonizar a los países neutrales en el Sur Global . [314]

Los días 27 y 28 de julio, Putin fue el anfitrión de la Cumbre Rusia-África 2023 en San Petersburgo, [315] a la que asistieron delegaciones de más de 40 países africanos. [316] En agosto de 2023, el número total de soldados rusos y ucranianos muertos o heridos durante la invasión rusa de Ucrania era de casi 500.000. [317]

Putin condenó el ataque liderado por Hamás en 2023 contra Israel que desencadenó la guerra entre Israel y Hamás y dijo que Israel tenía derecho a defenderse, pero también criticó la respuesta de Israel y dijo que Israel no debería sitiar la Franja de Gaza de la forma en que la Alemania nazi sitió Leningrado . Putin sugirió que Rusia podría ser un mediador en el conflicto. [318] [319] Putin culpó de la guerra a la fallida política exterior de los Estados Unidos en Oriente Medio y expresó su preocupación por el sufrimiento de los niños palestinos en la Franja de Gaza. [320] En una llamada de diciembre de 2023 entre el primer ministro israelí , Benjamin Netanyahu, y Putin, Netanyahu expresó su descontento por la conducta de Rusia en las Naciones Unidas y describió sus crecientes vínculos con Irán como peligrosos. [321]

El 22 de noviembre de 2023, Putin afirmó que Rusia siempre estuvo "dispuesta a dialogar" para poner fin a la "tragedia" de la guerra en Ucrania, y acusó a los dirigentes ucranianos de rechazar las conversaciones de paz con Rusia. [322] Sin embargo, el 14 de diciembre de 2023, Putin dijo que "solo habrá paz en Ucrania cuando logremos nuestros objetivos", que según él son "la desnazificación, la desmilitarización y un estatus neutral" de Ucrania. [323] El 23 de diciembre de 2023, The New York Times informó que Putin ha estado señalando a través de intermediarios desde al menos septiembre de 2022 que "está abierto a un alto el fuego que congele los combates en las líneas actuales". [324]

Orden de arresto de la CPI

Vladimir Putin en una reunión con María Lvova-Belova en el Kremlin durante la invasión rusa a Ucrania

El 17 de marzo de 2023, la Corte Penal Internacional emitió una orden de arresto contra Putin , [325] [326] [327] [328] alegando que Putin tenía responsabilidad penal en la deportación y traslado ilegal de niños de Ucrania a Rusia durante la invasión rusa de Ucrania. [329] [330] [331]

Fue la primera vez que la CPI emitió una orden de arresto contra el jefe de Estado de uno de los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas [325] ( las cinco principales potencias nucleares del mundo). [332]

La CPI emitió simultáneamente una orden de arresto contra Maria Lvova-Belova , Comisionada para los Derechos del Niño en la Oficina del Presidente de la Federación Rusa. Ambas están acusadas de:

:...el crimen de guerra de deportación ilegal de población (niños) y el de traslado ilegal de población (niños) de zonas ocupadas de Ucrania a la Federación de Rusia,... [327] ...por su programa publicitado, desde el 24 de febrero de 2022, de deportaciones forzadas de miles de niños ucranianos no acompañados a Rusia, desde zonas del este de Ucrania bajo control ruso. [325] [327]

Rusia ha sostenido que las deportaciones eran esfuerzos humanitarios para proteger a los huérfanos y otros niños abandonados en la región del conflicto. [325]

Rebelión de Wagner 2023

Putin se dirige al pueblo ruso en relación con la rebelión del 24 de junio de 2023 contra la empresa militar privada Wagner Group, propiedad de Yevgeny Prigozhin

El 23 de junio de 2023, el Grupo Wagner , una organización paramilitar rusa, se rebeló contra el gobierno de Rusia . La revuelta surgió en medio de una creciente tensión entre el Ministerio de Defensa ruso y Yevgeny Prigozhin , el líder de Wagner. [333]

Prigozhin describió la rebelión como una respuesta a un supuesto ataque a sus fuerzas por parte del ministerio. [334] [335] Desestimó la justificación del gobierno para invadir Ucrania , [336] culpó al ministro de Defensa, Sergei Shoigu, por las deficiencias militares del país, [337] y lo acusó de librar la guerra en beneficio de los oligarcas rusos . [338] [339] En un discurso televisado el 24 de junio, el presidente ruso Vladimir Putin denunció las acciones de Wagner como traición y se comprometió a sofocar la rebelión. [335] [340]

Las fuerzas de Prigozhin tomaron el control de Rostov del Don y del cuartel general del Distrito Militar Sur y avanzaron hacia Moscú en una columna blindada. [341] Tras las negociaciones con el presidente bielorruso Alexander Lukashenko , [342] Prigozhin aceptó dimitir [343] y, a última hora del 24 de junio, comenzó a retirarse de Rostov del Don. [344]

El 23 de agosto de 2023, exactamente dos meses después de la rebelión, Prigozhin murió junto con otras nueve personas cuando un avión comercial se estrelló en el óblast de Tver , al norte de Moscú. [345] La inteligencia occidental informó que el accidente probablemente fue causado por una explosión a bordo, y se sospecha ampliamente que el estado ruso estuvo involucrado. [346]

2024-presente: quinto mandato presidencial

Discurso de Putin sobre el ataque al Crocus City Hall
Putin y el presidente vietnamita Tô Lâm en Hanoi, Vietnam, 20 de junio de 2024

Putin ganó las elecciones presidenciales rusas de 2024 con el 88,48% de los votos. Los observadores internacionales no consideraron que las elecciones fueran libres ni justas , [347] y Putin aumentó la represión política después de lanzar su guerra a gran escala con Ucrania en 2022. [348] [349] Las elecciones también se celebraron en los territorios de Ucrania ocupados por Rusia . [349] Hubo informes de irregularidades , incluido el relleno de urnas y la coerción, [350] y el análisis estadístico sugirió niveles sin precedentes de fraude en las elecciones de 2024. [351]

El 22 de marzo de 2024 se produjo el atentado contra el Ayuntamiento de Crocus , que causó la muerte de al menos 145 personas y heridas al menos a 551 más. [352] [353] Fue el ataque terrorista más mortífero en suelo ruso desde el asedio a la escuela de Beslán en 2004. [354] [355]

El 7 de mayo de 2024, Putin fue investido presidente de Rusia por quinta vez. [356] Según los analistas, la sustitución de Sergei Shoigu por Andrey Belousov como ministro de Defensa indica que Putin quiere transformar la economía rusa en una economía de guerra y se está "preparando para muchos más años de guerra". [357] [358] En mayo de 2024, cuatro fuentes rusas dijeron a Reuters que Putin estaba dispuesto a poner fin a la guerra en Ucrania con un alto el fuego negociado que reconocería las ganancias bélicas de Rusia y congelaría la guerra en las líneas del frente actuales, ya que Putin quería evitar medidas impopulares como una mayor movilización a nivel nacional y un mayor gasto de guerra. [359]

Intercambio de prisioneros de 2024

El 2 de agosto de 2024, Putin recibió al asesino del FSB Vadim Krasikov y a los espías Artem Dultsev y Anna Dultseva, así como a otros, que fueron repatriados en un intercambio de prisioneros con países occidentales. Putin indultó al periodista estadounidense Evan Gershkovich , a los opositores Vladimir Kara-Murza , Ilya Yashin y a otros en el intercambio. [360] [361] [362]

Fue el intercambio de prisioneros más extenso entre Rusia y Estados Unidos desde el final de la Guerra Fría , que implicó la liberación de veintiséis personas. [363] Se realizó después de al menos seis meses de negociaciones multilaterales secretas. [364] [365]

Políticas internas

Las políticas internas de Putin, en particular al comienzo de su primera presidencia, apuntaban a crear una estructura de poder vertical . El 13 de mayo de 2000, emitió un decreto que organizaba los 89 sujetos federales de Rusia en siete distritos federales administrativos y nombró un enviado presidencial responsable de cada uno de esos distritos (cuyo título oficial es Representante Plenipotenciario). [366]

En mayo de 2000, Putin introdujo siete distritos federales para fines administrativos. En enero de 2010, el 8.º Distrito Federal del Cáucaso Norte (mostrado aquí en violeta) se separó del Distrito Federal Sur . En marzo de 2014, se formó el nuevo 9.º Distrito Federal de Crimea después de la anexión de Crimea por la Federación Rusa . En julio de 2016, se incorporó al Distrito Federal Sur.

