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Universidad de Michigan

La Universidad de Michigan ( UM , UMich o simplemente Michigan ) es una universidad pública de investigación en Ann Arbor, Michigan . Fundada en 1817, es la institución de educación superior más antigua del estado. La Universidad de Michigan es una de las primeras universidades de investigación estadounidenses y es miembro fundador de la Asociación de Universidades Estadounidenses . En el otoño de 2023, la universidad empleaba a 8189 profesores y tenía inscritos a 52 065 estudiantes en sus programas. [8] [4] [9]

La universidad está clasificada entre las "R1: Universidades de Doctorado - Actividad de Investigación Muy Alta". Está formada por diecinueve facultades y ofrece 250 programas de grado a nivel de pregrado y posgrado. [10] La universidad está acreditada por la Higher Learning Commission . En 2021, ocupó el tercer lugar entre las universidades estadounidenses en gastos de investigación según la National Science Foundation .

Los equipos deportivos de la Universidad de Michigan se conocen colectivamente como Wolverines . Compiten en la División I de la NCAA FBS como miembros de la Conferencia Big Ten . Actualmente, la universidad cuenta con equipos universitarios en 29 deportes sancionados por la NCAA. A partir de 2022, los atletas de la universidad han ganado 188 medallas en los Juegos Olímpicos .

Entre los ex alumnos notables de la universidad se incluyen 8 jefes de estado o jefes de gobierno nacionales y extranjeros , 47 senadores estadounidenses , 218 miembros de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos , 42 secretarios del Gabinete estadounidense y 41 gobernadores estadounidenses .

Historia

La catolepistemiada (1817-1821)

La Universidad de Michigan remonta sus orígenes al 26 de agosto de 1817, [1] cuando se estableció en el Territorio de Michigan como Catholepistemiad o Universidad de Michigania a través de un acto legislativo firmado por el gobernador interino y secretario William Woodbridge , el presidente del Tribunal Supremo Augustus B. Woodward y el juez John Griffin . [11] : 117  En 1821, mediante una nueva promulgación, la propia universidad fue creada como un "cuerpo político y corporativo", [11] : 117  manteniendo su estatus corporativo a través de varias modificaciones a su estatuto. [12] : 11  El término "Catholepistemiad", un neologismo derivado de una mezcla de raíces griegas y latinas, puede traducirse libremente como "Escuela del Conocimiento Universal". [13] Esta corporación se basó en la Universidad Imperial de Francia , una entidad establecida por Napoleón I una década antes, [14] [12] : 10  e incluía una serie de escuelas y bibliotecas bajo una sola administración, [15] con la autoridad para establecer escuelas adicionales en todo el territorio. [12] : 10  No fue hasta que Michigan se convirtió en un estado en 1837 que la corporación se centró exclusivamente en la educación superior. [14]

Primer informe anual de la Universidad de Michigan , escrito por su primer presidente, el reverendo John Monteith , el 16 de noviembre de 1818

Poco después de la formación del Territorio de Michigan en 1805, ciudadanos prominentes reconocieron la necesidad de una universidad. [12] En 1806, el padre Gabriel Richard , que presidía varias escuelas en la ciudad de Detroit , fue el primero en solicitar tierras para fundar una universidad. [16] [17] Aunque el gobernador William Hull y Woodward promulgaron una ley en 1809 para establecer distritos escolares públicos, este esfuerzo preliminar arrojó resultados insignificantes. [18] Woodward, que aspiraba a categorizar el conocimiento (al que denominó "epistemia encathol"), discutió esto con Thomas Jefferson en 1814. [19] En 1817, Woodward redactó una ley territorial para la Catholepistemiad , o Universidad de Michigania , que incluía trece cátedras o didaxiim . [20] La ley se promulgó el 26 de agosto de 1817, con el padre Richard designado vicepresidente y el reverendo John Monteith como presidente. Woodward buscó financiación de la Logia Masónica Zion , que contribuyó con $250, lo que llevó a un total de $5,000 recaudados para la universidad. [12] : 12  [21] La piedra angular de la primera escuela, situada cerca de la intersección de Bates Street y Congress Street en Detroit, se colocó el 24 de septiembre de 1817, y al año siguiente, una escuela de Lancaster , enseñada por Lemuel Shattuck , y una academia clásica estaban en funcionamiento. [22] Se establecieron escuelas adicionales en Monroe y Mackinaw a fines de septiembre de 1817. [12] : 11  En 1821, una nueva ley colocó a la corporación bajo el control de una junta de fideicomisarios. [23] El reverendo Monteith, que ya no era presidente, se unió a la junta, y el padre Richard sirvió en la junta hasta su muerte en 1832. [24] Los fideicomisarios continuaron administrando las escuelas y la academia clásica, pero no establecieron nuevas escuelas. [25] En 1827, todas las escuelas habían cerrado y la escuela de Detroit fue arrendada a profesores privados. [25]

Primeros años (1837–1851)

Los diseños originales de Alexander J. Davis para la Universidad de Michigan presentaban el estilo neogótico. Se le atribuye al propio Davis la creación del término " gótico universitario ".

En 1837, tras la admisión de Michigan a la Unión, su constitución permitió a los regentes designados supervisar las operaciones de la universidad directamente junto con los profesores, sin la necesidad de un presidente. [14] Los regentes se reunieron en Ann Arbor y aceptaron la propuesta de la ciudad para que la universidad se reubicara, [1] [26] basándose en una concesión de 40 acres (16 ha) del Tratado de Fort Meigs . [27] [28] Alexander Jackson Davis ideó el plan original del campus en estilo neogótico , [29] y los regentes aprobaron por unanimidad su propuesta; [30] sin embargo, el plan fue abandonado debido a las limitaciones financieras resultantes del Pánico de 1837. [ 12] : 31  [31] En 1841, Mason Hall, el primer edificio del campus, se completó, seguido de la construcción de South College, un edificio idéntico al sur, en 1849, dejando un espacio para una futura gran pieza central. [30]

Elevación coloreada de Mason Hall (construido en 1841; demolido en 1950), el primer edificio dedicado a la enseñanza en el campus de Ann Arbor. El diseño fue utilizado como referencia por John F. Rague para construir el North Hall (construido en 1851) en Madison, Wisconsin , que es un Monumento Histórico Nacional . [32]

Asa Gray fue nombrado el primer profesor después del traslado de la universidad a Ann Arbor en 1837, [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] junto con los primeros miembros de la facultad Douglass Houghton y Andrew Ten Brook . [37] [38] Las primeras clases en Ann Arbor se llevaron a cabo en 1841, con seis estudiantes de primer año y un estudiante de segundo año impartidos por dos profesores, Joseph Whiting y George Palmer Williams. [39] [40] En la primera graduación de 1845, once graduados, incluido Judson Dwight Collins , recibieron una licenciatura en Artes. [41] En los años siguientes, los regentes establecieron sucursales en todo el estado como escuelas preparatorias para la universidad, [42] comenzando con Pontiac y seguidas por Kalamazoo , Detroit , Niles , Tecumseh , White Pigeon y Romeo . [42] Sin embargo, tuvieron dificultades para inscribir estudiantes y algunos se fusionaron con universidades locales. [42] Kalamazoo College fue la rama de Kalamazoo de la Universidad de Michigan desde 1840 hasta 1850. [42] Además, la universidad tuvo problemas con problemas debido a la dependencia de sus regentes de la legislatura desde 1837 hasta 1850. [12] : 40  A pesar de varios intentos de obtener la independencia, el progreso fue lento hasta fines de la década de 1840, cuando los regentes ganaron influencia, apoyados por los ciudadanos de Michigan. [12] : 40  Esto condujo a una revisión de la ley orgánica el 8 de abril de 1851, que liberó a la universidad del control legislativo, cambió la posición de regente de designado a electo y estableció un presidente seleccionado por los regentes. [12] : 40 

1851 a 1900

Henry Philip Tappan se convirtió en el primer presidente de la universidad en 1852, con la ambición de dar forma a la institución como modelo para futuras universidades. [43] : 39–53  Durante su década de servicio, revisó el plan de estudios, [43] : 39–53  secularizó los nombramientos de la facultad, [43] : 39–53  amplió las colecciones de la biblioteca y el museo, [43] : 39–53  estableció la facultad de derecho, [14] y supervisó la construcción del Observatorio de Detroit . [43] : 39–53  En 1855, Michigan se convirtió en la segunda universidad del país (después de Harvard) en emitir títulos de Licenciatura en Ciencias . [12] : 48  Al año siguiente, se construyó el primer laboratorio químico del país en el campus, diseñado específicamente para la educación en química, proporcionando espacio adicional para clases y laboratorios. [44] El mandato de Tappan también vio la creación del Michigan Glee Club , la organización estudiantil más antigua de la universidad. [45] A pesar de estos logros, los 11 años de presidencia de Tappan estuvieron marcados por una tensión considerable. [43] : 39–53  Su postura imparcial sobre la religión enfrentó una reacción violenta durante una época de mayor fervor religioso. [43] : 39–53  Debido a los cambios en la Junta de Regentes y al descontento con su administración, se vio obligado a dimitir en 1863. [43] : 39–53 

En 1863, Erastus Otis Haven asumió el cargo de presidente, habiendo sido profesor en ese momento y necesitando demostrar su derecho a la presidencia. [43] : 54–59  El campus estaba dividido por puntos de vista conflictivos entre estudiantes, profesores y regentes con respecto a la restauración de Tappan, la crisis de la homeopatía y la Guerra Civil . [43] : 54–59  La administración de Haven enfrentó dificultades administrativas rutinarias y luchó por obtener apoyo para una mayor ayuda estatal, a pesar de lograr ganancias modestas. [43] : 54–59  La universidad, que había recibido $ 15,000 fijos desde 1869, todavía necesitaba fondos adicionales. [43] : 54–59  Frustrado, Haven renunció en 1869 para convertirse en presidente de Northwestern , una institución metodista , una medida que los sectarios vieron como un revés para las universidades seculares. [43] : 54–59  La presidencia permaneció vacante de 1869 a 1871, con el profesor Henry Simmons Frieze sirviendo como presidente interino. [43] : 59–62  Durante este período, la universidad recaudó fondos para University Hall, revisó las admisiones con un sistema de diploma e introdujo la coeducación. [43] : 59–62  Las mujeres fueron admitidas por primera vez en 1870, [46] aunque Alice Robinson Boise Wood fue la primera mujer en asistir a clases (sin matricularse) en 1866-67. [47] En 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo se graduó de la facultad de derecho como el segundo afroamericano en graduarse de una facultad de derecho en los Estados Unidos. [48] En 1871, Sarah Killgore se convirtió en la primera mujer en graduarse de la facultad de derecho y ser admitida en el colegio de abogados de cualquier estado de los Estados Unidos. [49] Promotora de la educación musical, Frieze supervisó la formación de la Sociedad Musical Universitaria . [43] : 59–62  La disciplina estudiantil siguió siendo problemática, con frecuentes atropellos y novatadas. [43] : 59–62  Los esfuerzos anteriores para frenar estos desórdenes habían demostrado ser ineficaces, lo que Frieze atribuyó al control descentralizado del profesorado. [43] : 59–62 

