En la yema, las hojas de Tetradenia riparia tienen la cara superior vuelta hacia el tallo y la axila, la cara inferior es abaxial ("lejos del eje") y la cara superior es adaxial .
Welwitschia mirabilis presenta un ejemplo de un hábito de crecimiento acaule, inusual en una especie de planta tan grande.
Diagramas esquemáticos de la disposición accumbente de los cotiledones y la radícula en una semilla de Erysimum (anteriormente Cheiranthus )
Aquenios en la superficie del tallo de la infrutescencia de una fresa
Las flores de Geranium incanum son actinomorfas , con cinco ejes de simetría, a diferencia de los dos ejes de simetría de las flores zigomorfas de la mayoría de las especies del género relacionado Pelargonium .
Flor andrógina de Sandersonia aurantiaca cortada longitudinalmente para mostrar el androceo , que comprende las anteras que rodean el pistilo central verde.
Antera de Lilium en estado de antesis , dehiscente y liberando polen.
Una especie de Neea , familia Nyctaginaceae , presenta un ejemplo de antocarpo : el cáliz y el estilo permanecen alrededor del fruto en maduración.
Las flores afanánticas de los robles como el Quercus robur , al ser anemófilas, no tienen necesidad de ser llamativas para los animales polinizadores.
Espinas del cactus Gymnocalycium bayrianum emergiendo de las areolas de los nudos del tallo.
Semillas de una especie de Blighia (ackee), una entera y otra en sección longitudinal, mostrando el arilo pálido.
Infrutescencia de centeno silvestre, que muestra aristas prominentes.
Anatomía de una arista y cerdas en una especie de gramínea australiana Rytidosperma longifolium
Yemas axilares en la hoja
ab-
Prefijo que significa "posición alejada de". [1]
Abaxial
Superficie de un órgano que mira en dirección opuesta a su eje, por ejemplo, la superficie inferior de un órgano lateral como una hoja o un pétalo. [2] Contraste: adaxial .
abortar
Abandonar el desarrollo de una estructura u órgano. [3]
Capa especializada de tejido que permite desprenderse de un órgano por abscisión cuando está maduro o senescente. Este tejido se forma comúnmente, por ejemplo, en la base de un pecíolo o pedicelo.
acaule
Que no tiene tallo aparente, o al menos ninguno visible por encima de la superficie del suelo. [2] Los ejemplos incluyen algunas especies de Oxalis , [5] Nolina , [6] y Yucca . [7] Antónimo : caulescente (que posee tallo).
Acrescente
Que aumenta de tamaño con la edad, como un cáliz que continúa creciendo después de que la corola ha caído, [2] por ejemplo en Physalis peruviana .
acumbente
Que se encuentra contra otra parte de la planta; cuando se aplica a un cotiledón, significa que un borde del cotiledón se encuentra a lo largo de la radícula doblada en la semilla. [8]
-áceas
Sufijo añadido a la raíz de la palabra de un nombre genérico para formar el nombre de una familia taxonómica ; [9] por ejemplo, Rosaceae es la familia de las rosas, cuyo género tipo es Rosa . [10]
Fruto seco, indehiscente y monosemilla [11] en el que el fruto verdadero no es la llamada "baya", sino los aquenios, que son las llamadas "semillas" en la infrutescencia, por ejemplo en el género Fragaria .
Delgado o con forma de aguja. [11] Véase también Forma de la hoja .
acropétalo
Pasando de las raíces a las hojas, por ejemplo, de señales moleculares en las plantas.
acrofila
Hojas regulares de una planta madura, producidas por encima de la base, a diferencia del batifilo.
acrosticoide
(que describe un tipo de soro) Que cubre toda la superficie abaxial de una fronda, generalmente de forma densa, como en Elaphoglossum y Acrostichum .
Actino-
Prefijo que indica un patrón, forma o morfología radial.
actinódromo
(de la nervadura de la hoja ) Nervadura palmada o dispuesta radialmente con tres o más venas primarias que surgen en la base de la hoja o cerca de ella y llegan hasta el margen en la mayoría de las especies, pero no en todas.
Regular o radialmente simétrico; [12] puede estar dividido en mitades similares en al menos dos planos. Se aplica, por ejemplo, a estelas y flores en las que los segmentos del perianto dentro de cada verticilo son iguales en tamaño y forma. Compárese regular . Contraste asimétrico , irregular y zigomorfo .
Se estrecha gradualmente hasta formar una punta, con lados cóncavos que se acercan a la punta. [13] Contrasta con agudo y mucronado . Véase también Forma de la hoja .
1. Muy puntiagudo, pero no alargado, con lados rectos que se acercan a la punta. [13] Contraste con acuminado . Véase también Forma de la hoja .
2. Convergente en un ángulo menor de 90°. Contraste obtuso .
anuncio-
Prefijo que significa "cerca o hacia"; también significa "añadido a". [13]
adaxial
Superficie de un órgano orientada hacia el eje del órgano, [13] p. ej., la superficie superior de un órgano lateral como una hoja o un pétalo. Contraste con abaxial .
Adelfia
pl. adelfia
Un conjunto o estructura de estambres que forman una unidad en una flor adelfa; por ejemplo, el tubo estaminal alrededor del pistilo del hibisco .
Adelfo
Que tiene órganos, particularmente filamentos como los estambres, conectados en una o más adelfias, ya sea en forma de manojos o tubos, como se ve comúnmente en familias como Malvaceae . El uso del término no es consistente; algunos autores incluyen filamentos muy juntos, mientras que otros incluyen solo adelfias en las que los filamentos están mínimamente conectados en sus bases. Véase, por ejemplo, Sims: "... los filamentos están tan estrechamente presionados que tienen la apariencia de ser monadelfos...". [14] Compárese con términos derivados como monadelfo , que tiene estambres que crecen en un solo manojo o tubo, por ejemplo en Hibiscus , y diadelfo , que crece en dos manojos.
adherente
Ligeramente unido a un órgano de otro tipo, [13] generalmente a una parte de otro verticilo, p. ej. un sépalo conectado a un pétalo. Contrasta con adnado .
Crecido a partir de un órgano de un tipo diferente o fusionado estrechamente con él, [13] especialmente a lo largo de un margen, p. ej., un estambre fusionado a un pétalo. Las anteras adnadas tienen sus mitades unidas al filamento a lo largo de la mayor parte de su longitud. Contraste con connado .
Producidas en una posición impredecible o inusual, [13] por ejemplo, una yema adventicia producida a partir de un tallo en lugar de a partir de la axila más típica de una hoja. Las raíces adventicias pueden desarrollarse a partir de nudos de tallos postrados de algunas especies de plantas, o a partir del hipocótilo en lugar de a partir de la radícula de una monocotiledónea en germinación.
Con afinidad con otros, similar a; a menudo usado para un taxón reconocido provisionalmente pero sin nombre considerado cercano a ese nombre, quizás un híbrido o una variante extrema.
Plantas que se propagan mediante transporte accidental.
maleza agrícola
Ver mala hierba .
agriofita
Especies vegetales que han invadido la vegetación nativa y podrían sobrevivir allí sin intervención humana. Se establecen allí en hábitats naturales, siguen siendo parte de la vegetación natural incluso después de que haya cesado la influencia humana y son independientes de los seres humanos en su existencia continua. [16]
Agrofíco
Serie de venas en forma de peine que se bifurcan desde un solo lado de una vena primaria o secundaria.
El estudio científico de las gramíneas, en el sentido más estricto, solo de aquellas especies que son miembros de la familia Poaceae . Los usos más amplios a veces también incluyen especies similares a las gramíneas o gramíneas de las familias Cyperaceae , Juncaceae y Typhaceae .
Nombre antiguo del endospermo de las plantas con flores. Aparte de ser un tejido de almacenamiento de nutrientes, no es como la albúmina ( clara de huevo ) de los embriones animales.
albuminoso
(de semillas) Que contiene endospermo.
-ales
Sufijo añadido a la raíz de un nombre genérico o descriptivo para formar el nombre de un orden taxonómico.
