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Timişoara

Timișoara ( Reino Unido : / ˌ t ɪ m ɪ ˈ ʃ w ɑːr ə / , [10] EE. UU. : / ˌ t m -/ , [11] rumano:  [ t i m i ˈ ʃ o̯a r a ] ;‹Ver Tfd›Alemán:Temeswar [ˈtɛmɛʃvaːɐ̯] , tambiénTemeschwaroTemeschburg;[12] Húngaro:Temesvár [ˈtɛmɛʃvaːr] Timişoara (en serbio:Темишвар,romanizadoTemišvar; ver otros nombres) es la capital delcondado de Timiş,Banat, y el principal centro económico, social y cultural del oestede Rumanía. Ubicada a orillas delrío Bega, Timişoara se considera la capital informal de la históricadel Banat. De 1848 a 1860 fue la capital de laVoivodina serbiay delVoivodato de Serbia y Banato de Temeschwar. Con 250.849 habitantes en elcenso de 2021quinta ciudad más pobladadel país.[9]Alberga a unos 400.000 habitantes en suárea metropolitana, mientras que la metrópoli de Timişoara-Arad concentra más del 70% de la población de los condados de Timiş yArad. Timișoara es una ciudad multicultural, hogar de 21 grupos étnicos y 18 denominaciones religiosas.[13]Históricamente, los más numerosos eran losalemanes suabos,los judíosylos húngaros, que todavía representan el 6% de la población aquí.[14]

Conquistada en 1716 por los austriacos a los turcos otomanos, Timişoara se desarrolló en los siglos siguientes detrás de las fortificaciones y en los núcleos urbanos situados a su alrededor. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, la fortaleza empezó a perder su utilidad, debido a muchos avances en la tecnología militar. Los antiguos bastiones y espacios militares fueron demolidos y reemplazados por nuevos bulevares y barrios. [15] Timişoara fue la primera ciudad de la monarquía de los Habsburgo con alumbrado público (1760) y la primera ciudad europea en ser iluminada por farolas eléctricas en 1884. [16] Abrió la primera biblioteca pública de préstamos de la monarquía de los Habsburgo y construyó un hospital municipal 24 años antes que Viena . [16] Además, publicó el primer periódico alemán del sudeste de Europa ( Temeswarer Nachrichten ). [16] En diciembre de 1989, Timişoara fue el punto de partida de la Revolución rumana . [17]

Timișoara es uno de los centros educativos más importantes de Rumania, con alrededor de 40.000 estudiantes [18] matriculados en las seis universidades de la ciudad. Como muchas otras grandes ciudades de Rumania, Timișoara es un proveedor de servicios de turismo médico , especialmente para atención dental y cirugía estética . [19] Se han logrado varios avances en la medicina rumana en Timișoara, incluida la primera fertilización in vitro , la primera cirugía cardíaca con láser y el primer trasplante de células madre . [16] Como centro tecnológico, la ciudad tiene uno de los sectores de TI más poderosos de Rumania junto con Bucarest , Cluj-Napoca , Iași y Brașov . En 2013, Timișoara tuvo la velocidad de descarga de Internet más rápida del mundo. [20]

Apodada la «Pequeña Viena» o la « Ciudad de las Rosas», Timişoara destaca por su gran cantidad de monumentos históricos y sus 36 parques y espacios verdes. [21] Los balnearios Buziaş y Băile Călacea se encuentran a una distancia de 30 y 27 km de la ciudad, respectivamente, mencionados desde la época romana por las propiedades de las aguas curativas. Junto con Oradea , Timişoara forma parte de la Ruta Europea del Art Nouveau . [22] También es miembro de Eurocities . [23] Timişoara tiene una escena cultural activa debido a los tres teatros estatales de la ciudad, la ópera , la filarmónica y muchas otras instituciones culturales. En 2016, Timişoara fue la primera Capital Rumana de la Juventud, [24] y en 2023 ostentó el título de Capital Europea de la Cultura , junto con las ciudades de Veszprém en Hungría y Elefsina en Grecia . [25]

Etimología

El nombre húngaro de la ciudad, Temesvár , se registró por primera vez como Temeswar en 1315. [26] Se refiere a un castillo ( vár ) en el río Timiș ( Temes ). [26] Timiș pertenece a la familia de hidrónimos derivados del radical indoeuropeo thib "pantano". [27] Los oikónimos rumanos y alemanes (Timișoara y Temeschburg, [28] respectivamente) derivaron de la forma húngara. [26] Las autoridades Habsburgo/austriacas también usaban Temeschwar o Temeswar , nombres que se han vuelto comunes en el uso actual. El nombre de la ciudad proviene del río que pasa por la ciudad, Timișul Mic ( ‹Ver Tfd› alemán : Kleine Temesch ; húngaro : Kistemes ), [29] hidrónimo que estuvo en uso hasta el siglo XVIII cuando se cambió a Bega o Beghei. [30]

Nombres en varios idiomas

Historia

Afiliaciones históricas

Reino de Hungría (1212-1526) Reino de Hungría Oriental (1526-1551) Reino de Hungría (1551-1552) Imperio otomano (1552-1716) Monarquía de los Habsburgo (1718-1779) Reino de Hungría (1779-1849) Imperio austríaco (1849-1867) Austria-Hungría (1867-1918) ( de iure Hungría hasta 1920 ) República del Banato (1918) ( de facto ) Reino de Serbia (1918-1919) ( de facto ) Reino de Rumania (1920-1947) ( de facto desde 1919) República Popular Rumana (1947-1965) República Socialista de Rumania (1965-1989) Rumania (1989-presente)


 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 

Historia temprana

La parte sureste de la llanura de Panonia está delimitada por el río Mureș , el río Tisza y el Danubio ; la región era muy fértil y ya ofrecía condiciones favorables para la alimentación y el sustento humano en el año 4000 a. C. [38] Los restos arqueológicos atestiguan la presencia de una población de agricultores, cazadores y artesanos, cuya existencia se vio favorecida por un clima templado, un suelo fértil y abundante agua y bosques.

La primera civilización identificable en Banat fueron los dacios , que dejaron rastros de su pasado. [39] Varios historiadores rumanos han propuesto la idea de que la ubicación actual de Timișoara corresponde al asentamiento dacio de Zurobara . Aunque se desconoce su ubicación, las coordenadas dadas por el geógrafo Ptolomeo en Geographike Hyphegesis la sitúan en el noroeste de Banat. [40]

Edad media

El Bastión de Teresa sirvió como muralla defensiva de la Fortaleza de Timișoara .

Se supone que en el siglo IX Knyaz Glad gobernó sobre estas tierras, aceptando la soberanía húngara, aunque no existen relatos contemporáneos. [38] Timișoara fue mencionada oficialmente por primera vez en 1212 como el castrum romano Temesiensis [41] o castrum regium Themes . [42] Este año es disputado por los historiadores de la opinión de que la primera mención documental de la ciudad proviene de 1266, cuando el heredero aparente Esteban V de Hungría dona parte de la fortaleza de Tymes , construida por su padre, Béla IV , al conde Parabuch. [43] La ciudad fue destruida por los tártaros en el siglo XIII, [41] pero la ciudad fue reconstruida y creció considerablemente durante el reinado de Carlos I de Hungría , quien, en su visita allí en 1307, ordenó el fortalecimiento de la fortaleza con muros de piedra y la construcción de un palacio real. El palacio fue construido por artesanos italianos y estaba organizado alrededor de un patio rectangular con un cuerpo principal provisto de una mazmorra o una torre. [44] [45] Incluso trasladó la sede real de Buda a Timișoara entre 1316 y 1323. [38] La importancia de Timișoara también creció debido a su ubicación estratégica, que facilitaba el control sobre la llanura del Banat. [45]

A mediados del siglo XIV, Timişoara se encontraba en la vanguardia de la batalla de la cristiandad occidental contra los turcos musulmanes otomanos . En 1394, los turcos liderados por Bayaceto I pasaron por Nagybecskerek (actual Zrenjanin ) y Timişoara en su camino hacia Valaquia, donde fueron derrotados por el voivoda Mircea el Viejo en la batalla de Rovine . [38] Timişoara volvió a servir como punto de concentración para las fuerzas armadas cristianas, esta vez para la batalla de Nicópolis . Tras la derrota de los cristianos, los otomanos devastaron el Banat hasta Timişoara, de donde fueron expulsados ​​por el conde István Losonczy. [38] Nombrado conde de Timişoara en 1440, Juan Hunyadi se trasladó con su familia a Timişoara, que convertiría en un campamento militar permanente. [46] Juan Hunyadi llegaría a ser conocido en toda la región por su victoria en Belgrado sobre los otomanos, considerado en aquel momento un defensor de la cristiandad. Un acontecimiento importante en la historia de la ciudad fue el levantamiento campesino liderado por György Dózsa . El 10 de agosto de 1514 intentó cambiar el curso del río Bega para poder entrar más fácilmente en la ciudad, pero fue derrotado por ataques tanto desde dentro como desde fuera de la ciudad. [38]

1552–1716: Dominación otomana

Timişoara en 1656, mapa de Nicolas Sanson . Nótese la forma de medialuna en las torres, característica de las ciudades de la época otomana.

La caída de Belgrado en 1521 y la derrota en Mohács en 1526 causaron la división del Reino húngaro en tres partes, y el Banato se convirtió en objeto de disputa entre el Reino de los Habsburgo de Hungría y los otomanos . Después de un asedio fallido en 1551, los turcos se reagruparon y regresaron con una nueva estrategia. El 22 de abril de 1552, un ejército de 160.000 hombres dirigido por Kara Ahmed Pasha conquistó la ciudad y la transformó en una ciudad capital en la región ( Eyalet de Temeşvar ). El comandante militar local, István Losonczy, y otros cristianos fueron masacrados el 27 de julio de 1552 mientras escapaban de la ciudad a través de la Puerta de Azapilor. [47] Después de la muerte de Juan Zápolya , los Habsburgo intentaron obtener Transilvania y el Banato, incluyendo Timişoara, con resultados mixtos; Transilvania incluso entró en vasallaje dual por un tiempo. [38]

Timişoara permaneció bajo el dominio otomano durante 164 años, controlada directamente por el sultán y disfrutando de un estatus especial, similar a otras ciudades de la región, como Budapest y Belgrado . [48] Durante este período, Timişoara fue el hogar de una gran comunidad islámica y produjo figuras históricas famosas, como Osman Ağa de Temeşvar . [49]

A excepción de un período a finales del siglo XVI, la ciudad no sufrió asedios hasta finales del siglo XVII. En 1594, Gregorio Palotić, ban de Lugos y Karánsebes , inició un levantamiento antiotomano en el Banat, con punto de partida en Nagybecskerek. Tras una fuerte ofensiva transilvana liderada por György Borbély, el ejército cristiano conquistó varias ciudades, pero Timişoara permaneció intacta. [50] Otro intento de recuperar la ciudad tuvo lugar en 1596, cuando un ejército de Segismundo Báthory inició el asedio de la ciudad. Después de 40 días de esfuerzos inútiles, los sitiadores se retiraron. [51]

1716–1860: el gobierno de los Habsburgo

Sitio de 1716

Tras la victoria en Petrovaradin el 5 de agosto de 1716, el ejército austríaco dirigido por el príncipe Eugenio de Saboya decidió conquistar Timişoara. El ejército otomano, los kuruc y la población civil turca se vieron obligados a abandonar la ciudad tras un asedio de 48 días marcado por repetidos bombardeos que destruyeron gran parte de los edificios de la ciudad. [52] Tras el Tratado de Passarowitz (1718), el Banato de Temeswar pasó a ser provincia de la monarquía de los Habsburgo y fue proclamado «posesión de la Corona» con una administración militar que gobernó Timişoara hasta 1751, cuando fue sustituida por una civil.

