Un poeta laureado (plural: poetas laureados ) [1] [2] [3] es un poeta designado oficialmente por un gobierno o institución que otorga el título, y que normalmente se espera que componga poemas para eventos y ocasiones especiales. Albertino Mussato de Padua y Francesco Petrarca (Petrarca) de Arezzo fueron los primeros en ser coronados poetas laureados después de la era clásica, respectivamente en 1315 y 1342. [4] En Gran Bretaña, el término data del nombramiento de Bernard André por Enrique VII de Inglaterra . El cargo real de poeta laureado en Inglaterra data del nombramiento de John Dryden en 1668.
La oficina también es popular entre los grupos regionales y comunitarios. Algunos ejemplos incluyen al Poeta Laureado de Pikes Peak, [6] que es designado por un grupo de "Socios Presentadores" de la comunidad, el Poeta Laureado de Minnesota elegido por la Liga de Poetas de Minnesota (fundada en 1934), [7] el Poeta Laureado de Northampton [8] elegido por el Consejo de Artes de Northampton, [9] y el Poeta Laureado de Martha's Vineyard elegido por diez jueces que representan a la Sociedad de Poesía de Martha's Vineyard.
Más de una docena de gobiernos nacionales continúan la tradición del poeta laureado.
Fondo
En la antigua Grecia, el laurel se utilizaba para formar una corona o guirnalda de honor para los poetas y héroes. La costumbre deriva del antiguo mito de Dafne y Apolo (Dafne significa "laurel" en griego), y fue recuperada en Padua por Albertino Mussato , [10] seguida por la ceremonia de coronación del propio Petrarca en la sala de audiencias del palacio senatorial medieval en el Campidoglio el 8 de abril de 1341. [11] Debido a que las figuras del Renacimiento que intentaban revivir la tradición clásica carecían de un conocimiento detallado del precedente romano que intentaban emular, estas ceremonias adquirieron el carácter de candidaturas doctorales. [12]
Desde que el cargo de poeta laureado se ha generalizado, el término "laureado" ha llegado a significar reconocimiento por preeminencia o logro superlativo ( cf. Premio Nobel ). El título de poeta laureado , un título real en retórica , se otorgaba en las universidades europeas de la Edad Media. Por lo tanto, el término puede referirse al poseedor de dicho título, que reconocía la habilidad en retórica, gramática y lenguaje.
Entre los poetas laureados de las Bahamas se encuentra Henry Christopher Christie. [34]
Bangladés
Durante el siglo XV, Zainuddin fue nombrado poeta de la corte de Bengala mientras estaba bajo el patrocinio del príncipe Yusuf Khan . [35] [36]
Barbados
La primera poeta laureada de Barbados fue elegida en 2018. Su nombre es Esther Phillips . [37] [38]
Bielorrusia
Entre los poetas laureados de Bielorrusia se encuentran Maksim Tank y Pimen Panchenko. [39] [40]
Bélgica
El primer poeta laureado de Bélgica , Charles Ducal, fue elegido en 2014. [41] [42] Le siguieron Laurence Vielle, [41] Els Moors, [41] Carl Norac, [43] y Mustafa Kör. [43]
Entre los poetas laureados de Camboya se encuentran Ind (1907-1924). [49] [50]
Canadá
El poeta laureado de Toronto, George Elliott Clarke, quien más tarde se convirtió en poeta laureado parlamentario de Canadá.