Según Stephen White , bajo la presidencia de Putin, Rusia dejó en claro que no tenía intención de establecer una "segunda edición" del sistema político estadounidense o británico, sino más bien un sistema que fuera más cercano a las propias tradiciones y circunstancias de Rusia. [367] Algunos comentaristas han descrito la administración de Putin como una " democracia soberana ". [368] [369] [370] Según los defensores de esa descripción (principalmente Vladislav Surkov ), las acciones y políticas del gobierno deberían sobre todo disfrutar del apoyo popular dentro de la propia Rusia y no ser dirigidas o influenciadas desde fuera del país. [371]

El economista sueco Anders Åslund describe la práctica del sistema como una gestión manual, al comentar: "Después de que Putin volviera a la presidencia en 2012, su gobierno se puede describir mejor como 'gestión manual', como les gusta decir a los rusos. Putin hace lo que quiere, sin tener en cuenta las consecuencias, con una salvedad importante. Durante la crisis financiera rusa de agosto de 1998, Putin aprendió que las crisis financieras son políticamente desestabilizadoras y deben evitarse a toda costa. Por lo tanto, le preocupa la estabilidad financiera". [372]

The period after 2012 saw mass protests against the falsification of elections, censorship and toughening of free assembly laws. In July 2000, according to a law proposed by Putin and approved by the Federal Assembly of Russia, Putin gained the right to dismiss the heads of the 89 federal subjects. In 2004, the direct election of those heads (usually called "governors") by popular vote was replaced with a system whereby they would be nominated by the president and approved or disapproved by regional legislatures.[373][374]

This was seen by Putin as a necessary move to stop separatist tendencies and get rid of those governors who were connected with organised crime.[375] This and other government actions effected under Putin's presidency have been criticized by many independent Russian media outlets and Western commentators as anti-democratic.[376][377]

During his first term in office, Putin opposed some of the Yeltsin-era business oligarchs, as well as his political opponents, resulting in the exile or imprisonment of such people as Boris Berezovsky, Vladimir Gusinsky, and Mikhail Khodorkovsky; other oligarchs such as Roman Abramovich and Arkady Rotenberg are friends and allies with Putin.[378] Putin succeeded in codifying land law and tax law and promulgated new codes on labor, administrative, criminal, commercial and civil procedural law.[379] Under Medvedev's presidency, Putin's government implemented some key reforms in the area of state security, the Russian police reform and the Russian military reform.[380]

Economic, industrial, and energy policies

Russian GDP since the end of the Soviet Union

Sergey Guriyev, when talking about Putin's economic policy, divided it into four distinct periods: the "reform" years of his first term (1999–2003); the "statist" years of his second term (2004—the first half of 2008); the world economic crisis and recovery (the second half of 2008–2013); and the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russia's growing isolation from the global economy, and stagnation (2014–present).[381]

In 2000, Putin launched the "Programme for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period 2000–2010", but it was abandoned in 2008 when it was 30% complete.[382] Fueled by the 2000s commodities boom including record-high oil prices,[9][10] under the Putin administration from 2000 to 2016, an increase in income in USD terms was 4.5 times.[383] During Putin's first eight years in office, industry grew substantially, as did production, construction, real incomes, credit, and the middle class.[384][385] A fund for oil revenue allowed Russia to repay Soviet Union's debts by 2005. Russia joined the World Trade Organization in August 2012.[386]

In 2006, Putin launched an industry consolidation programme to bring the main aircraft-producing companies under a single umbrella organization, the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC).[387][388] In September 2020, the UAC general director announced that the UAC will receive the largest-ever post-Soviet government support package for the aircraft industry in order to pay and renegotiate the debt.[389][390]

Putin, Gazprom CEO Alexey Miller and Chinese President Xi Jinping. The Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas.[391]

In 2014, Putin signed a deal to supply China with 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year. Power of Siberia, which Putin has called the "world's biggest construction project," was launched in 2019 and is expected to continue for 30 years at an ultimate cost to China of $400bn.[392] The ongoing financial crisis began in the second half of 2014 when the Russian ruble collapsed due to a decline in the price of oil and international sanctions against Russia. These events in turn led to loss of investor confidence and capital flight, although it has also been argued that the sanctions had little to no effect on Russia's economy.[393][394][395] In 2014, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project named Putin their Person of the Year for furthering corruption and organized crime.[396][397]

According to Meduza, Putin has since 2007 predicted on a number of occasions that Russia will become one of the world's five largest economies. In 2013, he said Russia was one of the five biggest economies in terms of gross domestic product but still lagged behind other countries on indicators such as labour productivity.[398] By the end of 2023, Putin planned to spend almost 40% of public expenditures on defense and security.[399]

Environmental policy

In 2004, Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol treaty designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[400] However, Russia did not face mandatory cuts, because the Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a percentage increase or decrease from 1990 levels and Russia's greenhouse-gas emissions fell well below the 1990 baseline due to a drop in economic output after the breakup of the Soviet Union.[401]

Religious policy

Putin with religious leaders of Russia, February 2001

Putin regularly attends the most important services of the Russian Orthodox Church on the main holy days and has established a good relationship with Patriarchs of the Russian Church, the late Alexy II of Moscow and the current Kirill of Moscow. As president, Putin took an active personal part in promoting the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate, signed 17 May 2007, which restored relations between the Moscow-based Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia after the 80-year schism.[402]

Under Putin, the Hasidic Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia became increasingly influential within the Jewish community, partly due to the influence of Federation-supporting businessmen mediated through their alliances with Putin, notably Lev Leviev and Roman Abramovich.[403][404] According to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Putin is popular amongst the Russian Jewish community, who see him as a force for stability. Russia's chief rabbi, Berel Lazar, said Putin "paid great attention to the needs of our community and related to us with a deep respect".[405] In 2016, Ronald S. Lauder, the president of the World Jewish Congress, also praised Putin for making Russia "a country where Jews are welcome".[406]

Human rights organizations and religious freedom advocates have criticized the state of religious freedom in Russia.[407] In 2016, Putin oversaw the passage of legislation that prohibited missionary activity in Russia.[407] Nonviolent religious minority groups have been repressed under anti-extremism laws, especially Jehovah's Witnesses.[408] One of the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia has a constitutional reference to God.[409]

Military development

Putin with Russia's long-serving Defense Minister Sergei Shoygu (left) and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov at the Vostok 2018 military exercise

The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov during his meeting with Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov, would take part in the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times.[410][411]

Key elements of the reform included reducing the armed forces to a strength of one million, reducing the number of officers, centralising officer training from 65 military schools into 10 systemic military training centres, creating a professional NCO corps, reducing the size of the central command, introducing more civilian logistics and auxiliary staff, elimination of cadre-strength formations, reorganising the reserves, reorganising the army into a brigade system, and reorganising air forces into an airbase system instead of regiments.[412]

Russian postage stamp honoring a soldier killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War. As of September 2024, the number of Russian soldiers killed and wounded in Ukraine was estimated at about 600,000.[413]

According to the Kremlin, Putin embarked on a build-up of Russia's nuclear capabilities because of U.S. President George W. Bush's unilateral decision to withdraw from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.[414] To counter what Putin sees as the United States' goal of undermining Russia's strategic nuclear deterrent, Moscow has embarked on a program to develop new weapons capable of defeating any new American ballistic missile defense or interception system. Some analysts believe that this nuclear strategy under Putin has brought Russia into violation of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.[415]

Accordingly, U.S. President Donald Trump announced the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.[415] This prompted Putin to state that Russia would not launch first in a nuclear conflict but that "an aggressor should know that vengeance is inevitable, that he will be annihilated, and we would be the victims of the aggression. We will go to heaven as martyrs".[416]

Putin has also sought to increase Russian territorial claims in the Arctic and its military presence there. In August 2007, Russian expedition Arktika 2007, part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial extension claim, planted a flag on the seabed at the North Pole.[417] Both Russian submarines and troops deployed in the Arctic have been increasing.[418][419]

Human rights policy

Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny attends a march in memory of assassinated opposition politician Boris Nemtsov, Moscow, 29 February 2020.