Cualquier planta introducida en un área fuera de su distribución natural. A menudo se utiliza indistintamente o en combinación con extranjero , exótico , no nativo y no indígena .
Cualquiera de una clase de compuestos orgánicos vagamente definidos que se encuentran en los tejidos de muchas especies de plantas. Las moléculas de alcaloides tienen uno o más átomos de nitrógeno que reaccionan alcalinamente en sus estructuras de carbono. Muchos alcaloides son importantes comercialmente como fármacos o venenos, por ejemplo , la cafeína , la morfina , la quinina y la estricnina , cada una de las cuales se encuentra de forma natural en ciertas plantas.
Que tienen rangos de distribución geográficamente separados y no superpuestos. [17] Contraste simpátrico .
alternar
1. (adj.) (de hojas o flores) Que nace individualmente en diferentes niveles a lo largo de un tallo, incluidas las partes en espiral. Contraste opuesto .
2. (prep.) Que ocurre entre otra cosa, p. ej. estambres alternando con pétalos.
alternipétalo
Una configuración en la que partes de la flor, por ejemplo los estambres, se alternan en posición con los pétalos. [18]
Una conexión o fusión de dos o más venas que normalmente divergen o se ramifican, formando así una red.
anátropo
(de un óvulo) Invertido de modo que el micrópilo mira hacia la placenta (esta es la orientación más común del óvulo en las plantas con flores). Contraste anfítropo , campilotropo y ortótropo .
ancipital
Plano, con dos bordes (a diferencia de redondo). [19]
Nombre colectivo de las partes reproductivas masculinas de una flor; los estambres de una flor considerados colectivamente. Contraste: gineceo . Abreviado A ; p. ej., A 3+3 indica seis estambres en dos verticilos.
androginóforo
Tallo que contiene el androceo y el gineceo de una flor por encima del nivel de inserción del perianto.
Que tiene flores bisexuales y flores masculinas en la misma planta individual. Contraste entre androdioico , ginomonoico , poligamodioico , poligamomonoico y polígamo .
1. Estructura anular; en forma de anillo. Las cerdas del vilano a veces están unidas a un anillo llamado anillo o disco en la parte superior del pico del aquenio. En algunos granos de polen, la exina alrededor de las aberturas es más gruesa o más delgada. En los poros, este borde se denomina anillo. Algunas flores tienen constricciones en forma de anillo en la boca de la flor, por ejemplo, en Huernia y Aristolochia .
2. Un anillo de células especializadas en el esporangio .
1. (de una flor) El período durante el cual se presenta el polen y/o el estigma es receptivo.
2. (de una planta con flores) Periodo durante el cual las flores están en antesis. No está definido para algunos casos, como cuando el polen se libera en el capullo.
En el ápice de una estructura, generalmente un brote, un tallo o el tronco de un árbol, por ejemplo, un meristemo apical o una yema apical.
apiculado
especialmente de las hojas, que terminan en una punta triangular corta. Véase también Forma de la hoja .
apifilia
Una forma de polinización mediante la cual el polen es distribuido por las abejas .
apo-
Un prefijo que significa "lejos de, separado, sin".
apocarpo
(de un gineceo) Que consta de uno o más carpelos que están libres unos de otros (o casi), por ejemplo en los miembros de las Ranunculaceae y Dilleniaceae .
Un tipo de reproducción asexual mediante la cual se producen semillas o esporas viables de forma asexual, sin fecundación , de modo que el material genético que contienen es un clon del material genético del progenitor. Una planta producida de esta manera se denomina apomíctica .
Planta cuyo hábitat natural es el agua, que vive en el agua o sobre ella durante toda o gran parte de su vida; generalmente restringida a aguas dulces o continentales.
Estructura u órgano haploide pluricelular de la fase gametofítica de ciertas plantas, que produce y contiene el óvulo o gameto femenino. El órgano masculino correspondiente se denomina anteridio.
arquegonióforo
En las hepáticas del orden Marchantiales, gametóforo femenino: estructura especializada y pedunculada que contiene los arquegonios y los esporofitos.
arctotoide
En las Compositae , estilo con un anillo de pelos extensos que nacen en el eje del estilo proximal a las ramas del estilo.
1. Espacio entre los hilos de una red, por ejemplo, la parte de la superficie de una hoja definida por cada uno de los elementos de una red de venas; como en los cactus, el área entre las venillas de una hoja.
2. Estructura en el nodo del tallo de un cactus , morfológicamente una rama especializada; la región de un cactus sobre la cual se encuentran las espinas, los gloquidios y las flores.
Un apéndice membranoso o carnoso formado por la expansión del funículo que cubre parcial o totalmente una semilla, por ejemplo, la capa exterior carnosa del fruto del lichi , o la que se encuentra en los miembros de las Sapindaceae .
Con una arista o punta rígida y parecida a una cerda. Véase también Forma de la hoja .
artículo
Segmento de un tallo articulado o de un fruto con constricciones entre las semillas; parte de un órgano que se separa fácilmente del resto del órgano en una articulación.
articular
Articulado; que se separa libremente, dejando una cicatriz limpia; p. ej. las frondas de ciertos helechos donde se unen al rizoma.
ascendente
1. (de un tallo) Que se extiende horizontalmente, luego se dirige hacia arriba; un tallo ascendente está más o menos postrado cerca de su base, luego erecto.
2. (de un óvulo) Unido algo por encima de la base.
ascidiar
Tiene forma de jarra, como las hojas de las plantas carnívoras, por ejemplo, las especies de Nepenthes y Sarracenia . [21]
2. En las Poaceae , apéndice que termina o se encuentra en el dorso de las glumas o lemas de algunas espiguillas de gramíneas.
3. En las Geraniáceas , la parte del estilo que permanece unida al carpelo que se separa del carpóforo (columna).
4. Elemento del vilano generalmente recto y rígido, que varía de rígido y parecido a una cerda a duro y parecido a una aguja. En Strophanthus , la arista es el pico de la semilla, el estípite de los pelos de la coma.
En las espinas de algunas especies de cactus se encuentran púas , como se muestra aquí, ampliada.
Bayas de Olinia ventosa , incluida una sección transversal que muestra semillas duras en la pulpa.
Las hojas compuestas bifoliadas del árbol mopane, Colophospermum mopane , sugieren el nombre común de "árbol mariposa".
Sección transversal de una silicua de Arabidopsis thaliana , que muestra que es biloculada , formada por dos carpelos, morfológicamente una silicua y no una vaina.
Se desarrollan secuencialmente desde el ápice hacia la base (es decir, con los más jóvenes hacia la base), por ejemplo, las flores en una inflorescencia. También se mueven desde las hojas hasta las raíces, por ejemplo, las señales moleculares en las plantas.
batifilo
Hoja especializada que se produce en la base de una planta, generalmente cuando la planta es inmadura, y que sirve para anclar la planta a un sustrato; especialmente notable en el helecho Teratophyllum . Contraste con acrofila .
pico
Una proyección terminal prominente y puntiaguda, especialmente de un carpelo o fruto.
baya
Un tipo de fruto indehiscente con las semillas inmersas en la pulpa, por ejemplo, un tomate .
bi-
Un prefijo que significa "dos", por ejemplo, bisulcado, que tiene dos surcos o ranuras.
Planta que completa su ciclo de vida (es decir, germina, se reproduce y muere) en dos años o temporadas de crecimiento. Las plantas bienales suelen formar una roseta basal de hojas en el primer año y luego florecen y dan fruto en el segundo año.
bífido
Bifurcado; cortado en dos por aproximadamente la mitad de su longitud. Compárese con trífido .
bifoliado
(de una hoja compuesta) Que tiene exactamente dos folíolos, generalmente en un par simétrico, p. ej., una hoja de Colophospermum mopane . Compárese con la hoja yugada lobulada , p. ej., la mayoría de las especies de Bauhinia .
bifusiform
Fusiforme con una pizca en el medio.
bilabiado
Que tiene dos labios, por ejemplo la forma de los pétalos en muchas flores irregulares.