Tras la conquista del Banato, las autoridades imperiales de Viena iniciaron un amplio proceso de colonización , invitando sobre todo a católicos alemanes de Württemberg , Suabia , Nasáu , etc. que serían conocidos como suevos del Banato . [38] En Timişoara, los suevos se asentaron principalmente en Fabric, donde desarrollaron fuertemente la artesanía. La función principal de Timişoara durante este periodo fue la de fortaleza militar. Las fortificaciones existentes no podían hacer frente a las nuevas técnicas militares, por lo que toda la fortaleza fue reconstruida en una adaptación tardía, plana e inconsistente del estilo Vauban . Tenía una superficie 10 veces mayor que la fortaleza turca medieval. Entre 1728 y 1732, se reguló el río Bega, creándose un canal navegable. [38]

Batalla de Temesvár (1849) al final de un asedio de 107 días

Bajo la presión política de la Dieta húngara , la Corte Imperial vienesa aceptó que los tres condados del Banato se reincorporaran al Reino húngaro, en 1779. [53] En 1781 José II declaró a Timişoara libre de la autoridad del condado y, para evitar que los nobles interfirieran en la administración de la ciudad, la elevó al rango de "ciudad real libre". [38] Este estatus aseguraría el autogobierno interno de Timişoara, el derecho a tener representantes en la Dieta y el de disponer de sus propios ingresos. La ciudad estuvo sitiada en 1848 durante 107 días. Los húngaros intentaron sin éxito capturar la fortaleza en la batalla de Temesvár . Fue la última gran batalla de la Revolución húngara de 1848 . [41] Por la Constitución de marzo , la región fue incorporada al Voivodato de Serbia y Banato de Temeschwar , que se convirtió en una tierra de la corona del Imperio austríaco . La nueva provincia imperial, cuya existencia también había sido consagrada por el decreto imperial del 18 de noviembre de 1849, fue gobernada tanto militar como civilmente, y los idiomas oficiales eran el alemán y el «ilirio» (lo que vendría a ser conocido como serbocroata ). Timişoara fue designada como la residencia del gobernador, y la ciudad mantuvo sus privilegios como ciudad real libre. [38]

Siglos XIX y XX

Un mapa en húngaro de Timișoara de finales del siglo XIX con los cuatro distritos históricos: Cetate ( Belváros ), Fabric ( Gyárkülváros ), Elisabetin ( Majorkülváros ) e Iosefin ( Józsefkülváros ).

En 1860, el Voivodato de Serbia y Banato de Temeschwar fue abolido y la mayor parte de su territorio fue incorporado al Reino de los Habsburgo de Hungría , aunque el gobierno húngaro directo comenzó solo después del Compromiso Austro-Húngaro de 1867 , después del establecimiento de la monarquía dual . Como parte de Austria-Hungría , la ciudad experimentó un rápido crecimiento económico y demográfico. Las instituciones crediticias invirtieron grandes sumas en el desarrollo de la industria local; a principios del siglo XX había muchas empresas aquí: dos cervecerías, una fundición de hierro, una fábrica de fósforos, una fábrica de ladrillos, una fábrica de gas, una fábrica de cadenas, una fábrica de sombreros, una fábrica de chocolate, etc. [38] En este período se introdujeron el tranvía tirado por caballos, el teléfono y el alumbrado público y se pavimentaron las carreteras.

En 1892, el emperador Francisco José I decidió abolir el estatuto de fortaleza de Timișoara. [15] La demolición de las fortificaciones comenzó en 1899. Las principales funciones de la ciudad pasaron a ser las económicas, especialmente las comerciales y bancarias. [53]

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial

Bulevar del Rey Fernando (actualmente Plaza de la Victoria ) en 1926

El 31 de octubre de 1918, las élites militares y políticas locales establecieron el Consejo Nacional del Banato, junto con representantes de los principales grupos étnicos de la región: alemanes , húngaros , serbios y rumanos . El 1 de noviembre proclamaron la efímera República del Banato . Tras la Primera Guerra Mundial , la región del Banato se dividió entre el Reino de Rumania y el Reino de los Serbios, Croatas y Eslovenos , y Timişoara quedó bajo administración rumana después de la ocupación serbia entre 1918 y 1919. La ciudad fue cedida de Hungría a Rumania por el Tratado de Trianon el 4 de junio de 1920. En 1920, el rey Fernando I otorgó a Timişoara el estatus de Centro Universitario, y los años de entreguerras vieron un desarrollo económico y cultural continuo. También tuvieron lugar varias manifestaciones antifascistas y antirrevisionistas durante este tiempo.

Un B-24 Gol'Walloper lanzando bombas sobre Timișoara el 3 de julio de 1944

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , Timişoara sufrió daños tanto por los bombardeos de los aliados como por los del Eje , especialmente durante la segunda mitad de 1944. El 23 de agosto de 1944, Rumanía, que hasta entonces era miembro del Eje, declaró la guerra a la Alemania nazi y se unió a los Aliados. Las tropas alemanas y húngaras intentaron tomar la ciudad por la fuerza durante todo septiembre, pero sin éxito.

Después de la guerra, se proclamó la República Popular de Rumania y Timişoara sufrió la sovietización y, más tarde, la sistematización . La población de la ciudad se triplicó entre 1948 y 1992. Timişoara se industrializó en gran medida tanto a través de nuevas inversiones como del aumento de las capacidades de las antiguas empresas en diversas industrias: construcción de maquinaria, textil y calzado, eléctrica, alimentaria, plástica, óptica, materiales de construcción, muebles, etc. [54] [55]

Manifestantes en la calle Emanoil Ungureanu durante la Revolución de 1989

En diciembre de 1989, Timișoara fue testigo de una serie de protestas callejeras masivas en lo que se convertiría en la Revolución rumana . [56] El 20 de diciembre, tres días después de que comenzara el derramamiento de sangre allí, Timișoara fue declarada la primera ciudad libre del comunismo en Rumania . [57]

Geografía

Timişoara está situada en la intersección del paralelo 45 norte con el meridiano 21 este . Como posición matemática, se encuentra en el hemisferio norte , casi a la misma distancia del polo norte y del ecuador , y en el hemisferio oriental, utilizando la hora de Europa Central . La hora local de la ciudad (considerada después del meridiano) está 1 h 25' 8" por delante de la hora media de Greenwich , pero está 34' 52" por detrás de la hora oficial de Rumania ( hora de Europa del Este ). [58]

Timişoara se encuentra a una altitud de 90 metros en el borde sureste de la llanura del Banato, parte de la llanura de Panonia , cerca de la divergencia de los ríos Timiş y Bega . [58] Las aguas de los dos ríos forman una tierra pantanosa y frecuentemente inundada. Timişoara se desarrolló en uno de los pocos lugares donde se podían cruzar los pantanos. Estos constituyeron una protección natural alrededor de la fortaleza durante mucho tiempo y favorecieron un clima húmedo e insalubre, que propagó la peste y el cólera y mantuvo el número de habitantes relativamente bajo, impidiendo el desarrollo cívico. Con el tiempo, estos ríos fueron drenados, represados ​​y desviados. Debido a los proyectos hidrográficos emprendidos en el siglo XVIII, la ciudad ya no se encuentra en el río Timiş, sino en el canal Bega . Esta mejora del terreno se hizo irreversible con la construcción del canal Bega (iniciado en 1728) y con el drenaje completo de los pantanos circundantes. La ciudad se encuentra a sólo 0,5 a 5 metros sobre el nivel freático, lo que no permite la construcción de edificios altos. [59] El rico suelo negro y el nivel freático relativamente alto hacen de esta una región agrícola fértil.

En su conjunto, el relieve de Timișoara se presenta como una superficie relativamente plana y monótona, interrumpida únicamente por el cauce del río Bega. Estudiado en detalle, el relieve de la ciudad y sus alrededores presenta una serie de peculiaridades locales, representadas principalmente por meandros desiertos, microdepresiones y crestas (generalmente formadas por materiales gruesos). Estos son el resultado de los depósitos en el área de los ríos Timiș y Bega, antes de su drenaje, regularización y represamiento (concretizado altimétricamente por modestos baches, que no superan en ningún lugar, el intervalo de 2-3 m). [58]

Sismicidad

Timișoara es un centro sísmico bastante activo, pero de los muchos terremotos observados, pocos han superado la magnitud 6 en la escala de Richter . Hay dos fallas sísmicas activas que atraviesan la parte occidental de la ciudad. [60] Los terremotos registrados en la región son terremotos normales, de tipo cortical, con profundidades de focos entre 5 y 30 km (3,1 y 18,6 mi). [61]

Flora y fauna

Bosque verde y lago Dumbrăvița

En el pasado, había extensos bosques de robles entre Tisza y Timiș . [62] Con el tiempo, fueron talados para obtener la madera necesaria para construir la fortaleza y las casas, así como para ganar tierra cultivable. [63] Hoy, a excepción de las áreas forestadas con roble turco y roble húngaro (Bosque Verde, Bosque de Bistra, Bosque de Timișeni–Șag), el territorio se encuentra dentro de la estepa forestal antropogénica que caracteriza toda la Cuenca de Panonia . El paisaje está diversificado por la vegetación de pradera, a lo largo de los ríos principales, en la que predominan los árboles de madera blanda: sauces , álamos , alisos . Dentro de los límites de la ciudad se encuentra el Bosque Verde ( en rumano : Pădurea Verde ), un macizo forestal con una superficie de unas 724 ha (1.790 acres), dispuestas sistemáticamente en cuadrados de 15 ha (37 acres). [62] El bosque es artificial; Los primeros planes de organización fueron realizados en 1860 por el Servicio Forestal Húngaro. [62] A unos 20 km (12 mi) al sureste de Timișoara se encuentra el Parque Dendrológico de Bazoș, una reserva forestal que desde 1994 tiene el estatus de área protegida. Los primeros árboles de la reserva fueron traídos en 1909 desde el vivero de la Universidad de Harvard . Hoy, la reserva incluye 800 especies diferentes de árboles y arbustos y es parte de la Asociación Internacional de Jardines Botánicos. [64]

La fauna de Timișoara incluye pocos mamíferos, representados solo por algunos insectívoros y roedores. Las aves, en cambio, son numerosas, algunas de las cuales son de importancia cinegética (el faisán ). [63] La fauna urbana , aunque menos variada que la fauna forestal, presenta un mayor número de especies de interés cinegético ( conejo , ciervo , codorniz , perdiz , faisán , erizo , etc.) y reptiles. [63] En los parques de Timișoara hay erizos , topos , ranas arbóreas y una gran cantidad de aves. [63] En cuanto a la piscifauna, la especie dominante es la carpa , junto a la que viven sargos , alburnos , rutilos , zieges , lucios , soporte natural para la pesca deportiva . [63] Timișoara solía tener el único zoológico en el oeste de Rumania, el Jardín Zoológico de Timișoara , pero fue cerrado.