New York City-based NGO Human Rights Watch, in a report entitled Laws of Attrition, authored by Hugh Williamson, the British director of HRW's Europe & Central Asia Division, has claimed that since May 2012, when Putin was reelected as president, Russia has enacted many restrictive laws, started inspections of non-governmental organizations, harassed, intimidated and imprisoned political activists, and started to restrict critics. The new laws include the "foreign agents" law, which is widely regarded as over-broad by including Russian human rights organizations which receive some international grant funding, the treason law, and the assembly law which penalizes many expressions of dissent.[420][421] Human rights activists have criticized Russia for censoring speech of LGBT activists due to "the gay propaganda law"[422] and increasing violence against LGBT+ people due to the law.[423][424][425]

In 2020, Putin signed a law on labelling individuals and organizations receiving funding from abroad as "foreign agents". The law is an expansion of "foreign agent" legislation adopted in 2012.[426][427]

As of June 2020, per Memorial Human Rights Center, there were 380 political prisoners in Russia, including 63 individuals prosecuted, directly or indirectly, for political activities (including Alexey Navalny) and 245 prosecuted for their involvement with one of the Muslim organizations that are banned in Russia. 78 individuals on the list, i.e., more than 20% of the total, are residents of Crimea.[428][429] As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted for criticizing the war in Ukraine under Russia's war censorship laws.[430]

The media

Putin and Konstantin Ernst, chief of Russia's main state-controlled TV station Channel One. About 85% of Russians get most of their information from Russian state media.[431]

Scott Gehlbach, a professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, has claimed that since 1999, Putin has systematically punished journalists who challenge his official point of view.[432] Maria Lipman, an American writing in Foreign Affairs claims, "The crackdown that followed Putin's return to the Kremlin in 2012 extended to the liberal media, which had until then been allowed to operate fairly independently."[433] The Internet has attracted Putin's attention because his critics have tried to use it to challenge his control of information.[434] Marian K. Leighton, who worked for the CIA as a Soviet analyst in the 1980s says, "Having muzzled Russia's print and broadcast media, Putin focused his energies on the Internet."[435]

Robert W. Orttung and Christopher Walker reported that "Reporters Without Borders, for instance, ranked Russia 148 in its 2013 list of 179 countries in terms of freedom of the press. It particularly criticized Russia for the crackdown on the political opposition and the failure of the authorities to vigorously pursue and bring to justice criminals who have murdered journalists. Freedom House ranks Russian media as "not free", indicating that basic safeguards and guarantees for journalists and media enterprises are absent.[436] About two-thirds of Russians use television as their primary source of daily news.[437]

In the early 2000s, Putin and his circle began promoting the idea in Russian media that they are the modern-day version of the 17th-century Romanov tsars who ended Russia's "Time of Troubles", meaning they claim to be the peacemakers and stabilizers after the fall of the Soviet Union.[438]

Promoting conservatism

Putin attends the Orthodox Christmas service in the village Turginovo in Kalininsky District, Tver Oblast, 7 January 2016.

Putin has promoted explicitly conservative policies in social, cultural, and political matters, both at home and abroad. Putin has attacked globalism and neoliberalism and is identified by scholars with Russian conservatism.[439] Putin has promoted new think tanks that bring together like-minded intellectuals and writers. For example, the Izborsky Club, founded in 2012 by the conservative right-wing journalist Alexander Prokhanov, stresses (i) Russian nationalism, (ii) the restoration of Russia's historical greatness, and (iii) systematic opposition to liberal ideas and policies.[440] Vladislav Surkov, a senior government official, has been one of the key economics consultants during Putin's presidency.[441]

In cultural and social affairs Putin has collaborated closely with the Russian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, head of the Church, endorsed his election in 2012 stating Putin's terms were like "a miracle of God".[442] Steven Myers reports, "The church, once heavily repressed, had emerged from the Soviet collapse as one of the most respected institutions... Now Kiril led the faithful directly into an alliance with the state."[443]

Mark Woods, a Baptist Union of Great Britain minister and contributing editor to Christian Today, provides specific examples of how the Church has backed the expansion of Russian power into Crimea and eastern Ukraine.[444] Some Russian Orthodox believers consider Putin a corrupt and brutal strongman or even a tyrant. Others do not admire him but appreciate that he aggravates their political opponents. Still others appreciate that Putin defends some although not all Orthodox teachings, whether or not he believes in them himself.[445]

On abortion, Putin stated: "In the modern world, the decision is up to the woman herself."[446] This put him at odds with the Russian Orthodox Church.[447] In 2020, he supported efforts to reduce the number of abortions instead of prohibiting it.[448] On 28 November 2023, during a speech to the World Russian People's Council, Putin urged Russian women to have "seven, eight, or even more children" and said "large families must become the norm, a way of life for all of Russia's people".[449]

Putin supported the 2020 Russian constitutional referendum, which passed and defined marriage as a relationship between one man and one woman in the Constitution of Russia.[450][451][452]

International sporting events

Putin, FIFA president Gianni Infantino and French president Emmanuel Macron at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final in Russia as French forward Kylian Mbappé receives the best young player award

In 2007, Putin led a successful effort on behalf of Sochi for the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics,[453] the first Winter Olympic Games to ever be hosted by Russia. In 2008, the city of Kazan won the bid for the 2013 Summer Universiade; on 2 December 2010, Russia won the right to host the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup, also for the first time in Russian history. In 2013, Putin stated that gay athletes would not face any discrimination at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.[454]

Foreign policy

Putin's visit to the United States, November 2001

Generally, Putin's tenure experiences tensions with the west.[455][456] Anna Borshchevskaya, in her 2022 book, summarizes Putin main foreign policy objectives as originating in his 30 December 1999 document which appeared on the government's website, "Russia at the Turn of the Millenium."[457] She presents Putin as orienting himself to the plan that "Russia is a country with unique values in danger of losing its unity – which... is a historic Russian fear. This again points to the fundamental issue of Russia's identity issues – and how the state had manipulated these to drive anti-Western security narratives with the aim of eroding the US-led global order... Moreover, a look at Russia's distribution of forces over the years under Putin has been heavily weighted towards the south (Syria, Ukraine, Middle East), another indicator of the Kremlin's threat perceptions."[458][459]

Leonid Bershidsky analyzed Putin's interview with the Financial Times and concluded, "Putin is an imperialist of the old Soviet school, rather than a nationalist or a racist, and he has cooperated with, and promoted, people who are known to be gay."[460] Putin spoke favorably of artificial intelligence in regard to foreign policy, "Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. It comes with colossal opportunities, but also threats that are difficult to predict. Whoever becomes the leader in this sphere will become the ruler of the world."[461]

Asia

Putin con el primer ministro indio Modi en Moscú
Putin with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in Moscow, 9 July 2024

In 2012, Putin wrote an article in Indian newspaper The Hindu, saying: "The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step."[462][463] India remains the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a historically strong strategic and diplomatic relationship.[464] In October 2022, Putin described India and China as "close allies and partners".[465]

Under Putin, Russia has maintained positive relations with the Asian states of SCO and BRICS, which include China, India, Pakistan, and post-Soviet states of Central Asia.[466][467] In the 21st century, Sino-Russian relations have significantly strengthened bilaterally and economically—the Treaty of Friendship, and the construction of the ESPO oil pipeline and the Power of Siberia gas pipeline formed a "special relationship" between the two great powers.[468]

Putin and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe frequently met each other to discuss the Japan–Russia territorial disputes. Putin also voiced his willingness of constructing a rail bridge between the two countries.[469] Despite numerous meetings, no agreement was signed before Abe's resignation in 2020.[470][471]

Putin with Chinese president Xi Jinping and other leaders at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Uzbekistan on 16 September 2022

Putin made three visits to Mongolia and has enjoyed good relations with its neighbor. Putin and his Mongolian counterpart signed a permanent treaty on friendship between the two states in September 2019, further enhancing trade and cultural exchanges.[472][473] Putin became the first Russian or Soviet leader to visit Indonesia in half a century in 2007, resulting in the signing of an arms deal.[474] In another visit, Putin commented on long-standing ties and friendship between Russia and Indonesia.[475] Russia has also boosted relations with Vietnam after 2011,[476] and with Afghanistan in the 2010s, giving military and economic aid.[477][478] The relations between Russia and the Philippines received a boost in 2016 as Putin forged closer bilateral ties with his Filipino counterpart, Rodrigo Duterte.[479][480] Putin has good relations with Malaysia and its then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.[481] Putin also made the first Russian or Soviet leader to visit North Korea, meeting Kim Jong-il in July 2000, shortly after a visit to South Korea.[482]

Putin criticized violence in Myanmar against Rohingya minorities in 2017.[483] Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Russia has pledged to boost ties with the Myanmar military regime.[484]

Post-Soviet states

Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order:
  1. Armenia
  2. Azerbaijan
  3. Belarus
  4. Estonia
  5. Georgia
  6. Kazakhstan
  7. Kyrgyzstan
  8. Latvia
  9. Lithuania
  10. Moldova
  11. Russia
  12. Tajikistan
  13. Turkmenistan
  14. Ukraine
  15. Uzbekistan

Under Putin, the Kremlin has consistently stated that Russia has a sphere of influence and "privileged interests" over other Post-Soviet states, which are referred to as the "near abroad" in Russia. It has also been stated that the post-Soviet states are strategically vital to Russian interests.[485] Some Russia experts have compared this concept to the Monroe Doctrine.[486]