Utilización de nombres compuestos por dos palabras para formar el nombre científico (o combinación de ellas) en latín. Por ejemplo, cuando la primera es el nombre del género al que pertenece la especie y la segunda es el epíteto específico que se le da a esa especie para distinguirla de otras del mismo género.
Sistema de nomenclatura en el que el nombre científico de una especie (y no el de un taxón de cualquier otro rango) es una combinación de dos nombres, siendo el primero el nombre genérico. El segundo nombre se denomina botánicamente epíteto específico. Nótese que los dos nombres juntos (no solo el segundo nombre) constituyen el nombre de la especie.
Doblemente pinnada; por ejemplo, una hoja compuesta con folíolos individuales pinnados divididos.
bipinnatisecta
Una hoja pinnatisecta con segmentos profundamente disecados.
bisexual
Posee órganos reproductores masculinos y femeninos; por lo general, flores con estambres y carpelos; sinónimo de hermafrodita , sinoico y monoclino . Las flores bisexuales se dan solo en plantas monoicas. Véase también andrógino , monóico y morfología reproductiva de las plantas .
El tronco de un árbol, generalmente la parte que se encuentra debajo de la rama más baja. Compárese con el dosel .
bostricoide
Dispuesto sobre una superficie cónica (como la concha de un caracol); se utiliza para describir inflorescencias en las que los brotes están dispuestos de manera casi helicoidal en el exterior de un raquis cónico largo y ahusado.
Una planta que pierde todas sus hojas sólo brevemente antes de que crezcan otras nuevas, de modo que permanece sin hojas sólo durante un corto periodo de tiempo, por ejemplo, aproximadamente dos semanas.
Un pelo recto y rígido (liso o con dientes diminutos); la parte superior de una arista (cuando esta última está doblada y tiene una parte inferior más gruesa y generalmente retorcida, llamada columna).
broquidódromo
Nervadura pinnada en la que las venas secundarias no terminan en el margen de la hoja, sino que se unen en una sucesión de arcos prominentes .
Brochus
pl. brochi
Ancho de un lumen de un retículo de grano de polen y la mitad del ancho de los muri (paredes) circundantes, de ahí el nombre de heterobrochado y homobrochado , donde los lúmenes son de tamaños diferentes o similares, respectivamente.
El cáudex de Dioscorea elephantipes crece en gran parte por encima de la superficie del suelo. Muchas especies que forman cáudex los desarrollan bajo tierra.
Flores que crecen en una rama de Syzygium moorei , un ejemplo de coliflor.
Algunos miembros del género Espeletia exhiben un hábito de crecimiento caulirosulado .
Moehringia creciendo como casmofita en un acantilado que sobresale
Cloroplastos dentro de las células de las hojas del musgo Bryum capillare
No todos los cloroplastos tienen una forma simple. Los cloroplastos de Spirogyra tienen forma helicoidal dentro de las células tubulares de sus filamentos algales.
Las llamadas "hojas carnosas" de los cactus, como las de esta Opuntia tomentosa , son en realidad cladodios (ramas). Las hojas verdaderas son las espinas que crecen sobre los cladodios, que en este cladodio joven todavía son carnosos.
Colonia de células que forman un cenobio , de un alga del género Pediastrum
La inflorescencia compuesta cónica de Aeonium arboreum es una panícula compuesta formada por panículas menores, algunas de las cuales son compuestas a su vez.
El castaño de Indias de California ( Aesculus californica ) tiene una hoja palmeada compuesta , cuyos folíolos irradian desde un punto central.
Los lóbulos de la corola gamopétala de las flores de Nicotiana son conduplicados en el capullo.
Flor gamopétala de Watsonia abierta entre dos pétalos para mostrar la formación connata del tubo de la corola; compare la unión adnata de las bases de los estambres con los pétalos correspondientes.
Cormos , uno entero en su túnica, uno parcialmente pelado para mostrar los catafilos de la túnica y uno partido para mostrar la estructura interna.
La corona de esta flor de Passiflora es un anillo de filamentos púrpuras entre los pétalos y los estambres.
Cotiledones de plántulas de Koelreuteria . Una planta muestra las primeras hojas nuevas sobre sus cotiledones, y el resto muestra varias etapas más jóvenes de cotiledones emergentes.
Crassula rupestris crece frecuentemente como cremnofita en las paredes de los acantilados del fynbos .
La Euphorbia milii se cultiva comercialmente por la apariencia estética de sus estructuras de colores brillantes y similares a brácteas, llamadas ciatófilas , que se encuentran debajo de la inflorescencia.
2. Crecimiento de tejido indiferenciado formado en respuesta a una herida; puede cultivarse in vitro .
3. En las orquídeas, excrecencias carnosas del labelo que pueden tener diversas formas, desde papilas hasta placas.
4. En las gramíneas, extensión endurecida de la base de un flósculo (formada a partir de la articulación de la raquila y/o la base de la lema), que puede alargarse o no y a menudo está cubierta de pelos o cerdas.
caliciflora
Que tiene pétalos y estambres unidos al cáliz.
calicofila
Estructura parecida a una hoja formada por un lóbulo del cáliz o sépalo que se agranda, generalmente muchas veces, antes o después de la antesis, especialmente cuando la mayoría de los demás sépalos o lóbulos del cáliz conservan su tamaño original. Más extremas que un cáliz acrescente, las calicófilas se encuentran en las rubiáceas . Compárese con semáfila y pterófila .
calcular
Que tiene un epicáliz.
caliculo
1. Una estructura en forma de copa formada por brácteas que se asemeja a un cáliz externo.
2. En algunas Asteraceae , un círculo de brácteas debajo del involucro.
Capa de tejido que proporciona células parcialmente indiferenciadas para el crecimiento de la planta.
en forma de la campana
En forma de campana.
camptódromo
Nervadura pinnada en la que las venas secundarias se curvan hacia los márgenes, volviéndose en algunos casos casi paralelas a ellos y sin reconectarse con otras venas para formar bucles.
campilotropo
Cuando el óvulo está orientado transversalmente (es decir, con su eje en ángulo recto con respecto a su tallo) y con un saco embrionario curvado . Compárese anfítropo , anátropo y ortótropo .
canaliculado
Acanalado; que tiene una ranura longitudinal.
grisáceo
De color cercano al blanco, como una hoja cubierta de pelusa o lana blanca.
Conjunto denso de flores o floretes sésiles o subsésiles, por ejemplo, una cabezuela de flores en la familia de las margaritas Asteraceae . Véase pseudanthium .
Fruto seco formado por dos o más carpelos unidos y que se dehisce cuando madura (generalmente partiéndose en pedazos o abriéndose en el ápice por dientes o poros).
carduoide
En Asteraceae , que tiene un estilo con un anillo de pelos extensos que nacen en el eje del estilo debajo de las ramas del estilo.
Carina
Ver quilla .
canal carinal
Cavidad longitudinal en los tallos de Equisetum y Equisetopsida extintos , coincidente con una cresta en la superficie del tallo.
carnoso
De color carne, especialmente cuando se aplica a algunas flores.
carnoso, carnoso
De textura carnosa o pulposa, especialmente cuando se aplica a algunos tejidos u órganos. Contrasta con coriáceo y córneo .
Órgano reproductor femenino básico de las angiospermas, que consta de un único esporofilo o de un único lóculo de un ovario compuesto, con un estilo y un estigma. El gineceo es el término colectivo que designa a todos los carpelos de una misma flor.
carpelar
En referencia a los carpelos o a las estructuras asociadas o a los crecimientos de los carpelos, por ejemplo, los estaminodios unidos a los carpelos en Nymphaeaceae, se hacía referencia con frecuencia a los " accesorios carpelares ". El uso actual y pasado de los términos "accesorios carpelares", paracarpelos y estaminodios es confuso y varía entre los autores.
carpopodio
En los aquenios (Cypselae), una elongación de la base del gineceo que se ve claramente; la zona de abscisión, donde el aquenio se separa del receptáculo.