El Poeta Laureado Parlamentario Canadiense es designado funcionario de la Biblioteca del Parlamento . El puesto se alterna entre un laureado de habla inglesa y uno de habla francesa. Los candidatos deben poder escribir tanto en inglés como en francés, tener un historial sustancial de publicaciones (incluida la poesía) que demuestre excelencia literaria y haber escrito obras que reflejen a Canadá, entre otros criterios. [51]
La actual poeta laureada de Edmonton es Titilope Sonuga (2021-2023). [61] Le precedieron en el cargo Nishi Patel (2019-2021), Ahmed “Knowmadic” Ali (2017-2019), Pierrette Requier (2015-2017), Mary Pinkoski (2013-2015), Anna Marie Sewell (2011-2012), Roland Pemberton (2006-2011), ED Blodgett (2007-2009) y Alice Major (2005-2007). [62] [63]
Columbia Británica
Ciudades
Comox Valley ha tenido tres poetas laureados: Lawrence JW Cooper (2019-2021), Natalie Nickerson (2017-2019) y Kevin Flesher (2015-2017). [64]
Entre los poetas laureados de Nanaimo se encuentran Kamal Parmar (2021-2023), Tina Biello (2017-2020) y Naomi Beth Wakan (2013-2016). [65]
Los poetas laureados de New Westminster son Elliott Slinn (2021-presente), Alan Hill (2017-2020), Candice James (2010-2016), Don Benson (1999-2007) y Edna Anderson (1998-1999) [66]
Cabo Bretón : Rita Joe (1932 – 2007) fue nombrada “Poeta Laureada Vitalicia del Pueblo Mi'kmaq” [76] [77]
Los poetas laureados de Halifax son la Dra. Afua Cooper (2018-2020), Rebecca Thomas (2016-2018), El Jones (2013-2015), Tanya Davis (2011-2012), Shauntay Grant (2009-2011), Lorri Neilsen Glenn (2005-2009) y Sue MacLeod (2001-2005). [78]
Los poetas laureados de Mississauga son Ayomide Bayowa (2021-2024), Paul Edward Costa (2019 – 2021), Wali Shah (2017 – 2019) y Anna Yin (2015 – 2017). [89]
Los poetas laureados de Ottawa son Albert Dumont (anglófono) (2021-2022) y Gilles Latour (francófono) (2021-2022), Margaret Michèle Cook (francófona) y Diana Young (anglófona) (2019-2021), Andrée Lacelle (francófona) y Jamaal Jackson Rogers (anglófono) (2017-2019). [90]
Los poetas laureados de Owen Sound son Richard-Yves Sitoski (2019-2022), Lauren Best (2017-2019), Rob Rolfe y Larry Jensen (2015-2017), Terry Burns (2013-2014), Kateri Akiwenzie-Damm (2011-2012), Kristan Anderson (2008-2010), Liz Zetlin (2007-2008). [91]
Los poetas laureados de la ciudad de Windsor son Mary Ann Mulhern (2019-2022), Marty Gervais (2011-2019), Vanessa Shields (abril de 2022-septiembre de 2022) y Peter Hrastovec (2023-2027). [95]
La ciudad de Woodstock nombró póstumamente a Barry C. Butson poeta laureado emérito. [96]
Durante el siglo XIX, después de que los turcos invadieran Chipre , el muftí Hilmi Efendi fue nombrado poeta laureado del sultán Mahmud II . [112] En 1980, la Academia Mundial de las Artes y la Cultura otorgó a Costas Montis, nacido en Chipre, el título de poeta laureado. [113]
República Checa
En 1596, Bartholomaeus Bilovius fue nombrado poeta laureado de Praga debido en parte a sus conexiones reales. [114] Johann Christian Alois Mickl fue coronado poeta laureado de Praga alrededor de 1730. [115]
En Etiopía , el Laureado oficialmente designado incluye a Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin . El premio Tsegaye fue concedido en 1966 por Su Majestad Haile-Selasie II. [122]
El primer poeta laureado conocido del Imperio alemán fue Conradus Celtes Protuccius (c. 1466). Fue sucedido por Johannes Paulus Crusius (1616), Apostolo Zeno y Pietro Metastasio (1729), entre otros. [131]
Rajvinder Singh [ de ] fue declarado Stadtschreiber de tres ciudades diferentes en Alemania: Rheinsberg en 1999, [132] Remscheid en 2004, [132] y Trier en 2007. [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137]
Ghana
Entre los poetas laureados de Ghana se encuentra Atukwei Okai . [138] [139]
En el siglo XIV, Mpu Prapanca sirvió como poeta laureado en la corte real del emperador Hayam Wuruk . [161] [162] [163] Durante el siglo XVIII, Yasadipura I sirvió como poeta laureado de Surakarta Sunanate . [164]
El Reino de Irlanda tuvo un poeta laureado; el último poseedor del título fue Robert Jephson , quien murió en 1803. [169]
El equivalente moderno más cercano en la República de Irlanda es el título Saoi ["sabio"], que ostentaban hasta siete miembros a la vez de Aosdána , un organismo oficial de quienes se dedicaban a las bellas artes, la literatura y la música. Entre los poetas que recibieron el título se encuentran Máire Mhac an tSaoi , Anthony Cronin y Seamus Heaney .