James Burrill Angell se convirtió en presidente en 1871 y permanecería en el puesto durante casi cuatro décadas. [43] : 63–75  Poco después de su llegada, University Hall se completó y se inauguró. [43] : 63–75  Durante su presidencia, amplió el plan de estudios, [14] fundó varias escuelas profesionales, [43] : 63–75  resolvió el problema de larga data de la homeopatía, [43] : 63–75  restauró la disciplina del campus, [43] : 63–75  aumentó los requisitos de ingreso y graduación, [43] : 63–75  y persuadió a la legislatura para aumentar la ayuda estatal. [43] : 63–75  El mandato de Angell vio la adición de muchas actividades extracurriculares, como el equipo de fútbol intercolegial y la banda de música . [43] : 63–75  Angell no era autoritario; alentó el debate abierto y apuntó a un acuerdo casi unánime antes de implementar cambios, en lugar de impulsar solo con una estrecha mayoría. [43] : 63–75  En 1871-72, Charles Kendall Adams introdujo por primera vez el método de estudio del seminario alemán, marcando su primer uso en Estados Unidos. [50] [12] : 71  En 1875, la universidad estableció el Colegio de Cirugía Dental , y Albert B. Prescott estableció el Colegio de Farmacia en 1876. El título de Licenciado en Filosofía se confirió por primera vez en la historia de la universidad a seis estudiantes en 1870, [12] : 79  mientras que los títulos de Máster en Filosofía y Doctor en Filosofía se ofrecieron por primera vez en 1875. [12] : 88  Durante este período, John Dewey , Charles Horton Cooley , George Herbert Mead y Robert Ezra Park se conocieron por primera vez en Michigan, donde se influirían enormemente mutuamente. [51] A principios del siglo XIX, la universidad era la segunda más grande de los Estados Unidos después de Harvard. [52]

Clase literaria de 1880 (incluye a Mary Henrietta Graham , la primera mujer afroamericana graduada de la Universidad de Michigan)

"Defiendan a Estados Unidos, dediquen su vida a su causa, amen sus hogares y demuestren que son tan dignos de nuestras preciadas instituciones libres como ellas son dignas de su lealtad y servicio. No permitan que el alto estándar de honor nacional, enarbolado por los padres, sea rebajado por sus hijos. Que el conocimiento, la libertad y la ley sean exaltados y entronizados".

William McKinley , hablando en la primera Convención Nacional de los Republicanos Universitarios en Newberry Hall en 1892 [53]

Con su presidencia, Angell centró la universidad en la preparación de una nueva generación de líderes seculares en el servicio público. [43] : 63–75  El propio Angell fue convocado con frecuencia por la Casa Blanca para misiones diplomáticas. [43] : 63–75  En 1880, el presidente Rutherford Hayes lo nombró ministro en China, donde negoció con éxito un tratado de inmigración que aumentó la matrícula de estudiantes chinos. [43] : 63–75  Más tarde, en 1887, 1896 y 1897, el presidente Grover Cleveland lo nombró para las comisiones de pesca y vías navegables. [43] : 63–75  Ese mismo año, el presidente William McKinley lo nombró enviado extraordinario a Turquía. [43] : 63–75  A finales del siglo XIX, la universidad había ganado una reputación internacional, en parte debido a los esfuerzos diplomáticos de Angell. [43] : 63–75  Durante este período, más de 80 súbditos del Emperador de Japón fueron enviados a Ann Arbor para estudiar derecho como parte de la apertura de ese imperio a la influencia externa. [54] La universidad también participó en la construcción de los sistemas de educación, legal y salud pública filipinos durante la era de la colonización estadounidense de Filipinas, gracias a los esfuerzos de los ex alumnos de Michigan, incluidos Dean Conant Worcester y George A. Malcolm . [55] Entre los primeros estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina se encontraba José Celso Barbosa , quien se graduó como mejor alumno en 1880, convirtiéndose en el primer puertorriqueño en obtener un título universitario en los Estados Unidos. [56] Ida Gray se graduó de la Facultad de Odontología en junio de 1890, convirtiéndose en la primera mujer dentista afroamericana en los Estados Unidos. [57] A principios del siglo XX, la universidad surgió como una opción preferida para los estudiantes judíos que buscaban una educación secular debido a las cuotas de admisiones judías en las universidades denominacionales, y desde entonces se ha convertido en un refugio para la comunidad académica judía-estadounidense. [58] [59] Angell se retiró en 1909 y, siete años después, falleció en la Casa del Presidente , que había sido su hogar durante cuarenta y cinco años. [43] : 63–75  Su sucesor, Harry Burns Hutchins , que alguna vez fue su estudiante, lideraría la universidad durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y la Gran epidemia de influenza . [43] : 63–75 

1900 a 1950

Cuadrángulo de la ley, alrededor de 1930

En 1910, Harry Burns Hutchins asumió la presidencia, convirtiéndose en el primer ex alumno en ocupar ese puesto. [43] : 76–80  Había pasado siete años en Ithaca, Nueva York , donde fue llamado por Andrew Dickson White y Charles Kendall Adams para establecer la Facultad de Derecho de Cornell . [43] : 76–80  Hutchins luego se convirtió en el decano de la facultad de derecho en su alma mater, donde introdujo el método de instrucción de casos. [43] : 76–80  Hutchins fue presidente interino cuando Angell estuvo ausente. [43] : 76–80  Durante su presidencia, Hutchins estableció la Escuela de Graduados , [43] : 76–80  duplicó la matrícula, [43] : 76–80  y aumentó la facultad. [43] : 76–80  Obtuvo más ayuda estatal y apoyo de ex alumnos para financiar las necesidades de capital de la universidad, [43] : 76–80  incluyendo el Cuadrángulo de Derecho gótico, [60] el Edificio Martha Cook , [61] el Auditorio Hill y la Michigan Union , que se convirtieron en puntos de referencia del campus. Hutchins mejoró el servicio de salud de la universidad, [43] : 76–80  pero las distracciones en tiempos de guerra plagaron su presidencia. La epidemia de gripe, que causó muertes de estudiantes por mala atención, lo preocupó profundamente. [43] : 76–80  Muy querido por los regentes que lo alentaron a seguir siendo presidente, no obstante, Hutchins se retiró en 1920. [43] : 76–80 

La década de 1920 en la universidad estuvo marcada por los breves mandatos de dos presidentes, Marion LeRoy Burton y Clarence Cook Little . [43] : 81–98  En 1920, cuando Burton asumió el cargo, se llevó a cabo una conferencia sobre educación superior en la universidad, lo que resultó en el establecimiento de la Asociación de Juntas de Gobierno de Universidades y Colegios . [43] : 81–88  Bajo su liderazgo, la construcción experimentó un auge en el campus, [43] : 81–88  y las inscripciones aumentaron, [43] : 81–88  impulsadas por la próspera economía de los locos años veinte . Inició la convocatoria anual de honores, [43] : 81–88  introdujo la conferencia de decanos, [43] : 81–88  y aumentó los ingresos de la universidad. [43] : 81–88  Desafortunadamente, enfermó en 1924 y falleció en 1925. [43] : 81–88  En esta emergencia, el presidente emérito Hutchins fue llamado por los regentes para ayudar, con Alfred Henry Lloyd sirviendo como presidente interino hasta la llegada de Little. [43] : 81–88  Clarence Cook Little fue elegido presidente en 1925, [43] : 88–98  abogando por la educación individualizada [43] : 88–98  y reformando los planes de estudio, particularmente para las mujeres. [43] : 88–98  Little propuso una división del plan de estudios después de dos años para abordar las brechas de conocimiento, lo que llevó a la propuesta del University College, que finalmente fue abandonada después de su renuncia en 1929. [43] : 88–98 

HA Kramers , segunda fila, sexto a la izquierda con J. Robert Oppenheimer , segunda fila, cuarto a la izquierda, en una fotografía del Simposio de Verano sobre Física Teórica en 1931 en la Universidad de Michigan.
Los físicos GE Uhlenbeck , HA Kramers y SA Goudsmit alrededor de 1928 en Michigan

Tras la dimisión de Little, Alexander Grant Ruthven , un antiguo alumno, fue elegido presidente por unanimidad. [43] : 98–116  Dirigió la universidad durante la Gran Depresión y la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [43] : 98–116  Bajo el liderazgo de Ruthven, la administración de la universidad se descentralizó más con la creación del consejo universitario, varias divisiones y un sistema de comités. [43] : 98–116  Durante el mandato de Harrison McAllister Randall como jefe del departamento de física, la reputación de la universidad en materia de física creció. Muchos físicos europeos se unieron a la facultad, entre ellos Samuel Goudsmit , George Uhlenbeck y Gordon Sutherland . Wu Ta-You , a quien se ha llamado el padre de la física china, estudió con Goudsmit en la universidad. Entre los numerosos estudiantes de Wu se encuentran Zhu Guangya , así como dos premios Nobel chinos: Chen Ning Yang y Tsung-Dao Lee . De 1928 a 1941, el Simposio de Verano de Física Teórica contó con la participación de físicos de renombre como Niels Bohr , Werner Heisenberg , Paul Dirac y Erwin Schrödinger , y al menos quince asistentes eran premios Nobel o futuros premios. [62] Wolfgang Pauli ocupó una cátedra visitante en la universidad en 1931. [63] Stephen Timoshenko creó los primeros programas de licenciatura y doctorado de Estados Unidos en ingeniería mecánica cuando era profesor de la facultad de la universidad. Poco después de la guerra, en 1947, los regentes formaron un Comité Memorial de Guerra para honrar a los estudiantes que murieron en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En 1948, establecieron el Proyecto Phoenix para explorar aplicaciones pacíficas de energía atómica, lo que condujo al primer programa académico del país en ciencia e ingeniería nuclear, [64] [14] financiado por más de 25.000 contribuyentes, incluida la Ford Motor Company . [65]