2. Género Carpopodium de la familia Brassicaceae ; no debe confundirse con Caropodium .
Fruto seco, indehiscente y de una sola semilla, en el que la cubierta de la semilla está estrechamente fusionada a la pared del fruto, por ejemplo, en la mayoría de las gramíneas.
Una banda continua de suberina en las paredes celulares primarias radiales de la endodermis en los tallos y raíces de las plantas vasculares que forma una barrera de permeabilidad a la difusión pasiva de agua externa y solutos hacia el tejido vascular.
Casideo
En forma de capucha, casco o bonete; generalmente se refiere a la anatomía floral, por ejemplo en las flores de Aconitum , Satyrium , etc.
Planta exótica que aparece sin ayuda humana aparente pero que no desarrolla una población sostenida o que persiste solo gracias a nuevas introducciones repetidas. Compárese con alien .
Cualquier estructura vegetal que morfológicamente es una hoja pero que tiene como máximo una función fotosintética incidental o transitoria. Se desprenden cuando han cumplido su función principal o se incorporan a estructuras donde, cuando mueren, cumplen una función protectora o de sostén.
En forma de cadena; formado por partes o células conectadas como si estuvieran encadenadas, p. ej., algunas diatomeas , algas y cianobacterias como Anabaena . Véase también concatenar .
Espiga, generalmente péndula, en la que las flores, en su mayoría pequeñas, son unisexuales y sin perianto llamativo, por ejemplo, en los sauces , álamos , robles y casuarinas . Las flores individuales suelen tener brácteas escamosas y generalmente son polinizadas por el viento. Los amentos suelen desprenderse como una unidad.
con la cola
Que tiene un apéndice o punta estrecha, similar a una cola, por ejemplo, una punta de goteo. Contrasta con acuminado , cuspidado y mucronado .
Tallo de una planta, especialmente de una leñosa; también se utiliza para referirse a un portainjerto o, en particular, a una estructura de tallo basal u órgano de almacenamiento del que surge un nuevo crecimiento. Compárese con lignotuber .
Que tiene flores o frutos que crecen directamente de las ramas o del tronco de un árbol. [27]
caulina
Que nace en un tallo aéreo o caulis, como las hojas, las flores o los frutos (cuando se aplica a los dos últimos órganos, generalmente se refiere a tallos más viejos).
caulirosulado
Nace en el extremo del tallo o caulis, al igual que las hojas o brácteas.
1. La unidad microscópica básica de la estructura de la planta, que generalmente consiste en compartimentos en un fluido viscoso rodeado por una pared celular.
2. Cavidad de una antera o de un ovario.
cenanto
(de un perianto) Que carece de estambres y pistilo, es decir, una flor sin androceo ni gineceo.
Centrifugado
De un órgano de dos ramas unido por su centro, por ejemplo un cabello o una antera.
ceraceo
Que tiene apariencia, color o textura cerosa, por ejemplo, las flores de muchas especies de Ceropegia y el fruto ceroso de algunas especies de Myrica .
cernuoso
Cabecear, caer de cabeza o boca abajo; inclinarse, encorvarse o inclinarse hacia adelante. Se aplica a muchas especies con un hábito de cabecear o encorvarse, como muchas especies de Narcissus y Dierama . Muchas especies de plantas llevan el epíteto específico " cernua ".
Un individuo compuesto de dos o más tejidos genéticamente distintos, más comúnmente como resultado de un injerto y a veces por mutaciones que ocurren durante la división celular o transferencias celulares durante el desarrollo de la semilla.
Una falta anormal o palidez de color en un órgano normalmente verde.
cilios
sing. cilio ; adj. ciliado
Pelos muy pequeños o protuberancias similares a pelos más o menos confinadas a los márgenes de un órgano, como las pestañas; en las células móviles, protuberancias diminutas similares a pelos que ayudan a la motilidad .
gris
De color ceniza, grisáceo, generalmente debido a una cubierta de pelos cortos; algo más oscuro que canescente.
circinado
Enrollado en espiral con la punta más interna, por ejemplo, vernación circinada de las frondas en desarrollo de la mayoría de los helechos.
cirrosis
(de una hoja) Que termina en un zarcillo en el ápice.
Una sola célula con múltiples núcleos , formada cuando la división nuclear no fue seguida por citocinesis .
coleoptilo
Un tipo de vaina en la estructura de las semillas monocotiledóneas. El coleoptilo es una vaina o tapa protectora (píleo), generalmente más o menos puntiaguda, que cubre la plúmula monocotiledónea cuando emerge del suelo. Generalmente se vuelve verde y contribuye a la fotosíntesis hasta que su función es reemplazada por el crecimiento principal de la plántula. Contrasta esto con la coleorriza, que permanece bajo tierra hasta que es reemplazada cuando emergen las raíces.
coleorriza
One type of sheath in the structure of monocotyledonous seeds. The coleorhiza connects the coleoptile to the radicle and protects the monocotyledonous radicle during germination. Unlike the coleoptile, the coleorhiza is associated with the root and does not emerge from the soil during germination. Contrast coleoptile.
A specialized tissue consisting of living cells with unevenly thickened cellulose and pectin cell walls that performs a support function in organs such as leaves and young stems that are composed of primary plant tissues.
A multicellular, glandular hair that usually produces a mucilaginous substance and is located on sepals, stipules, or petioles, or on nearby parts of stems; commonly found on plants in the order Gentianales.
A name often of no botanical standing and not governed by the ICNCP. The term generally applies to names such as Trademark Names, names covered by Plant Breeders Rights, Patents and Promotional Names, which are often used to enhance the sale of a plant.
An ecological assemblage of plants that characteristically occur together.
compound
Composed of several parts, e.g. a leaf composed of multiple leaflets, a gynoecium composed of multiple carpels, or an inflorescence made up of multiple smaller inflorescences.
compound palmate
Having leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), like spread-out fingers radiating from the palm of a hand. Compare palmate.
compressed
Flattened lengthwise, either laterally (from side to side) or dorsally (from front to back).
concatenate
Joined together in a chain-like form. See also concatenate and catenate.
concolorous
Having the same color throughout; uniformly colored.
Arranged such that two sides of a flat surface are folded along the midline to face each other. See also ptyxis, aestivation, and vernation.
cone
A type of fruit, usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales, bracts, or bracteoles arranged around a central axis, e.g. in gymnosperms, especially conifers and Casuarina.
conflorescence
A rarely used term describing substantial differences between the overall structure of an inflorescence and that of its individual branches, e.g. the bottlebrush multiple-flower head of members of the genus Callistemon.
(of sepals or petals) A type of imbricate aestivation in which one side of each segment overlaps one of the adjacent segments and the other side is overlapped by the other adjacent segment. See convolute.
1. Referring to the arrangement of floral or foliar organs in a bud when each organ or segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent organ or segment; a form of imbricate arrangement. See contort.
2. (of leaves) A type of vernation in which one leaf is rolled up inside another.
3. A type of vernation of two leaves at a node, in which one half of each leaf is exposed and the other half is wrapped inside the other leaf.
Heart-shaped, with the notch lowermost; of the base of a leaf, like the notched part of a heart. Contrast obcordate.
coriaceous
Leathery; stiff and tough, but flexible. Compare corneous.
corm
adj.cormose, cormous
A fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground and functioning in the storage of food reserves, with buds naked or covered by very thin scales; a type of rootstock.
1. In flowering plants, a ring of structures that may be united in a tube, arising from the corolla or perianth of a flower and standing between the perianth lobes and the stamens. The trumpet of a daffodil is a corona.
2. In grasses, a hardened ring of tissue surmounting the lemma in some species.
Any of the "lower plants" which produce spores and do not have stamens, ovaries, or seeds; literally, plants whose sexual reproductive organs are not conspicuous. This group typically includes the ferns, bryophytes, and algae, and sometimes fungi (including lichenized fungi). Compare phanerogam.
cucullate
Hood-like or hooded, commonly referring to the shape of leaves or petals, e.g. Pelargonium cucullatum. Similarly derived terms include cuculliform and cuccularis.
culm
In grasses, sedges, rushes, and some other monocotyledons, an aerial stem bearing the inflorescence, extending strictly from the base of the plant to the lowest involucral bract (or base of the inflorescence).