Thomas MacDermot fue el primer poeta laureado de Jamaica durante la época colonial, seguido por Je Clare McFarlane. [173] Mervyn Morris fue el primer poeta laureado de Jamaica tras su independencia (2014-2017), seguido por Lorna Goodison (2017-2020) [173] y Olive Senior (2021-2024). [174] El poeta laureado actual es Kwame Dawes (2024-2027). [175]
Japón
Entre los poetas laureados de Japón se encuentra el barón Takasaki Masamitsu. [176] [177]
El poeta laureado no oficial de los Países Bajos es Tsead Bruinja como Dichter des Vaderlands (poeta de la patria). La anterior laureada fue Ester Naomi Perquin . Gerrit Komrij fue el primer Dichter des Vaderlands . El título fue creado por los medios holandeses. [ cita requerida ]
Nueva Zelanda
Nueva Zelanda tiene un poeta laureado oficial desde 1998. Originalmente patrocinado por los viñedos Te Mata y conocido como el Te Mata Estate Poet Laureate, el premio ahora es administrado por la Biblioteca Nacional de Nueva Zelanda y el titular se llama New Zealand Poet Laureate. El mandato dura dos años. El símbolo del cargo es un Tokotoko , un bastón ceremonial de orador tallado en madera.
A partir de 1994, Corea del Norte tenía seis poetas laureados activos que trabajaban en el género épico. [213] La poesía épica fue el principal vehículo de propaganda política durante el gobierno de Kim Jong-il , y los poetas trabajaron de acuerdo con las solicitudes y necesidades de Kim Jong-il. [213] Algunos de los poetas son Jang Jin-sung (seudónimo), Kim Man-young y Shin Byung-gang. [213]
En Omán , Al-Sitali fue poeta laureado durante la dinastía Nabhani . [215]
Pakistán
Durante el siglo XVIII, Jam Durrak fue nombrado poeta laureado de la corte real de Mir Nasir Khan I. [ 216] Más tarde en la historia de Pakistán, entre los poetas laureados de Pakistán se incluiría Hafeez Jalandhari . [217]
Entre los poetas laureados de Túnez se encuentra Qasim Shabi. [269]
Pavo
Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873-27 de diciembre de 1936), un famoso poeta, fue el poeta laureado de Turquía . Compuso el poema que sería el himno nacional de la República Turca, escrito en 1921. El nombre original del poema es "İstiklal Marşı".
Entre los poetas laureados de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos se encuentra Ousha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi. [271]
Reino Unido
Inglaterra
Retrato de Geoffrey Chaucer de Inglaterra
En Inglaterra, el término "poeta laureado" se limita al cargo oficial de poeta laureado, adscrito a la casa real. Sin embargo, no existe ningún registro histórico fidedigno del cargo de poeta laureado de Inglaterra .
El cargo se desarrolló a partir de una práctica anterior, cuando los trovadores y versificadores eran miembros del séquito del rey. Ricardo Corazón de León tenía un versificador regis (en español: poeta del rey ), Guillermo el Peregrino y Enrique III tenía un versificador llamado Maestro Enrique. En el siglo XV, John Kay, un versificador, se describió a sí mismo como el "humilde poeta laureado" de Eduardo IV .
Según Wharton, [ cita requerida ] el rey Enrique I pagaba 10 chelines al año a un versificador regis . Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) fue llamado poeta laureado, y en 1389 se le concedió una asignación anual de vino. W. Hamilton describe a Chaucer , Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, John Skelton , Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards y Samuel Daniel como "laureados voluntarios".
Pero ruego al alcalde John Skelton, recientemente nombrado poeta laureado en la Universidad de Oxenforde, que supervise y corrija este libro.
El uso académico del término laureado volvió a asociarse con la realeza cuando el rey Jaime I creó una pensión para Ben Jonson en 1617, aunque no hay registro formal. Fue sucedido por William Davenant .
El cargo real de poeta laureado fue otorgado oficialmente mediante cartas patentes a John Dryden en 1668, tras la muerte de Davenant, y el puesto se convirtió en una institución regular. El sucesor de Dryden, Shadwell, originó las odas anuales de cumpleaños y Año Nuevo. El poeta laureado se hizo responsable de escribir y presentar versos oficiales para conmemorar tanto ocasiones personales, como el cumpleaños del monarca o los nacimientos y matrimonios reales, como ocasiones públicas, como coronaciones y victorias militares. Su actividad a este respecto variaba según las circunstancias, y la costumbre dejó de ser obligatoria después de la muerte de Pye. El cargo cayó en cierto desprecio antes de Robert Southey , pero adquirió un nuevo lustre a partir de su distinción personal y la de sus sucesores Wordsworth y Tennyson . Wordsworth estipuló antes de aceptar el honor que no se le exigirían efusiones formales. Debido a su edad, se convirtió en el único laureado que no escribió poesía oficial. Tennyson se mostró generalmente feliz en sus numerosos poemas de esta clase.
A la muerte de Tennyson, se generó la sensación de que no había un sucesor aceptable. William Morris y Swinburne no eran muy adecuados como poetas de la corte. Finalmente, la inconveniencia de romper la tradición por razones temporales y cortar el único vínculo oficial entre la literatura y el estado prevaleció sobre las protestas contra la idea de permitir que alguien de genio inferior sucediera a Tennyson. La abolición también fue defendida cuando murieron Warton y Wordsworth.