1950 hasta el presente

En 1951, Harlan Hatcher sucedió a Ruthven y sirvió como presidente hasta 1968, durante el cual supervisó desarrollos que incluyeron la construcción del Campus Norte, el establecimiento del Flint Senior College y el Centro Dearborn . [66] [67] Los mandatos de Hatcher y su sucesor, Robben Wright Fleming , estuvieron marcados por un marcado aumento del activismo en el campus, resaltado por el aumento de la disidencia política vinculada al Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles y la Guerra de Vietnam . [66] En 1964, un grupo de profesores organizó el primer " enseñanza " del país contra la política estadounidense en el sudeste asiático, al que asistieron 2.500 estudiantes. [68] [69] Las sentadas posteriores de los grupos políticos del campus llevaron a medidas enérgicas administrativas, aumentando aún más las tensiones y las tácticas de confrontación entre los radicales, incluido un incidente notable que involucró a la Jesse James Gang, una rama de Students for a Democratic Society , que acogió a un reclutador militar en el campus como rehén. [66] Hatcher despidió polémicamente a tres profesores por su negativa a cooperar con el Comité de Actividades Antiamericanas de la Cámara de Representantes de Joseph McCarthy . [70] El sucesor de Hatcher, Robben Wright Fleming, un negociador experimentado, guió a la universidad a través de una era turbulenta de protestas estudiantiles y activismo. [66] A diferencia de otras universidades, Michigan no experimentó brotes violentos durante este período. [66] Poco después del asesinato de Martin Luther King Jr. en 1968, el Movimiento de Acción Negra organizó una huelga de ocho días en todo el campus de la universidad en 1970 para protestar por la falta de apoyo a las minorías en el campus, lo que provocó con éxito que la administración cumpliera con varias de sus demandas. [71] En 1971, se fundó el Spectrum Center como el centro estudiantil LGBT universitario más antiguo del país , antes del establecimiento del centro de Penn . [72] Mientras tanto, el apoyo entre los estudiantes a la legalización de la marihuana estaba ganando terreno en el campus, como lo destacó la manifestación anual Hash Bash que comenzó en 1972. [73] A lo largo de las décadas de 1960 y 1970, los disturbios en el campus comenzaron a afectar la posición académica de la universidad, que había sido clasificada entre las cinco mejores del país. [74] Esta posición comenzó a declinar durante el mandato de Fleming. El malestar en el campus persistió duranteLa presidencia de Harold Tafler Shapiro , que comenzó en 1980, estuvo impulsada por las controversias en torno a la Iniciativa de Defensa Estratégica antimisiles y las inversiones en Sudáfrica .

El presidente James Duderstadt sucedería a Shapiro y permanecería como presidente hasta 1996. [75] Facilitó los logros en el crecimiento físico del campus y los esfuerzos de recaudación de fondos. El sucesor de Duderstadt, Lee Bollinger , dirigió varios proyectos de construcción importantes como el edificio de la Escuela de Trabajo Social [76] y el Tisch Hall, nombrado en honor al ex alumno Preston Robert Tisch . [77] En 2003, dos demandas relacionadas con la política de admisión de acción afirmativa de la universidad llegaron a la Corte Suprema de los EE. UU.: Grutter v. Bollinger y Gratz v. Bollinger . En 2002, la universidad eligió a su primera presidenta, Mary Sue Coleman , por votación unánime. [78] [79] A lo largo de su presidencia, la dotación de Michigan experimentó un crecimiento continuo, acompañado de una importante campaña de recaudación de fondos conocida como "La diferencia de Michigan". [80] La administración de Coleman enfrentó disputas laborales con los sindicatos de la universidad, en particular con la Organización de Empleados de Profesores y la Organización de Empleados Graduados. [81] A principios de la década de 2000, la universidad enfrentó una disminución de la financiación estatal, lo que provocó sugerencias de privatización. [82] [83] A pesar de ser una institución estatal de iure, adoptó modelos de financiación privada. [84] Un panel legislativo de 2008 recomendó además convertirla en una institución privada debido a sus vínculos mínimos con el estado. [85] Mark Schlissel sucedió a Coleman en 2014. Antes de su despido en 2022, Schlissel amplió las ofertas de ayuda financiera, [86] mejoró el compromiso internacional, [87] y aumentó la diversidad estudiantil. [88] También lideró iniciativas en biociencias [89] y las artes. [90] El decimoquinto y actual presidente de la universidad, Santa Ono , fue elegido en 2022.

En abril de 2024, los estudiantes de Michigan se unieron a otros campus de los Estados Unidos en protestas y establecieron campamentos contra la guerra entre Israel y Hamás y el genocidio de los palestinos   en Gaza. [91] [92] Los manifestantes pidieron que la Universidad desinvirtiera en Israel . [93] [94]

En mayo de 2024, la Universidad de Michigan revocó el premio Martin Luther King, Jr. Spirit Award en honor a Salma Hamamy, una estudiante pro palestina que compartió imágenes de drones israelíes ejecutando sumariamente a palestinos desarmados. En respuesta, 65 destinatarios del premio Martin Luther King, Jr. Spirit Award devolvieron sus premios. [95] [96]

Enlaces históricos

Los presidentes universitarios Harry Burns Hutchins , a la izquierda, y James Burrill Angell , en el centro, con el fundador de la Universidad de Cornell, Andrew Dickson White , a la derecha, en una fotografía de 1900

La fundación de la Universidad de Michigan en el siglo XIX estuvo influenciada por la República transatlántica de las Letras , una comunidad intelectual que se extendió por Europa y las Américas. [43] : 39–53  Figuras clave, como Henry Philip Tappan , fueron fundamentales para alinear la universidad con los ideales defendidos por la comunidad intelectual, incluida la libertad, la razón y la investigación científica. [43] : 39–53  Los ex alumnos y profesores de Michigan, como Andrew Dixon White , llevaron adelante estos ideales mientras daban forma a otras instituciones. [97] En particular, los ex alumnos de Cornell David Starr Jordan y John Casper Branner introdujeron más tarde estos conceptos en la Universidad de Stanford a fines del siglo XIX. [97] Los primeros líderes universitarios, como James Burrill Angell , desempeñaron un papel importante en el establecimiento de otras universidades estatales al compartir sus conocimientos y experiencias. [43] : 63–75  En consecuencia, Clark Kerr , el primer rector de la Universidad de California, Berkeley , se refirió a Michigan como la "madre de las universidades estatales". [98]

Campus

Campus de la Universidad de Michigan
  Edificios históricos
  Museos
  Bibliotecas
  Lugares de arte
  Vivienda y comedor
  Espacios abiertos
  Deportes
  Campus de la Universidad de Michigan
El Cuadrángulo de Derecho en el Campus Central, que alberga la facultad de derecho , comprende Hutchins Hall, la Biblioteca de Investigación Legal William W. Cook, el Dormitorio John P. Cook y las Residencias Lawyers Club y Munger.

El campus de la Universidad de Michigan en Ann Arbor se divide en cuatro áreas principales: el Campus Central, el Campus Norte, el Campus Médico Norte y el Campus Atlético (Campus Sur). Las áreas del campus incluyen más de 500 edificios importantes, [105] con un área combinada de más de 37,48 millones de pies cuadrados (860 acres; 3,482 km 2 ). [106] Las áreas del Campus Central y Sur son contiguas, mientras que el área del Campus Norte está separada de ellas, principalmente por el río Huron . [107] El Campus Médico Norte se desarrolló en Plymouth Road, con varios edificios propiedad de la universidad para atención ambulatoria, diagnóstico y cirugía ambulatoria. [108]

Hay espacios alquilados en edificios repartidos por toda la ciudad, muchos de ellos ocupados por organizaciones afiliadas al Sistema de Salud de la Universidad de Michigan. Además del campo de golf de la Universidad de Michigan en el campus sur, la universidad opera un segundo campo de golf en Geddes Road llamado Radrick Farms Golf Course. El campo de golf solo está abierto a profesores, personal y exalumnos. [109] La universidad también opera un gran edificio de oficinas llamado Wolverine Tower en el sur de Ann Arbor.

La Casa Inglis es una instalación fuera del campus, que la universidad ha poseído desde la década de 1950. La Casa Inglis es una mansión de 10,000 pies cuadrados (930 m 2 ) utilizada para celebrar diversos eventos sociales, incluidas reuniones de la Junta de Regentes, y para recibir a dignatarios visitantes. [110] Otra instalación importante fuera del campus es el Jardín Botánico Matthaei , que se encuentra en las afueras del este de la ciudad de Ann Arbor. [111]

Newberry Hall , que lleva el nombre del exalumno John S. Newberry , está incluido en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos . Fue sede de la primera congregación de la Liga Nacional Republicana Universitaria el 17 de mayo de 1892, donde el entonces gobernador de Ohio y más tarde presidente William McKinley pronunció un discurso inaugural.

Las cuatro áreas del campus están conectadas por servicios de autobús, la mayoría de los cuales conectan los campus Norte y Central. Hay un servicio de transporte que conecta el Hospital Universitario, que se encuentra entre los campus Norte y Central, con otras instalaciones médicas en todo el noreste de Ann Arbor. [112]

Distrito histórico del campus central

El James Burrill Angell Hall en el campus central sirve como un importante edificio académico para la Facultad de Literatura, Ciencias y Artes.

El Campus Central fue la ubicación original de la Universidad de Michigan cuando se trasladó a Ann Arbor en 1837. Originalmente tenía un edificio de escuela y dormitorio (donde ahora se encuentra Mason Hall) y varias casas para profesores en 40 acres (16 ha) de tierra delimitada por North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue y State Street. La Casa del Presidente, ubicada en South University Avenue, es el edificio más antiguo del campus, así como el único edificio sobreviviente del campus original de 40 acres (16 ha). [28] Debido a que Ann Arbor y el Campus Central se desarrollaron simultáneamente, no hay un límite claro entre la ciudad y la universidad, y algunas áreas contienen una mezcla de edificios privados y universitarios. [113] Las residencias universitarias del Campus Central se dividen en dos grupos: Hill Neighborhood y el Campus Central. [114]

El Campus Central es la ubicación de la Facultad de Literatura, Ciencias y Artes , y está inmediatamente adyacente al campus médico. La mayoría de las escuelas de posgrado y profesionales, incluida la Escuela de Negocios Ross , la Escuela de Políticas Públicas Gerald R. Ford , la Facultad de Derecho y la Facultad de Odontología , se encuentran en el Campus Central. Dos bibliotecas importantes, la Biblioteca de Posgrado Harlan Hatcher y la Biblioteca de Pregrado Shapiro (que están conectadas por una pasarela ), también se encuentran en el Campus Central. [115] así como museos que albergan colecciones de arqueología, antropología, paleontología, zoología, odontología y arte. Diez de los edificios del Campus Central fueron diseñados por el arquitecto Albert Kahn , con sede en Detroit, entre 1904 y 1936, incluida la Torre Burton Memorial y el Auditorio Hill . [116]

Campus Norte

Edificio Earl V. Moore en el campus norte

El Campus Norte es el campus más contiguo, construido independientemente de la ciudad en una gran parcela de tierra de cultivo (aproximadamente 800 acres (3,2 km² ) ) que la universidad compró en 1952. [117] Es más nuevo que el Campus Central y, por lo tanto, tiene una arquitectura más modernista , mientras que la mayoría de los edificios del Campus Central son de estilo clásico o gótico universitario . El arquitecto Eero Saarinen , con sede en Birmingham, Michigan , creó uno de los primeros planes maestros para el Campus Norte y diseñó varios de sus edificios en la década de 1950, incluido el edificio de la Escuela de Música Earl V. Moore . [118] Los campus norte y central tienen cada uno campanarios únicos que reflejan los estilos arquitectónicos predominantes de sus alrededores. Cada uno de los campanarios alberga un gran carillón , 2 de solo 57 en todo el mundo. La torre del Campus Norte se llama Torre Lurie . [119] La residencia universitaria más grande de la Universidad de Michigan, Bursley Hall , es parte del Campus Norte. [114]

El Campus Norte alberga la Facultad de Ingeniería, la Escuela de Música, Teatro y Danza , la Escuela de Arte y Diseño Stamps , la Facultad Taubman de Arquitectura y Urbanismo y un anexo de la Escuela de Información . [120] El campus cuenta con el servicio del Centro Duderstadt , que alberga la Biblioteca de Arte, Arquitectura e Ingeniería. El Centro Duderstadt también contiene varios laboratorios de computación , estudios de edición de video , estudios de música electrónica, un estudio de audio, un estudio de video, espacios de trabajo multimedia y una sala de realidad virtual 3D . [121] Otras bibliotecas ubicadas en el Campus Norte incluyen la Biblioteca Presidencial Gerald R. Ford y la Biblioteca Histórica Bentley .