A term derived from "cultivated variety" denoting an assemblage of cultivated plants clearly distinguished by one or more characters (morphological, physiological, cytological, chemical, or other). When reproduced (either sexually or asexually), the assemblage retains its distinguishing characters. A cultivar may arise in cultivation or be introduced from the wild. It is a variant that is of horticultural interest or value. Cultivar names are written with single quotation marks around them, e.g. 'Blue Carpet' or 'Alba'. All new names established after 1 January 1959 must be in common language (that is, not in Latin), but names established in Latin prior to this date are retained in Latin form.
cultivar epithet
The defining part of a name that denominates a cultivar. Cultivars are designated by fancy (q.v.) epithets appended either to the scientific name or to the common name of the taxon to which they belong; they are not italicized but placed in single quotation marks, e.g. Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'. 'Merton Early' is the cultivar epithet.
cuneate
Wedge-shaped, with straight sides converging at a base.
An inflorescence of unisexual flowers surrounded by involucral bracts, especially the flowers of Euphorbia.
cyathophyll
In Euphorbia, the bract-like structure on which the involucre sits, usually but not always occurring in twos. They may sometimes be brightly colored and confused with petals.
cylindrical
Rod-like and two to three times as long as wide. Compare baculiform.
cynaroid
See carduoid.
cyme
adj.cymose
A type of inflorescence in which the main axis and all lateral branches end in a flower (each lateral may be repeatedly branched).
Dehiscing and falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals. Contrast persistent.
declinate
Curving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant.
decompound
Divided to more than one level, e.g. in bipinnate leaves, in which the leaflets of what would otherwise be a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnately divided.
decorticate
1. (intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle.
2. (tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested Agave leaves.
decumbent
Having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends.
Extending downward beyond the point of insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the stem in a raised line or narrow wing.
decussant
A synonym of decussate; the usage decussant is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is decussate.
decussate
Opposite with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves.
definite
Of a constant number, e.g. twice as many stamens as petals or sepals (or less), or an inflorescence ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, typically a cymose inflorescence. Contrast indefinite.
Breaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of fruits to release seeds, of anthers to release pollen, and of sporangia to release spores. Contrast indehiscent.
Any reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a seed, or other parts such as specialized buds, branches, inflorescences, or fruits.
A cymose inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in regular opposite pairs. Compare monochasium and pleiochasium.
dichlamydeous
Having a perianth which is divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Compare homochlamydeous.
dichotomous
Forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in Aloidendron dichotomum, but also to other organs, such as the venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of Carissa (which morphologically are branches), and the thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi.
With segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also palmate and palmatisect. See also Leaf shape.
digitiform
Shaped like a finger.
dimorphic
Occurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of stamens, fronds, or leaves. See also monomorphic (having a single form) and polymorphic (having many forms).
(of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoecious.
(of a bryophyte gametophyte) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoicous.
Having two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a sporophyte cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental gametes. This is often expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the number of chromosomes in the haploid gamete.
Having stamens arranged in two whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the petals while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare obdiplostemonous and haplostemonous.
disc
Also spelled disk.
A plate or ring of structures derived from the receptacle, and occurring between whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called disk flowers or florets.
discoid
Resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets.
discolorous
(of leaves) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors.
Occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them.
disk floret
A floret occurring most typically in the disk of the capitulum of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as Scabiosa.
dissected
Deeply divided; cut into many segments.
dissepiment
A partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the loculi of capsules or of other fruits with multiple partitions.
The condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the style and stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare heterostyly.
A taxonomic rank below kingdom in the standard taxonomic hierarchy. "Division" is generally used only for plants, and is the approximate botanical equivalent of the term phylum, which is used for animals and other kingdoms.
From Latin dorsum, a ridge or the back of an animal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "dorsal" refers to "the rear or back or upper surface", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:
facing away from the axis (abaxial) in a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing away from the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the upper surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (adaxial) or the upper part of the crown of the plant
facing away from the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant or floating leaves such as those of Nymphaea.
Derived or related terms include dorsad, "toward the dorsal", and dorsum, "the dorsal part of the organ or organism as a unit". Related anatomical terms of location include ventral, lateral.
dorsifixed
Attached at or by the back, e.g. anthers on a filament.
A long, narrow, acuminate, caudate, or cuspidate extension at the tip of a leaf or leaflet. Commonly an adaptation to rainy conditions, as it promotes shedding of water by its dripping from the narrow tip. The term drip tip is not anatomically descriptive in the way that acuminate or cuspidate are, for example; rather, it is a description of the functional shape that aids dripping, regardless of the specific geometry of the shape itself.
A type of succulent fruit formed from one carpel; the single seed is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall, e.g. in peaches and olives. Also called a kernel.
A small drupe formed from one of the carpels in an apocarpous flower. Drupelets usually form a compound fruit, as in Rubus, but they may become widely separated, as in Ochna.
A globular mass of calcium oxalate crystals, usually with the crystals radiating from an organic core.
E
Plants of the genus Corydalis bear seeds with attached elaiosomes, which have various functions, commonly attracting ants. On some Corydalis species, elaiosomes that attract ants also repel mice.[32]
Ficus lyrata is an example of a doubly-emarginate leaf with lateral and apical emargination; it also might be seen as a basally emarginate.
Petals of Heracleum sphondylium are variously emarginate at their tips. Flowers in the middle of the inflorescence have slightly emarginate petals, whereas flowers at the periphery are so deeply emarginate as to be almost cleft in two.
The pale embryo emerging from the upper surface of the sprouting date seed is tiny in comparison to the endosperm, its main food supply, which comprises almost all of the rest of the seed.
An external structure attached to the seed of many species of plants. Elaiosomes generally look fleshy and in some species they are rich in oils or other nutritious materials. Their functions vary and are not always obvious; commonly they attract ants or other animals that aid in dispersal, but they may also repel other animals from eating the seed.[32]
elephophily
A form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in Rafflesia arnoldii.
Typically in reference to leaf margins: notched or recessed at some part of the edge, such as the apex; the recess usually is broad and shallow. The location of a leaf's emargination(s) might be one or more of apical, lateral or basal
The young plant contained by a seed prior to germination.
emergent
A plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, among aquatic plant species, one that bears flowers and commonly leaves above the surface of the water. Aquatic examples include water lilies, reeds, and papyrus. Some pondweeds such as Stuckenia are not emergent until they flower, at which time only their flowers appear above the water surface.
The innermost layer of the cortex of vascular plant roots, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip.
1. (angiosperms) A nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of the seed, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg.
2. (gymnosperms) The prothallus within the embryo sac.
endospory
The production of spores that germinate into a reduced multicellular gametophyte contained within the spore wall. Contrast exospory.
A form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by insects.
epecophyte
Species of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as meadows and ruderal vegetation and are dependent on humans for existence.[34]
Borne on the ovary; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall. Compare hypogynous and perigynous.
epilithic
Growing on stone. Compare lithophytic, a plant growing on stone.
epipetalous
Of stamens that are attached to the petals.
epipetric
Growing on rock or stone, lithophytic, epilithic.
epiphloedal
Growing on the surface of bark. Contrast endophloedal (growing inside, not on, the bark) and epilithic (growing on rock, not bark).
The adjectival component in a binomial scientific name, usually more specifically called a specific epithet; the final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon. The simplest and commonest example is the second word in a two-word name of a species, such as "mirabilis" in Welwitschia mirabilis.
epizoochory
A type of seed dispersal that occurs when seeds or fruits physically adhere to the outside of vertebrate animal bodies.
epruinose
Not pruinose.
equitant
(of a leaf) Folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf.
erect
Upright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare patent (spreading) and erecto-patent, between erect and patent.
In nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany).
exalbuminous
In seeds of a given species, having no endosperm, i.e. no albumen, e.g. in Fabaceae and Combretaceae.
In the wild, the leaves of Fenestraria commonly are covered in soil, except for the transparent fenestration; this permits photosynthesis while reducing damage from exposure to intrense sunlight and herbivores.