LETRERO: placa en una casa de ladrillo de tres pisos en Twickenham (cerca de Londres), Reino Unido, donde Tennyson vivió una vez. La "descripción" que aparece en su archivo en Wikimedia Commons dice: "Placa azul en 15 Montpelier Row Twickenham TW1 2NQ". La placa o "letrero" dice: "Alfred Lord Tennyson 1809-1892 Poeta Laureado vivió aquí".
Edward Gibbon condenó el enfoque artificial del cargo respecto de la poesía:
Desde Augusto hasta Luis, la musa ha sido con demasiada frecuencia falsa y venal; pero dudo mucho que en cualquier época o corte se pueda crear una institución similar de poeta remunerado, que en todos los reinados y en todo caso está obligado a proporcionar dos veces al año una dosis de alabanza y versos, como los que se pueden cantar en la capilla y, creo, en presencia del soberano. Hablo con mayor libertad, ya que el mejor momento para abolir esta ridícula costumbre es cuando el príncipe es un hombre de virtud y el poeta un hombre de genio.
El salario ha variado, pero tradicionalmente incluye algo de alcohol. Ben Jonson recibió primero una pensión de 100 marcos , y más tarde un "brebaje de vino canario " anual. Dryden tenía una pensión de 300 libras y un barril de vino canario. Pye recibió 27 libras en lugar del vino. Tennyson recibió 72 libras al año del departamento del Lord Chamberlain y 27 libras del Lord Steward "en lugar del barril de vino". El salario anual moderno es de 5750 libras. [272] El 10 de mayo de 2019, Simon Armitage fue nombrado [273] después del final del mandato de diez años de Carol Ann Duffy . [272]
Existen otros títulos no oficiales de laureados, como el de " Laureado Infantil ", patrocinado comercialmente para un "escritor o ilustrador eminente de libros infantiles para celebrar logros sobresalientes en su campo", [274] y el de Poeta Laureado para Jóvenes de la Poetry Foundation. [5]
Escocia
Edwin Morgan, primer Makar o Poeta Nacional de Escocia
Escocia tiene una larga tradición de makars y poesía. Iain Lom , el bardo gaélico escocés , fue nombrado poeta laureado en Escocia por Carlos II, rey de Inglaterra, Escocia, Francia e Irlanda, en su restauración en 1660. [275] En 2004, el Parlamento escocés nombró al profesor Edwin Morgan como el primer Makar o Poeta Nacional de Escocia. A su muerte en enero de 2011, fue sucedido por Liz Lochhead . [276] Kathleen Jamie se convirtió en la cuarta Makar de Escocia en 2021. [277]
Entre los poetas laureados de las Islas Caimán se encuentra Roy Bodden. [279]
Islas Malvinas
Entre los poetas laureados de las Islas Malvinas se encuentra Ron Reeves. [280]
Isla de Man
Conocido como el Bardo de Manx, entre los individuos que han servido en el puesto se encuentran Zoe Cannell, Michael Manning y Jordanne Kennaugh. [281] [282] [283]
Estados Unidos
Joy Harjo, poeta laureada de los Estados UnidosLa bibliotecaria del Congreso Carla Hayden, la poeta laureada Tracy K. Smith y la poeta laureada nacional juvenil Amanda Gorman.