Campus Atlético

El campo de golf de la Universidad de Michigan fue diseñado por el arquitecto de campos de golf escocés Alister MacKenzie e inaugurado en 1931.

El Campus Atlético, o Campus Sur, es el sitio de los programas deportivos, incluyendo importantes instalaciones deportivas como el Estadio Michigan , el Centro Crisler y el Yost Ice Arena . El área del campus también es el sitio de la instalación de almacenamiento de la biblioteca Buhr, Revelli Hall, hogar de la Banda de Marcha de Michigan , el Instituto de Educación Legal Continua [122] y el Complejo de Artes Teatrales Estudiantiles, que proporciona espacio de taller y ensayo para grupos de teatro estudiantiles. [123] Los departamentos de seguridad pública y las oficinas de servicios de transporte de la universidad están ubicados en el Campus Sur. [122]

El campo de golf de la Universidad de Michigan está situado al sur del estadio de Michigan. Fue diseñado a finales de la década de 1920 por Alister MacKenzie , el diseñador del Augusta National Golf Club en Augusta, Georgia , sede del Masters Tournament . [124] El campo se abrió al público en 1931 y tiene uno de los "mejores hoyos jamás diseñados por el arquitecto de Augusta National, Alister MacKenzie", según la revista Sports Illustrated en 2006. [125]

Organización y administración

Gobernancia

Fotografía de la celebración del 75.º aniversario de la Junta de Regentes de la Universidad de Michigan el 27 de junio de 1912.
De pie , de izq . a der.: Frank B. Leland, John H. Grant, Shirley W. Smith, Harry O. Bulkey, William L. Clements , Lucius Lee Hubbard , Benjamin Hanchett, Junius E. Beal.
Sentados , de izq. a der.: Luther L. Wright, James B. Angell , Harry B. Hutchins , Walter M. Sawyer

La Universidad de Michigan está gobernada por la Junta de Regentes , establecida por la Ley Orgánica del 18 de marzo de 1837. Está formada por ocho miembros, elegidos en general en elecciones estatales bienales [126] para períodos superpuestos de ocho años. [127] [128] Antes de que se estableciera la Oficina del Presidente en 1850, la Universidad de Michigan era administrada directamente por los regentes designados, con un grupo rotativo de profesores responsables de llevar a cabo las tareas administrativas diarias. [129] La Constitución del Estado de Michigan de 1850 reestructuró la administración de la universidad. Estableció la Oficina del Presidente y convirtió la Junta de Regentes en un organismo electo. La constitución estatal otorgó a la Junta de Regentes el poder de nombrar a un presidente sin derecho a voto para dirigir sus reuniones, [130] elevando efectivamente la junta al nivel de una corporación constitucional independiente de la administración estatal y convirtiendo a la Universidad de Michigan en la primera institución pública de educación superior en el país organizada de esa manera. A partir del año académico 2021-22, la Junta de Regentes estará presidida por Jordan B. Acker (BA '06).

El Consejo de Regentes delega su poder en el presidente de la universidad , quien actúa como director ejecutivo responsable de gestionar las operaciones diarias de la universidad, es decir, el campus principal en Ann Arbor. El presidente conserva la autoridad sobre los campus filiales en Dearborn y Flint , pero no participa directamente en su gestión diaria. En cambio, el presidente nombra a dos rectores independientes para que actúen como directores ejecutivos que supervisen cada campus filial. Todos los presidentes son nombrados por el Consejo de Regentes para cumplir mandatos de cinco años, a discreción del consejo, y no hay límites de mandato para los presidentes de la universidad. El consejo tiene la autoridad de poner fin al mandato del presidente o extenderlo por un mandato adicional.

El actual presidente de la universidad es Santa Ono , ex presidente de la Universidad de Columbia Británica en Canadá. Después de una extensa búsqueda presidencial realizada por la firma de búsqueda ejecutiva Isaacson, Miller, la junta anunció su selección de Santa Ono como el decimoquinto presidente de la universidad el 13 de julio de 2022. [131] [132] Ono asumió el cargo el 14 de octubre de 2022, sucediendo al presidente saliente Mark Schlissel . [133] [134] Ono es el primer presidente asiático-estadounidense de la universidad, así como el segundo nacido en Canadá, desde el décimo presidente, Harold Tafler Shapiro . Laurie McCauley se ha desempeñado como la decimoséptima y actual rectora de la universidad desde mayo de 2022, y fue recomendada por el presidente para cumplir un mandato completo hasta el 30 de junio de 2027. [135]

Fotografía del desfile de los estudiantes de último año el día de la graduación, alrededor de 1903

La Casa del Presidente , ubicada en 815 South University Avenue en el campus de Ann Arbor, es la residencia oficial y la oficina del Presidente de la Universidad. Construida en 1840, la Casa del Presidente de estilo italiano de tres pisos es el edificio más antiguo que aún se conserva en el campus de Ann Arbor y una propiedad que contribuye al Distrito Histórico del Campus Central de la Universidad de Michigan . [136]

Gobierno estudiantil

El Gobierno Estudiantil Central, con sede en la Michigan Union , es el gobierno estudiantil de la universidad . Como organización independiente 501(c)(3), representa a los estudiantes de todas las facultades y escuelas, administra los fondos estudiantiles en el campus y tiene representantes de cada unidad académica. El Gobierno Estudiantil Central está separado de la administración de la Universidad de Michigan. [137]

A lo largo de los años, el Gobierno Estudiantil Central ha liderado campañas de registro de votantes, [138] revivido eventos de Homecoming, [139] cambiado una política de asientos de fútbol, ​​[140] y creado un Consejo Asesor Estudiantil para asuntos de la ciudad de Ann Arbor. [141] Un objetivo de larga data del Gobierno Estudiantil Central ha sido crear un asiento designado por estudiantes en la Junta de Regentes. [142] En 2000 y 2002, los estudiantes Nick Waun, Scott Trudeau, Matt Petering y Susan Fawcett se postularon para la Junta de Regentes en la boleta estatal como candidatos de terceros, aunque ninguno tuvo éxito. [143] Una encuesta de 1998 realizada por el Estado de Michigan concluyó que una mayoría de votantes aprobaría agregar un puesto de regente estudiantil si se sometiera a votación. [142] Sin embargo, enmendar la composición de la Junta de Regentes requeriría una enmienda constitucional en Michigan. [144]

Además del Gobierno Estudiantil Central, cada facultad y escuela de la Universidad de Michigan tiene su propio organismo independiente de gobierno estudiantil. Los estudiantes de grado de la Facultad de Literatura, Ciencias y Artes están representados por el Gobierno Estudiantil de LS&A. [145] El Gobierno Estudiantil de Ingeniería gestiona los asuntos del gobierno estudiantil de grado de la Facultad de Ingeniería. Los estudiantes de posgrado matriculados en la Escuela de Posgrado Rackham están representados por el Gobierno Estudiantil de Rackham, y los estudiantes de derecho están representados por el Senado Estudiantil de la Facultad de Derecho, al igual que cada otra facultad con su propio gobierno respectivo. Además, los estudiantes que viven en las residencias universitarias están representados por la Asociación de Residencias Estudiantiles de la Universidad de Michigan , que contiene la tercera mayor cantidad de constituyentes después del Gobierno Estudiantil Central y el Gobierno Estudiantil de LS&A. [146]

Finanzas

La Biblioteca de Investigación Jurídica William W. Cook y otros edificios que forman parte del Cuadrángulo Jurídico se construyeron entre 1923 y 1933 y luego fueron donados a la universidad por William Wilson Cook . Fue la donación privada más importante de la universidad en ese momento.

En el año fiscal 2022-23, el estado de Michigan gastó $333 millones en la universidad, lo que representa el 3,03% de sus ingresos operativos totales de $11 mil millones. [147] La ​​universidad es el segundo mayor receptor de asignaciones estatales para educación superior en Michigan para 2022-23, detrás de la Universidad Estatal de Michigan ($372 millones). [148] La Oficina de Presupuesto y Planificación informa que las actividades auxiliares de Michigan Medicine son la mayor fuente de financiación, contribuyendo con $6.05 mil millones a los Fondos Auxiliares, lo que representa el 55,1% del presupuesto operativo total. La matrícula y las tasas de los estudiantes contribuyeron con $1.95 mil millones al Fondo General, lo que representa el 11% del presupuesto total. [147] Las subvenciones y contratos de investigación del gobierno federal de los EE. UU. contribuyeron con $1.15 mil millones a los Fondos Restringidos Gastables, lo que representa el 10,4% del presupuesto total. [147]

El presupuesto operativo actual de la universidad (año fiscal 2022-23) tiene cuatro fuentes principales de financiación: [147]

Dotación

La dotación financiera de la universidad , conocida como "Fondo de dotación universitaria", comprende más de 12 400 fondos individuales. [149] Cada fondo debe gastarse de acuerdo con las especificaciones del donante. [149] Aproximadamente el 28 % de la dotación total se asigna para apoyar programas académicos, mientras que el 22 % se designa para becas y becas para estudiantes. [149] Aproximadamente el 19 % de la dotación se asignó a Michigan Medicine y solo se puede utilizar para apoyar la investigación, la atención al paciente u otros fines especificados por los donantes. [149]

A partir de 2023 , la dotación de la universidad, valorada en $ 17,9 mil millones, se ubica como la décima más grande entre todas las universidades del país. [150] [151] La universidad ocupa el puesto 86 en dotación por estudiante. [150] La dotación de la facultad de derecho , con un total de más de $ 500 millones, tiene un valor por estudiante significativamente más alto en comparación con el de su universidad matriz. [152] Se ubica como la octava facultad de derecho más rica de la nación en 2022. [152]

Escuelas y colegios

El edificio Samuel Trask Dana (edificio médico oeste) alberga la Escuela de Medio Ambiente y Sostenibilidad

Hay trece escuelas y colegios de pregrado. [153] Por inscripción, las tres unidades de pregrado más grandes son la Facultad de Literatura, Ciencias y Artes , la Facultad de Ingeniería y la Escuela de Negocios Ross . [154] A nivel de posgrado, la Escuela Rackham de Estudios de Posgrado sirve como la unidad administrativa central de educación de posgrado en la universidad. [155] Hay 18 escuelas y colegios de posgrado. Los títulos profesionales son otorgados por la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo Taubman , la Facultad de Enfermería , la Facultad de Odontología , la Facultad de Derecho , la Facultad de Medicina y la Facultad de Farmacia . [154] Michigan Medicine , el sistema de salud de la universidad, comprende los tres hospitales de la universidad, docenas de clínicas ambulatorias y muchos centros de atención médica, investigación y educación.