Hidrografía

Canal de Bega visto desde el Puente de Trajano

El principal curso de agua es el río Bega , el afluente más meridional del Tisza . Nace en las montañas de Poiana Ruscă , está canalizado y desde Timişoara hasta su desembocadura fue acondicionado para la navegación (115 km [71 mi]). [58] El canal de Bega fue construido entre 1728 y 1760, pero su disposición final se hizo más tarde. [58] El canal de Bega fue diseñado para el acceso de barcazas de 600 a 700 toneladas y una capacidad de transporte anual de tres millones de vagones. [58]

De la multitud de brazos que existían antes de la canalización de Bega, solo se conservan dentro de la ciudad Bega Moartă (Bega muerta; en el barrio de Fabric) y Bega Veche (Bega vieja; al oeste, fluyendo por Săcălaz). [58]

Además de los cursos permanentes y de los que se secan, a menudo durante el verano, en el territorio de Timișoara hay una serie de lagos: ya sean naturales, formados en lugar de los antiguos meandros o zonas de hundimiento, como los de Kuncz, Giroc, Pădurea Verde, etc., o de origen antrópico, como los de Fratelia, Freidorf, Ciarda Roșie, Ștrandul Tineretului, etc. [62]

Clima

Al igual que partes de Rumania , Timișoara exhibe un clima continental húmedo ( Dfb por la isoterma de 0 °C), o un clima oceánico ( Köppen : Cfb por la isoterma de -3 °C), característico de la parte sureste de la cuenca de Panonia , con algunas influencias submediterráneas. [65] [66] Sin embargo, utilizando las normales de 1991-2020, el clima de la ciudad se clasifica como Cfa (clima templado con veranos calurosos).

Las masas de aire dominantes, durante la primavera y el verano, son las templadas, de origen oceánico, que traen importantes precipitaciones. Con frecuencia, incluso en invierno, llegan masas de aire húmedo del Atlántico , trayendo importantes lluvias y nevadas, con menos frecuencia olas de frío . De septiembre a febrero son frecuentes las penetraciones de masas de aire polares continentales, procedentes del este. En el Banat también se siente con fuerza la influencia de ciclones y masas de aire caliente procedentes del mar Adriático y del mar Mediterráneo , que en invierno generan deshielos completos y en verano imponen períodos de calor sofocante. [65]

La temperatura media anual fue de 11,8 °C (53,2 °F) entre 1991 y 2020. [67] El mes más cálido, en promedio, es julio con una temperatura media de 22,7 °C (72,9 °F). [67] El mes más frío en promedio es enero, con una temperatura media de 1,0 °C (33,8 °F). [67] La ​​temperatura más baja registrada en Timișoara fue de -35,3 °C (-31,5 °F), el 24 de enero de 1963, [68] mientras que la temperatura más alta fue de 42 °C (108 °F), registrada en agosto de 2017. [69] El número promedio de días de heladas (con temperaturas mínimas por debajo de 0 °C [32 °F]) es de 80, [67] y el número promedio de días de invierno (con temperaturas máximas por debajo de 0 °C) es de 17. [67] El número promedio de días tropicales (con temperaturas máximas por encima de 30 °C [86 °F]) es de 45. [67]

Predominantemente bajo la influencia de las masas de aire marítimo del noroeste, Timișoara recibe una mayor cantidad de precipitaciones que las ciudades de la llanura de Valaquia . [65] La cantidad media de precipitaciones al año en Timișoara es de 604,4 mm (23,80 pulgadas), que caen en 87 días. [67] El mes con más precipitaciones en promedio es junio con 80,8 mm de precipitación. [67] El mes con menos precipitaciones en promedio es febrero con un promedio de 34,2 mm (1,35 pulgadas). [67]

Demografía

Composición étnica de Timișoara (2021)

  Rumanos (91,39%)
  Húngaros (4,3%)
  Serbios (1,44%)
  Alemanes (1,13%)
  Otros (1,74%)

Composición religiosa de Timișoara (2021)

  Ortodoxo rumano (79,55%)
  Católicos (8,06%)
  Pentecostales (2,53%)
  Bautistas (1,67%)
  Reformado (1,32%)
  Otros (2,52%)
Densidad de población de los microbarrios en 2009

Desde un punto de vista demográfico, Timișoara se define, según la ley de Zipf , como una ciudad de segundo nivel, junto con Iași , Constanza , Cluj-Napoca y Brașov , con amplias funciones macroterritoriales y que tiene la segunda área urbana funcional más grande , después de Bucarest , de más de 5000 km2 ( 1900 millas cuadradas). [73] En 2013, Bucarest y Timișoara también fueron las únicas áreas metropolitanas de crecimiento europeo (MEGA) en Rumania. [73] A nivel nacional, Timișoara ha sido reconocida como el mayor centro polarizador del oeste de Rumania. [74]

Según el censo de 2021 , la población de Timișoara ascendió a 250.849 habitantes, [9] una disminución en comparación con el censo anterior en 2011, cuando se registraron 319.279 habitantes. [75] Sin embargo, estas cifras son cuestionadas por las autoridades locales y los sociólogos debido a la forma defectuosa en que se realizó el censo. [76] [77] Según la alcaldía y los registros de población local, Timișoara cuenta con más de 309.000 habitantes en 2023. [78] La población de la ciudad representa aproximadamente el 38% de la población del condado de Timiș , el 15% de la población de la región de desarrollo occidental y el 1,3% de la población total de Rumanía. [73] Según la definición de Eurostat , el área urbana funcional de Timișoara tiene una población de 364.325 habitantes (a partir de 2018). [79]

Según un estudio realizado por el Banco Mundial , Timișoara fue entre 2001 y 2011 la ciudad regional de Rumania que atrajo el mayor número de inmigrantes. [80] Timișoara sirve como un importante polarizador de la fuerza laboral para otras regiones del país, con un excedente demográfico, especialmente para los condados del norte de Moldavia , el noroeste de Transilvania y Oltenia . [73] Timișoara logra atraer a unos 8.000 nuevos habitantes anualmente, la mayoría provenientes principalmente del condado de Timiș , pero también de ciudades más pequeñas en los condados vecinos: Caraș-Severin , Hunedoara y Arad . [81] De hecho, el 46,2% de la población actual de Timișoara está compuesta por personas que se han mudado aquí desde otros lugares. [80] En 2017, el ex alcalde Nicolae Robu declaró que la ciudad de Timișoara tiene una población adicional de más de 100.000 personas en comparación con los residentes registrados oficialmente. Esto incluye a estudiantes, trabajadores y otras categorías de migrantes, que no están incluidos en los informes estadísticos porque ya no obtienen un visado de residencia. [82]

Minorías étnicas

Timișoara se ha destacado desde la antigüedad como una ciudad étnicamente diversa. [83] En 1910 , la comunidad más grande estaba representada por alemanes , seguidos de húngaros , rumanos , judíos , serbios y muchas otras comunidades más pequeñas, como checos , eslovacos , croatas , romaníes , búlgaros , polacos , etc. [84] Las cifras y los porcentajes han cambiado mucho hoy en día, pero el aspecto multiétnico de la ciudad persiste. Hoy en día, el 85% de los habitantes son rumanos, mientras que las minorías son mucho más diversas debido a la presencia de asiáticos, italianos, musulmanes y menos alemanes y húngaros. [85] Sin embargo, en Timișoara viven la mayoría de los alemanes en Rumania como porcentaje de la población de una ciudad. [86] El declive de las comunidades alemana y húngara se debe principalmente a la asimilación (por ejemplo, el 64% de los húngaros en Timișoara viven en matrimonios mixtos), la migración y las bajas tasas de natalidad. [87] Timișoara también alberga una importante comunidad serbia , que en 2011 contaba con casi 5.000 personas. Muchos de ellos utilizan el serbio como segunda lengua , prefiriendo el rumano. El serbio es más común entre las generaciones mayores educadas en él. [88]

En 2018, según datos oficiales, más de 7.000 extranjeros vivían en Timișoara. [89] La cifra real es mayor, dado que muchos extranjeros que viven en Timișoara no solicitan la residencia permanente, sino que pasan la mayor parte del tiempo en la ciudad.

Religión

Sinagoga Cetate , la sinagoga más grande de Timișoara

Aunque ha cambiado mucho a lo largo de su historia, la composición religiosa de Timișoara es diversa. Si en 1910 la mayoría de los habitantes eran católicos romanos , [93] en 2011 el 75% se declaraba ortodoxo rumano .

En Timişoara hay 80 iglesias, 12 de las cuales fueron construidas después de 1989; [94] 41 pertenecen a la Iglesia ortodoxa , ocho a la Iglesia católica romana y tres a la Iglesia greco-católica . [73] Además, hay tres sinagogas en los barrios de Cetate , Fabric e Iosefin , las tres construidas antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial , cuando los judíos representaban el 10% de la población de la ciudad; [95] en la actualidad, solo la sinagoga ortodoxa en Iosefin y la sinagoga de Cetate celebran servicios religiosos. [96] [97] Timişoara es la sede del Arzobispado de Timişoara, la sede de la Metrópolis de Banat , así como la sede de la Diócesis de Timişoara , una de las seis diócesis católicas romanas en Rumania.

Política y administración

Ayuntamiento de Timişoara

Las primeras elecciones locales libres en la Timișoara poscomunista tuvieron lugar en 1992. El ganador fue Viorel Oancea , del Partido Alianza Cívica (PAC), que luego se fusionó con el Partido Nacional Liberal (PNL). Fue el primer oficial que habló ante la multitud de revolucionarios reunidos en la Plaza de la Ópera. [98] Las elecciones de 1996 fueron ganadas por Gheorghe Ciuhandu , de los Demócratas Cristianos (PNȚ-CD). Tuvo cuatro mandatos, ganando también las elecciones de 2000, 2004 y 2008. Mientras tanto, Ciuhandu tomó el control del Partido Demócrata Cristiano y se postuló para presidente de Rumania en 2004. [99] Nicolae Robu (PNL) fue elegido alcalde en 2012 y nuevamente en 2016. En 2020, Dominic Fritz , nativo de Alemania, fue elegido alcalde en nombre de la USR con el apoyo del FDGR . [100] Obtuvo un nuevo mandato en 2024 en nombre de la Alianza Unida de Timișoara ( USR – PMP – FD – UDMR ). [101]

El Consejo Local y el alcalde de la ciudad son elegidos cada cuatro años por la población. Las decisiones son discutidas y aprobadas por el Consejo Local ( en rumano : Consiliu Local ), compuesto por 27 concejales electos. Después de las elecciones locales de 2024 , el Consejo Local tendrá la siguiente composición por partidos políticos: [5]

Además, como Timișoara es la capital del condado de Timiș , la ciudad alberga el Palacio Administrativo, la sede del Consejo del Condado ( en rumano : Consiliu Județean ) y el prefecto , que es designado por el gobierno central de Rumania. El prefecto no puede ser miembro de un partido político y su función es representar al gobierno nacional a nivel local, actuando como enlace y facilitando la implementación de los planes nacionales de desarrollo y los programas de gobierno a nivel local.

En 2003, se crearon consejos consultivos vecinales como una medida para mejorar la consulta del gobierno local con los ciudadanos sobre las políticas públicas locales. [102] En 2013, Timișoara contaba con 20 consejos consultivos vecinales. [103]

Timișoara es la capital informal de la región de desarrollo Oeste , que es equivalente a las regiones NUTS-II en la Unión Europea y es utilizada por la Unión Europea y el Gobierno rumano para el análisis estadístico y la coordinación de proyectos de desarrollo regional. La región de desarrollo Oeste no es una entidad administrativa. [104] Timișoara es también el mayor centro económico, social y comercial de la Eurorregión DKMT .