Los poetas laureados reciben un estipendio de 35.000 dólares y se les da la responsabilidad de supervisar una serie de lecturas de poesía y conferencias en la biblioteca, y un cargo para promover la poesía. No se especifican otras tareas, y los laureados no están obligados a componer para eventos gubernamentales o en alabanza de funcionarios gubernamentales. Sin embargo, después de los ataques terroristas del 11 de septiembre , se le pidió al entonces poeta laureado Billy Collins que escribiera un poema para ser leído frente a una sesión conjunta especial del Congreso. Collins escribió "The Names", que leyó el 6 de septiembre de 2002, y que está disponible en audio y video en streaming. [284] La intención original del estipendio era proporcionar a los poetas laureados un ingreso completo, para que pudieran dedicar su tiempo por completo a escribir poesía. La cantidad no se ha ajustado por inflación y ahora se considera un bono moderado destinado a complementar los ingresos ya existentes de un poeta. La mayoría de los poetas laureados obtienen la mayor parte de sus ingresos a través del empleo universitario. [ cita requerida ]
A number of American state legislatures have also created an office of poet laureate. The holders may be locally or nationally prominent. The U.S. states of New Jersey, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Pennsylvania do not currently have a state poet laureate position.[286]
District of Columbia
The United States' capital, the District of Columbia, created the position of Poet Laureate of the District of Columbia in 1984 during the mayoralty of Marion Barry.[287] The position is filled by appointment from the mayor of the district the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities.[287] The District of Columbia's poet laureate program is currently stalled.[288][289]Only two poets laureate have been appointed since the creation of the position. Sterling Allen Brown was appointed by Mayor Marion Barry, serving from 1984 until his death in 1989.[287][290]Dolores Kendrick was appointed by Mayor Anthony A. Williams, serving from 1999 until her death in 2017.[291]
Originally created as the position of Poet Laureate in 1963 (House Resolution 25).[294] The official name was changed in 1996 to recognize and honor all genres of writing.[294] The position is selected by the Alaska State Council on the Arts.[295]
Arizona
The state of Arizona established a state Poet Laureate position in 2013, appointing Alberto Ríos as the inaugural Poet Laureate.[296][297][298][299]
Arkansas
Charles T. Davis was the first poet laureate of Arkansas, appointed in 1923.[300]
California
Juan Felipe Herrera, Poet Laureate of California and later of the United States
The state of California established a state Poet Laureate under Governor Hiram Warren Johnson[301] and appointed Ina Donna Coolbrith on June 30, 1915. Coolbrith was later acknowledged as the "Loved Laurel-Crowned Poet of California" by a 1919 state Senate resolution, retaining the title until her death in 1928.[302]Juan Felipe Herrera was appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown in March 2012.[303] The position is currently vacant. It was last held by Dana Gioia from 2015 to 2018.[304][305]
Counties
Kern County's first poet laureate was chosen in 2016: Don Thompson.[306]
Lake County's first poet laureate, Jim Lyle, was chosen in 1998.[307]
Napa County's first poet laureate was appointed in 2002: Dorothy Lee Hansen.[309]
San Mateo County's first poet laureate was appointed in 2014: Caroline Goodwin. She was followed by Lisa Rosenberg in 2017 and Aileen Casinetto in 2019.[310]
Santa Clara County appointed its first Poet Laureate in 2009: Nils Peterson[311]
Ventura County appointed its first Poet Laureate, Mary Kay Rummel in 2014.[312] She was then followed by Phil Taggart in 2016. The current Poet Laureate in Ventura County is Luzmaria Espinosa.
Cities
Luis Rodriguez, Los Angeles Poet LaureateGenea Brice, Jeremy Snyder, and D.L. Lang, poets laureate of Vallejo.
Albany chose its first poet laureate, Christina Hutchins, in 2008.[313]
Anaheim selected its first poet laureate, Grant Hier, in 2018.[314]
Benicia appointed its first poet laureate in 2006, Joel Fallon. He was followed by Robert Shelby, Ronna Leon, Lois Requist, Don Peery, Johanna Ely, Tom Stanton, and Mary Susan Gast. Kathy Monroe was appointed on November 15, 2023.[315]
Berkeley selected its first Poet Laureate in 2017: Rafael Jesús González[316] Before this, in 2004, Julia Vinograd had been recognised officially as Berkeley's unofficial poet laureate.[317]
Cupertino's first Poet Laureate, Dave Denny, was selected in 2010.
Oakland selected its first poet laureate, Ayodele Nzinga, in June 2021.