Académica

Admisiones

De licenciatura

US News & World Report califica a Michigan como "la más selectiva" [162] y The Princeton Review califica su selectividad de admisión con 96 de 99. [163] Las admisiones se caracterizan por ser "más selectivas, menor transferencia" según la Clasificación Carnegie. [164] [165] Michigan recibió más de 83.000 solicitudes para un lugar en la clase de primer año 2021-22, lo que la convierte en una de las universidades con más solicitudes en los Estados Unidos. [165] [166] De los estudiantes aceptados en la Clase 2027 de Michigan, 7.050 eligieron asistir.

La admisión se basa en la destreza académica, las actividades extracurriculares y las cualidades personales. El proceso de admisión de la universidad no tiene en cuenta las necesidades de los solicitantes nacionales. [167] Los funcionarios de admisiones consideran que las puntuaciones de las pruebas estandarizadas de un estudiante, el ensayo de solicitud y las cartas de recomendación son factores académicos importantes, con énfasis en el historial académico y el GPA del solicitante, mientras que clasifican el puesto de clase de la escuela secundaria del solicitante como "no considerado". [158] [159] En términos de materiales no académicos a partir de 2022, Michigan clasifica el carácter/cualidades personales y si el solicitante es un solicitante universitario de primera generación como "importantes" para tomar decisiones de admisión por primera vez, en el primer año, mientras que clasifica las actividades extracurriculares, el talento/habilidad, la residencia geográfica, la residencia estatal, el trabajo voluntario, la experiencia laboral y el nivel de interés del solicitante como "considerados". [158] Algunos solicitantes de Música, Teatro y Danza y algunos solicitantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería pueden ser entrevistados. [158] Se requiere y se considera un portafolio para la admisión a Arte, Arquitectura y la Escuela de Negocios Ross . [158] Se recomienda la presentación de los puntajes de las pruebas estandarizadas, pero no es obligatoria. [168] Del 52% de los estudiantes de primer año inscritos en 2023 que presentaron los puntajes del SAT; el 50 por ciento medio, los puntajes compuestos fueron de 1350 a 1530. Del 18% de la clase de estudiantes de primer año entrante que presentó los puntajes del ACT; el puntaje compuesto del 50 por ciento medio estuvo entre 31 y 34.

Desde el otoño de 2021, la universidad ha tenido la mayor cantidad de estudiantes en el estado, superando el anterior liderazgo de inscripciones de la Universidad Estatal de Michigan . [169] Dado el grupo cada vez más reducido de estudiantes en edad universitaria del estado, existe la preocupación pública de que la expansión de la universidad pueda dañar a las escuelas más pequeñas al alejar a los buenos estudiantes. [170] [171] Algunas de las universidades públicas regionales del estado y las universidades privadas más pequeñas ya han experimentado descensos significativos en las inscripciones, mientras que otras enfrentan dificultades para mantener las cifras de inscripciones sin reducir los estándares de admisión. [170]

La universidad experimentó un aumento inesperado en la matrícula de estudiantes para el año académico 2023, habiendo admitido más estudiantes de los que podía soportar. [172] Esta situación de exceso de rendimiento ha ejercido una presión considerable sobre la asequibilidad de la vivienda para los estudiantes, ha aumentado la carga de trabajo de los miembros del profesorado y ha agotado los recursos. [172] La universidad ahora está adoptando una estrategia de gestión de admisiones de estado estable destinada a mantener un tamaño de clase estable. [172]

Graduado

La Escuela de Estudios de Posgrado Horace H. Rackham , la escuela de posgrado de la Universidad de Michigan, recibió un total de 19.098 solicitudes de admisión a sus programas de doctorado para el año de admisión 2023, que abarca los semestres de verano y otoño. [173] La escuela extendió ofertas de admisión a 2.816 solicitantes, lo que representa el 14,75% del grupo de solicitantes. [173] Posteriormente, se aceptaron 1.233 de las ofertas, lo que resultó en una tasa de rendimiento del 43,79% para el año académico. [173] Los solicitantes pueden presentar múltiples solicitudes a diferentes programas de doctorado y recibir múltiples ofertas, pero solo pueden matricularse en un programa a la vez. Los programas de doctorado que no son administrados por Rackham no se incluyen en las estadísticas.

La selectividad de las admisiones a los programas de doctorado varía considerablemente entre las distintas disciplinas, y en algunos campos muy competitivos las tasas de aceptación son de un solo dígito. Por ejemplo, en 2023, el campo de la administración de empresas admitió solo al 5,2% de sus 519 postulantes. De manera similar, el campo de la sociología tuvo una tasa de selectividad del 5,01%, seleccionando de un grupo de 439 postulantes. El campo de la psicología fue aún más competitivo, con una tasa de selectividad del 4,1% de 805 postulantes. Otros campos tradicionalmente muy competitivos incluyen la filosofía, las políticas públicas y la economía, las ciencias políticas y la robótica. [173]

Historia de las políticas de admisión

En agosto de 1841, la universidad publicó por primera vez sus requisitos de admisión para los estudiantes de primer año entrantes. Estos criterios hicieron especial hincapié en el dominio de las lenguas antiguas , en particular el latín y el griego. [12] : 33  Los futuros estudiantes se enfrentaban a un proceso de examen que evaluaba sus conocimientos en varias materias, incluidas aritmética, álgebra, gramática inglesa, geografía, literatura latina (Oraciones selectas de Virgilio y Cicerón), literatura griega (Libro de lectura griego de Jacob o Felton), gramática latina (de Andrews y Stoddard) y gramática griega (de Sófocles).

Una década después, la universidad realizó un cambio significativo en su política de admisión. En 1851, introdujo un enfoque más flexible al renunciar al requisito de lengua antigua para los estudiantes que no cursaban el curso universitario tradicional y permitir la admisión sin examen en lenguas clásicas para estos estudiantes. [12] : 44  Este ajuste puede verse como un preludio a la educación científica , que señala un cambio gradual del plan de estudios clásico a una oferta académica más diversa y moderna.

El arco de acceso al Cuadrángulo de la Ley

En los primeros días de la universidad, los requisitos de admisión variaban entre los diferentes departamentos y la mayoría de las admisiones se basaban en referencias. Sin embargo, en 1863, se introdujo un examen de ingreso estandarizado, estableciendo un conjunto único de calificaciones para la admisión a todos los departamentos académicos y profesionales. [12] : 79  La administración de la universidad en ese momento elogió la implementación de este examen de ingreso, reconociendo su contribución a la mejora del proceso de admisión. [12] : 44  Este examen de ingreso jugó un papel crucial en el proceso de admisión a lo largo del siglo XIX hasta la introducción de pruebas estandarizadas a nivel nacional .

Acción afirmativa

En 2003, dos demandas relacionadas con la política de admisión de acción afirmativa de la UM llegaron a la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos ( Grutter v. Bollinger y Gratz v. Bollinger ). El presidente George W. Bush se opuso públicamente a la política antes de que la corte emitiera un fallo. [180] La corte encontró que la raza puede considerarse como un factor en las admisiones universitarias en todas las universidades públicas y privadas que aceptan fondos federales, pero dictaminó que un sistema de puntos era inconstitucional. En el primer caso, la corte confirmó la política de admisión de la Facultad de Derecho, mientras que en el segundo falló en contra de la política de admisión de pregrado de la universidad. [ cita requerida ] El debate continuó porque en noviembre de 2006, los votantes de Michigan aprobaron la Propuesta 2 , que prohíbe la mayoría de las acciones afirmativas en las admisiones universitarias. Bajo esa ley, la raza, el género y el origen nacional ya no pueden considerarse en las admisiones. [181] A la UM y otras organizaciones se les concedió una suspensión de la implementación de la ley poco después de ese referéndum. Esto dio tiempo a los defensores de la acción afirmativa para decidir las opciones legales y constitucionales en respuesta a los resultados de la iniciativa. En abril de 2014, la Corte Suprema dictaminó en Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action que la Propuesta 2 no violaba la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. La oficina de admisiones afirma que intentará lograr un cuerpo estudiantil diverso analizando otros factores, como si el estudiante asistió a una escuela desfavorecida y el nivel de educación de los padres del estudiante. [181]

Graduación y retención de estudiantes de pregrado

Entre todos los estudiantes de primer año que se inscribieron por primera vez en la universidad en el otoño de 2017, el 82,0 % se graduó en cuatro años (antes del 31 de agosto de 2021); el 10,2 % se graduó en más de cuatro años pero en cinco años o menos (después del 31 de agosto de 2021 y antes del 31 de agosto de 2022); el 1,1 % se graduó en más de cinco años pero en seis años o menos (después del 31 de agosto de 2022 y antes del 31 de agosto de 2023). [157] El porcentaje de estudiantes de pregrado de la cohorte de otoño de 2022 que regresaron en el otoño de 2023 fue del 98,0 % para los estudiantes de primer año a tiempo completo. [157]

Carreras y programas

La universidad ofrece 133 carreras y títulos de grado en la Facultad de Ingeniería (18), la Facultad de Literatura, Ciencias y Artes (77), la Facultad de Farmacia (1), la Facultad de Políticas Públicas Ford (1), el Colegio Residencial LSA (3), la Facultad de Educación de la Familia Marsal (3), la Facultad de Negocios Ross (1), la Facultad de Odontología (1), la Facultad de Información (2), la Facultad de Kinesiología (3), la Facultad de Música, Teatro y Danza (16), la Facultad de Enfermería (1), la Facultad de Salud Pública (2), la Facultad de Arte y Diseño Stamps (2) y el Colegio de Arquitectura y Urbanismo Taubman (2). Las carreras de grado más populares, según los graduados de 2021, fueron informática y ciencias de la información (874), administración y gestión de empresas (610), economía (542), neurociencia del comportamiento (319), ingeniería mecánica (316) y psicología experimental (312). [182]

La Escuela de Estudios de Posgrado Horace H. Rackham ofrece más de 180 programas de posgrado en colaboración con otras catorce escuelas y facultades. Diecinueve programas de posgrado y grado profesional, incluyendo el doctorado en derecho , la maestría en administración de empresas , el doctorado en cirugía dental , la maestría en ingeniería , el doctorado en ingeniería , el doctorado en medicina y el doctorado en farmacia , son ofrecidos exclusivamente por las escuelas y facultades; Rackham no supervisa su administración. La universidad otorgó 4.951 títulos de posgrado y 709 primeros títulos profesionales en 2011-2012. [183] ​​[184]

Empleabilidad

El patio del Hutchins Hall se muestra durante un evento.