Distritos

Tradicionalmente, Timișoara estaba dividida en diez circunscripciones ( en rumano : circumscripții ) que hoy no tienen función administrativa:

Además de lo anterior, en los siglos XX y XXI han surgido una serie de nuevos barrios: [102] [111] [112] [113]

Listado alfabético

Área metropolitana

El área metropolitana de Timișoara se trazó en 2008 tras la colaboración de las autoridades locales de Timișoara y 14 comunas vecinas ( Becicherecu Mic , Bucovăț , Dudeștii Noi , Dumbrăvița , Ghiroda , Giarmata , Giroc , Moșnița Nouă , Orțișoara , Pișchia , metea Mare , Săcălaz , Sânmihaiu Român y Șag ). [114] [115] El área metropolitana de Timișoara es parte de la Federación de Áreas Metropolitanas y Aglomeraciones Urbanas de Rumania (FZMAUR). [116] A partir de 2016, el área metropolitana agrupa a más de 410.000 habitantes en un área ocho veces mayor que la ciudad propiamente dicha . [117]

Varias localidades vecinas de Timișoara han experimentado un desarrollo significativo en los últimos años. Ghiroda, Giroc, Dumbrăvița, Chișoda, Moșnița Nouă y Utvin se convirtieron en suburbios de Timișoara debido al desarrollo de instalaciones, servicios públicos e infraestructura, uniéndose territorialmente a la ciudad. En los últimos 20 años, Timișoara ha expandido sus fronteras en aproximadamente un 8%, lo que significa alrededor de 1.000 hectáreas, debido a la construcción de nuevos barrios o complejos residenciales. [118] Los límites de la ciudad se trasladaron hacia afuera en 2006 en casi 5 km (3,1 mi). La expansión más grande tuvo lugar hacia Șag. [118]

Metrópolis de Timişoara-Arad

En agosto de 2016, los alcaldes Nicolae Robu y Gheorghe Falcă firmaron el acta de constitución de la metrópoli Timișoara–Arad, [119] la primera de su tipo en Rumania, parte de la estrategia de desarrollo integrado Timișoara Vision 2030 , llevada a cabo con el apoyo del Banco Mundial , ADR Vest y FZMAUR. El proyecto ha estado en discusión desde 2006 e implicó la unificación de las áreas metropolitanas de Timișoara y Arad . [120] En 2018, la población de la metrópoli era de 805.000 habitantes y se espera que supere el millón en 2030. [121]

Economía

Timișoara es uno de los centros económicos más dinámicos de Rumania. [122] Basándose en su proximidad a la frontera occidental, Timișoara ha logrado atraer muchas inversiones extranjeras en los últimos años, formando, junto con Arad , la segunda área más grande de Rumania en términos de masa económica. [123] A mediados de la década de 2000, las inversiones extranjeras en Timișoara ascendieron a 753 € per cápita, en comparación con los 450 € per cápita a nivel de condado. [124] La mayoría de estas inversiones provienen de los países de la UE , especialmente de Italia, Alemania y Francia. Al igual que otros polos de crecimiento en Rumania, el sector de servicios se ha desarrollado significativamente en los últimos años, representando la mitad de los ingresos. [124]

Después de la caída del comunismo y la transición a una economía de mercado , el sector privado creció de manera constante. En la primera década del siglo XXI, Timișoara ha experimentado un auge económico a medida que aumentaba la cantidad de inversión extranjera, especialmente en sectores de alta tecnología . En un artículo de finales de 2005, la revista francesa L'Expansion llamó a Timișoara el escaparate económico de Rumania y se refirió al aumento del número de inversiones extranjeras como una "segunda revolución". [125] En 2016, Timișoara fue premiada por Forbes como la ciudad más dinámica y la mejor ciudad para los negocios en Rumania. [126] Entre 2000 y 2013, Timișoara tuvo la tasa de crecimiento más alta del PIB per cápita , superando incluso a Bucarest. [80] El desarrollo económico local se ha reflejado en consecuencia en las cifras de desempleo. Por ejemplo, en diciembre de 2019, la tasa de desempleo en Timișoara estaba entre las más bajas del país, con solo el 0,8%. [127]

Sector industrial

Cervecería Timișoreana , la primera cervecería establecida en el actual territorio de Rumania . [128]
Mujer operando una máquina de rollos de algodón en Uzinele Textile Timișoara , 1961. Durante la época de Ceaușescu , mano de obra llegaba a Timișoara desde toda Rumania . [129]

Después de 1989, se produjeron cambios importantes en la estructura de las actividades industriales en Timișoara debido a los procesos de reestructuración y modernización, y la producción industrial incluye actualmente tanto subramas tradicionales como otras nuevas, modernas y dinámicas. A diferencia de ciudades como Cluj-Napoca, Iași o Bucarest, la localización de la industria dentro de la ciudad es específica de Timișoara. [130] Los principales grupos industriales de la ciudad se pueden estructurar en tres tipos: áreas industriales urbanas, con gran superficie y perfil complejo (Calea Buziașului, Freidorf, área pericentral a lo largo del ferrocarril, Calea Șagului, etc.), plataformas industriales con perfil unitario (UMT y Solventul) y unidades industriales dispersas, respectivamente. [131] En las últimas décadas, las áreas industriales se han desarrollado a lo largo de las principales arterias viarias o ferroviarias, con una tendencia a agrupar unidades por perfiles industriales. [73]

Hay ocho zonas industriales en Timișoara donde fábricas y plantas cubren varios sectores, desde la electrónica , la química y la automoción hasta el procesamiento de alimentos y las industrias textiles . [124]

El área industrial de Buziașului concentra unidades para la industria química y la producción de componentes automotrices y electrónicos. El área ha experimentado un importante desarrollo en los últimos años, atrayendo importantes inversiones de Procter & Gamble , Continental , Dräxlmaier , Elbromplast, AEM, Saguaro, etc. En 2013 se inauguró aquí Optica Business Park. [132] Desarrolladas en los antiguos edificios de la antigua fábrica de lentes, las oficinas de Optica Business Park han atraído a inquilinos como Microsoft , Linde o ZTE . [133] El área industrial de Șagului incluye almacenes de materiales de construcción ( Arabesque , Arthema, Lipoplast, Mobexpert, etc.), así como un número significativo de salas de exposición y concesionarios de automóviles ( Mercedes-Benz , Ford , Mitsubishi , Hyundai , Citroën , Opel , etc.). Un papel importante en el desarrollo y diversificación del perfil de la zona lo desempeña el Parque Industrial Incontro, donde se ubican principalmente las empresas de construcción. Calea Șagului también se ha convertido en una importante zona comercial, con hipermercados como Brico Dépôt , Auchan , Jysk , Metro o Leroy Merlin . [73] Extendido sobre una superficie útil de 63 ha, el Parque Industrial Freidorf es un área importante para atraer inversión extranjera, incentivar el desarrollo empresarial y crear nuevos puestos de trabajo. La industria de componentes de automoción predomina en la zona (Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech, ELBA, etc.). [73] En el área industrial UMT se ubican principalmente unidades de la industria química y automotriz ( Continental , Linde , Hella , etc.), pero también almacenes. [73] El área industrial de Torontalului incluye unidades para la industria manufacturera ( Flex , Coca-Cola , SCA , etc.). El Parque Tecnológico e Industrial de Timișoara se organizó aquí, con el objetivo de apoyar el desarrollo de PYME en campos como el software, la informática y las comunicaciones o la electrónica y la ingeniería eléctrica. [134] La zona industrial de Aradului es la más reciente y cuenta con diversos emplazamientos para el almacenamiento y la prestación de servicios. Al igual que Calea Șagului, la zona de Aradului se ha convertido en un importante centro comercial, con empresas minoristas como Selgros , Hornbach , Altex o Auchan que operan aquí.[73]

Las principales ramas industriales que han experimentado un importante crecimiento en Timișoara son la industria automotriz , la industria química y petroquímica , así como la industria electrónica . La industria de componentes para automoción ha registrado un fuerte desarrollo en los últimos años, como consecuencia de la necesidad de desarrollo tecnológico dentro de las unidades industriales existentes, concentrándose en Timișoara empresas de renombre en este campo ( Dräxlmaier , Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech, TRW Automotive , Mahle , Hella , Dura , Valeo , Autoliv , Honeywell , etc.). [73] En 2016, se inauguró un centro de competencia para la ingeniería automotriz – CERC – en el área de Freidorf. [135] Esta rama económica tiene antiguas tradiciones. Entre 1988 y 1991, el modelo de automóvil rumano Dacia 500 Lăstun se fabricó en las fábricas de Tehnometal. [136]

La industria de la electrónica y la ingeniería eléctrica es una rama exitosa de la industria de Timișoara, especialmente debido a las inversiones de grandes empresas con actividades en la producción de alta tecnología ( Flex , Bosch , ABB , AEM, ELBA, Ericsson , etc.), que determinaron un desarrollo de empresas locales, proveedores o subcontratistas. [73]

La industria química y petroquímica, tradicional en Timișoara, se ha desarrollado especialmente gracias a las inversiones realizadas por Continental , Procter & Gamble y Azur. [73]

Junto con los grandes inversores de las principales industrias mencionadas anteriormente, en Timișoara se concentran un gran número de empresas, especialmente pequeñas y medianas , en campos tradicionales como la industria textil y de la confección , la fabricación de textiles y la industria del cuero y el calzado , inversores extranjeros interesados ​​en estos sectores principalmente debido a los bajos costos de producción. [73]

Sector de oficinas

Centro de Negocios de la Ciudad y ANAF
United Business Center 1, parte del conjunto urbano de la ciudad de Iulius

El sector de oficinas ha experimentado un auge en la última década, [137] alcanzando el stock de oficinas de clase A disponibles para alquiler los 290.000 m2 en 2020, casi el 10% del stock de Bucarest . [138] La rentabilidad de la inversión en edificios de oficinas supera el nivel de Bucarest (7%), situándose en torno al 8,25%. [138] La ciudad tiene la tasa de vacancia de espacios de oficina de clase A más baja, un 5% en 2014. [139]

City Business Center es el principal parque de oficinas de Timișoara, ubicado en el centro de la ciudad. Completado en 2015, el complejo está completamente arrendado, con inquilinos que incluyen empresas internacionales como Accenture , SAP , Deloitte , Wipro , IBM , Visma , Hella , etc. [140] Nombrado el proyecto de oficinas más ecológico de Rumania por BREEAM , Vox Technology Park se completó a principios de 2018. [141] Bega Business Park está ubicado cerca del centro histórico. Los dos primeros edificios se completaron en 2015 y principios de 2018, respectivamente, y están completamente ocupados por el campus de Nokia . [142] En construcción están las oficinas de ISHO, parte de un proyecto más grande, y United Business Center. [143] Este último incluirá el edificio de oficinas más alto de Rumania (155 m). [144]

Sector de TI y C

A nivel nacional, Timișoara es uno de los polos de actividad más intensa en la industria de TI . [145] Empresas tan conocidas como Google , Microsoft , IBM , Intel , Nvidia , Siemens , Nokia , Huawei , Atos , Accenture , Endava , Bitdefender o Visteon tienen oficinas en la ciudad, apoyando -a través de los hubs y los talleres digitales creados- a start-ups y pymes del sector. Antes de la rápida expansión de Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara concentraba la mayor cantidad de profesionales de TI después de Bucarest . En 2014, Timișoara contaba con 7.000 empleados en el sector. [146] Ese mismo año se inauguró el clúster Incuboxx. [147] Incuboxx es la mayor incubadora de empresas de TI&C de Rumanía, que incluye 54 espacios de oficina dirigidos a emprendedores y empresas con capital local en el sector.

