Portal: Medicina

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El portal de la medicina

La medicina es la ciencia y práctica de cuidar a un paciente, gestionando el diagnóstico , pronóstico , prevención , tratamiento , paliación de su lesión o enfermedad y promoviendo su salud . La medicina abarca una variedad de prácticas de atención médica desarrolladas para mantener y restaurar la salud mediante la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades . La medicina contemporánea aplica las ciencias biomédicas , la investigación biomédica , la genética y la tecnología médica para diagnosticar , tratar y prevenir lesiones y enfermedades, generalmente a través de productos farmacéuticos o cirugía , pero también a través de terapias tan diversas como psicoterapia , férulas y tracción externas , dispositivos médicos , productos biológicos , y radiaciones ionizantes , entre otras.

La medicina se ha practicado desde tiempos prehistóricos , y durante la mayor parte de este tiempo fue un arte (un área de creatividad y habilidad), que frecuentemente tenía conexiones con las creencias religiosas y filosóficas de la cultura local. Por ejemplo, un curandero aplicaría hierbas y rezaría por la curación, o un antiguo filósofo y médico aplicaría sangrías según las teorías del humorismo . En los últimos siglos, desde el advenimiento de la ciencia moderna , la mayor parte de la medicina se ha convertido en una combinación de arte y ciencia (tanto básica como aplicada , bajo el paraguas de la ciencia médica ). Por ejemplo, mientras que la técnica de sutura es un arte que se aprende a través de la práctica, el conocimiento de lo que sucede a nivel celular y molecular en los tejidos que se suturan surge a través de la ciencia.

Las formas precientíficas de medicina, ahora conocidas como medicina tradicional o medicina popular , siguen utilizándose comúnmente en ausencia de medicina científica y, por eso, se denominan medicina alternativa . Los tratamientos alternativos fuera de la medicina científica con preocupaciones éticas, de seguridad y eficacia se denominan charlatanería . ( Articulo completo... )

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Imagen 1
La fluoración no afecta la apariencia, el sabor ni el olor del agua potable .

La fluoración del agua es la adaptación controlada de fluoruro a un suministro público de agua únicamente para reducir las caries . El agua fluorada contiene fluoruro en un nivel que es eficaz para prevenir las caries; Esto puede ocurrir naturalmente o agregando fluoruro. El agua fluorada actúa sobre las superficies de los dientes: en la boca, crea niveles bajos de fluoruro en la saliva , lo que reduce la velocidad a la que se desmineraliza el esmalte dental y aumenta la velocidad a la que se remineraliza en las primeras etapas de las caries. Normalmente se añade un compuesto fluorado al agua potable , un proceso que en Estados Unidos cuesta un promedio de alrededor de 1,26 dólares por persona al año. La defluoración es necesaria cuando el nivel de fluoruro natural excede los límites recomendados. En 2011, la Organización Mundial de la Salud sugirió un nivel de fluoruro de 0,5 a 1,5 mg/L (miligramos por litro), dependiendo del clima , el medio ambiente local y otras fuentes de fluoruro. El agua embotellada normalmente tiene niveles de fluoruro desconocidos.

La caries sigue siendo un importante problema de salud pública en la mayoría de los países industrializados y afecta entre el 60% y el 90% de los escolares y la gran mayoría de los adultos. La fluoración del agua reduce las caries en los niños, mientras que la eficacia en los adultos es menos clara. Una revisión Cochrane estima que la reducción de las caries cuando los niños que no tenían acceso a otras fuentes de fluoruro utilizaban la fluoración del agua era del 35% en los dientes de leche y del 26% en los dientes permanentes. La mayoría de los países europeos han experimentado reducciones sustanciales en las caries, aunque la fluoración de la leche y la sal está muy extendida en lugar de la fluoración del agua. Algunos estudios sugieren que la fluoración del agua, particularmente en los países industrializados, puede ser innecesaria porque los fluoruros tópicos (como en la pasta de dientes ) se usan ampliamente y las tasas de caries se han vuelto bajas. ( Articulo completo... )
Imagen 2

Cuatro de los restaurantes de The Dalles afectados por el ataque

In 1984, 751 people suffered food poisoning in The Dalles, Oregon, United States, due to the deliberate contamination of salad bars at ten local restaurants with Salmonella. A group of prominent followers of Rajneesh (later known as Osho) led by Ma Anand Sheela had hoped to incapacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 Wasco County elections. The incident was the first and is still the single largest bioterrorist attack in U.S. history.

Rajneesh's followers had previously gained political control of Antelope, Oregon, as they were based in the nearby intentional community of Rajneeshpuram, and they now sought election to two of the three seats on the Wasco County Circuit Court that were up for election in November 1984. Some Rajneeshpuram officials feared that they would not get enough votes, so they decided to incapacitate voters in The Dalles, the largest population center in Wasco County. The chosen biological agent was Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, which was first delivered through glasses of water to two county commissioners and then at salad bars and in salad dressing. (Full article...)
Image 3

A chest X-ray showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow)

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells gain the ability to multiply unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor. Without treatment, tumors spread throughout the lung, damaging lung function. Eventually lung tumors metastasize, spreading to other parts of the body.