Richmond's poet laureate program began in 2004 with three laureates: Brenda Quintanilla (student), Donte Clark (non-senior adult), Lincoln Bergman (senior).[325]
Sacramento's first poets laureate were Dennis Schmitz and Viola Weinberg, who served two years beginning in 2000.[326]
John Denver was named poet laureate of Colorado in 1974
Colorado Poets Laureate are currently appointed to four-year terms. They are nominated by Colorado Creative Industries and Colorado Humanities & Center for the Book, and chosen by the Governor.[334]Alice Polk Hill was the first poet laureate of Colorado serving from 1919 to 1921.[335][336] Successors include Thomas Hornsby Ferril, Mary Crow, David Mason, Bobby LeFebre and Andrea Gibson.[336] The State of Colorado also appointed singer/songwriter writer John Denver in 1974.[337]
Cities
Chris Ransick served as poet laureate of Denver 2006 to 2010.[338]
Janice Gould served as poet laureate of Pikes Peak from 2014 to 2016.[339]
Connecticut
The Poet Laureate of Connecticut was established in 1985 by Public Act 85-221 of the Connecticut General Assembly.[340] Five-year residents of the state with a demonstrated career in poetry are eligible for the honorary appointment as an advocate for poetry and literary arts.[341] James Merill was the first poet laureate of Connecticut, serving from 1985 to 1995.[341][340] His successors include Leo Connellan, Marilyn Nelson, John Hollander, Dick Allen, Margaret Gibson.[341][340] Antoinette Brim-Bell is the current poet laureate for Connecticut.[341]
Delaware
Amiri Baraka, the second and final poet laureate of New Jersey
Poets are appointed to the position by the governor. The first poet laureate of Delaware was Edna Deemer Leach appointed in 1947.[342]Nnamdi Chukwuocha and Albert Mills—twin brothers who are known as the "Twin Poets"—were appointed 17th Poets Laureate of the State of Delaware on December 13, 2015.[343] According to the Library of Congress,[344] they are the first co-laureates appointed by a state and the first siblings to share the position.[345][346] Predecessors include Fleda Brown and JoAnn Balingit.[344]
Florida
Poets Laureate of Florida are appointed by the governor and the Division of Arts and Culture.[347] They first served lifetime, unpaid appointments, until June 20, 2014, when HB 513 established a four-year term. The first poet laureate of Florida was Franklin L. Wood,[348] appointed in 1929 and died soon after assuming office.[349]Vivian Laramore Rader was appointed in 1931 and served until her death in 1975. Edmund Skellings was appointed in 1980. A stroke that impaired his speech and limited his ability to do all of his official duties. He died August 19, 2012, leaving the post vacant.[348]Peter Meinke currently holds this position and was appointed on June 15, 2015.[349]
Prior to statehood Don Blanding, originally from Oklahoma, was unofficially referred to as the poet laureate of Hawaii.[351] In 1951 Hawaii Territorial Senator Thelma Akana Harrison in concurrent resolution 28, declared Lloyd Stone, who was originally from California, poet laureate.[352] When the modern program was established, Native Hawaiian Kealoha was appointed on May 3, 2012, by Governor Neil Abercrombie.,[353] and he is the first poet laureate for the state of Hawaii, serving through 2022.[354][355][356][357]
Idaho
Irene Welch Grissom served from 1923 to 1948 as Idaho's first poet laureate.[358] Sudie Stuart Hager served as the second poet laureate from 1949 to 1982.[358] After 1982 the title was changed to Writer in Residence.[358]
Illinois
John Prine posthumously received the title of honorary poet laureate of Illinois
Illinois appointed its first poet laureate, Howard Austin, in 1936, followed by Carl Sandburg (1962–1967), and Gwendolyn Brooks (1968–2000), all with lifetime appointments. The post is now a four-year renewable award.[359] The poet laureate from 2003 to 2017 was Kevin Stein.[360] In 2020, Angela Jackson was named Illinois Poet Laureate.[361][362][363][364] Singer songwriter John Prine was posthumously named an Honorary Poet Laureate.[365][366]
Indiana
Joyce Brinkman was appointed as the first poet laureate of Indiana, serving from 2005 to 2008[367]
Iowa
The position was created July 1, 1999, by Subchapter 303.89 of the Iowa Code with a two-year renewable term.[368]Marvin Bell was Iowa's first Poet Laureate,[368] from 2000 to 2004, followed by Robert Dana from 2004 to 2008, and Mary Swander from 2009 to 2019. Debra Marquart is the current Poet Laureate of Iowa.[369] Her two-year term started in May 2019.[368]
Kansas
Jonathan Holden served as Kansas' first poet laureate from 2005 to 2007.[370]
Kentucky
Frank X Walker, poet laureate of Kentucky
James Thomas Cotton Noe served as Kentucky's first poet laureate from 1926 to 1953.[371]
Kate Barnes served as Maine's first poet laureate from 1996 to 1999. The current poet laureate of Maine is Julia Bouwsna.[373] Predecessors include Wesley McNair, Baron Wormser, and Betsy Sholl.[374]
Maryland
The current Poet Laureate of Maryland is Grace Cavalieri.[375]
Cities
The city of Takoma Park Poet Laureate program, established in 2005, honors the achievements of a local poet, encouraging a wider appreciation of poetry and literature. Kathleen O’Toole currently holds the office. Poet Laureate emeritus include Donald Berger (2005-2007), Anne Becker (2007-2011), and Merrill Leffler (2011-2018).[376]
Massachusetts
The state of Massachusetts does not currently have a poet laureate position.[377][378] However, many cities in Massachusetts have appointed poets laureate.
Cities
Patrick Donnelly, Poet Laureate of Northampton, MA.
Miriam Levine was appointed the first poet laureate of Arlington in 2015[379]
Martin Espada was the first poet laureate of Northampton in 2003.[382] Successors include Janet Aalfs and Patrick Donnelly.[382]
Stephan Delbos was appointed the first poet laureate of Plymouth in 2020.[383][384]
Everett Hoagland[385] was appointed the first Poet Laureate of the City of New Bedford. Successors have included John Landry [386] and Patricia Gomes.[387] Sarah Jane Mulvey[388] is the current Poet Laureate of the City of New Bedford.