Timișoara ocupa el puesto 394 en el Índice de Ciudades de Innovación de 2019, una lista anual de las ciudades más favorables a la innovación del mundo. [148] Bucarest y Timișoara son las únicas ciudades rumanas en la lista publicada por el Foro Económico Mundial . [149]

Sector inmobiliario

El mercado inmobiliario de Timișoara, apoyado por la tendencia económica ascendente, ha estado en auge últimamente. En 2017, se entregaron al mercado alrededor de 4.000 espacios habitables, [150] un aumento de casi el 60% en comparación con el año anterior, la mayoría de los proyectos representan complejos residenciales de gran altura, dirigidos a los segmentos de mercado masivo y medio. En los primeros nueve meses de 2016, según la Agencia Nacional de Catastro y Publicidad Inmobiliaria, se concluyeron más de 32.000 transacciones de compraventa, lo que convierte al condado de Timiș en el mercado inmobiliario más grande de Rumania después de Bucarest-Ilfov. [151] El 87% de ellas tuvieron lugar en Timișoara y comunas vecinas. Entre los complejos residenciales más grandes de Timișoara se encuentran ISHO, Adora Forest, Vivalia Grand, XCity Towers, Vox Vertical Village, Ateneo y City of Mara. [152]

Después de 1989, las zonas rurales dentro de la ciudad se convirtieron en "puntos calientes" para los inversores inmobiliarios, y la aparición de la clase media después de 2000 cambió tanto el paisaje como los precios de las casas y los terrenos. [153] En 2020, por ejemplo, el precio de un apartamento alcanzó los 1.300 euros/m2 , el tercero más alto entre las grandes ciudades rumanas, después de Cluj-Napoca y Bucarest . [154] Por otro lado, el fenómeno de la gentrificación renovó una parte del parque de viviendas infrautilizadas.

Sector comercial

La ciudad de Iulius de noche

El Centro Comercial Bega es el único centro comercial en el centro de Timișoara y el primero de la ciudad. El Centro Comercial Bega está estructurado en seis niveles y tiene una superficie alquilable de 7.500 m2 , de los cuales 1.300 están destinados a un supermercado Carrefour . [155] Bega Group , el holding propietario del Centro Comercial Bega, ha abierto otros tres parques comerciales en Buziașului, Circumvalațiunii y Lipovei . [156]

El centro comercial Iulius Mall se inauguró en octubre de 2005. [157] Tras una inversión de Iulius Group y Atterbury Europe, el centro comercial Iulius Mall se ha integrado en un gran proyecto de regeneración urbana, Iulius Town , complementándolo con funciones de venta minorista, oficinas y entretenimiento. Iulius Town tiene la zona comercial más grande de Rumania (120.000 m 2 ), un espacio que reúne más de 450 tiendas. [158] El tráfico anual estimado para Iulius Town es de más de 20 millones de visitantes. [143]

El segundo centro comercial, Shopping City , abrió sus puertas en marzo de 2016. [159] El centro comercial tiene una superficie alquilable de 70.000 m2 , abarca casi 20 ha y comprende 110 tiendas en dos niveles. Dentro de Shopping City, el multicine Cinema City más grande fuera de Bucarest se inauguró en abril de 2016, con 13 salas 3D , una sala IMAX y una sala 4DX . [160] En el primer año desde su apertura, Shopping City tuvo un tráfico de más de nueve millones de visitantes. [161]

El primer centro comercial de la ciudad, Funshop Park, abrió sus puertas en 2022. [162] Construido sobre la antigua plataforma industrial de Azur, Funshop Park tiene una superficie alquilable de 10.800 m2 y cuenta con un patio de comidas al aire libre . [163]

Junto a las tiendas existentes en la zona central, se han abierto nuevos supermercados de empresas nacionales e internacionales como Selgros , Metro , Auchan , Kaufland , Carrefour , Lidl , Penny , Mega Image o Profi . En el mercado del bricolaje y el bricolaje están presentes las tiendas de Dedeman , Hornbach , Brico Dépôt , Arabesque , Leroy Merlin , Mobexpert , Mömax, Jumbo y Decathlon , entre otras, que forman parte de cadenas locales e internacionales.

Turismo

Vista aérea de la Catedral Metropolitana y la Plaza de la Victoria , una de las atracciones turísticas más visitadas de Timișoara [164]

Timișoara es el centro turístico de la región y atrae al 80% de sus turistas. En el primer semestre de 2017, Timișoara y sus alrededores atrajeron a poco más de 50.000 turistas extranjeros a la tercera región más visitada de Rumanía, después de Bucarest-Ilfov y Brașov . [165]

En 2013, en Timișoara había 107 unidades de alojamiento (que comprendían 49 hoteles , siete albergues , 50 pensiones y un camping internacional ) con un total de 5.547 plazas de alojamiento. [13]

Educación

Educación preuniversitaria

La educación preescolar se lleva a cabo en 70 jardines de infancia ; la educación primaria en 47 escuelas ; la educación secundaria en 36 escuelas secundarias ; la educación postsecundaria en 11 escuelas postsecundarias; y la educación de maestros obreros en seis escuelas de capataces. [166] [167] La ​​red escolar también incluye dos escuelas secundarias especiales para estudiantes con discapacidades, tres escuelas de educación inclusiva , cinco seminarios, una escuela especial para estudiantes con ambliopía , dos centros de asistencia educativa y una escuela secundaria Waldorf . [166] El sistema de educación privada incluye una escuela internacional y una escuela secundaria con enseñanza de acuerdo con el currículo británico, [168] un jardín de infancia y una escuela primaria en idioma inglés , [169] así como una guardería y un jardín de infancia con enseñanza de acuerdo con el currículo finlandés. [170]

La particularidad de la educación preuniversitaria en Timișoara es la diversidad de idiomas de enseñanza. La rica tradición multiétnica de la ciudad se mantiene gracias a las escuelas que imparten clases en húngaro (Instituto Béla Bartók), alemán ( Instituto Nikolaus Lenau ), inglés (Instituto William Shakespeare), francés (Instituto Jean-Louis Calderon) y serbio (Instituto Dositej Obradović).

Según una clasificación realizada por el portal AdmitereLiceu.ro en 2020, cinco escuelas secundarias en Timișoara se encuentran entre las 100 mejores escuelas secundarias de Rumania: Grigore Moisil High School , Constantin Diaconovici National College Loga , National College of Banat , Carmen Sylva National Pedagogical College y Nikolaus Lenau High School . [171]

Educación superior

La educación superior tiene una tradición de más de 100 años, con la creación de la Universidad Politécnica en 1920. Desde entonces hasta hoy, Timișoara se ha convertido en la universidad y centro académico más importante del oeste de Rumanía, con unos 40.000 estudiantes matriculados en programas de estudios de pregrado y posgrado en cuatro universidades públicas y dos privadas . [172] Existen filiales de la Alianza Nacional de Organizaciones Estudiantiles y de AIESEC . Las organizaciones estudiantiles son muy activas, conocidas por eventos como StudentFest, el festival internacional de arte y cultura estudiantil más grande del sudeste de Europa [173] o la Semana Internacional del Estudiante de diez días. [174]

La Universidad Politécnica es una de las universidades técnicas más grandes y famosas de Europa Central y Oriental. En 2011 fue clasificada por el Ministerio de Educación en la categoría de universidades de investigación y educación avanzadas, la posición más alta que una universidad en Rumania puede alcanzar. [175] En el Ranking de Instituciones SCImago de 2018 , la Universidad Politécnica ocupa el tercer lugar entre las universidades rumanas con actividad de investigación. [176] Establecida por decreto real en 1944, la Universidad del Oeste es la universidad más grande de la ciudad en términos de número de estudiantes. [177] La ​​Universidad del Oeste es uno de los cinco miembros del Consorcio Universitaria, el grupo de universidades rumanas de élite. [178] En 2018, la Universidad del Oeste estuvo presente en 19 clasificaciones internacionales de universidades, una de las mejores clasificadas en Rumania. [179] Una de las seis universidades médicas de Rumania se encuentra en Timișoara: la Universidad de Medicina y Farmacia Victor Babeș . [180] La cuarta universidad pública de Timișoara, especializada en ciencias de la vida y medicina veterinaria , es la Universidad de Ciencias de la Vida Rey Miguel I.

Los campus estudiantiles están ubicados en Complexul Studențesc–Medicinei (25 residencias), Lipovei–Tipografilor (seis residencias) y Blașcovici (dos residencias), ofreciendo un total de aproximadamente 13.000 plazas de alojamiento. [181] Complexul Studențesc en particular es conocido por su vida nocturna , con varios pubs , bistrós , discotecas y bares temáticos concentrados aquí.

Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Politécnica

There are several public libraries, municipal or university, most importantly:

Scientific research

The Renewable Energy–Photovoltaic Laboratory within the INCEMC

Several institutes operate within the Timișoara branch of the Romanian Academy: the National R&D Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, the National R&D Institute for Welding and Materials Testing, the Titu Maiorescu Institute of Banat Studies, the Coriolan Drăgulescu Institute of Chemistry and the Astronomical Observatory.[186][187]

In the patrimony of the West University there are several research centers, such as: the Institute of Advanced Environmental Research, the Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Interdisciplinary Training and Research Platform, the Creation Center of Contemporary Visual Arts, the Research Laboratory in Structural and Computational Chemistry–Physics for Nanosciences and QSAR, the Research Center in Criminal Sciences, the East European Center for Research in Economics and Business, the Center for Romance Studies, the Research Center in Computer Sciences, the Center for Social Research and Development, the Institute of Socio-Political Research, etc.[188] Also in Timișoara there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences[189] and the Academy of Technical Sciences,[190] respectively.

The first computer built in Romania (1961) was put into operation within the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara, nowadays the Polytechnic University. It was called MECIPT, an acronym for "Electronic Computing Machine of the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara" (Romanian: Mașina Electronică de Calcul a Institutului Politehnic din Timișoara).[191] Its design was started in 1956 by a team led by mathematician Iosif Kaufmann, electronic engineer Wilhelm Löwenfeld and student Vasile Baltac.[192]

Out of the 1,700 members of the Romanian Academy, from 1866 until 2016, 102 members come or have worked in Banat and the surrounding areas.[193] Among them are Traian Vuia, the inventor of the first tractor monoplane, Traian Lalescu, one of the fathers of integral equations, Dumitru Prunariu, the first Romanian to fly in space and Stefan Hell, winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

In the second half of May, biannually, the Timișoara branch of the Romanian Academy organizes, collaborating and involving the local academic, cultural and scientific community, the Timișoara Academic Days.[194]

Healthcare

The County Emergency Clinical Hospital

Due to the specialized university programs, Timișoara is a research center in the fields of medicine and public health; there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Student Society of Surgery, the headquarters of the Romanian Hemophilia Association,[195] the Romanian Society of Medical Informatics[196] and the Romanian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,[197] as well as the regional training center in emergency medicine, operated by SMURD.

In Timișoara there are eight hospitals, seven publicly owned and one private:[198]

There are also: six integrated specialized outpatient clinics (four public and two private); three ambulance services (one public and two private); 494 dental offices; 229 family medicine offices; 138 specialized offices; seven medical expertise offices and 24 work capacity recovery offices; 39 school dispensaries; 11 student dispensaries; a sports dispensary; 63 pharmacies and 32 pharmaceutical warehouses.[73]

Infrastructure

Timișoara is an important regional road and railway hub, connecting the city to Bucharest and other major cities, as well as Romania to Hungary and Serbia, and further to Western Europe. It is located along the Pan-European Corridor IV linking Germany to Turkey and has access, thanks to the Bega Canal, to the Pan-European Corridor VII.[124] Furthermore, Timișoara is crossed by two TEN-T core network corridors: Orient/East–Med and Rhine–Danube (waterway focus).[201]

Road transport

A1 motorway near Timișoara

The street plot of Timișoara is composed of 1,278 streets totaling almost 750 km (470 mi).[202] The street network is based on a radial model, consolidated by a series of five concentric rings, none of them completely built. Unlike other cities of similar size, there is no predominant corridor in terms of loading, with traffic volumes distributed fairly evenly across a series of radial and circular arteries.[203] The shape of the road network outside the city is web-like, all the main roads in the county converging towards the capital city.