A series of so-called colour revolutions in the post-Soviet states, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticized the Rose and Orange revolutions, saying: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict."[487]

Putin allegedly declared at a NATO-Russia summit in 2008 that if Ukraine joined NATO Russia could contend to annex the Ukrainian East and Crimea.[488] At the summit, he told U.S. President George W. Bush that "Ukraine is not even a state!", while the following year Putin referred to Ukraine as "Little Russia".[489] Following the Revolution of Dignity in March 2014, the Russian Federation annexed Crimea.[490][491][492] According to Putin, this was done because "Crimea has always been and remains an inseparable part of Russia".[493]

After the Russian annexation of Crimea, he said that Ukraine includes "regions of Russia's historic south" and "was created on a whim by the Bolsheviks".[494] He went on to declare that the February 2014 ousting of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had been orchestrated by the West as an attempt to weaken Russia. "Our Western partners have crossed a line. They behaved rudely, irresponsibly and unprofessionally", he said, adding that the people who had come to power in Ukraine were "nationalists, neo-Nazis, Russophobes and anti-Semites".[494]

Putin hosted a meeting of the Russian-led military alliance, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), in Moscow on 16 May 2022.

In a July 2014 speech during a Russian-supported armed insurgency in Eastern Ukraine, Putin stated he would use Russia's "entire arsenal of available means" up to "operations under international humanitarian law and the right of self-defence" to protect Russian speakers outside Russia.[495][496] With the attainment of autocephaly by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in December 2018 and subsequent schism of the Russian Orthodox Church from Constantinople, a number of experts came to the conclusion that Putin's policy of forceful engagement in post-Soviet republics significantly backfired on him, leading to a situation where he "annexed Crimea, but lost Ukraine", and provoked a much more cautious approach to Russia among other post-Soviet countries.[497][498]

In late August 2014, Putin stated: "People who have their own views on history and the history of our country may argue with me, but it seems to me that the Russian and Ukrainian peoples are practically one people."[499] After making a similar statement, in late December 2015 he stated: "the Ukrainian culture, as well as Ukrainian literature, surely has a source of its own."[500] In July 2021, he published a lengthy article On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians[501] revisiting these themes, and saying the formation of a Ukrainian state hostile to Moscow was "comparable in its consequences to the use of weapons of mass destruction against us"[502][503]—it was made mandatory reading for military-political training in the Russian Armed Forces.[504]

Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, German chancellor Merkel, French president Macron and Putin met in Paris on 9 December 2019 in the "Normandy Format" aimed at ending the war in Donbas.

In August 2008, Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili attempted to restore control over the breakaway South Ossetia. However, the Georgian military was soon defeated in the resulting 2008 South Ossetia War after regular Russian forces entered South Ossetia and then other parts of Georgia, then also opened a second front in the other Georgian breakaway province of Abkhazia with Abkhazian forces.[505][506]

Despite existing or past tensions between Russia and most of the post-Soviet states, Putin has followed the policy of Eurasian integration. Putin endorsed the idea of a Eurasian Union in 2011;[507][508] the concept was proposed by the president of Kazakhstan in 1994.[509] On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015.[510] The Eurasian Union was established on 1 January 2015.[511]

Under Putin, Russia's relations have improved significantly with Uzbekistan, the second largest post-Soviet republic after Ukraine. This was demonstrated in Putin's visit to Tashkent in May 2000, after lukewarm relations under Yeltsin and Islam Karimov who had long distanced itself from Moscow.[512] In another meeting in 2014, Russia agreed to write off Uzbek debt.[513] A theme of a greater Soviet region, including the former USSR and many of its neighbors or imperial-era states—rather than just post-Soviet Russia—has been consistent in Putin's May Day speeches.[514][515][516]

On 22 December 2022, Putin addressed the Security Council in a speech where he did not use the term "Special Military Operation" but instead called the fighting in Ukraine a "war". Anti-Putin activists have called for Putin to be prosecuted for breaking a law passed to stop people calling the Special Military Operation a war. This law carries a penalty of up to 15 years in jail.[517] On 25 December, he openly declared in a TV interview that the goal of the invasion is "to unite the Russian people".[518]

On 14 December 2023, President Putin held a press conference where he indicated that Russian would only negotiate with Ukraine "when we achieve our objectives". He stated that another mobilization wasn't required as "617,000" Russian soldiers were fighting in Ukraine.[519]

United States, Western Europe, and NATO

Putin with Pope John Paul II and Holy See's Secretary of State Angelo Sodano on 5 June 2000
Putin with Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi and U.S. president George W. Bush at the NATO-Russia Council meeting in Rome on 28 May 2002[520]

Under Putin, Russia's relationships with NATO and the U.S. have passed through several stages. When he first became president, relations were cautious, but after the 9/11 attacks Putin quickly supported the U.S. in the War on Terror and the opportunity for partnership appeared.[521] According to Stephen F. Cohen, the U.S. "repaid by further expansion of NATO to Russia's borders and by unilateral withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty",[521] but others pointed out the applications from new countries willing to join NATO was driven primarily by Russian's behavior in Chechnya, Transnistria, Abkhazia, Yanayev putsch as well as calls to restore USSR in its previous borders by prominent Russian politicians.[522][523]

From 2003, when Russia strongly opposed the U.S. when it waged the Iraq War, Putin became ever more distant from the West, and relations steadily deteriorated. According to Russia scholar Stephen F. Cohen, the narrative of the mainstream U.S. media, following that of the White House, became anti-Putin.[521] In an interview with Michael Stürmer, Putin said there were three questions which most concerned Russia and Eastern Europe: namely, the status of Kosovo, the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and American plans to build missile defence sites in Poland and the Czech Republic, and suggested that all three were linked.[524] His view was that concessions by the West on one of the questions might be met with concessions from Russia on another.[524]

One single center of power. One single center of force. One single center of decision making. This is the world of one master, one sovereign. ... Primarily the United States has overstepped its national borders, and in every area.

— Putin criticizing the United States in his Munich Speech, 2007[525]

In a January 2007 interview, Putin said Russia was in favor of a democratic multipolar world and strengthening the systems of international law.[526] In February 2007, Putin criticized what he called the United States' monopolistic dominance in global relations, and "almost uncontained hyper use of force in international relations". He said the result of it is that "no one feels safe! Because no one can feel that international law is like a stone wall that will protect them. Of course such a policy stimulates an arms race."[527] This came to be known as the Munich Speech, and NATO secretary Jaap de Hoop Scheffer called the speech "disappointing and not helpful".[528]

Putin with U.S. president Donald Trump at the summit meeting in Helsinki, Finland, 16 July 2018

The months following Putin's Munich Speech[527] were marked by tension and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. Both Russian and American officials, however, denied the idea of a new Cold War.[529] Putin publicly opposed plans for the U.S. missile shield in Europe and presented President George W. Bush with a counterproposal on 7 June 2007 which was declined.[530] Russia suspended its participation in the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty on 11 December 2007.[531]

Putin opposed Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, warning that it would destabilize the whole system of international relations.[532] He described the recognition of Kosovo's independence by several major world powers as "a terrible precedent, which will de facto blow apart the whole system of international relations, developed not over decades, but over centuries", and that "they have not thought through the results of what they are doing. At the end of the day it is a two-ended stick and the second end will come back and hit them in the face."[533] In March 2014, Putin used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a justification for recognizing the independence of Crimea, citing the so-called "Kosovo independence precedent".[534][535]

After the 9/11 attacks on the U.S. in 2001, Putin had good relations with American President George W. Bush, and many western European leaders. His "cooler" and "more business-like" relationship with German chancellor, Angela Merkel is often attributed to Merkel's upbringing in the former DDR, where Putin was stationed as a KGB agent.[536] He had a very friendly and warm relationship with Prime Minister of Italy Silvio Berlusconi;[537] the two leaders often described their relationship as a close friendship, continuing to organize bilateral meetings even after Berlusconi's resignation in November 2011.[538] When Berlusconi died in 2023, Putin described him as an "extraordinary man" and a "true friend".[539][540]

Putin held a meeting in Sochi with German chancellor Angela Merkel to discuss Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline in May 2018.