Early lung cancer often has no symptoms and can only be detected by medical imaging. As the cancer progresses, most people experience nonspecific respiratory problems: coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain. Other symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Those suspected of having lung cancer typically undergo a series of imaging tests to determine the location and extent of any tumors. Definitive diagnosis of lung cancer requires a biopsy of the suspected tumor be examined by a pathologist under a microscope. In addition to recognizing cancerous cells, a pathologist can classify the tumor according to the type of cells it originates from. Around 15% of cases are small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and the remaining 85% (the non-small-cell lung cancers or NSCLC) are adenocarcinomas, squamous-cell carcinomas, and large-cell carcinomas. After diagnosis, further imaging and biopsies are done to determine the cancer's stage based on how far it has spread. (Full article...)
Image 4

Sorrowing Old Man (At Eternity's Gate)
by Vincent van Gogh (1890)

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since.

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive episodes. (Full article...)
Image 5

Meninges of the central nervous system: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, intense headache, vomiting and neck stiffness and occasionally photophobia.

Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, nausea, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. A non-blanching rash (a rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it) may also be present. (Full article...)
Image 6

A large flap lesion in the femur head typical of late stage Osteochondritis dissecans. In this case, the lesion was caused by avascular necrosis of the bone just under the cartilage.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint which catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement.

OCD is caused by blood deprivation of the secondary physes around the bone core of the femoral condyle. This happens to the epiphyseal vessels under the influence of repetitive overloading of the joint during running and jumping sports. During growth such chondronecrotic areas grow into the subchondral bone. There it will show as bone defect area under articular cartilage. The bone will then possibly heal to the surrounding condylar bone in 50% of the cases. Or it will develop into a pseudarthrosis between condylar bone core and osteochondritis flake leaving the articular cartilage it supports prone to damage. The damage is executed by ongoing sport overload. The result is fragmentation (dissection) of both cartilage and bone, and the free movement of these bone and cartilage fragments within the joint space, causing pain, blockage and further damage. OCD has a typical anamnesis with pain during and after sports without any history of trauma. Some symptoms of late stages of osteochondritis dissecans are found with other diseases like rheumatoid disease of children and meniscal ruptures. The disease can be confirmed by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (Full article...)
Image 7

A CT scan showing a pulmonary contusion (red arrow) accompanied by a rib fracture (purple arrow)

A pulmonary contusion, also known as lung contusion, is a bruise of the lung, caused by chest trauma. As a result of damage to capillaries, blood and other fluids accumulate in the lung tissue. The excess fluid interferes with gas exchange, potentially leading to inadequate oxygen levels (hypoxia). Unlike pulmonary laceration, another type of lung injury, pulmonary contusion does not involve a cut or tear of the lung tissue.

A pulmonary contusion is usually caused directly by blunt trauma but can also result from explosion injuries or a shock wave associated with penetrating trauma. With the use of explosives during World Wars I and II, pulmonary contusion resulting from blasts gained recognition. In the 1960s its occurrence in civilians began to receive wider recognition, in which cases it is usually caused by traffic accidents. The use of seat belts and airbags reduces the risk to vehicle occupants. (Full article...)
Image 8

Photomicrograph of Giemsa-stained Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in human blood

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects in the subfamily Triatominae, known as "kissing bugs". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or swelling at the site of the bite. After four to eight weeks, untreated individuals enter the chronic phase of disease, which in most cases does not result in further symptoms. Up to 45% of people with chronic infections develop heart disease 10–30 years after the initial illness, which can lead to heart failure. Digestive complications, including an enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon, may also occur in up to 21% of people, and up to 10% of people may experience nerve damage.
T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the kissing bug's bite wound and infected feces. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, consuming food or drink contaminated with the parasites, and vertical transmission (from a mother to her baby). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope or detecting its DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood. (Full article...)
Image 9

Liver histology is altered in HRS while kidney histology is normal. The upper image is a trichrome stain (chicken wire appearance) cirrhosis of the liver, the most common cause of HRS. The lower image is a PAS stain of normal kidney histology.

Hepatorenal syndrome (often abbreviated HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. HRS is usually fatal unless a liver transplant is performed, although various treatments, such as dialysis, can prevent advancement of the condition.