Digitalis ferruginea owes its specific name to its ferruginous (rust-colored) flowers.
A plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids; may also refer to self-pollination in a population of F1 hybrids.
A cluster of flowers, leaves, needles, vascular tissue, etc., e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node.
fasciculate
Branching in clusters, e.g. a bundle of sticks or needles; having fascicles.
fastigiate
1. In Plant morphology, the habit of a plant that consists in part, of a bundle of erect, more or less parallel branches or stems, particularly if they form or taper to a peak or point. (Latin fastigiatus,meaning "having a peak".
2. In palynology, the form of a pollen grain that has a fastigium, a pointed apex over a hollow between the layers of the pollen outer wall.
faucal
Pertaining to the fauces; located in the throat of a calyx or corolla.
fauces
The throat of a calyx or corolla; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the apex of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages.
Having translucent or transparent areas that let light through; this variously affects the behavior of animal visitors or permits photosynthesis in many arid-region plants that grow only to the soil surface. Also refers loosely to perforations, for which perforate is the more precise term.
2. Any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure.
fiber cell
A type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma; it is much elongated, and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified but is sometimes gelatinous.
1. All the plants growing in a certain region or country.
2. An enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Victoria, Flora of New South Wales, and so on). In this case, flora is written with a capital F.
floral envelope
See perianth.
floral leaves
The upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches.
A description of flower structure using numbers, letters, and various symbols.
floral tube
An imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of hypanthium, corolla tube, or calyx tube.
floret
A small flower, usually referring to the individual true flowers clustered within an inflorescence, particularly those of the Poaceae grasses and the pseudanthia of family Asteraceae.
Vegetation dominated by trees with single trunks, including closely arranged trees with or without an understory of shrubs and herbs.
forma (in common usage, form)
A taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below variety (varietas), and usually differentiated by a minor character.
foveolate
Having regular tiny pits. Compare faveolate.
free
Not united with other organs of the same type; not attached at one end.
free central
(of placentation) Ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a unilocular ovary.
Specialized structures on the gametophytes of some bryophyte species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores.
The haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules.
gamopetalous
with joined or fused petals
gamophyllous
a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare symphyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous.
A group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy.
Describing the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a wooly or arachnoid surface, but properly referring to pruinose surfaces, meaning those with a waxy bloom. The surfaces of the young leaves of many eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some xerophytes.
bracts subtending the floret(s) of a sedge, or similar plant; in grasses forming the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).
A taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica) or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. + Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
A formal category equivalent to or below the rank of genus which distinguishes
an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid;
plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin; or,
a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.
A seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Compare angiosperm.
The collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the carpels of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast androecium. Abbreviation: G. For instance, G indicates a superior ovary; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels.
Heteroblastic growth is common in Eucalyptus species with leaves that are isobilateral in the mature tree; they generally start life with dorsiventral leaves. Some of these saplings are in the transient stage in which they have both forms of leaves, dorsiventral on lower branches, and isobilateral above.
The hilum contrasts conspicuously with the rest of the testa in the seeds of many species. In the case of Erythrina species, the colors may be a warning that the seeds are poisonous.
Flowers, fruit and propagule of a Rhizophora "mangle" or mangrove. The apparent root of the propagule is in fact meristematic tissue developing from the hypocotyl. The new plant develops largely from this tissue, especially if it has successfully penetrated into mud in which the new plant can establish itself.
Having one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the gametophyte, the nucleus of a gamete, and the spores. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare diploid, triploid, and tetraploid.
Having a single series of stamens equal in number to the proper number of petals, and alternating with them. Compare diplostemonous and obdiplostemonous.
Triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare sagittate, which refers to basal lobes pointing backward.
A plant that has been transported voluntarily or involuntarily by humans in a territory which it could not have colonized by its own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly.[34]
hemi-legume
A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in Acacia tenuifolia and Peltogyne paniculata.
herb
Any vascular plant that does not develop a woody stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a daffodil.
A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored.
A form of berry that occurs most familiarly in the genus Citrus. The fruit tends to be large for a berry, ranging from not much more than a centimeter in small fruited genera such as Murraya, to 15cm or more in some varieties of Citrus. The outer rind typically is thick and tough with many oil glands, while the carpels within are packed with juicy fibers.
Having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages.
heterophyllous
Having more than one leaf type on the same plant. For example, leaves adapted to the open air and leaves adapted to being under water in Ranunculus aquatilis.[39]
heterophylly
A plant which is heterophyllous.[40]
heteromorphic
Having two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare isomorphic.
The condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. See distyly.
Having a perianth which is not divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Contrast dichlamydeous.
homospory
The production of spores of only one size by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare heterospory.
hort.
(never capitalized)
Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways: 1. as a name misapplied by gardeners
2. as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.
husk
Protective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut, or the spiky covering of the chestnut.
Plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).
hybrid formula
The names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans.
Tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected (adnate) to the ovary.
hyper-resupinate
In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position but are borne on a petiole or pedicel that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare resupinate.
hypocarpium
Enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit from the receptacle or hypanthium.
Of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the cotyledon and node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.
hypocrateriform
Salver-shaped. Synonym of salverform. From Greek kratḗrion: a vessel.
The intramarginal veins near the margins of this leaf are outlined in white.
Two of these three green Asteraceaeinvolucres encase unopened flower heads, and the third supports the open colorful head of emerging flowers. The imbricate phyllaries around the heads of this Malacothrix coulteri suggest the keeled scales of a snake, giving the plant its common name: "snake's head".
This Begonia leaf shows unusual iridescence for a plant.
A name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'.
From the Latin for "tiled". Overlapping each other; of perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales. Compare with subimbricates meaning lightly overlapping
The production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.
Of unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure.
incised
Cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).
included
Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. stamens within the corolla.
incomplete flower
A flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens.
incurved
Bent or curved inward; of leaf margins, when curved toward the adaxial side.
ined.
An abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.
indefinite
variable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term indeterminate, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare numerous. Contrast definite.
usually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or meristem that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast determinate.
Native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native' but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare endemic.
a meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ
interjugary glands
in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf rachis between the pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare jugary.
internode
The portion of a stem between two nodes.
interpetiolar
(of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.
intramarginal
inside but close to the margin. For example, an intramarginal vein is one that parallels, and is very close to, the leaf margin.
intrastaminal
inside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.
A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups.
involute
Rolled inward, for example when the margins of a leaf are rolled toward the adaxial (usually upper) surface. Compare revolute.
associated with a jugum or something yoke-like; see for example jugary gland.
jugary gland
A gland occurring on the rachis of a pinnate or bipinnate leaf on a jugum, the junction or attachment of pairs of pinnae or pinnules, as in some Acacia species. Compare interjugary.
Unusually dense stand of cypress knees around the parent tree
keel
adj.keeled
A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae.
kernel
See drupe.
kettle trap
another term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey.
the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the clade Viridiplantae.
Klausenfrucht
Klausen or Klausenfrucht (german) is a special type of fruits in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into 1-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel, mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlets.
knee
abrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a node; a cypress knee, or pneumatophore, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially conifers such as some of the Taxodioideae, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level.
Most Euphorbias are laticiferous and instantly exude latex when even mildly punctured.
A leaf scar on Juglans regia, showing the layer of corky protective tissue that remained after the leaf separated along the abscission zone. It also shows the leaf traces of the vascular bundles that broke off when the abscission zone failed. The axillary bud associated with the leaf shows just above the scar.
The dark horizontal lines on silver birch bark are lenticels.
Of lobes – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of margins – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.
lacuna
An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.
longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).
lanuginose
covered in long hairs that cross and/or interweave with each other. More commonly the term lanate is used.[42]
lateral
attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see dorsal.
Typically lenticular (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.
A pod-like indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open.
longicidal
(of anthers) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare poricidal.
A growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.
Any shrub or small tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.
Edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals.
the larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female gametophytes. Compare microsporangium.
one segment of a fruit (a schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.
Moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.