The NATO-led military intervention in Libya in 2011 prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Putin, who said that the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 is "defective and flawed", adding: "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."[541]

In late 2013, Russian-American relations deteriorated further when the United States canceled a summit for the first time since 1960 after Putin gave asylum to American Edward Snowden, who had leaked massive amounts of classified information from the NSA.[542][543] In 2014, Russia was suspended from the G8 group as a result of its annexation of Crimea.[544][545] Putin gave a speech highly critical of the United States, accusing them of destabilizing world order and trying to "reshape the world" to its own benefit.[546] In June 2015, Putin said that Russia has no intention of attacking NATO.[547]

According to Putin, he and Russia have a particularly good relationship to neighboring country Finland.[548] Picture of Putin handshaking with Sauli Niinistö, the president of Finland, in August 2019.

On 9 November 2016, Putin congratulated Donald Trump on becoming the 45th president of the United States.[549] In December 2016, US intelligence officials (headed by James Clapper) quoted by CBS News stated that Putin approved the email hacking and cyber attacks during the U.S. election, against the Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton. A spokesman for Putin denied the reports.[550] Putin has repeatedly accused Hillary Clinton, who served as U.S. secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 of interfering in Russia's internal affairs,[551] and in December 2016, Clinton accused Putin of having a personal grudge against her.[552][553]

With the election of Trump, Putin's favorability in the U.S. increased. A Gallup poll in February 2017 revealed a positive view of Putin among 22% of Americans, the highest since 2003.[554] Putin has stated that U.S.–Russian relations, already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War,[555] have continued to deteriorate after Trump took office in January 2017.[556]

On 18 June 2020, The National Interest published a nine-thousand-word essay by Putin, titled "The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II".[557] In the essay, Putin criticizes the Western historical view of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact as the start of World War II, stating that the Munich Agreement was the beginning.[558]

On 21 February 2023, Putin suspended Russia's participation in the New START nuclear arms reduction treaty with the United States.[559] On 25 March, President Putin announced the stationing of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. Russia would maintain control of the weapons. President Putin told Russian TV: "There is nothing unusual here either. Firstly, the United States has been doing this for decades. They have long deployed their tactical nuclear weapons on the territory of their allied countries."[560]

United Kingdom

Putin and his wife Lyudmila meeting with Queen Elizabeth II, her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005

In 2003, relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky.[561] This deterioration was intensified by allegations that the British were spying and making secret payments to pro-democracy and human rights groups.[562] A survey conducted in the United Kingdom in 2022 found Putin to be among the least popular foreign leaders, with 8% of British respondents holding a positive opinion.[563]

Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

The end of 2006 brought more strained relations in the wake of the death by polonium poisoning in London of former KGB and FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, who became an MI6 agent in 2003. In 2007, the crisis in relations continued with the expulsion of four Russian envoys over Russia's refusal to extradite former KGB bodyguard Andrei Lugovoi to face charges in the murder.[561] Mirroring the British actions, Russia expelled UK diplomats and took other retaliatory steps.[561]

In 2015, the British Government launched a public inquiry into Litvinenko's death, presided over by Robert Owen, a former British High Court judge.[564] The Owen report, published on 21 January 2016, stated, "The FSB operation to kill Mr. Litvinenko was probably approved by Mr Patrushev and also by President Putin."[565] The report outlined some possible motives for the murder, including Litvinenko's public statements and books about the alleged involvement of the FSB in mass murder, and what was "undoubtedly a personal dimension to the antagonism" between Putin and Litvinenko.[566]

Poisoning of Sergei Skripal

On 4 March 2018, former double agent Sergei Skripal was poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent in Salisbury.[567] Ten days later, the British government formally accused the Russian state of attempted murder, a charge which Russia denied.[568] After the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats (an action which would later be responded to with a Russian expulsion of 23 British diplomats),[569] British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson said on 16 March that it was "overwhelmingly likely" Putin had personally ordered the poisoning of Skripal. Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the allegation "shocking and unpardonable diplomatic misconduct".[570]

Latin America

Putin and Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro on 10 October 2019

Putin and his successor, Medvedev, enjoyed warm relations with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela. Much of this has been through the sale of military equipment; since 2005, Venezuela has purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from Russia.[571] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights.[572] In November 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean. Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established stronger ties with Fidel Castro's Cuba.[573]

"You express the best masculine qualities", Putin told Jair Bolsonaro in 2020. "You look for solutions in all matters, always putting above all the interests of your people, your country, leaving out your own personal issues." Political scientist Oliver Stuenkel noted, "Among Brazil's right-wing populists, Putin is seen as someone who is anti-woke, and that is seen as something that is definitely appealing to Bolsonaro. He is a strongman, and that is very inspiring to Bolsonaro. He would like to be someone who concentrates as much power."[574]

Australia and the South Pacific

In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia, the first Russian leader to do so in over 50 years.[575] In the same month, Putin also attended the APEC meeting held in Sydney, Australia, where he met with Prime Minister John Howard and signed a uranium trade deal for Australia to sell uranium to Russia. This was the first visit by a Russian president to Australia.[576] Putin again visited Australia for 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. The Abbott government denounced Putin's use of military force in Ukraine in 2014 as "bullying" and "utterly unacceptable".[577]

Amid calls to ban Putin from attending the 2014 G20 Summit, Prime Minister Tony Abbott said he would "shirtfront" (challenge) the Russian leader over the shooting down of MH17 by Russian-backed rebels, which had killed 38 Australians.[578] Putin denied responsibility for the killings.[579]

Following Putin's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison said the invasion was "unprovoked, unjust and illegal" and labeled Putin a "thug".[580] New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern denounced Putin as a "bully".[581] Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama tweeted, "Fiji and our fellow Pacific Island Countries have united as nations of peace-loving people to condemn the conflict in Ukraine", while the Solomon Islands UN ambassador called the invasion a "violation of the rule of law".[582]

Middle East and Africa

Putin with Iranian president Hassan Rouhani and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, September 2018

On 16 October 2007, Putin visited Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit in Tehran,[583][584] where he met with Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[585][586] This was the first visit of a Soviet or Russian leader[587] to Iran since Joseph Stalin's participation in the Tehran Conference in 1943, and marked a significant event in Iran–Russia relations.[588] At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions".[589] Putin was quoted as describing Iran as a "partner",[524] although he expressed concerns over the Iranian nuclear programme.[524]

In April 2008, Putin became the first Russian president to visit Libya.[590] Putin condemned the 2011 foreign military intervention in Libya, referring to the UN resolution as "defective and flawed", and added, "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades."[591] Upon the death of Muammar Gaddafi, Putin called it as "planned murder" by the US, saying: "They showed to the whole world how he (Gaddafi) was killed", and "There was blood all over. Is that what they call a democracy?"[592][593]

Putin with African leaders at the Russia–Africa Summit in Sochi, Russia, on 24 October 2019

From 2000 to 2010, Russia sold around $1.5 billion worth of arms to Syria, making Damascus Russia's seventh-largest client.[594] During the Syrian civil war, Russia threatened to veto any sanctions against the Syrian government,[595] and continued to supply arms to its regime.

Putin opposed any foreign intervention in the Syrian civil war. In June 2012, in Paris, he rejected the statement of French president François Hollande who called on Bashar al-Assad to step down. Putin echoed Assad's argument that anti-regime militants were responsible for much of the bloodshed. He also talked about previous NATO interventions and their results, and asked, "What is happening in Libya, in Iraq? Did they become safer? Where are they heading? Nobody has an answer."[596]

Putin met with the President of the African Union, Macky Sall, to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa on 3 June 2022. The war in Ukraine contributed to the 2022–2023 food crises.[597]

On 11 September 2013, The New York Times published an op-ed by Putin urging caution against US intervention in Syria and criticizing American exceptionalism.[598] Putin subsequently helped to arrange for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.[599] In 2015, he took a stronger pro-Assad stance[600] and mobilized military support for the regime. Some analysts have summarized Putin as being allied with Shiites and Alawites in the Middle East.[601][602]

In 2017, Putin dispatched Russian PMCs to back the Touadéra regime in the Central African Republic Civil War, gaining a permanent military presence in return.[603][604][605][606] The first Russia-Africa Summit was held in October 2019 in Sochi, Russia, co-hosted by Putin and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[607] The meeting was attended by 43 heads of state and government from African countries.[608]

In October 2019, Putin visited the United Arab Emirates, where six agreements were struck with Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed. One of them included shared investments between Russian sovereign wealth fund and the Emirati investment fund Mubadala. The two nations signed deals worth over $1.3bn, in energy, health and advance technology sectors.[609] On 22 October 2021, Putin highlighted the "unique bond" between Russia and Israel during a meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett.[610]

Public image

Putin opens the Wall of Grief, a monument to victims of Stalinist repression, October 2017.