La universidad figura entre los principales proveedores de ex alumnos de pregrado y posgrado para las empresas tecnológicas de Silicon Valley . [185] En 2015, la universidad ocupó el sexto lugar en la lista de las mejores escuelas de origen de Google , que empleaba a más de 500 graduados en ese momento. La universidad ocupó el décimo lugar en la lista de las mejores escuelas de origen de Meta . [186] Google y Meta siguen siendo el primer y segundo empleador principal de la universidad en 2024. [187]

La universidad ha ocupado el tercer puesto en general en cuanto a colocaciones de analistas de banca de inversión , según datos de Terrain Analytics. [188] Esta clasificación se basa en un total de 216 contrataciones de graduados entre 2008 y 2023 que consiguieron puestos en Estados Unidos, incluidas 74 colocaciones en empresas de élite como Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley , JPMorgan Chase , Evercore y Centerview Partners . [188] La clasificación se ajusta al octavo puesto cuando se tiene en cuenta el tamaño de la población de pregrado. [188] La universidad también ocupó el tercer puesto en general en la contratación de puestos de consultoría de gestión para estudiantes de pregrado , con 102 graduados entre 2014 y 2020 que consiguieron puestos en las tres grandes empresas: McKinsey , BCG y Bain . [189]

En 2022, Michigan Ross ocupó el puesto 11 entre todas las escuelas de negocios de los Estados Unidos según Poets & Quants, y sus graduados de MBA ganaron un salario base inicial promedio de $165,000 y un bono de incorporación promedio de $30,000. [190]

En el ámbito académico, la universidad se encuentra entre las cinco instituciones más comunes para la formación de doctorados, junto con UC Berkeley , Harvard , la Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison y Stanford . Juntas, estas universidades han formado a uno de cada ocho profesores titulares que actualmente prestan servicios en instituciones de educación superior en todo el país. [191]

El Departamento de Educación de los EE. UU. informa que, a junio de 2024, los estudiantes con ayuda federal que asistieron a la Universidad de Michigan-Ann Arbor tenían un ingreso anual medio de $83,648 (según los ingresos de 2020-2021 ajustados a dólares de 2022) cinco años después de la graduación. [192] Esta cifra supera tanto el punto medio para las escuelas de 4 años de $53,617 como el ingreso personal medio real de los EE. UU. de $40,460 para el año 2021 ajustado a dólares de 2022. [192] [193] Los graduados de licenciatura con ayuda federal del programa más grande de la universidad, informática y ciencias de la información, que tenía más de 950 estudiantes en la cohorte 2020-21, tenían un ingreso anual medio de $153,297 cinco años después de la graduación. [192]

Según datos del Departamento de Educación de Estados Unidos, la carrera de Derecho encabeza la lista de los títulos profesionales iniciales más valiosos que ofrece la universidad cuando se clasifica por potencial de ingresos en 2022, y sus estudiantes con ayuda federal ganan un salario medio de 197.273 dólares cinco años después de graduarse. [192] Le siguen en ese orden la odontología (158.677 dólares), la farmacia (142.224 dólares) y la medicina (134.187 dólares). [192]

Los campos de administración de empresas ($140,827), economía ($108,627), matemáticas ($107,395) y estadística ($105,494) se encuentran entre los programas de licenciatura con mayor potencial de ingresos ofrecidos por la universidad. [192] En 2022, los estudiantes de la universidad con ayuda federal en estos programas ganaban salarios medios que superaban el umbral de $100,000 cinco años después de la graduación. [192] Además, varias disciplinas de ingeniería como ingeniería informática ($123,120), ingeniería aeroespacial, aeronáutica y astronáutica ($113,025), ingeniería industrial ($109,239), ingeniería eléctrica, electrónica y de comunicaciones ($109,107), ingeniería mecánica ($101,514), ingeniería química ($100,000) se encuentran entre las especialidades con mayores ingresos. [192] Las ciencias de la computación ($153,297) y la ciencia de la información ($125,257) también caen en esta categoría de altos ingresos. [192]

Bibliotecas y publicaciones

El sistema de bibliotecas de la Universidad de Michigan comprende diecinueve bibliotecas individuales con veinticuatro colecciones separadas, aproximadamente 13,3 millones de volúmenes en 2012. [194] La universidad fue el hogar original de la base de datos JSTOR , que contiene alrededor de 750.000 páginas digitalizadas de todo el archivo anterior a 1990 de diez revistas de historia y economía, y ha iniciado un programa de digitalización de libros en colaboración con Google . [195] La University of Michigan Press también es parte del sistema de bibliotecas.

En la universidad se publican varias revistas académicas:

Reputación y rankings

La Universidad de Michigan es una gran universidad de investigación residencial de cuatro años acreditada por la Higher Learning Commission . [164] [205] [206] El programa de pregrado de cuatro años a tiempo completo comprende la mayoría de las inscripciones y enfatiza la instrucción en las artes, las ciencias y las profesiones con un alto nivel de coexistencia entre los programas de posgrado y de pregrado. La universidad tiene una actividad de investigación "muy alta" y el programa de posgrado integral ofrece títulos de doctorado en humanidades, ciencias sociales y campos STEM , así como títulos profesionales en medicina, derecho y odontología. [164] La universidad ha sido incluida en la lista de universidades de la Ivy League pública de Richard Moll . [207]

Clasificaciones nacionales

El informe de 2021 de US News & World Report Best Colleges clasificó a la universidad en el tercer lugar entre las universidades públicas de los Estados Unidos. [208] Michigan ocupó el sexto lugar en el ranking de los mejores programas de ingeniería de pregrado de US News & World Report de 2021. [209] Michigan ocupó el tercer lugar en el ranking de los mejores programas de negocios de pregrado de US News & World Report de 2021. [210] La encuesta de esperanzas y preocupaciones universitarias de Princeton Review de 2020 clasificó a Michigan como la "universidad de ensueño" número 9 entre los estudiantes y la "universidad de ensueño" número 7 entre los padres. [211]

World rankings

University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 26th among world universities in 2023 by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, based on the number of alumni or staff as Nobel laureates and Fields Medalists, the number of highly cited researchers, the number of papers published in Nature and Science, the number of papers indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index, and the per capita academic performance of the institution.

The 2024 edition of the CWUR Rankings ranked the university 13th nationally and 16th globally, with an overall score of 89.1, taking into account all four areas evaluated by CWUR: education, employability, faculty, and research.[214][215] The university excels in research (ranked 9th globally), measured by the total number of research papers (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in top-tier journals (10% weight), the number of research papers appearing in highly-influential journals (10% weight), and the number of highly-cited research papers (10% weight).[214] However, its ranking in the faculty category is relatively lower at 63rd globally. This metric evaluates the number of faculty members who have received prestigious academic distinctions (10% weight).[214] The university's employability ranking is 42nd globally, based on the professional success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).[214] In the education category, the university is ranked 35th globally. This metric assesses the academic success of the university's alumni, measured relative to the institution's size (25% weight).[214]

In the 2025 QS World University Rankings, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor was ranked 44nd in the world, its lowest position in 10 years, with an overall score of 79.[216][217] The university excels in academic reputation (97.9), international research network (95.8), employment outcomes (94.5), and employer reputation (92.1), indicating a strong academic standing and industry recognition. However, it lags in areas like international faculty ratio (65.5), sustainability (62.2), citations per faculty (47.6), and international students ratio (39.2). The faculty-student ratio (80.3) is decent but could be improved.[216]

Research

The University of Michigan is one of the twelve founding members (in the year 1900) of the Association of American Universities. The university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. According to the National Science Foundation, the university spent $1.639 billion on research and development in 2021, ranking it 3rd in the nation.[233] This figure totaled over $1 billion in 2009.[234] The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[234] The university has a significant presence in the Nature Index, ranking 6th nationally and 23rd globally among research institutions, with a share of 365.97 and a count of 1199 in 2022.[221]

In 2023, the university's research faculty headcount was 657, not including librarian, curator, and archivist appointments which were no longer counted in this figure starting from Fall 2022.[8] The university boasted 28 researchers who were recognized by Clarivate as being highly cited in 2023.[227] In 2019, the university had 120 faculty members who were national academy members, placing it 10th among its peers in this metric.[228] Research.com recognized 439 researchers affiliated with the university in their 2023 ranking of top scientists worldwide.[235] This classification is based on the D-index (discipline H-index), with individuals surpassing a predetermined threshold—typically set at 30 or 40—within their respective scientific disciplines.[235]

Discoveries and innovation

Natural science

Computer & applied sciences

Medical science

Social science

An early synchrotron at the University of Michigan, built by H. Richard Crane in 1949, was the first synchrotron to use the "racetrack" design.

Research infrastructures

The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The university is a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG[248] and the gastroscope.[249]

The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[250] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[251]

In 2009, the university signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not fully articulated, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[252]

The Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research was constructed in 1924 as the result of a donation from the widow of iron magnate Thomas H. Simpson, in memory of her late husband, who succumbed to pernicious anemia

The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[253] In May 2021, the university announced plans to cut carbon emissions from its campuses. The plan covers all of its operations and goals include removing emissions from direct, on-campus sources by 2040.[254]

Collaborations and networks

The American National Election Studies, formally established by a National Science Foundation grant in 1977, has been based at the University of Michigan since its origin and, since 2005, has been run in partnership with Stanford University. As of 2017, the principal investigators are Ted Brader and Vincent Hutchings of the University of Michigan and Shanto Iyengar of Stanford University.

In the late 1960s the university, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.[255] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by the university. In 1987, they led a proposal to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.[256]

In 2006, the university joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor.[257] The three universities are connected via the high-speed Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR) data network, providing 10 Gbit/s links between their campuses and other major network hubs.[258]

Student life

Student body

As of October 2023, the university had an enrollment of 52,065 students: 33,730 undergraduate students and 18,335 graduate students[260][261] The largest college at the university was the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts with 21,973 students (42.2% of the total student body), followed by the College of Engineering (11,113; 21.3%) and Ross School of Business (4,433; 8.1%). All other colleges each hosted less than 5% of the total student population.[262]

Students come from all 50 U.S. states and nearly 100 countries.[165] As of 2022, 52% of undergraduate students were Michigan residents, while 43% came from other states. The remainder of the undergraduate student body was composed of international students.[263] Of the total student body, 43,253 (83.1%) were U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 8,812 (16.9%) were international students as of November 2023.[264]

In terms of race, as of October 2023 the undergraduate student body was approximately 53% White, 17% Asian, 7% Hispanic, 4% Black, 5% from two or more races, and 5% from an unknown racial composition. The remaining 8% of undergraduates were international students.[259]

According to a 2017 report by the New York Times, the median family income of a student at Michigan was $154,000. 66% of students came from families within the top 20% in terms of income.[265] As of 2022, approximately 23% of in-state undergraduate students and 14% of out-of-state students received a Pell Grant.[263]

Residential life

Law Quadrangle
Law Quadrangle, constructed during the decade of 1923–33, was designed by York and Sawyer in the Tudor style. Its design recalled the quadrangles of two ancient English universities, Oxford and Cambridge

The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students.[266] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,[267] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[268] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas.