The smaller of two kinds of sporangium produced by a heterosporous plant, producing microspores that contain the male gametophyte. Compare megasporangium.
The smaller of two kinds of cones or strobilus produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen. Compare megastrobilus.
midrib
Also midvein.
The central and usually most prominent vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
midvein
See midrib.
monad
A single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from tetrads or polyads.
(of vascular plants) Hermaphroditic, with all flowers bisexual, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has unisexual flowers of both sexes. Contrast dioecious.
(of bryophyte gametophytes) Hermaphroditic or bisexual, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast dioicous.
Of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare revision.
A cluster of fruits produced from more than one flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare aggregate fruit.
In times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce "double" flowers, a novel color, or a habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acidmolecules that encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or chloroplasts). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes.
The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.
A name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).
nomen invalidum
A name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: nom. inval. See valid publication.
The naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.
Of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.
The tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of epidermal origin.
numerous
Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare indefinite.
nut
A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit containing only one seed.
Ovate leaflets on a ternate leaf of a Vigna species
ob-
A prefix meaning "inversely"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See obcordate, oblanceolate and obovate.
Having stamens arranged in two whorls, and having twice as many stamens as petals, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare diplostemonous and haplostemonous.
Loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).
P
The thick trunk of Brachychiton rupestris accumulates moisture as a means of survival of droughts, and presents a marked example of a pachycaul habit.
This Curio articulatus is pachycladous in that it has a disproportionately thick stem.
A maple (Acer platanoides) leaf has palmate venation, as its veins radiate out from a central point, like fingers from the palm of a hand.
The perigonium of a moss (red in this case), also called a splash-cup, surrounds the antheridia and aids in dispersal of sperm.
Liquidambar styraciflua bud emerging from its protective brown imbricate cataphyll scales, also known as perules
Pelargonium lobatum inflorescence, with showy petals projecting from inconspicuous protective sepals
Petiolary glands on the petiole of a cherry leaf
Rock-splitting roots of the petricolous large-leaved rock fig, Ficus abutilifolia
The phaneranthous habit of the red flowering gum, Corymbia ficifolia, can attract pollinators such as the honey eater, Anthochaera chrysoptera, from a considerable distance.
Seedlings of Acacia fasciculifera bear leaves that illustrate the ancestral function of their phyllodes as petioles.
Pileus of the fruiting body of the fungus Pluteus admirabilis
Longitudinal section of maize kernel (scale=1.4 mm): A=pericarp,B=aleurone,C=stalk,D=endosperm,E=coleorhiza,F=radicle,G=hypocotyl,H=plumule,I=scutellum,J=coleoptile
Pneumatophores on a species of mangrove
The sharp projections on the trunk of the knobthorn, Senegalia nigrescens, are prickles rather than thorns, botanically speaking.
Procumbent growth habit of Sagina procumbens, growing mainly along the soil surface, but without rooting
Carpobrotus and other prostrate plants growing on sand in Sicily, striking root and binding the soil as they grow
Floral stages of the protandrous species: Geranium incanum. The flower at first has intensely colored petals, and both androecium and gynoecium. After a day or so in bloom, it sheds the stamens and the color of the petals becomes somewhat paler.
In daisy florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla (representing the reduced calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.
paracarpel
Ill-defined term, variously interpreted and applied to: organs attached to carpels; staminodes close to the gynoecium; and to a pistillode in a staminate flower
paraperigonium
Also paraperigone.
An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifyingvasculature. See also perigonium, perianth, and corona.[44]
An organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare saprophyte and epiphyte.
Having a terminal lobe or leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.
In five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and tetramerous.
pepo
A type of berry formed from an inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a cucumber, pumpkin or watermelon).
With its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and bracts.
perforate
With many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also fenestrate.
perforation plate
in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a pit.
The collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: P; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals.
Borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare epigynous and hypogynous.
persistent
Remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare deciduous and caducous.
perule
adj.perulate
1. The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as "naked".
2. In Camellias the final bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.
3. A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral sepals in certain orchids.
In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously colored. Compare sepal, tepal.
Process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing chloroplasts. All plants, except certain parasites, can perform photosynthesis.
A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare cladode.
phyllopodium
(in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the frond is borne and which remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has been shed.
phylloplane
the surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms.
A compound leaf with leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or axis; also applied to how the lateral veins are arranged in relation to the main vein.
a flower containing one or more pistils but no fertile stamens. Sometimes called a female flower. Contrast with staminate flower
pistillode
A sterile or rudimentary pistil such as may appear in a staminate flower.
pit
In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.
pith
The central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
These rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Compare UPOV.
Pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Kumara plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate.
-plinerved
(of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example Dissotis.
plumose
Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.
A vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on mangrove roots, but some versions occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae.
pod
1. A legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single carpel, splitting along two sutures.
2. A siliqua and silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition.
In four genera of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae (Acmopyle, Dacrycarpus, Falcatifolium, and Podocarpus), a group of fleshy fused bracts beneath the female cone, often brightly-colored, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above and attract fruit-eating animals.[45]
Having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous.
with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of haploid sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.
polystemonous
having numerous stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.
pome
A fruit that has developed partly from the ovary wall but mostly from the hypanthium (e.g. an apple).
A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare thorn.
primary vein
The single vein or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In pinnate venation, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.
In part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.
Having female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. Compare protandrous.
proximal
Near the point of origin or attachment. Compare distal.
A type of inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or capitulum.
A prefix meaning "false, not genuine", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, but not an actual bulb.
pseudobasifixed
(of an anther) Connected to the filament of the stamen by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also basifixed and dorsifixed.
pseudostipule
An enlarged, persistent axillary bud scale that resembles a stipule; common in Bignoniaceae.
pseudoverticillate
Having the appearance of being whorled (verticillate), without actually being so.
a swelling at either end of a petiole of a leaf or petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement.
punctate
(from Latin puncta= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows.
The stone of a drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened endocarp.
pyriform
Pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the distal third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the proximal end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches.
An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare spike. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme.
The axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary rachis is the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost pedicel attachment.
radial
With structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus).
radiate
(of daisies, of a capitulum) With ray floret surrounding disc florets.
the axis of a flower, in other words, floral axis; torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted.
recumbent
bent back toward or below the horizontal.
recurved
bent or curved backward or downward.
reduplicate
folded outward, or with the two abaxial surfaces together.
Describing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the petiole or pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: hyper-resupinate.
reticulate
forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. veins that join one another at more than one point.
Having a blunt (obtuse) and slightly notched apex.
revision
an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare monograph.
revolute
rolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare involute.
a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.
when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.
rostellate
possessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of rostrate.
a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also weed.
rudiment
In the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare cataphyll and vestige.
rudimentary
Being of the nature of a rudiment; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare vestigial.
rugose
Wrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage.
Trametes versicolor, the turkey tail fungus, is a saprotroph that consumes dead wood in forests. Its common name comes from the conspicuously patterned brackets, but the main body of the saprotroph consists of the largely invisible mycelium that penetrates the dead wood and digests it.
Strawberry plants reproduce mainly by sarments, stolons such as these, often called runners; at their nodes the sarments put up tufts of leaves and strike root if there is any good soil beneath.
Micrograph of the scabrid undersurface of the leaf of Stipa pulcherrima.
Amaryllis belladonna in flower, an example of a leafless scape emerging directly from the underground bulb before the seasonal leaves
Involucral bracts of Syncarpha species are as scarious as tissue paper, but look like live petals for years, so they are known as "Everlastings" and valued for dried arrangements.
Isolated sclereid or stone cell in plant tissue
Sclereids in gritty particles of pear tissue
Sepals on Geranium thunbergii, five separated behind the petals of an open flower, and a connected set enclosing an unopened bud
Sericeous leaves of Podalyria sericea, the silver sweet pea bush
The fruits of Lepidium bonariense are silicles, green and circular, with a notch at the apex.
Sori under the leaf of the fern Rumohra adiantiformis. Some are still covered by their indusia.