Polls and rankings

The director of the Levada Center stated in 2015 that drawing conclusions from Russian poll results or comparing them to polls in democratic states was irrelevant, as there is no real political competition in Russia, where, unlike in democratic states, Russian voters are not offered any credible alternatives and public opinion is primarily formed by state-controlled media, which promotes those in power and discredits alternative candidates.[611]

Putin with local people in the Siberian republic of Tuva in 2007

In a June 2007 public opinion survey, Putin's approval rating was 81%, the second-highest of any leader in the world that year.[612] In January 2013, at the time of the 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's rating fell to 62%, the lowest since 2000.[613] After EU and U.S. sanctions against Russian officials as a result of the crisis in Ukraine, Putin's approval rating reached 87% in August 2014.[614] In February 2015, based on domestic polling, Putin was ranked the world's most popular politician.[615] In June 2015, Putin's approval rating climbed to 89%, an all-time high.[616][617][618] Observers saw Putin's high approval ratings in 2010s as a consequence of improvements in living standards, and Russia's reassertion on the world scene during his presidency.[619][620] Putin was also highly popular in some non-Western countries, such as Vietnam, where his approval rating was 89% in 2017.[621]

Despite high approval for Putin, public confidence in the Russian economy was low, dropping to levels in 2016 that rivaled the lows in 2009 at the height of the global economic crisis.[622] Putin's performance in reining in corruption is unpopular among Russians. Newsweek reported in 2017 that a poll "indicated that 67% held Putin personally responsible for high-level corruption".[623] Corruption is a significant problem in Russia.[624][625]

Vladimir Putin approval 1999–2020 (Levada, 2020)
Vladimir Putin's public approval 1999–2020 (Levada, 2020)[626]

In October 2018, two-thirds of Russians surveyed agreed that "Putin bears full responsibility for the problems of the country", which has been attributed[627] to a decline in a popular belief in "good tsar and bad boyars", a traditional attitude towards justifying failures at the top of the ruling hierarchy in Russia.[628] In January 2019, the percentage of Russians trusting Putin hit a then-historic low—33%.[629] In April 2019 Gallup poll showed a record number of Russians, 20%, willing to permanently emigrate from Russia.[630] The decline was even larger in the 17–25 age group, "who find themselves largely disconnected from the country's aging leadership, nostalgic Soviet rhetoric and nepotistic agenda". Putin's approval rating among young Russians was 32% in January 2019. The percentage willing to emigrate permanently in this group was 41%. 60% had favorable views of the US (three times more than in the 55+ age group).[631] Decline in support for the president and government is visible in other polls, such as a rapidly growing readiness to protest against poor living conditions.

In May 2020, amid the COVID crisis, Putin's approval rating was 68%, when respondents were presented a list of names (closed question),[632] and 27% when respondents were expected to name politicians they trust (open question).[633] This has been attributed to continued post-Crimea economic stagnation but also an apathetic response to the pandemic crisis in Russia.[634] Polls conducted in November 2021 after the failure of a Russian COVID-19 vaccination campaign indicated distrust of Putin was a major contributing factor for vaccine hesitancy, with regional polls indicating numbers as low as 20–30% in the Volga Federal District.[635]

In May 2021, 33% indicated Putin in response to "who would you vote for this weekend?" among Moscow respondents and 40% outside Moscow.[636] A survey released in October 2021 found 53% of respondents saying they trusted Putin.[637]

Observers see a generational struggle among Russians over perception of Putin's rule, with younger Russians more probably to be against Putin and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled media in Russia.[638] Putin's support among Russians aged 18–24 was only 20% in December 2020.[639]

The Levada Center survey showed that 58% of surveyed Russians supported the 2017 Russian protests against high-level corruption.[640]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, state-controlled TV, where most Russians get their news, presented the invasion as a "special military operation" and liberation mission, in line with the government's narrative.[641][642][643] The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to employ information only from state sources or face fines and blocks.[644] The Russian media was banned from using the words "war", "invasion" or "aggression" to describe the invasion,[642] with media outlets being blocked as a result.[645]

In late February 2022, a survey conducted by the independent research group Russian Field found that 59% of respondents supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[646] According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% supported the "special military operation".[647] In late February and mid-March 2022 two polls surveyed Russians' sentiments about the "special military operation" in Ukraine. The results were obtained by Radio Liberty.[648] 71% of Russians polled said that they supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[649][648]

Putin speaking at the "Russia-Africa" parliamentary conference in Moscow on 20 March 2023. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, two-thirds of the world's population live in countries that are neutral or leaning towards Russia.[431]

When asked how they were affected by the actions of Putin, a third said they strongly believed Putin was working in their interests. Another 26% said he was working in their interests to some extent. In general, most Russians believe that it would be better if Putin remained president for as long as possible.[649][648] Similarly, a survey conducted in early March found 58% of Russian respondents approved of the operation.[650][651]

In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavorable view of Putin, and 98% of Ukrainians—including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine—said they did not believe any part of Ukraine was rightfully part of Russia.[652] A poll published on 30 March in Russia saw Putin's approval rating jump, from 71% in February, to 83%.[653][654] However, experts warned that the figures may not accurately reflect the public mood, as the public tends to rally around leaders during war and some may be hiding their true opinions,[655] especially with the Russian 2022 war censorship laws prohibiting dissemination of "fake information" about the military.[656] Many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[646] When researchers commissioned a survey on Russians' attitudes to the war, 29,400 out of 31,000 refused to answer.[657] The Levada Center's director, stated that early feelings of "shock and confusion" was being replaced with the belief that Russia was being besieged and that Russians must rally around their leader.[645] The Kremlin's analysis concluded that public support for the war was broad but not deep, and that most Russians would accept anything Putin labeled a victory. In September 2023, the head of the VTsIOM state pollster Valery Fyodorov said in an interview that only 10–15% of Russians actively supported the war, and that "most Russians are not demanding the conquest of Kyiv or Odesa".[324]

A poll by the independent organization Levada, which was conducted on 22–28 June 2023, showed that 42% of respondents would vote for Putin in the 2024 presidential election.[658] A public opinion poll by the state-owned institution VCIOM, which was conducted in November 2023, found that 37.3% of respondents would vote for Putin.[659] According to a VCIOM poll conducted in early March 2024, 56.2% of respondents would vote for Putin.[660]

Cult of personality

Putin driving a Formula One car, 2010 (video)

Putin has cultivated a cult of personality for himself with an outdoorsy, sporty, tough guy public image, demonstrating his physical prowess and taking part in unusual or dangerous acts, such as extreme sports and interaction with wild animals,[661] part of a public relations approach that, according to Wired, "deliberately cultivates the macho, take-charge superhero image."[662] In 2007, the tabloid Komsomolskaya Pravda published a huge photograph of a shirtless Putin vacationing in the Siberian mountains under the headline "Be Like Putin".[663]

Numerous Kremlinologists have accused Putin of seeking to create a cult of personality around himself, an accusation that the Kremlin has denied.[664] Some of Putin's activities have been criticised for being staged;[665][666] outside of Russia, his macho image has been the subject of parody.[667][668][669] Putin's height has been estimated by Kremlin insiders to be between 155 and 165 centimetres (5 feet 1 inch and 5 feet 5 inches) tall but is usually given at 170 centimetres (5 feet 7 inches).[670][671]

There are many songs about Putin,[672] and Putin's name and image are widely used in advertisement and product branding.[662] Among the Putin-branded products are Putinka vodka, the PuTin brand of canned food, the Gorbusha Putina caviar, and a collection of T-shirts with his image.[673]

Public recognition in the West

In 2007, he was the Time Person of the Year.[674][675] In 2015, he was No. 1 on the Time's Most Influential People List.[676][677] Forbes ranked him the World's Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016.[678] He was ranked the second most powerful individual by Forbes in 2018.[679]

In Germany, the word "Putinversteher" (female form "Putinversteherin") is a neologism and a political buzzword (Putin + verstehen), which literally translates "Putin understander", i.e., "one who understands Putin".[680] It is a pejorative reference to politicians and pundits who express empathy to Putin and may also be translated as "Putin-empathizer".[681]

Putinisms

Putin has produced many aphorisms and catch-phrases known as putinisms.[682] Many of them were first made during his annual Q&A conferences, where Putin answered questions from journalists and other people in the studio, as well as from Russians throughout the country, who either phoned in or spoke from studios and outdoor sites across Russia. Putin is known for his often tough and sharp language, often alluding to Russian jokes and folk sayings.[682] Putin sometimes uses Russian criminal jargon (known as "fenya" in Russian), albeit not always correctly.[683]

Assessments

Z symbol on a billboard reads Russian: За Путина (lit.'For Putin'), 24 September 2022.