Lawyers Club Dining Hall
Stockwell Residence Hall

Groups and activities

Photograph of the University of Michigan Democratic Club in 1898.
Back Row (L–R): Arthur Lacy, C. Thomas, J.M. Baily
Front Row (L–R): F.K. Bowers, C.F. Kelley, C.D. Landis, JS. McElligott

By 2012, the university had 1,438 student organizations.[269] The student body is politically engaged, though, with 96% stating they intended to vote in the 2020 election. It is largely progressive, with 43% identifying as very liberal, 33% as somewhat liberal, and 13% moderate. 11% identified as conservative or very conservative.[270] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights, such as local chapters of Students for a Democratic Society and United Students Against Sweatshops. Conservative groups also organize, such as the Young Americans for Freedom.[271]

There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.[272] Michigan Interactive Investments,[273] the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society[274] are also affiliated with the university.

The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[275] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[276] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[277]

Michigan Union, an Art Deco building constructed on land wholly owned by the student society in 1917, was designed by Michigan alumni Irving Kane Pond and Allen Bartlit Pond.

The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[278] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[279] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.

Michigan Marching Band on the field at Michigan versus Harvard football game in 1940

The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[280] is the university's marching band. Over 125 years old (with a first performance in 1897),[281] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[282] Its eight-member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[283] The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and Compulsive Lyres, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.[284] The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.[285] Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017.

The University of Michigan also has over 380 cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus.[286] These range the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association[287] to African Students Association[288] to even the Egyptian Student Association.[289]

Fraternities and sororities

Photograph of the 14 founding members of Acacia, the only general fraternity to be founded in Michigan.

Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately seven percent of undergraduate men and 16% of undergraduate women are active in the Greek system.[290] Four different Greek councils—the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association—represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[291]

Delta Sigma Delta, the first dental fraternity in the world

National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[292] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors", "with High Honors", or "with Honors".[292] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[292]

Phi Delta Phi, the oldest legal organization in continuous existence in the United States

Collegiate secret societies

The University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed.

Media and publications

Stanford Lipsey Student Publications Building

The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. The yearbook is the Michiganensian, founded in 1896. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication Gargoyle Humor Magazine is also published by Michigan students.

WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A carrier current station, it was launched in 1953.[295]

Safety

Violent crime is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including Theodore Kaczynski's attempted murder of professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino in 1985. Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, graduated from Michigan with his PhD in 1967.

A radical left-wing militant organization Weather Underground was founded at the university in 1969.[296] It was later designated a domestic terrorist group by the FBI.[297]

In 2014, the University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.[298] Seven years later, in 2021, the university attracted national attention when a report commissioned by the university was released that detailed an investigation into sexual assault allegations against doctor Robert Anderson who reportedly abused at least 950 university students, many of whom were athletes, from 1966 to 2003.[299] Several football players from that time say football coach Bo Schembechler ignored and enabled the abuse and told players to "toughen up" after being molested.[300] Schembechler reportedly punched his then 10-year-old son Matthew after he reported abuse by Anderson.[301] Following the exposure of a similar history of abuse at Ohio State University, male survivors of both Anderson at Michigan and Strauss at Ohio State spoke out to combat sexual abuse.[302] The University of Michigan settled with the survivors for $490 million.[303]

Athletics

Burgee of University of Michigan

The university's athletics history dates back to the late 19th century, with the baseball team founded in 1866, the football team established in 1879, and the men's tennis team originating in 1893. The university currently boasts 29 varsity intercollegiate sports, including 14 men's teams and 15 women's teams.[304] Since January 2016, Warde Manuel has served as the 12th athletics director.

In 1896, the university became a founding member of the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives, which later evolved into the Western Conference (1896–1899) and eventually became known as the Big Ten Conference (since 1950). However, it was voted out of the conference in April 1907. Following a nine-year absence, the university rejoined the conference in 1917. Since its reinstatement, the university's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the "Wolverines," have participated in the Big Ten Conference in most sports, with the exception of the women's water polo team, which competes in the Collegiate Water Polo Association. The teams compete at the NCAA Division I level in all sports, including Division I FBS in football. The teams share the nickname "Wolverines" with several other collegiate athletic teams in the country, such as the Utah Valley Wolverines, the Grove City Wolverines, and the Morris Brown Wolverines.

In 1909-10, college football faced a safety crisis as injuries spiked despite earlier reforms. The presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton attempted to implement moderate changes to improve player safety and prevent government intervention. However, their efforts were met with resistance from the rules committee and the newly formed Intercollegiate Athletic Association.[305] In 1926 Harvard entered into an agreement to play football against the University of Michigan instead of Princeton, threatening the 'Big Three' relationship due to previous rough games with Princeton. By the 1930s, the 'Big Three' was restored and expanded into the Ivy League in 1939.[306]

Venues

The Ray Fisher Stadium, constructed in 1923, serves as the home venue for the baseball team. The Alumni Field at Carol Hutchins Stadium, formerly known as the Varsity Diamond, is the home field for the university's softball team. The Yost Ice Arena, opened in 1923, is the home arena for the men's ice hockey team. The Crisler Center, opened in 1967 and previously known as the University Events Building and Crisler Arena, serves as the home venue for the men's and women's basketball teams as well as the women's gymnastics team. The Phyllis Ocker Field, constructed in 1995 and built partially on the site of Regents Field, is the home venue for the university's field hockey teams.

Michigan Stadium, opened in 1927, serves as the home venue for the football team. With an official capacity of 107,601, the stadium is the third-largest sports stadium in the world.[307][308] The extra seat in the stadium's capacity is said to be "reserved" for former head coach Fritz Crisler.[309] Prior to the construction of Michigan Stadium in 1927, the football team played their home games at Regents Field. In 1902, Dexter M. Ferry donated land adjacent to Regents Field, and the entire complex was renamed Ferry Field. Ferry Field served as the home stadium for the football team until the opening of Michigan Stadium. Today, Ferry Field serves as a tailgating space for Michigan Stadium during football games.

Fight songs and chants

Singing The Yellow and the Blue between halves of the Penn Game, November 1916

The Michigan fight song, "The Victors", was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa to be "the greatest college fight song ever written."[310] The song refers to the teams as being "the Champions of the West". At the time, the Big Ten Conference was known as the Western Conference.

Although mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief",[311] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at his funeral.[312] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue". A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[313]

Before "The Victors" was officially the university's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.[314] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song, "Varsity", was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.[315]

Accomplishments

The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (1,004 through the end of the 2023 season) and tied for 1st among FBS schools in winning percentage (.734).[316][317] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. the university had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[318] The Wolverines have won a record 45 Big Ten championships. The program claims 12 national championships,[319][320] most recently the 2023 National Championship,[321] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.[322]

The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships.[323]

The men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which illicit payments to players took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[324] The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships.

More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events,[325] and as of 2021 its students and alumni have won 155 Olympic medals.[326] Through the 2012 Summer Olympics, 275 Michigan students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. the university's students/student-coaches (e.g., notably, Michael Phelps) have won a total of 185 Olympic medals: 85 golds, 48 silvers, and 52 bronzes.[327]

In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, the university has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. The university has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 21 of the award's 29 seasons between 1993–2021 and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.[328]

Museums

Newberry Hall (Kelsey Museum of Archeology)

The university is also home to several public and research museums including but not limited to the University Museum of Art, University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, Detroit Observatory, Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry, and the LSA Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.

Kelsey Museum of Archeology has a collection of Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern artifacts.[329] Between 1972 and 1974, the museum was involved in the excavation of the archaeological site of Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria.[330] The Kelsey Museum re-opened November 1, 2009, after a renovation and expansion.[331]

The collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art include nearly 19,000 objects that span cultures, eras, and media and include European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African art, as well as changing exhibits. The Museum of Art re-opened in 2009 after a three-year renovation and expansion.[332] UMMA presents special exhibitions and diverse educational programs featuring the visual, performing, film and literary arts that contextualize the gallery experience.[333]

The University of Michigan Museum of Natural History began in the mid-19th century and expanded greatly with the donation of 60,000 specimens by Joseph Beal Steere in the 1870s. The building also houses three research museums: the Museum of Anthropology, Museum of Paleontology. Today, the collections are primarily housed and displayed in the Ruthven Museums Building which was completed in 1928.[334]

Notable people

Benefactors

Henry Ford (second from the left) at the dedication of Yost Field House in 1923

The Zion Masonic Lodge funded the university's first academic building in the 1810s.[335] Two-thirds of the total funding to establish the university was contributed by the Masonic lodge and its members.[335] Since then, private donors have become an important source of funding for the university. Among the individuals who have made significant donations commemorated at the university are William Wilson Cook, Dexter Mason Ferry, the Ford family, the Nichols family, the Marsal Family, the Tisch Family, William Erastus Upjohn, John Stoughton Newberry, Clara Harrison Stranahan, William K. Brehm, William Morse Davidson, A. Alfred Taubman, Penny W. Stamps, and Ronald Weiser. The Zell Family Foundation, led by Sam and Helen Zell, has donated a total of $152 million to the university over the years.[336][337] Stephen M. Ross made a $200 million donation to the business school and athletic campus in 2013.[338] Ross made a separate $100 million contribution to the university in 2004.[339] Charles Munger pledged $110 million in 2013 for a graduate residence and fellowships.[340]

Faculty and staff

The university employs 7,954 faculty members,[341] including 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences,[342] 62 members of the National Academy of Medicine,[343] 30 members of the National Academy of Engineering,[344] 99 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[345] and 17 members of the American Philosophical Society.[346][347] The university's current and former faculty includes thirteen Nobel laureates, eight Pulitzer Prize winners, 41 MacArthur Fellows, as well as eighteen AAAS fellows. Notable faculty members include Nobel Prize–winning physicists Martinus Veltman, Gérard Mourou, Martin Lewis Perl, Donald A. Glaser, Carl Wieman, and Charles H. Townes; mathematicians Raoul Bott, Samuel Eilenberg, Frederick Gehring; poets W. H. Auden, Joseph Brodsky, Robert Frost and Donald Hall; philosopher John Dewey; jurist Henry Billings Brown; Nobel laureate Lawrence R. Klein; Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Leslie Bassett; Nobel Prize–winning physiologists Charles B. Huggins, Peyton Rous, and Hamilton O. Smith; virologist Jonas Salk; Institute of Medicine members Francis Collins and Huda Akil; National Medal of Science recipient Elizabeth C. Crosby and MacArthur Fellowship recipients George Zweig, Karen Uhlenbeck, Amos Tversky, John Henry Holland, and Robert Axelrod. The faculty also includes transgender activist Lynn Conway, and A. Galip Ulsoy, co-inventor of the Reconfigurable Manufacturing System.