Spadix of Amorphophallus maximus within its spathe. The female flowers are around the bottom of the spadix, the male flowers above, and the sterile top part is the major source of pollinator attractants.
Manilkara hexandra flowers have both stamens with anthers and staminodes that have no anthers.
Subulate leaves are narrow with an elongated, tapering tip, as seen on this species of Aloe.
The large, succulent, acaulescent, linear, cuspidate mottled leaves of a Gasteria species and the small, succulent, cordate leaves of a Crassula species contrast with the linear, herbaceous leaves of a Hypoxis species.
Shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare hastate.
salverform
Shaped like a salver - Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb
A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking chlorophyll. Compare parasite, saprotroph, and epiphyte.
The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.
secund
Having all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).
A ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants).
Rounded on one side but flat on the other. See also terete.
senecioid
See anthemoid.
sensitive
A descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example.
In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare petal, tepal.
The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between section and species. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in "Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules".
serrate
Toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.
Attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a petiole or a stigma, when the style is absent.
seta
pl. setae; adj.setose, setaceous
A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the sporophyte). A terminal seta is an appendage to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary rachis of a bipinnate leaf in Acacia.
A dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a silicula, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a 'false' septum.
The science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.
simple
Undivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be entire, toothed or lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.
sinuate
Having deep, wave-like depressions along the margins, but more or less flat. Compare undulate.
A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often succulent axis. Particularly typical of the family Araceae
A group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration.
Follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species, i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.
speirochoric
Unintentional introduction by seeds.[48] Compare agochoric.
A subunit of a spike inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated bracts or glumes.
A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule; includes thorns.
A cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in cryptogams such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores.[49]
A naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.
spreading
Extending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs.
spur
1. a short shoot.
2. a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a perianth segment, often containing nectar.
squamule
pl.squamules, squamulae; adj.squamulose
Small scales.
squamulose
Covered with small scales (squamules).
squarrose
Having tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.
s.t.
An abbreviation for "sometimes". Compare usu. and oft..
Generally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The stalk of a frond of a fern; the stalk supporting the pileus of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a gynaecium or a carpel
stipella
Also stipel; pl.stipellae
One of two small secondary stipules at the base of leaflets in some species.
A cone-like structure consisting of sporophylls (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an axis.
The elongated apex of a free carpel which functions like the style of a syncarpous ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its stigma to enter the locule of only that carpel.
subacute
Having a tapered but not sharply pointed form; moderately acute. See also acute.
A category of supplementary taxa intermediate between genus and section. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. Primula subgenus Primula.
subglobose
Inflated, but less than spherical. See also globose.
suborbicular
Nearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also orbicular.
subpetiolate
(of a leaf) Having an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile.
A taxonomic category within a species, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and variety.
A shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.
An ovary borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium. Compare inferior ovary and half-inferior ovary.
suspended
Of an ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare pendulous.
A mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum. Compare monopodial.
Capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. zygomorphic) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. regular or actinomorphic). Compare irregular and asymmetrical.
A fused aggregate of sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum.
synanthous
A type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also hysteranthous and proteranthous.
synaptospermy
The dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum.
One of the usually two synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.
In non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.
trichotomous
3-forked or branched into three. Compare dichotomous.
trifid
Split into three parts. See also bifid.
trifoliate
A compound leaf of three leaflets; for example, a clover leaf.
The second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare specific epithet.
trophophyll
A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll whose primary function is photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare sporophyll.
Any of many types of specialized vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem nodes, forming a seasonal perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called tuberoid. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes.
A dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare sward.
two-ranked
Having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See distichous.
type
An item (usually an herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.
Cross sections of Brazil nut seeds, showing the tegmen and testa
Tendrils of Cucurbita pepo, some supporting the stem on the frame, some failing to find a point of attachment
Nerine bowdenii, showing the lack of visible sepals, and the inferior ovaries. The sepals are incorporated into the corolla as tepals.
Terete raceme of Kniphofia shown together with a cross section of a peduncle. A: Inflorescence;B: Terete peduncle;C: Cross section of a terete peduncle
Gymnosporia buxifolia has true thorns, that is, modified branches. In some species such branches are complete with buds and leaves.
Sweet potatotubers exposed, showing them to be root tubers. Morphologically, they differ from stem tubers of potatoes, for example, in that root tubers do not have nodes that bear buds. The root tubers of some species of plants, however, can produce adventitious buds for vegetative reproduction.
Corms of Crocosmia bear typical tunics formed of cataphylls growing from the nodes of the corm. The illustration shows still-living cataphylls as white tissue, whereas the functional, hard, resistant tunic is brown.
Turbinate (spinning top-shaped) roots of sugar beet
Haworthia lockwoodii, with its leaves turgid and green after seasonal rains, store water against the coming dry period.
A racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A cymose umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.
umbo
A rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the scale of a cone.
umbonate
Having an umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine cone.
Shaped like an urn or pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera Sarracenia and Nepenthes.
usu.
An abbreviation of usually. Compare s.t. and oft..
utricle
1. A small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac from the ovary wall, thin pericarp, becomes more or less bladdery or inflated at maturity enclosing an ovary or fruit.
2. In sedges, a fruit in which the fruit is loosely encloses from a modified tubular bract, see perigynium.
V
vallecular canal
A resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.
A bundle of vascular tissue in the primary stems of vascular plants, consisting of specialized conducting cells for the transport of water (xylem) and assimilate (phloem).
From Latin venter, meaning "belly". The opposite of dorsal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "ventral" refers to "the belly or lower part", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:
facing toward the axis (adaxial) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (abaxial)
facing toward the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant.
Arranged in one or more whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the axis, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare pseudoverticillate (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so).
verticillaster
A type of pseudoverticillate inflorescence, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite cymes.
vesicular
(of hairs) Bladder-like; vesciculous, bearing such hairs.
A surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See tuberculate.
watershoot
An erect, strong-growing, or epicormic shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a sucker.
weed
1. Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also ruderal.
2. An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural crops.
3. A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically "out-of-balance" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities.[56]
wild
Originating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness).
A ring of organs borne at the same level on an axis (e.g. leaves, bracts, or floral parts).
wing
1. A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.
2. A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.
3. One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two abaxial keel petals.
A plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare xerophyte.
A plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare xeromorph.
Bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast actinomorphic and irregular.
Like most of the genus Pelargonium, and unlike most members of the genus Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium bears flowers that are bilaterally symmetrical. Accordingly, because the yoke of an ox is bilaterally symmetrical, such flowers are said to be zygomorphic, which literally means "yoke-shaped".
Don, George (1831). A General History of Dichlamydeous Plants...Arranged According to the Natural System. Vol. 1. London. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Hanzawa, Frances M.; Beattie, Andrew J.; Holmes, Anne (November 1985). "Dual function of the elaiosome of Corydalis aurea (Fumariaceae): attraction of dispersal agents and repulsion of Peromyscus maniculatus, a seed predator". American Journal of Botany. 72 (11). St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America: 1707–1711. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb08442.x. JSTOR 2443727.
Harris, James G.; Harris, Melinda Woolf (2001). Plant Identification Terminology: an Illustrated Glossary (2nd ed.). Spring Lake, Utah, US: Spring Lake Publishing. ISBN 0-9640221-6-8.
Hughes, Colin (2017). "About the Field Guides Project". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Oxford University Herbaria. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
* "Plant Characteristics". The Virtual Field Herbarium (herbaria-old.plants.ox.ac.uk). Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017. In Hughes (2017).
Neotropikey (2017). "Glossary of Botanical Terms". www.kew.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Zwölfer, Helmut, eds. (2012). Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis, Extinction and Naturalization of Plant Species. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783642716300. Retrieved 16 December 2022 – via Google Books(preview only).
Sims, John (1803). Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Or, Flower-garden Displayed: In which the Most Ornamental Foreign Plants, Cultivated in the Open Ground, the Green-house, and the Stove, are Accurately Represented in Their Natural Colours ... Vol. 17. London: T. Curtis. Retrieved 15 December 2022 – via Google Books.
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