HRS can affect individuals with cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, or liver failure, and usually occurs when liver function deteriorates rapidly because of a sudden insult such as an infection, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, or overuse of diuretic medications. HRS is a relatively common complication of cirrhosis, occurring in 18% of people within one year of their diagnosis, and in 39% within five years of their diagnosis. Deteriorating liver function is believed to cause changes in the circulation that supplies the intestines, altering blood flow and blood vessel tone in the kidneys. The kidney failure of HRS is a consequence of these changes in blood flow, rather than direct damage to the kidney. The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition. Two forms of hepatorenal syndrome have been defined: Type 1 HRS entails a rapidly progressive decline in kidney function, while type 2 HRS is associated with ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) that does not improve with standard diuretic medications. (Full article...)
Image 10

In 1942–43 the UK Government carried out extensive testing for oxygen toxicity in divers. The chamber is pressurised with air to 3.7 bar. The subject in the centre is breathing 100% oxygen from a mask.

Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O
₂) at increased partial pressures. Severe cases can result in cell damage and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system, lungs, and eyes. Historically, the central nervous system condition was called the Paul Bert effect, and the pulmonary condition the Lorrain Smith effect, after the researchers who pioneered the discoveries and descriptions in the late 19th century. Oxygen toxicity is a concern for underwater divers, those on high concentrations of supplemental oxygen, and those undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

The result of breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen is hyperoxia, an excess of oxygen in body tissues. The body is affected in different ways depending on the type of exposure. Central nervous system toxicity is caused by short exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary and ocular toxicity result from longer exposure to increased oxygen levels at normal pressure. Symptoms may include disorientation, breathing problems, and vision changes such as myopia. Prolonged exposure to above-normal oxygen partial pressures, or shorter exposures to very high partial pressures, can cause oxidative damage to cell membranes, collapse of the alveoli in the lungs, retinal detachment, and seizures. Oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels. Studies show that, in the long term, a robust recovery from most types of oxygen toxicity is possible. (Full article...)
Image 11

Computer–aided reconstruction of a rotavirus based on several electron micrographs

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. Adults are rarely affected. Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae.There are nine species of the genus, referred to as A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I and J. Rotavirus A, the most common species, causes more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.

The virus is transmitted by the faecal–oral route. It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called "stomach flu" despite having no relation to influenza). Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its importance has historically been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries. In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects other animals, and is a pathogen of livestock. (Full article...)
Image 12

Major General Rupert Major Downes, CMG, KStJ, VD, FRACS (10 February 1885 – 5 March 1945) was an Australian soldier, surgeon and historian.

The son of British Army officer Major Francis Downes, Downes joined the Army as a trumpeter while he was still at school. He attended the University of Melbourne, graduating with his medical degrees in 1907 and a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1911. He was commissioned as a captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps in 1908, and after the outbreak of the First World War he joined the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in 1914 as its youngest lieutenant colonel. He served in the Gallipoli campaign, and was appointed Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS) of the newly formed Anzac Mounted Division in 1916, which he combined with the post of ADMS AIF Egypt. In 1917, he became Deputy Director of Medical Services (DDMS) of the Desert Mounted Corps. After the war, he wrote articles on medical aspects of the Sinai and Palestine campaign, and the section on the campaign for the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. (Full article...)
Image 13

White in 1989

Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990) was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States after his school barred him from attending classes following a diagnosis of AIDS.

As a haemophiliac, he became infected with HIV from a contaminated factor VIII blood treatment and, when diagnosed in December 1984, was given six months to live. Doctors said he posed no risk to other students, as AIDS is not an airborne disease and spreads solely through bodily fluids, but AIDS was poorly understood by the general public at the time. When White tried to return to school, many parents and teachers in Howard County rallied against his attendance due to unwarranted concerns of the disease spreading to other students and staff. A lengthy administrative appeal process ensued, and news of the conflict turned White into a popular celebrity and advocate for AIDS research and public education. Surprising his doctors, White lived five years longer than predicted. He died on April 8, 1990, one month before his high school graduation. (Full article...)
Image 14
Golding Bird, 1840

Golding Bird (9 December 1814 – 27 October 1854) was a British medical doctor and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He became a great authority on kidney diseases and published a comprehensive paper on urinary deposits in 1844. He was also notable for his work in related sciences, especially the medical uses of electricity and electrochemistry. From 1836, he lectured at Guy's Hospital, a well-known teaching hospital in London and now part of King's College London, and published a popular textbook on science for medical students called Elements of Natural Philosophy.

Having developed an interest in chemistry while still a child, largely through self-study, Bird was far enough advanced to deliver lectures to his fellow pupils at school. He later applied this knowledge to medicine and did much research on the chemistry of urine and of kidney stones. In 1842, he was the first to describe oxaluria, a condition which leads to the formation of a particular kind of stone. (Full article...)
Image 15
Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion

A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment. Their origin is unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.