Alumni

As of 2013, nine Michigan alumni have won the Nobel Prize.[348] As of 2022, 35 of Michigan's matriculants have been awarded a Pulitzer Prize. By alumni count, Michigan ranks fifth as of 2018, among all schools whose alumni have won Pulitzers. The university is, as of 2020, associated one Mitchell Scholar.[349] As of 2021, 30 Michigan students or alumni have been named Rhodes Scholars.[350]

Government and law

President Gerald Ford wears a "Michigan #1" sweater during the kick-off of Ford's 1976 presidential campaign at the University of Michigan's campus in Ann Arbor

The university boasts several holders or candidates of the United States presidency, including Gerald Ford,[351] the 38th President and the Republican Party's nominee for President in 1976; Thomas E. Dewey,[352] who was the Republican Party's nominee for President in both 1944 and 1948; Arthur LeSueur, a Socialist candidate for President in 1916; Gilbert Hitchcock, a Democratic candidate in 1928; Arthur Vandenberg, a Republican presidential hopeful in 1948; and Ben Carson,[353] a Republican candidate in 2016. John Worth Kern and Burton K. Wheeler both ran for the vice presidency, with Kern representing the Democratic Party alongside William Jennings Bryan in 1908, and Wheeler as a Progressive Party's nominee with Robert La Follette Sr. in 1924.

John Worth Kern, former United States Senator and Democratic vice presidential nominee in 1908

Among the 23 former governors of Michigan who hold formal college degrees, 10 are graduates of the university. (Woodbridge N. Ferris only attended for a year) As of 2021, the university has matriculated 63 U.S. governors or lieutenant governors, including former Governor of Michigan Rick Snyder,[354] first female lieutenant governor of Missouri Harriett Woods, and former Governor of California Culbert Olson.[355] More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either a United States Senator (47 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 215 graduates), including former House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt,[356] U.S. Representative Justin Amash.[357] Former Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan,[358] former Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot,[359] and Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan[360]are also Michigan graduates.

Michigan graduates have held a range of cabinet-level positions, including United States Secretary of State (William Rufus Day[361]); United States Secretary of the Treasury (George M. Humphrey[362]); United States Attorney General (Harry Micajah Daugherty[363]); United States Secretary of the Interior (Kenneth Lee Salazar[364]); United States Secretary of Agriculture (Clinton Anderson,[365] Julius Sterling Morton,[366] Arthur M. Hyde,[367] and Dan Glickman[368]); United States Secretary of Commerce (Roy D. Chapin[369] and Robert P. Lamont[370]); United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (Tom Price[371]); and Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget (Rob Portman[372]). Multiple alumni served in the judicial branch of the U.S. government, including William Rufus Day,[361] Frank Murphy,[373] and George Sutherland,[374] all of whom served as Supreme Court justices. As of 2019, the university has placed onto various State Supreme Courts over 125 graduates, 40 of whom served as Chief Justice.

Foreign alumni include the Prime Minister of Singapore (Lawrence Wong[375]); the current ruler of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah (Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi[376]); the 51st Prime Minister of Italy (Lamberto Dini); the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1994–2004 (Lester Bird); the 47th President of Costa Rica (Luis Guillermo Solís); the Prime Minister of Peru 1993–1994 (Alfonso Bustamante); the Prime Minister of Jordan 2012–2016 (Abdullah Ensour[377]); the 13th President of Pakistan (Arif Alvi[378]); Chief Secretary of Hong Kong 2007–2011 (Henry Tang Ying-yen[379]); Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea 2017–2018 (Kim Dong-yeon); Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria in the government of Boyko Borisov (Simeon Djankov); Deputy Prime Minister of Madagascar 1997–1998 (Herizo Razafimahaleo). British Members of Parliament Terry Davis and Howard Flight are also Michigan graduates. As of 2022, Michigan has matriculated 64 Ambassadors who served as Ambassador in more than 72 countries.

Engineering and technology

Many alumni have made significant contributions to the fields of engineering and technology, including "father of information theory" Claude Shannon;[380] Turing Award winners Edgar Codd, Stephen Cook, Frances E. Allen, and Michael Stonebraker; and National Academy of Engineering member Clarence "Kelly" Johnson.[381] The university produced numerous developers and original authors of widely recognized software programs, such as Thomas Knoll[382] (original author of Adobe Photoshop); Mike Engelhardt[383] (original author of LTspice); Niels Provos[384] (creator of Bcrypt); and Sid Meier[385] (creator of video games series Civilization).

Business

George Getty, patriarch of the Getty family, earned his juris doctor from the law school in 1882.

Michigan alumni have founded or cofounded companies such as Alphabet Inc. (Larry Page[386]), Stryker Corporation (Homer Stryker[387]), Loews Corporation (Preston Robert Tisch[388]), Merrill Lynch (Charles Edward Merrill[389]), Science Applications International Corporation (J. Robert Beyster[390]), Rocket Mortgage (Gary Gilbert[391]), Domino's Pizza, Inc. (Tom Monaghan[392]), H&R Block (Henry W. Bloch[393]), Related Companies (Stephen M. Ross[394]), Admiral Group (Henry Engelhardt[395]), Five Guys Enterprises (Jerry Murrell[396]), Leo Burnett Company (Leo Burnett[397]), Dart Container Corporation (William A. Dart[398]), Groupon (Eric Lefkofsky[399]and Brad Keywell[400]), EQ Office (Samuel Zell[401]), Saba Capital (Boaz Weinstein[402]), Barracuda Networks (Dean Drako[403]), Munger, Tolles & Olson (Charlie Munger[404]and Ronald L. Olson[405]), Club Quarters (Ralph Bahna[406]), Taubman Company (A. Alfred Taubman[407]), and Skype (Niklas Zennström[408]).

The university counts several patriarchs of influential business dynasties, including George Getty of the renowned Getty family. The university also boasts a number of graduates from affluent families, including heirs and heiresses to major fortunes, such as Josiah K. Lilly Jr. (heir to Eli Lilly and Company); Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.[409] (heir to Walgreens); John Gideon Searle (heir to G. D. Searle); Doug Meijer[410]and Hank Meijer[411] (heirs to Meijer); Christopher Ilitch (heir to Ilitch Holdings, Inc.); and Kenneth B. Dart (heir to Dart Container Corporation). Raoul Wallenberg, a member of the prominent Wallenberg family, one of the wealthiest family in the world, studied at the university in 1931.[412]

As of May 2024, about 2.8% of all Fortune 1000 executives with MBAs are alumni from Michigan Ross, ranking it as the 6th highest among all business schools in the United States.[413][414] Alumni have led several companies, including Berkshire Hathaway (Charlie Munger[404]), Ford (James Hackett[415]), General Motors (Roger Smith, Frederick Henderson, and Richard C. Gerstenberg[416]), State Farm Insurance (Jon Farney[417]), Citigroup (John C. Dugan[418]), Tencent (Martin Lau[419]), The Boeing Company (Edgar Gott[420]), Wells Fargo (Timothy J. Sloan[421]), Allstate Corp. (Thomas J. Wilson[414]), American Airlines (Robert Isom[414]), PNC Financial Services (William S. Demchak[422]), General Mills (Stephen Sanger[423]), Turkish Airlines (Temel Kotil[424]), International Paper (John V. Faraci[425]), KB Financial Group (Euh Yoon-dae[426]), Chrysler Group LLC (C. Robert Kidder[427]), BorgWarner Inc. (Timothy M. Manganello[428]), Bunzl (Michael Roney[429]), Celanese (David N. Weidman[430]), JetBlue (Dave Barger[431]), Restaurant Brands International (J. Patrick Doyle[432]), and Bain Capital (Edward Conard[433]).

Authors and journalists

Notable writers who attended U-M include playwright Arthur Miller,[356] essayists Susan Orlean,[356] Jia Tolentino,[434] Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,[356] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Indian author and columnist Anees Jung, Daniel Okrent,[356] and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy,[356] Brad Meltzer,[356] Betty Smith,[356] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,[356] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, Alireza Jafarzadeh (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator), and memoirist and self-help book author Jerry Newport.

Music and entertainment

Musical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman,[356] singer Joe Dassin, multiple members of the bands Tally Hall and Vulfpeck, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.[356] Well-known composers who are alumni include Frank Ticheli, Andrew Lippa, and the Oscar and Tony Award-winning duo Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. Pop superstar Madonna[356] and rock legend Iggy Pop[356] attended but did not graduate.

Film and television

In Hollywood, famous alumni include actors Michael Dunn,[356] Darren Criss, James Earl Jones,[356] and David Alan Grier;[356] actresses Lucy Liu,[356] Gilda Radner,[356] and Selma Blair[356] as well as television director Mark Cendrowski and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.[356] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel,[356] Andrew Keenan-Bolger, his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger, and Taylor Louderman attended U-M for musical theatre. Emmy Award winner Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at the university.[435] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is another U-M law school graduate (J.D. 1988).[356]

Sports

U-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as in other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[356] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991), and Charles Woodson (1997).[322] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan; the latter studied Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.[436] Israeli Olympic swimmer Gal Cohen Groumi has also competed for the Wolverines. The Canada national team's Shelina Zadorsky played soccer at the University of Michigan.[437]

National Hockey League players Marty Turco, Luke Hughes, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Dylan Larkin, Zach Hyman, Brendan Morrison,[356] Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri[356] all played for U-M's ice hockey team. MLB Hall of Famers George Sisler and Barry Larkin also played baseball at the university.[356] Several team owners have been alumni, including multiple-team owner Bill Davidson (NBA Detroit Pistons, NHL Tampa Bay Lightning, WNBA Detroit Shock, among others) and NFL owners Stephen M. Ross (Miami Dolphins), Preston Robert Tisch (New York Giants), and Ralph Wilson (Buffalo Bills).

Activists and humanitarians

Activists associated with the university include Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,[438] activist Tom Hayden,[356] architect Charles Moore,[439] Swedish hero of the Holocaust Raoul Wallenberg,[440] Civil War General Benjamin D. Pritchard,[441] and assisted-suicide advocate Jack Kevorkian.

Exploration

Several astronauts attended Michigan including the all-U-M crews of both Gemini 4[442] and Apollo 15.[443] The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the Moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.[356][443]

Notes

  1. ^ a b School declined to fill out the U.S. News statistical survey.

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