In the northern part of the city there is a bypass; its southern extension is currently under construction.[204] The city is crossed in the northeast by the A1 motorway, a segment that continues with the M43 motorway in Hungary. The A1 is connected near Lugoj to the A6 motorway, which is under construction.[205]

Timișoara is connected to the European and national road network by the following roads:

Locally, car transport experienced a boom after 1990, so that in 2017 the degree of motorization in Timișoara was among the highest in Romania, with one car for every 2.66 inhabitants.[206] Timișoara has one of the most extensive infrastructures for charging electric cars and plug-in hybrids in Romania, with 16 stations located throughout the city[207] and a hub in 700 Square.[208]

Distances by road

Public transport

Bus, trolleybus and tram in characteristic white and purple

Timișoara's public transport network consists of nine tram lines, eight trolleybus lines and 31 bus lines and is operated by STPT (Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara).[209] The network covers all the important areas of the city and it also connects Timișoara with some of the communes of the metropolitan area. 45% of urban public transport is served by trams, 22% by trolleybuses, 18% by buses and the remaining 15% by water buses and alternative means of transport.[210] In 2019, Timișoara became the second city in Romania to introduce public school transport, after Cluj-Napoca;[211] as of 2020, it is served by 14 lines.[212]

Timișoara has a well-developed market for taxi services.[213] There are also several car rental companies.[214] Alternatively, short- and long-distance carpooling platforms operate in Timișoara, such as Uber, Bolt or BlaBlaCar.

For internal coach transport there are several coach stations, most located around the Timișoara North railway station and on Stan Vidrighin Way.[215] There are also daily coach trips to destinations in Europe, served by private passenger transport companies, such as Atlassib, Eurolines or Flixbus.[216]

Rail transport

Timișoara North railway station

Timișoara has the oldest and the densest railway network in Romania, with over 91.9 km (57.1 mi) of lines for 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) of territory, although some of the components are no longer operational due to low demand and lack of maintenance.[124] Therefore, Timișoara is the most important rail hub in Timiș County and in western Romania. Most of the railway lines that intersect in Timișoara are secondary lines; the most important are line 900 from Bucharest, with international connections to Serbia and the main line Timișoara–Arad–Oradea, which ensures the connection with line 200 (BrașovSibiu–Arad–Curtici) and, implicitly, with Hungary.[73]

The city has five stations (Timișoara North, Timișoara West, Timișoara South, Timișoara East and Timișoara CET) and a triage station (Ronaț Triaj). The main passenger station is Timișoara North, built in 1897 and undergoing extensive rehabilitation since 2021.[217] The old station building, built in neoclassical style, was badly damaged by the Allied bombing of 1944, so it was rebuilt in socialist classical style.[218] Timișoara North is one of the busiest stations in Romania, with an average of 174 passenger trains/day and a flow of 5,530 passengers/day.[219]

Although the nature of freight traffic has changed, decreasing the requirement for maneuvering and recomposing trains, Timișoara is an important center for rail freight transport; there are several large industrial concerns that receive and ship goods by train.[203]

Air transport

Traian Vuia International Airport

Located 12 km (7.5 mi) from Timișoara, in the northeastern part of the city, Traian Vuia International Airport is the fourth-busiest Romanian airport in terms of passenger numbers (~1.2 million in 2022)[220] and the most important air hub in the DKMT Euroregion. In 2017, it became the first airport in Romania certified by EASA.[221] In 2018, Traian Vuia International Airport attracted 15.1% of the total number of passengers embarked at Romanian airports, 32.8% of the total tons of goods loaded and 13.2% of the total number of flights.[222] Traian Vuia International Airport serves as an operational base for Wizz Air. As of 2021, the airport is undergoing expansion works, by adding two terminals – internal arrivals and external departures – and creating an intermodal center for freight transport.[223]

The city's first airport, the Cioca Airfield, had remained in use for recreational and utility aviation.[224]

Water transport

Vaporetto and canoes on the Bega

The Bega Canal is the first navigable canal built in Romania, connecting Timișoara with the Serbian town of Titel. Its total navigable length was 114 km (71 mi), of which 33 km (21 mi) on the Romanian territory.[225] In 2018, repair works were started on the navigation infrastructure of the Bega Canal, which would allow the resumption of naval traffic between Timișoara and Serbia, halted in 1967.[226]

Since 2018, Timișoara is the first Romanian city with urban public transport by water, made with vaporetto-like boats on a single line with six stations.[227]

Alternative transport

VeloTM bike sharing station in Timișoara

Timișoara has the most developed integrated cycling system in Romania. Cyclists have access to more than 100 km (62 mi) of bike lanes,[228] including 37 km (23 mi) outside the city via the Bega Canal cycle path, which connects Romania with Serbia,[229] providing a direct connection to the European network of cycling routes – EuroVelo.[230] Timișoara is the first city in Romania with a public bike-sharing system, VeloTM, inaugurated in 2015. The system has 440 bicycles in the 25 stations in the city[231] and, depending on the season, is accessed by 1,000–1,500 people daily.

In 2019 Timișoara introduced public transport with electric scooters.[232]

Architecture

Art Nouveau 20th-century palaces in Timișoara

Timișoara has the largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (around 14,500),[58][233] consisting of the urban patrimony of the neighborhoods of Cetate, Fabric, Iosefin and Elisabetin.[234] Most of these buildings are part of the imperial heritage, a period of economic prosperity that left its mark on the city.[235] The architectural diversity, represented by baroque, historicism, neoclassicism, Art Nouveau and Wiener Secession, earned Timișoara the nickname "Little Vienna".[236] The oldest building in Timișoara is Huniade Castle, which today houses the Museum of Banat. Destroyed during the siege of 1849, the castle was later rebuilt, but still retains elements of the former castle built by John Hunyadi between 1443 and 1447, but also elements from the period of Charles I of Hungary.[234]

Timișoara is a city with a polynuclear urban structure. The current urban structure, the result of historical evolution, is relatively clear: in the middle of the urban agglomeration is the historic center (Cetate neighborhood) around which the other neighborhoods revolve. Due to their independent development, they have distinct features both functionally and architecturally.[237] The center of today's Timișoara is the "successor" of the Austrian military fortress built mostly between 1732 and 1761.[238] Today, only a few parts of the old city wall remain standing, namely the Theresia Bastion in the east and a few others which are located on the western limit of the old city wall.[239] These were later listed as part of the architectural heritage of Timișoara.

Historic neighborhoods

Cetate

The Cetate neighborhood, the political, administrative and cultural center of Timișoara, is divided into two distinct urban areas. The first area is the "inner city" of the 18th and 19th centuries.[240] The whole area has the status of heritage site.[241] The area houses the oldest buildings of the city, dating from the 18th century.[242] The second area was established after 1900 on the lands liberated by the demolition of the fortifications.[240] Construction in this area followed the trend at the time, the fin de siècle style. The Secessionist school of Banat was influenced by both Austrian and Hungarian styles, resulting from the direct participation of some architects from Budapest on various representative buildings.[243] This style underwent two different stages: the first occurred approximately between 1900 and 1908 and was similar to Art Nouveau, with floral and curvilinear decorations, while the second, which continued until World War I, saw simpler, larger buildings with geometrical designs, similar to Viennese architecture at the time.[243] Due to the fact that secessionism existed in Timișoara only between 1900 and 1914, its influence on more modest buildings was not as strong as that of eclecticism. If eclecticism became a true art of the masses, used in all buildings, secessionism remained a style of the elites, which penetrated Banat through cult architecture.[244]

The historic center of Timișoara has a system consisting of three urban squares, unique in Romania, each square presenting different sizes, plastic solutions and architectural styles.[245] Union Square (Romanian: Piața Unirii), built in baroque style, is the oldest square in Timișoara. It is also called Dome Square (Romanian: Piața Domului), because it houses the Roman Catholic Dome, built in 1774.[245] The middle of the square is dominated by the Plague Column. On the southern side of the square is the Baroque Palace, designed after the Palais Kinsky in Vienna, which today houses the Art Museum.[2] On the western side are the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral and the Serbian Orthodox Episcopal Palace, representative of the neo-Serbian style.[246]

Victory Square (Romanian: Piața Victoriei), also known as the Opera Square (Romanian: Piața Operei), is the central square of Timișoara. The entire square was designed by the then chief architect László Székely, educated in Budapest, but a great admirer of Austrian architecture.[247] The square was completely pedestrianized in the late 1980s, with the removal of tram rails.[245] Spatially, the square stretches between the Metropolitan Cathedral and the Palace of Culture which houses the National Theater and Opera. Although built around the same time, the two belong to diametrically opposed styles. The Opera building was built in Renaissance style. Today, only its sides retain this style, the facade rebuilt after a fire in the neo-Byzantine style characteristic of Romanian interwar architecture.[248] The Metropolitan Cathedral is the largest religious building in Timișoara and the second tallest church in Romania, after the People's Salvation Cathedral in Bucharest. It stands out for its massiveness, having no less than 11 bell towers and architectural style, unusual for a 20th-century building, inspired by the architecture of Moldavian monasteries.[249] The promenade side from the Opera to the cathedral is called Corso and houses several 1900s style palaces (Lloyd, Neuhaus, Merbl, Dauerbach, Hilt and Széchenyi); the opposite side, Surogat, houses two palaces (Löffler and Chamber of Commerce) and several modernist blocks of flats.[240] In the middle of the square are the statue of the Capitoline Wolf and the fountain with fish.