Assessments of Putin's character as a leader have evolved during his long presidency. His shifting of Russia towards autocracy and weakening of the system of representative government advocated by Boris Yeltsin has met with criticism.[684] Russian dissidents and western leaders now frequently characterise him as a "dictator". Others have offered favourable assessments of his impact on Russia.

Otto von Habsburg, the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary and former Member of the European Parliament, was an early critic of Putin. In a newspaper interview[685] in 2002 and in two speeches[686] in 2003 and 2005, he warned of Putin as an "international threat", that he was "cruel and oppressive", and a "stone cold technocrat".[687]

Putin was described in 2015 as a "dictator" by political opponent Garry Kasparov,[688] and as the "Tsar of corruption" in 2016 by opposition activist and blogger Alexei Navalny.[689] He was described as a "bully" and "arrogant" by former U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton,[690][691][692] and as "self-centered" by the Dalai Lama.[693] In 2015, opposition politician Boris Nemtsov said that Putin was turning Russia into a "raw materials colony" of China.[694]

Former U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger wrote in 2014 that the West has demonized Putin.[695] Egon Krenz, former leader of East Germany, said the Cold War never ended, adding: "After weak presidents like Gorbachev and Yeltsin, it is a great fortune for Russia that it has Putin."[696]

Many Russians credit Putin for reviving Russia's fortunes.[697] Former Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev, while acknowledging the flawed democratic procedures and restrictions on media freedom during the Putin presidency, said that Putin had pulled Russia out of chaos at the end of the Yeltsin years, and that Russians "must remember that Putin saved Russia from the beginning of a collapse".[697][698] Chechen Republic head and Putin supporter, Ramzan Kadyrov, stated prior to 2011 that Putin saved both the Chechen people and Russia.[699]

Russia has suffered democratic backsliding during Putin's tenure.[700] Freedom House has listed Russia as being "not free" since 2005.[701] Experts do not generally consider Russia to be a democracy,[702][703][704] citing purges and jailing of political opponents,[705][706] curtailed press freedom,[707][708][709] and the lack of free and fair elections.[710][711][712] In 2004, Freedom House warned that Russia's "retreat from freedom marks a low point not registered since 1989, when the country was part of the Soviet Union".[713]

The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated Russia as "authoritarian" since 2011,[714][715] whereas it had previously been considered a "hybrid regime" (with "some form of democratic government" in place).[716] According to political scientist Larry Diamond, writing in 2015, "no serious scholar would consider Russia today a democracy."[717]

Following the jailing of the anti-corruption blogger and activist Alexei Navalny in 2018, Forbes wrote: "Putin's actions are those of a dictator... As a leader with failing public support, he can only remain in power by using force and repression that gets worse by the day."[718] In November 2021, The Economist also noted that Putin had "shifted from autocracy to dictatorship".[719]

In February 2015, former U.S. Ambassador to Germany John Kornblum wrote in the Wall Street Journal that:[720]

Western nations must start the turnaround by emphatically refuting one of Mr. Putin's favorite claims: that the West abrogated the promise of democratic partnership with Russia in the 1990 Paris Charter, a document produced by a summit that included European governments, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, convened as Communism crumbled across Eastern Europe... The U.S. and its allies didn't rush in after 1990 to exploit a proud but collapsing Soviet Union – a tale that Mr. Putin now spins. I took part in nearly every major negotiation of that era. Never was the idea of humbling Russia considered even for a moment. The Russian leaders we encountered were not angry Prussian-style Junkers who railed against a strategic stab in the back. Many if not all viewed the fall of the Soviet Union as liberation rather than defeat... Contrary to Mr. Putin's fictions about NATO's illegal enlargement, the West has honored the agreements worked out with Russia two decades ago.

After the 2022 invasion of Ukraine

Following mounting civilian casualties during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[721] U.S. president Joe Biden called Putin a war criminal and "murderous dictator".[722][723] In the 2022 State of the Union Address, Biden said that Putin had "badly miscalculated".[724] The Ukrainian envoy to the United Nations, Sergiy Kyslytsya likened Putin to Adolf Hitler.[725] Latvian prime minister Krisjanis Karins also likened the Russian leader to Hitler, saying he was "a deluded autocrat creating misery for millions" and that "Putin is fighting against democracy (...) If he can attack Ukraine, theoretically it could be any other European country."[726][727]

Lithuania's foreign minister Gabrielius Landsbergis said, "The battle for Ukraine is a battle for Europe. If Putin is not stopped there, he will go further."[728] President Emmanuel Macron of France said Putin was "deluding himself".[729] French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian denounced him as "a cynic and a dictator."[730] UK prime minister Boris Johnson also labelled Putin a "dictator" who had authorised "a tidal wave of violence against a fellow Slavic people".[731] Some authors, such as Michael Hirsh, described Putin as a "messianic" Russian nationalist and Eurasianist.[732][733][734]

Electoral history

Vladimir Putin has been nominated and elected as President of Russia all five times since 2000, typically under an independent banner. In the most recent 2024 Russian presidential election, Putin achieved 88% of the popular vote.[735] There were reports of irregularities at this election,[736] including ballot stuffing and coercion.[737][738] Russian authorities claimed that in occupied areas of Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions,[739] Putin won 88.12% and 92.83% of votes.[740] In Chechnya, Putin won 98.99% of the vote.[741]

Personal life

Family

Putin and Lyudmila Putina during their wedding on 28 July 1983

On 28 July 1983, Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, and they lived together in East Germany from 1985 to 1990. They have two daughters, Mariya Putina, born on 28 April 1985 in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg), and Yekaterina Putina, born on 31 August 1986 in Dresden, East Germany (now Germany).[742]

An investigation by Proekt published in November 2020 alleged that Putin has another daughter, Elizaveta, also known as Luiza Rozova,[743] (born in March 2003),[744] with Svetlana Krivonogikh.[4][745] In April 2008, the Moskovsky Korrespondent reported that Putin had divorced Lyudmila and was engaged to marry Olympic gold medalist Alina Kabaeva, a former rhythmic gymnast and Russian politician.[2] The story was denied,[2] and the newspaper was shut down shortly thereafter.[3] Putin and Lyudmila continued to make public appearances together as spouses,[746][747] while the status of his relationship with Kabaeva became a topic of speculation.[748]

On 6 June 2013, Putin and Lyudmila announced that their marriage was over; on 1 April 2014, the Kremlin confirmed that the divorce had been finalised.[749][750][751] Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to a daughter by Putin in 2015;[752][753] this report was denied.[752] Kabaeva reportedly gave birth to twin sons by Putin in 2019.[5][754] However, in 2022, Swiss media, citing the couple's Swiss gynecologist, wrote that on both occasions Kabaeva gave birth to a boy.[6]

Putin has two grandsons, born in 2012 and 2017,[755][756] through Maria.[757] He reportedly also has a granddaughter, born in 2017, through Katerina.[758][759] His cousin, Igor Putin, was a director at Moscow-based Master Bank and was accused in a number of money-laundering scandals.[760][761]

Wealth

Official figures released during the legislative election of 2007 put Putin's wealth at approximately 3.7 million rubles (US$280,000) in bank accounts, a private 77.4-square-meter (833 sq ft) apartment in Saint Petersburg, and miscellaneous other assets.[762][763] Putin's reported 2006 income totaled 2 million rubles (approximately $152,000). In 2012, Putin reported an income of 3.6 million rubles ($270,000).[764][765] Putin has been photographed wearing a number of expensive wristwatches, collectively valued at $700,000, nearly six times his annual salary.[766][767] Putin has been known on occasion to give watches valued at thousands of dollars as gifts, for example a watch identified as a Blancpain to a Siberian boy he met while on vacation in 2009, and another similar watch to a factory worker the same year.[768]

Putin's close associate Arkady Rotenberg is mentioned in the Panama Papers, pictured 2018.

According to Russian opposition politicians and journalists,[769][770] Putin secretly possesses a multi-billion-dollar fortune via successive ownership of stakes in a number of Russian companies.[771][772] According to one editorial in The Washington Post, "Putin might not technically own these 43 aircraft, but, as the sole political power in Russia, he can act like they're his."[773] An RIA Novosti journalist argued that "[Western] intelligence agencies ... could not find anything". These contradictory claims were analyzed by Polygraph.info,[774] which looked at a number of reports by Western (Anders Åslund estimate of $100–160 billion) and Russian (Stanislav Belkovsky estimated of $40 billion) analysts, CIA (estimate of $40 billion in 2007) as well as counterarguments of Russian media. Polygraph concluded:

There is uncertainty on the precise sum of Putin's wealth, and the assessment by the Director of U.S. National Intelligence apparently is not yet complete. However, with the pile of evidence and documents in the Panama Papers and in the hands of independent investigators such as those cited by Dawisha, Polygraph.info finds that Danilov's claim that Western intelligence agencies have not been able to find evidence of Putin's wealth to be misleading

— Polygraph.info, "Are 'Putin's Billions' a Myth?"