Michigan
Edgar A. Guest served as Michigan Poet Laureate from 1952 through 1959 having been appointed Poet Laureate through Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 38 (1952) of the Michigan Legislature.[389] State lawmakers made three separate unsuccessful attempts to reinstate a poet laureate position in 2000, 2005, and 2019.[389] In 2023, Nandi Comer was appointed poet laureate.[390]
Minnesota
Robert Bly was the first poet laureate of Minnesota
In May 2007, Gov. Pawlenty reversed his opposition and signed Section 4, Chapter 148 of the Minnesota Session Laws 2007, establishing the state poet laureate. Robert Bly was appointed the first Minnesota poet laureate on February 27, 2008, succeeded on August 23, 2011, by Joyce Sutphen. Dr. Gwen Westerman was appointed as the third Minnesota poet laureate on September 9, 2021, by Governor Tim Walz.[391]
Mississippi
In 1963, Governor Ross Barnett appointed Mississippi's first Poet Laureate, Maude Willard Leet Prenshaw. In 1973, Louise Moss Montgomery was named laureate by Gov. William Waller. Gov. Cliff Finch appointed Winifred Hamrick Farrar laureate in 1978. All three poets laureate served lifetime terms. Beginning in 2012, Mississippi poets laureate now serve four-year terms. Natasha Tretheway served as the Poet Laureate of Mississippi from 2012 to 2016. On August 10, 2016, Beth Ann Fennelly assumed the position.[392]
Missouri
Walter Bargen served as Missouri's first poet laureate from 2008 to 2010.[393]
Montana
Henry Real Bird was poet laureate of Montana in 2009
Sandra Alcosser was Montana's first poet laureate, serving in the position from 2005 to 2007.[394]
Nebraska
John G. Neihardt was appointed as Nebraskas first poet laureate in 1921, and served until November 3, 1973.[395]
Nevada
Mildred Breedlove served as the first poet laureate of Nevada from 1957 to 2007.[396]
New Hampshire
Paul Scott Mowrer was appointed as New Hampshire's first poet laureate, and served from 1968 to 1971.[397] The current poet laureate of New Hampshire is Alexandria Peary, appointed October 2019.[398] Predecessors include W. E. Butts, Richard Eberhart, Patricia Fargnoli, Cynthia Huntington, and Jane Kenyon.
New Jersey
New Jersey had a poet laureate program until from 2000 to 2003, appointing poet Gerald Stern followed by Amiri Baraka. The position was eliminated in 2003.[399]
New Mexico
In 2020 New Mexico appointed its first poet laureate, Levi Romero.[400]
Cities
Hakim Bellamy was appointed the first poet laureate of Albuquerque in 2012.[400]
Kayt Peck was appointed the first poet laureate of Las Vegas, New Mexico, in 2021.[400]
Arthur Sze was appointed the first poet laureate of Santa Fe in 2006.[400]Valerie Martínez is among his successors.
Bonnie Buckley Maldonado was appointed the first poet laureate of Silver City in 2012.[400]
Sawnie Morris was appointed the first poet laureate of Taos in 2018.[400]
The city of Durham, North Carolina, selected DJ Rogers as its first poet laureate in 2022.[407]
North Dakota
Corbin A. Waldron was the first poet laureate of North Dakota from 1957 to 1978.[408]
Ohio
The state of Ohio created the position of Poet Laureate in 2014. Dr. Amit Majmudar of Dublin, Ohio, was named the first state Poet Laureate by Gov. John Kasich, for a two-year term beginning January 1, 2016. Kari Gunter-Seymour is the current Poet Laureate of Ohio. Her term began on June 10, 2020.[409]
Oklahoma
Nathan Brown, Poet Laureate of Oklahoma, 2013
The state of Oklahoma named Violet McDougal its first poet laureate in 1923.[410][411][412]Joe Kreger who first served from 1998 to 2001 was appointed a second term as Oklahoma's poet laureate from 2021 to 2022.[413] The current poet laureate of Oklahoma is Jay Snider.[414]
Cities
Norman, Oklahoma, selected its first poet laureate, Dr. Julie Ann Ward, in April 2022.[415] Norman is the first city in Oklahoma to have its own poet laureate.[415]
Samuel John Hazo served as Pennsylvania's first and only poet laureate from 1993 to 2003 before Governor Bob Casey eliminated the position.[418]Florence Van Leer Earle Coates was elected poet laureate of Pennsylvania by the state Federation of Women's Clubs in 1915.[419]
Counties
Bucks County named Nicole Steinberg first poet laureate in 2021.[420]
Lancaster County's Lancaster Literary Guild named Barbara Buckman Strasko the first poet laureate of the county.[421]
Cities
Harrisburg named Rick Kearns poet laureate in 2014.[422]