To the north of Victory Square is Liberty Square (Romanian: Piața Libertății). Formerly called the Parade Square (Romanian: Piața de Paradă), the square houses several buildings with military functions: the Garrison Command, former Chancellery of War, the Military Casino, etc.[245] The Military Casino is built in baroque style with some Rococo influences.[250] The other buildings are in the classic style, in the 1900s style – szecesszió movement and in other styles. Liberty Square is the pedestrian link between Union Square and Victory Square. In the extension of the Liberty Square there is a smaller square, St. George Square (Romanian: Piața Sfântul Gheorghe), known in the past as Seminar Square (Romanian: Piața Seminarului). Its eastern side was formed by the Jesuit Church,[251] transformed into a mosque during the Ottoman occupation[252] and demolished during the modernization works provided in the urbanistic plan of 1911 (in its place was built the Szana Bank).[240] The walls of the former church were brought to the surface in 2014.[253] The square is dominated by the equestrian statue of Saint George fighting the dragon, built in 1996.[254] It is one of several monuments erected in the 1990s in parts of the city where people were killed during the Romanian Revolution. In this square, the first horse-drawn tram was set in motion in July 1869.[254]

Fabric

Left to right: Trajan Square, Mercury Palace statue and Millennium Church

The Fabric neighborhood has earned its name from the many manufactories, workshops and guilds established here.[255] The neighborhood is bordered by the Neptune Baths, the Timișoara East railway station, the waterworks and the Timișoreana breweries.[255] In the center of the neighborhood is Trajan Square (Romanian: Piața Traian). This is a smaller replica of the Union Square; both are rectangular and flanked on the eastern side by a religious building. The oldest building in Trajan Square is the Serbian Orthodox Church, built between 1745 and 1755 in the classicist style.[240] Most of the buildings in the square were built at the end of the 19th century and belong to different movements of the Art Nouveau style.[240] In Romans' Square (Romanian: Piața Romanilor) is the Millennium Church, a historicist building with neo-Gothic and neo-Romanesque elements.[240]

Iosefin

Secession Water Tower in Iosefin district

At the beginning, the Iosefin neighborhood had a rural character, with isolated houses, similar to the Banat Swabians plain villages. The houses had only one level and, for the most part, had facades decorated with pediments.[240] The rural character of the neighborhood is maintained until 1857, when Timișoara is connected to the railway system of Central Europe. Then, in the northern part of Iosefin, the first railway station of the city was built.[240] Apart from the St. Mary Catholic Church, which was built between 1774 and 1775, all the buildings in Iosefin are built after 1868, most of which were built around 1900.[242] Thus, in this area, there are numerous buildings in eclectic historicist style, specific to the second half of the 19th century, as well as several architectural ensembles in the 1900s style with its specific stylistic derivations – Art Nouveau, Jugendstil or Secession.[242] Representative for this style are the historical monuments from urban ensembles IV and V: the Water Palace, the Délvidéki Casino, the former House of Savings, the Anchor Palace, the twin palaces of Nándor and Tamás Csermák, the Notre Dame Church, the Water Tower, etc.[256][257]

16 December 1989 Boulevard forms the traditional historical border between the Iosefin and Elisabetin neighborhoods. Along it are a series of Art Nouveau palaces (Besch–Piffl, Kuncz, Menczer, etc.), as well as the 1900s-style Fire Station.[258] The boulevard divides Alexandru Mocioni Square (Romanian: Piața Alexandru Mocioni) into two unequal parts, the triangular one (formerly called Küttl Square and Sinaia Square) belonging to Iosefin.[259] The square is flanked by the Orthodox Church, built in neo-Byzantine style and inspired by Hagia Sophia,[260] in contrast to the Art Nouveau architecture of the surrounding buildings.

Elisabetin

Virgin Mary Monument in St. Mary Square. In the background, the Reformed Community Palace

Like the Iosefin neighborhood, Elisabetin had a rural appearance for a long time.[240] Only after 1892, with the dismantling of the military fortress, Elisabetin experienced a strong development. Only two buildings have been preserved in Elisabetin since the 18th century: Dissel House and the Orthodox Church in the Church Square, the oldest Romanian church in Timișoara.[240] Although it is a protected historical area, the urban ensemble I of Elisabetin is affected by the so-called urban sprawl. Many ground floor houses, typical of the historical urban morphology of the neighborhood, have been transformed into multi-storey buildings.[240] The buildings in the urban ensemble VIII date from 1890 to 1900. Some belong to the classicist style, while others fall into the eclectic historicist style, especially the neo-baroque movement.[240]

One of Elisabetin's squares of historical importance is Mary Square (Romanian: Piața Maria), dominated by the neo-Romanesque monument of St. Mary.[52] According to tradition, György Dózsa, the leader of the peasant uprising of 1514, was martyred in this place.[261] Other squares in Elisabetin are the Nicolae Bălcescu Square (Romanian: Piața Nicolae Bălcescu) with its 57-meter-high Catholic Church[262] and the smaller Pleven Square (Romanian: Piața Plevnei), surrounded by an ensemble of Art Nouveau residential buildings (the House with Peacocks, the Szilárd House, the House with Beautiful Gate, etc.).[240]

1919–1947: Neo-Romanian architecture

The neighborhoods of individual villas, the houses with several apartments and the religious and socio-cultural endowments dating from the first half of the 20th century, especially from the interwar period, predominate in the interstitial spaces between the historic neighborhoods, giving the respective areas the aspect of a garden city.[240]

The architecture of the new buildings erected in the interwar period kept some decorative elements widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, but the neo-Romanian style, then the modernist and cubist ones, became more and more popular.[263][264] More and more projects have been entrusted to Romanian architects, from Timișoara or Bucharest. Outside the former walls of the fortress and in Elisabetin, numerous villas were built in which the influence of the modern style, of the Brâncovenesc style as well as the French influences are predominant, but also public buildings, emblematic for the new architectural line.[263] In the interwar years, important buildings of the city were built according to the plans of the Bucharest architect Duiliu Marcu: the new facade of the Theater, the main building, the student dormitory and the laboratories of the Polytechnic Institute, the Capitol cinema, etc.[263]

The neo-Romanian style was consciously promoted by the state. Like secessionism, the neo-Romanian style remained a style of elites that did not influence in any way the architecture of the more modest buildings that were built in large numbers in the interwar period.[244]

1947–1989: Socialist classicism

Opened in 1971, Continental Hotel is the first high-rise building in Timișoara.

During the communist period, like other cities in Romania, Timișoara strictly followed the Soviet style. The architects did not have creative freedom, because the ministry imposed a firm control and an austerity regime, with small budgets.[265] The evolution of the postwar architecture of the city was strongly influenced by the activity of the architect Hans Fackelmann, who designed, among others, the West University, one of the first modern constructions in Romania and the Ion Vidu National Art College.[266]

Despite the central policy of urban systematization, which saw entire historic neighborhoods demolished, such as the Uranus neighborhood in Bucharest, the Timișoara authorities did not demolish old buildings, but only "filled in", where there were no buildings.[265] Thus were built the two blocks that close the front of Victory Square, on its eastern side, towards the Metropolitan Cathedral. In the late 1960s, the Communist Party called for the construction of a number of commercial venues, hotels, houses of culture, stadiums and sports halls in major cities. It was the period when the Bega store, the Continental and Timișoara hotels, the Youth House, the Modex fashion house, the Olimpia hall and others were built in Timișoara.[265]

The communist era also meant the growth of the population of Timișoara, by moving the workers brought from all over the country. Thus arose the need for new neighborhoods. Between 1974 and 1988, huge bedroom neighborhoods were built, consisting of blocks of flats with four, eight or ten floors, made of large prefabricated panels. At the end of the 1980s, over two thirds of the population of Timișoara lived in such suburbs: Circumvalațiunii, Șagului, Lipovei, etc. The blocks had the technical-municipal installations necessary for housing, but they were poorly executed in the conditions of a pronounced economic decline.[240]

1990–present: Contemporary architecture

Regional Business Center

The reconnection, after 1989, of the Romanian architecture to the European architectural culture proved to be very difficult. Most of the projects and constructions did not yet have enough substance or inertially continued the decorativism of the previous period.[267] Re-established in 1990 as a department within the Faculty of Constructions, the Timișoara school of architecture brought together architects from the late 1980s who, embracing the theoretical discourse of postmodernism, perpetuated the arts and crafts philosophy of the previous generation, either by a subtle return to historical tradition (Șerban Sturdza, Mihai Botescu or Radu Radoslav), or through a critical regional approach (Vlad Gaivoronschi, Ioan Andreescu or Florin Ionașiu).[268] Constructions such as Austria House (Mihai Botescu), BRD Tower (Radu Radoslav), City Business Center (Vlad Gaivoronschi) or Reghina Blue Hotel (Ioan Andreescu) are linked to their names.[269][270]

Similar to other Romanian cities, Timișoara underwent large-scale de-/reindustrialization and tertiarization after 1989, which shaped its current urban landscape.[271] The 2008–2009 real estate crisis led to a change in the economic behavior of both investors and home buyers. Post-crisis, a number of peripheral real estate projects have been abandoned, and investors and home buyers have shifted their interest to the available plots within the city.[272] As a result of the economic restructuring process during the 2000s, many industrial areas or isolated factories were demolished and their place was taken by residential complexes and shopping malls.[272]

The 2010s represented a decade in which the city acquainted a period of urban development rebirth. Projects such as Iulius Town and ISHO were put on the map under the form of edge cities indicating the growth of the urban tissue and implicitly of the facilities of the city.[273]

Culture

Logo of the 2023 European Capital of Culture

Visual arts

In Timișoara there are eight contemporary art galleries, five of which are publicly funded: the Pygmalion Gallery (House of Arts), the geamMAT Gallery of the Art Museum, the Helios Gallery (Fine Artists' Union), the Mansarda Gallery (Faculty of Arts and Design) and the City Hall Gallery.[235]

Performing arts

German State Theatre

Timișoara is the only city in Europe that has three state theaters in three different languages – the Mihai Eminescu National Theatre, the German State Theatre and the Csiky Gergely Hungarian State Theatre. The three theaters and the National Opera are housed in the Palace of Culture, built between 1871 and 1875 according to the plans of the Viennese architects Ferdinand Fellner and Hermann Helmer, who designed, among others, the Stadttheater in Vienna, the Népszínház in Budapest and the Opera Theater in Odesa.[248] In 2012, the National Theater built and put into operation the Set Factory, the first professional production line of stage props and theater equipment in Romania.[235] Since 2019, the Serbian language theater has been operating within the Merlin Puppet and Youth Theater.[274]

The Romanian National Opera as an institution in its current form has existed since 1947, when the Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida opened its first season, on 27 April.[275]

Literature

Literary life has been revitalized in Timișoara over the last decade: open, public readings of prose and poetry have turned into social-literary experiments and two new literary festivals have been launched – LitVest and Timișoara International Literature Festival.[276]

The literary society Aktionsgruppe Banat, founded by German-speaking authors of the Banat Swabian minority, was active in Timișoara between 1972 and 1975.[277] Many of its members also activated in the Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn circle, which included, among others, Herta Müller, Horst Samson and Werner Söllner.[278] A recognized literary figure of the underground in Timișoara in the 1980s, Herta Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2009.[276]

Music

Before having a proper musical society, in Timișoara there was the choral association Temeswarer Männergesangverein, founded in 1845. The repertoire of this choir included works of great popularity, belonging mainly to German romantic music.[279] The Philharmonic Society was founded later, in 1871, as a men's choral society. The inaugural concert took place on 8 December and included the ballads Die Frithjof-Saga by Max Bruch and Der Taucher by Heinrich Weidt.[279] Over the years, guest musicians of the Philharmonic Society were invited to perform in Timișoara, among them Franz Liszt, Johann Strauss II, Joseph Haydn, Pablo de Sarasate, Henryk Wieniawski, Johannes Brahms and Béla Bartók.[279][280] The current Banatul Philharmonic was founded in 1947 by royal decree.[281] The Philharmonic has been organizing the Timișoara Muzicală International Festival since 1968, the longest-running cultural festival in Timișoara.[235]

Museums

Timișoara National Museum of Art and the Brück House, shown together
Huniade Castle, home of the National Museum of Banat

The Art Museum is housed in the Baroque Palace, a Late Baroque building in the Union Square. The exhibition space includes collections of contemporary, decorative and European art.[282] Founded in 1877 and housed in the Huniade Castle, the National Museum of Banat has as fields of activity history and archeology.[283] On the ground floor of the museum there is a reconstruction of the Parța Neolithic Sanctuary dating from the 6th millennium BC.[284]