In April 2016, 11 million documents belonging to Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung and the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. The name of Putin does not appear in any of the records, and Putin denied his involvement with the company.[775] However, various media have reported on three of Putin's associates on the list.[776] According to the Panama Papers leak, close trusted associates of Putin own offshore companies worth US$2 billion in total.[777] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung regards the possibility of Putin's family profiting from this money as plausible.[778][779]

According to the paper, the US$2 billion had been "secretly shuffled through banks and shadow companies linked to Putin's associates", such as construction billionaires Arkady and Boris Rotenberg, and Bank Rossiya, previously identified by the U.S. State Department as being treated by Putin as his personal bank account, had been central in facilitating this. It concludes that "Putin has shown he is willing to take aggressive steps to maintain secrecy and protect [such] communal assets".[780][781]

A significant proportion of the money trail leads to Putin's best friend Sergei Roldugin. Although a musician, and in his own words, not a businessman, it appears he has accumulated assets valued at $100m, and possibly more. It has been suggested he was picked for the role because of his low profile.[776] There have been speculations that Putin, in fact, owns the funds,[782] and Roldugin just acted as a proxy.[783] Garry Kasparov said that "[Putin] controls enough money, probably more than any other individual in the history of human race".[784]

Residences

Official government residences

Putin receives Barack Obama at his residence in Novo-Ogaryovo, 2009.

As president and prime minister, Putin has lived in numerous official residences throughout the country.[785] These residences include: the Moscow Kremlin, Novo-Ogaryovo in Moscow Oblast, Gorki-9 near Moscow, Bocharov Ruchey in Sochi, Dolgiye Borody (residence) in Novgorod Oblast, and Riviera in Sochi.[786] In August 2012, critics of Putin listed the ownership of 20 villas and palaces, nine of which were built during Putin's 12 years in power.[787]

Personal residences

Soon after Putin returned from his KGB service in Dresden, East Germany, he built a dacha in Solovyovka on the eastern shore of Lake Komsomolskoye on the Karelian Isthmus in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, near St. Petersburg. After the dacha burned down in 1996, Putin built a new one identical to the original and was joined by a group of seven friends who built dachas nearby. In 1996, the group formally registered their fraternity as a co-operative society, calling it Ozero ("Lake") and turning it into a gated community.[788]

A massive Italianate-style mansion costing an alleged US$1 billion[789] and dubbed "Putin's Palace" is under construction near the Black Sea village of Praskoveevka. In 2012, Sergei Kolesnikov, a former business associate of Putin's, told the BBC's Newsnight programme that he had been ordered by Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin to oversee the building of the palace.[790] He also said that the mansion, built on government land and sporting three helipads, plus a private road paid for from state funds and guarded by officials wearing uniforms of the official Kremlin guard service, have been built for Putin's private use.[791]

On 19 January 2021, two days after Alexei Navalny was detained by Russian authorities upon his return to Russia, a video investigation by him and the Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) was published accusing Putin of using fraudulently obtained funds to build the estate for himself in what he called "the world's biggest bribe". In the investigation, Navalny said that the estate is 39 times the size of Monaco and cost over 100 billion rubles ($1.35 billion) to construct. It also showed aerial footage of the estate via a drone and a detailed floorplan of the palace that Navalny said was given by a contractor, which he compared to photographs from inside the palace that were leaked onto the Internet in 2011. He also detailed an elaborate corruption scheme allegedly involving Putin's inner circle that allowed Putin to hide billions of dollars to build the estate.[792][793][794] Since the prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Putin prefers to travel in an armored train to flying.[795]

Pets

Putin's pet, named Verni, was a birthday gift from Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, president of Turkmenistan, during a meeting in Sochi in October 2017.

Putin has received five dogs from various nation leaders: Konni, Buffy, Yume, Verni and Pasha. Konni died in 2014. When Putin first became president, the family had two poodles, Tosya and Rodeo. They reportedly stayed with his ex-wife Lyudmila after their divorce.[796]

Religion

Putin and wife Lyudmila in New York at a service for victims of the 11 September attacks, 16 November 2001

Putin is Russian Orthodox. His mother was a devoted Christian believer who attended the Russian Orthodox Church, while his father was an atheist.[797] Although his mother kept no icons at home, she attended church regularly, despite government persecution of her religion at that time. His mother secretly baptized him as a baby, and she regularly took him to services.[34]

According to Putin, his religious awakening began after a serious car crash involving his wife in 1993, and a life-threatening fire that burned down their dacha in August 1996.[797] Shortly before an official visit to Israel, Putin's mother gave him his baptismal cross, telling him to get it blessed. Putin states, "I did as she said and then put the cross around my neck. I have never taken it off since."[34]

When asked in 2007 whether he believes in God, he responded: "There are things I believe, which should not in my position, at least, be shared with the public at large for everybody's consumption because that would look like self-advertising or a political striptease."[798] Putin's rumoured confessor is Russian Orthodox Bishop Tikhon Shevkunov.[799] The sincerity of his Christianity has been rejected by his former advisor Sergei Pugachev.[800]

Sports

Putin watches football and supports FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.[801] He also displays an interest in ice hockey and bandy,[802] and played in a star-studded hockey game on his 63rd birthday.[803]

Putin practicing judo in Tokyo, Japan, in September 2000

Putin has been practicing judo since he was 11,[804] before switching to sambo at the age of fourteen.[805] He won competitions in both sports in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). He was awarded eighth dan of the black belt in 2012, becoming the first Russian to achieve the status.[806] He was rewarded an eighth-degree karate black belt in 2014.[807]

He co-authored a book entitled Learn Judo with Vladimir Putin in Russian (2000),[h] and Judo: History, Theory, Practice in English (2004).[808] Benjamin Wittes, a black belt in taekwondo and aikido and editor of Lawfare, has disputed Putin's martial arts skills, stating that there is no video evidence of Putin displaying any real noteworthy judo skills.[809][810]

In March 2022, Putin was removed from all positions in the International Judo Federation (IJF) due to the Russian war in Ukraine.[811]

Health

In July 2022, the director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, William Burns, stated they had no evidence to suggest Putin was unstable or in bad health. The statement was made because of increasing unconfirmed media speculation about Putin's health. Burns had previously been U.S. Ambassador to Russia, and had personally observed Putin for over two decades, including a personal meeting in November 2021. A Kremlin spokesperson also dismissed rumours of Putin's bad health.[812]

The Russian political magazine Sobesednik (Russian: Собеседник) alleged in 2018 that Putin had a sensory room installed in his private residence in the Novgorod Oblast.[813] The White House, as well as Western generals, politicians, and political analysts, have questioned Putin's mental health after two years of isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic.[814][815][816]

In April 2022, tabloid newspaper The Sun reported that based on video footage Putin may have Parkinson's disease.[817][818][819] This speculation, which has not been supported by medical professionals, has spread in part due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which many saw as an irrational act.[819] The Kremlin[817] rejected the possibility of Parkinson's along with outside medical professionals, who stress that it is impossible to diagnose the condition based on video clips alone.[819]

Awards and honours

At least fifteen countries have awarded Vladimir Putin civilian honors since 2001. Putin has been awarded honorary doctorates and other awards from organizations across the world, but some of these were revoked in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[820]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Putins officially announced their separation in 2013 and the Kremlin confirmed the divorce had been finalized in 2014; however, it has been alleged that Putin and Lyudmila divorced in 2008.[2][3]
  2. ^ Putin has two daughters with his ex-wife Lyudmila. He is also alleged to have a third daughter, with Svetlana Krivonogikh,[4] and a fourth daughter and twin sons, or just two sons, with Alina Kabaeva,[5][6] although these reports have not been officially confirmed.
  3. ^ In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vladimirovich and the family name is Putin.
  4. ^ /ˈptɪn/ POO-tin; Russian: Владимир Владимирович Путин, Russian: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn]
  5. ^ Some argued that Putin was the leader of Russia between 2008 and 2012; see Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy.
  6. ^ Putin, who took office as prime minister on 9 August 1999, concurrently served as acting president of Russia from 31 December 1999 to 7 May 2000, when he took office as president.
  7. ^ Russian: хозяйственное право, romanizedkhozyaystvennoye pravo.
  8. ^ Russian: Учимся дзюдо с Владимиром Путиным

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Sources

Further reading

External links