The State Poet of Rhode Island, established in 1987, is codified in Chapter 42-100 of the State of Rhode Island General Laws.[423] The five-year appointment by the Governor carries an annual salary of $1,000.[424]Michael Steven Harper served as Rhode Island's first poet laureate from 1988 to 1993.[425]
South Carolina
Archibald Rutledge was the first poet laureate of South Carolina, serving from 1934 to 1973.[426]
South Dakota
Charles "Badger" Clark was the first poet laureate of South Dakota appointed in 1937.[427]
The current poet laureate is Bruce Roseland. "It’s an honor to stand among those who have come before me,” Roseland said. “There are many people in South Dakota who write as well as I do and most of them write better. To represent South Dakota in this form of writing poetry … I’m very happy about it. I hope to be an ambassador."[428]
Tennessee
"Pek" Gunn, a native of Bold Spring, Tennessee, and a close friend and politically ally of former Governor of TennesseeFrank Clement, was the first Tennessean given the title of State Poet Laureate, in the 1970s. Margaret Britton Vaughn is the current Poet Laureate, she is serving her lifetime appointment since 1999.[429]
Texas
Jack Elliott Myers was poet laureate of Texas in 2003
In April 2012, San Antonio became the first Texas city to appoint a Poet Laureate, Carmen Tafolla.[431] The San Antonio Poet Laureate serves a two-year term. Laurie Ann Guerrero was appointed on April 1, 2014.[432]
Utah
The state of Utah has appointed a Poet Laureate since 1997.[433] The first was David Lee (January 24, 1997, to December 2002), followed by Ken Brewer (January 24, 2003, to March 15, 2006), Katharine Coles (October 27, 2006, to May 2012), Lance Larsen, appointed May 3, 2012, by Governor Gary Herbert, and Paisley Rekdal, appointed by Governor Gary Herbert in May 2017.[434] The current Poet Laureate in Utah is Lisa Bickmore appointed in April 2022.[435]
Vermont
Robert Frost was the first poet laureate of Vermont, serving from 1961 to 1963.[436]
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia has appointed a Poet Laureate since December 18, 1936. The first was Carter Warner Wormeley, appointed for life. Appointments from 1942 until 1992 were for one year, with many reappointed for multiple terms. In 1992, the term was increased to two years. Since 1998 appointments are made from list of nominees presented by the Poetry Society of Virginia, established at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1923.[437] The current Poet Laureate is Luisa A. Igloria.[437]
Washington
Ella Higginson, first Poet Laureate of Washington
The State of Washington has officially appointed a Poet Laureate since 2007,[438] though Poets Laureate have been unofficially appointed by the Washington State Federation of Women's Clubs since 1931, when Ella Rhoads Higginson was named as the State's first Poet Laureate.[439]
Samuel Green was named as Washington's first official Poet Laureate in 2007, and served until 2009.[440] Poets Laureate of Washington are appointed for a two-year term by the Governor of Washington.[441]
Since 2023, the Poet Laureate of Washington has been Arianne True, a Choctaw and Chickasaw writer and artist from Tacoma.[442] She is the second Indigenous person to hold the post, following her predecessor Rena Priest of the Lummi Nation.[443]
West Virginia
Karl Myers served as the first poet laureate of West Virginia from 1927 to 1937.[444]
Wisconsin
The current Poet Laureate of Wisconsin is Dasha Kelly Hamilton, 2021–2022.[445]
Wyoming
Eugene Gagliano has been the Poet Laureate of Wyoming since July 2016.[446]
In the 14th-15th centuries, Uzbekistan-born Khoja Fakhriddin Ismatullah ibn Masud Ismat Bukhari was the poet laureate in the royal courts of Jalal-ud-Din Khalji and Ulugh Beg.[448] In later history, Poets Laureate of Uzbekistan include Muhammed Ali and Śukrullo.[449][450]
Venezuela
Poets Laureate of Venezuela include Heraclio Martín de la Guardia (c. 1878).[451]
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External links
Poet Laureate of Canada Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Map of Canadian Poets Laureate
Poets Laureate of South Africa
List of U.S. Poets Laureate at the Library of Congress
Poeta laureado de la Mancomunidad (estado) de VIRGINIA, Estados Unidos de América, a través de la Sociedad de Poesía de Virginia
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