Topla wooden church in the Banat Village Museum

The Banat Village Museum is conceived as a traditional village from Banat, a living museum and open-air folk architecture reserve located in the Green Forest; it includes rustic households belonging to various ethnic groups in Banat, buildings with social function of the traditional village (town hall, school and church), technical installations and workshops.[235] The Corneliu Miklosi Public Transport Museum is subordinated to the local public transport company. Various types of trams are on display, including the first horse-drawn tram and the first electric tram in the city, as well as buses, trolleybuses and vehicle maintenance equipment.[285] There are plans to integrate the museum into a center for art, technology and experiment – MultipleXity.[286] Founded in 1964, the Military Museum operates in the Military Casino in Liberty Square. The museum's patrimony consists of over 2,000 exhibits: maps, documents, models of historical monuments, photographs, weapons and military uniforms.[287] In the museum collections owned by the Metropolis of Banat, the Serbian Orthodox Episcopate and the Roman Catholic Diocese there are objects of worship, icons on wood and glass from the 16th–19th centuries, books, manuscripts and old church objects.[235] A future museum dedicated to the Romanian Revolution will be arranged in the building of the former Military Garrison.[288] At present, there is a Memorial of the Revolution, in the collection of which there is written, audio and video information about the events of 1989.[289]

In addition, there are several independent museums in Timișoara, including the Museum of the Communist Consumer, arranged as a typical house of the Golden Age,[290] the museum dedicated to the Romanian cartoonist Popa's[291] and the Kindlein Museum, a reenactment of Peter Kindlein's jewelry and clock shop and workshop.[292]

Festivals

Alba Iulia Street during Timfloralis

In 2013, around 400 cultural manifestations and events (shows, concerts, exhibitions, art and literature salons, festivals, etc.) were organized in Timișoara.[13] Some of these include the music festivals Codru, DISKOteka (largest 1980s and 1990s music festival in Europe), Flight (largest music festival in western Romania), JAZZx, Plai and Vest Fest, the film festivals Ceau, Cinema!, European Film Festival and Festival du Film Français, the theatre festivals Eurothalia, FEST-FDR and TESZT, LitVest (literature festival), the Medieval Festival, the Festival of Hearts (festival of world folklore) and Timișoara Pride Week.[293]

Parks and green spaces

Timișoara is known as the "city of parks" for its parks and green spaces.[2] These are mainly located around the old town, forming a green belt along the Bega Canal.[294] At the end of 2009, the area of the city parks was 117.57 ha.[295] In 2015, Timișoara had 16 m2 of green spaces per capita, under the EU recommendation of 26 m2.[296][297]

One of the most famous parks in Timișoara is the Anton Scudier Central Park, founded in 1850.[298] Since 2009, the park has an Alley of Personalities with 24 bronze statues of local personalities.[299] In 2019 the park was redesigned in the style of the Schönbrunn Gardens in Vienna.[300] Also close to the city center is the Rose Park, which at the beginning of the 20th century earned Timișoara the nickname "city of roses".[2] The park was inaugurated in 1891 on the occasion of an agro-industrial exhibition, and all the arrangements were made by landscape architect Wilhelm Mühle.[301] The English- and French-style garden stretched over 9 ha and was visited by Emperor Franz Joseph I on 16 September 1891.[302] The current park was arranged between 1928 and 1934, when it was the largest rosary in Southeast Europe, with 1,200 species and varieties of roses.[302] In the park there is also the stage of the summer theater where several festivals, concerts and shows take place. Opposite the Rose Park is the Ion Creangă Children's Park. It was inaugurated in the same year as the Rose Park.[303] The delimitation of the two parks was made later, when the area was crossed by the current Michelangelo Street. In 2012 it was redesigned as the largest children's playground in the city.[304]

Queen Marie Park, formerly known as the People's Park, is the oldest park in Timișoara, established at the initiative of the governor of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, Count Johann von Coronini-Cronberg, in 1852.[295] The Botanical Park, improperly called by the locals the Botanical Garden, is thought of as a dendrological park and was inaugurated in 1986, after a project by the architect Silvia Grumeza.[295] The park contains collection species grouped in eight sectors, depending on the region of origin of the plant.[305] One of the newest parks, the Civic Park was arranged over the former military barracks, demolished between 1956 and 1959.[306] The main attraction of the park is the floral clock, built in 1971.

Sports

Constantin Jude Sports Hall (left) and Dan Păltinișanu Stadium (right) before its demolition

The amateur and performance sports activity has an old tradition in Timișoara through sports associations and clubs. The first football game in Timișoara took place on 25 June 1899.[307] Three years later, CA Timișoara – the first football club in Romania – was founded.[308] Traditional teams have been active between the two world wars. Ripensia Timișoara, founded in 1928 and dissolved in 1948, was the first Romanian club to turn professional.[58] In its short history, the club has won four national titles and two national cups. Ripensia Timișoara was re-established in 2012[309] and currently plays in Liga 2. Chinezul Timișoara (Hungarian: Temesvári Kinizsi), active between 1910 and 1946, was one of the most successful teams in the history of Romanian football, winning between 1921 and 1927 six consecutive titles of champion of Romania.[58] Currently, in Timișoara there are four football clubs: ACS Poli Timișoara, ASU Politehnica Timișoara, CFR Timișoara and Ripensia Timișoara. SCM Timișoara, a multi-sport club, was founded in 1982 and includes sections for basketball (BC Timișoara), handball (SCM Politehnica Timișoara), rugby (Saracens Timișoara), motorcycling and tennis.[310]

With a capacity of 32,000 seats, Dan Păltinișanu Stadium, home stadium of ACS Poli Timișoara, is the second largest stadium in Romania, after Arena Națională in Bucharest. The current stadium will be demolished in 2021;[311] a multifunctional sports complex with a 36,000-seat arena and a 16,000-seat multipurpose hall will be built in its place.[312] There are three other smaller stadiums: CFR's CFR Stadium near Timișoara North railway station, ASU Politehnica's Știința Stadium on the campus of the Polytechnic University and Ripensia's Electrica Stadium near the Green Forest.

There are many sports centers in the city as well. Most of these facilities are sports halls and swimming pools,[58] many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is Constantin Jude Sports Hall, formerly known as Olimpia Hall. Used as a local base for men's and women's basketball, volleyball, handball and futsal teams in the city, the hall hosted matches of EuroBasket Women 2015.[313]

Mass media

Print media

24 June 1772 edition of Temeswarer Nachrichten (Timișoara Times), the first newspaper printed in Timișoara

The first newspaper printed in Timișoara in 1771, edited by typographer Matthias Joseph Heimerl, was called Temeswarer Nachrichten and appeared in 13 editions.[314] Between 1830 and 1849, Temeswarer Wochenblatt appeared, whose editor was Joseph Klapka, the founder of the first circulating library in the Habsburg monarchy (1815) and mayor of Timișoara between 1819 and 1833. Between 1872 and 1918 the Hungarian-language newspapers Délmagyarország and Temesvári hirlap appeared. The Serbian minority first appeared on the local media market in 1829 with the Banatski almanah (Serbian Cyrillic: Банатски алманах).[315] The first Romanian-language newspapers published in Banat were printed in Vienna and then in Pest, as happened with Luminatorul led by Vincențiu Babeș. During the mid-19th century, there was a branch of the state printing house in Vienna, and in 1878 Prince Alexander Karađorđević, fleeing from Serbia, opened a printing house in Iosefin, which he used exclusively for political purposes.[316] The printing activity was boosted at the end of the century, when the manual printing machines, driven by a distribution wheel, were replaced by those driven by electricity, after the establishment of the power plant. The first machine of this kind in Timișoara was a Druckmaschine belonging to the episcopal printing house in the Diocese of Cenad, which was inaugurated in 1891.[316] The outbreak of World War I led to a stagnation of printing activity, but, after the city was taken over by the Romanian authorities, it was revived; in 1920 no less than nine printing houses were known in Timișoara.[316]

The interwar years were marked by numerous political, humorous, medical, cultural, economic, religious, agricultural, commercial or almanac weeklies.[316] Also in the interwar period, numerous bilingual or even trilingual publications appeared. The first publication in Romanian, German and Hungarian was the monthly Apicultorul – Bienenzüchter – Méhész.[316] In addition to the publications in the languages spoken in Timișoara, between 1930 and 1936 the Esperanto quarterly Urmiginta Statoj de Europe appeared, edited by Josef Zauner, and in 1932 the publication Tel-Chaj (טל צ׳ג) was registered, a Jewish bimonthly in Hungarian, but no number appeared.[316] From a catalogue prepared by Florian Moldovan and Alexander Krischan, in the documentary fund of the County Library of Timișoara were registered in the early 1970s no less than 143 newspaper and magazine titles, of which 60 were Romanian, 39 Hungarian and 40 German.[317]

After 1945, but especially since 1948, the number of newspapers and magazines was reduced to a few, all published or under the political control of the Communist Party. There were the following papers in Timișoara between 1970 and 1977: Drapelul roșu, Neue Banater Zeitung (German language), Szabad szó (Hungarian language), Banatske novine (magazine, Serbian language) and the literary revue Orizont, all of them with an important circulation.[318] Even if the years of 1965–1971 are better known as providing a relative political freedom, press in Romania went away with the PCR control. Media was obliged both to put in light the socialist reality in Romania and to combat the ideological bourgeois influences and retrograde mentality.[319] The cultural revues had to promote the "involved" militant socialist arts and literature and criticize the tendencies to separate the artistic creation from the socialist realities; it was the way the Romanian press became an instrument of the PCR.[319]

Apart from the publications previously censored under communist rule, which quickly changed their orientation under new names, in the first months after the Romanian Revolution, the number of newspaper and magazine titles on the local press market increased dramatically.

Currently, in Timișoara appear:[320]

In recent years, more and more publications have given up the printed version, continuing their activity only in the online version.

Audiovisual media

Radio stations

Credit Bank Palace, nowadays home of West City Radio[321]

Radio Timișoara, a public station, is part of Radio România Regional, the network of local and regional public radios of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company. The idea of building a radio station in Timișoara was advanced for the first time in July 1930. The first broadcast of Radio Timișoara dates from 5 May 1955, with Andrei Dângă and Emilia Culea as broadcasters.[322] Today, Radio Timișoara broadcasts in 10 languages on four frequencies that cover a large part of the counties in western Romania.[322] West City Radio has been broadcasting since 1995, when it received the first broadcasting license in western Romania. The station is addressed to an audience aged between 24 and 48 years.[323] Another local private radio station is Radio Europa Nova, founded in July 1995. Its broadcasting area covers 20–30 km (12–19 mi) around the city.

In recent years, numerous local stations of some national stations have appeared, such as Digi FM, Europa FM, Virgin Radio, Radio Impuls, Radio ZU, RFI România, Pro FM, Kiss FM, Radio Guerrilla, etc.[324]

Television stations

TVR Timișoara is one of the four territorial studios of the Romanian Television Society. It broadcasts since 17 October 1994 and covers the western part of Romania (Timiș, Arad, Caraș-Severin and Hunedoara counties), as well as the Romanian communities in Vojvodina (Serbia) and southeastern Hungary.[325] TVR Timișoara is a member of CIRCOM Regional and has collaborated over the years with regional public televisions in Novi Sad (Serbia), Szeged (Hungary) and Uzhhorod (Ukraine).[325] Teleuniversitatea (Teleuniversity) has the status of a department within the Polytechnic University, obtaining a broadcasting license in 1994. Teleuniversitatea is a television station with educational objectives, which operates on a non-profit basis, without a budget allocation. TV Europa Nova is the only local private television station. It first aired on 1 May 1994.

Notable people

Honorary citizens

Among the recipients of the honorary citizenship of Timișoara are:[326]

International relations

Timișoara hosts two general consulates (Germany and Serbia)[329] and 18 honorary consulates (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Moldova, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Peru, Poland, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and Tunisia).[330][331]

Twin towns – sister cities

Timișoara is twinned with:[332][333]

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