Viruses are made of either two or three parts. All include genes. These genes contain the encoded biological information of the virus and are built from either DNA or RNA. All viruses are also covered with a protein coat to protect the genes. Some viruses may also have an envelope of fat-like substance that covers the protein coat, and makes them vulnerable to soap. A virus with this "viral envelope" uses it—along with specific receptors—to enter a new host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometres; it would take 33,000 to 500,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to 1 centimetre (0.4 in). (Full article...)

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Image 1
Dame Albertine Louisa Winner DBE FRCP FFPH (4 de marzo de 1907 - 13 de mayo de 1988) fue una médica y administradora médica británica. Después de graduarse de la Facultad de Medicina del University College Hospital , Winner ejerció en el Hospital Elizabeth Garrett Anderson , el Hospital de Madres en Clapton y el Hospital de Enfermedades Nerviosas de Maida Vale .

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , se alistó en el Cuerpo Médico del Ejército Real , donde más tarde sirvió como consultora del Servicio Territorial Auxiliar . Después de la guerra, Winner trabajó en el Departamento de Salud como la primera mujer subdirectora médica. Más tarde, trabajó con Cicely Saunders en la formación del primer hospicio moderno en St Christopher's Hospice en Sydenham, Londres. En 1967, Winner fue nombrada Dama Comendadora de la Orden del Imperio Británico (DBE). Winner también fue elegida presidenta de la Federación de Mujeres Médicas en 1971. Murió el 13 de mayo de 1988 en Londres. ( Articulo completo... )
Image 2
Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LOCAH), also known as nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH or NCAH), is a milder form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis that leads to variable degrees of postnatal androgen excess.

The causes of LOCAH are the same as of classic CAH, and in the majority of the cases are the mutations in the CYP21A2 gene resulting in corresponding activity changes in the associated P450c21 (21-hydroxylase) enzyme which ultimately leads to excessive androgen production. Other causes, albeit less frequent, are mutations in genes affecting other enzymes involved in steroid metabolism, like 11β-hydroxylase or 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It has a prevalence between 0.1% and 2% depending on population, and is one of the most common autosomal recessive genetic diseases in humans. The pathophysiology is complex and not all individuals are symptomatic. (Full article...)
Image 3
Charles DeWitt Watts (September 21, 1917 – July 12, 2004) was an African-American surgeon and activist for the poor. Watts was the first surgeon of African-American ancestry in North Carolina. Earning his medical degree in 1943 from Howard University College, he was the first African-American board-certified surgeon to serve in North Carolina. After surgical training at Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C., in 1949, he moved to Durham, North Carolina, in 1950 and established a clinic to provide access to medical services for the poor. Breaking the social customs of racial obstacles, he advocated for certification of African-American medical students. He also became a member of many professional colleges including the National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine and the American College of Surgeons. He served as chief of surgery at Durham's Lincoln Hospital and was later one of the key figures in converting it to the Lincoln Community Health Center, a low-priced clinic for the poor. (Full article...)
Image 4

Curie, c. 1920

Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie (Polish: [ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska kʲiˈri] ^ⓘ; née Skłodowska; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as Marie Curie (/ˈkjʊəri/ KURE-ee, French: [maʁi kyʁi]), was a Polish and naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win a Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. Her husband, Pierre Curie, was a co-winner of her first Nobel Prize, making them the first-ever married couple to win the Nobel Prize and launching the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was, in 1906, the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.

She was born in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her elder sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. In 1895 she married the French physicist Pierre Curie, and she shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with him and with the physicist Henri Becquerel for their pioneering work developing the theory of "radioactivity"—a term she coined. In 1906 Pierre Curie died in a Paris street accident. Marie won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of the elements polonium and radium, using techniques she invented for isolating radioactive isotopes. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms by the use of radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institute in Paris in 1920, and the Curie Institute in Warsaw in 1932; both remain major medical research centres. During World War I she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. (Full article...)
Image 5
Example of antibiotic sensitivity testing. Thin paper discs containing an antibiotic have been placed on an agar plate growing bacteria. Bacteria are not able to grow around antibiotics to which they are sensitive. This is called "the zone of inhibition".

Antibiotic sensitivity testing or antibiotic susceptibility testing is the measurement of the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. It is used because bacteria may have resistance to some antibiotics. Sensitivity testing results can allow a clinician to change the choice of antibiotics from empiric therapy, which is when an antibiotic is selected based on clinical suspicion about the site of an infection and common causative bacteria, to directed therapy, in which the choice of antibiotic is based on knowledge of the organism and its sensitivities.

Sensitivity testing usually occurs in a medical laboratory, and uses culture methods that expose bacteria to antibiotics, or genetic methods that test to see if bacteria have genes that confer resistance. Culture methods often involve measuring the diameter of areas without bacterial growth, called zones of inhibition, around paper discs containing antibiotics on agar culture dishes that have been evenly inoculated with bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration, which is the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that stops the growth of bacteria, can be estimated from the size of the zone of inhibition. (Full article...)
Image 6

Seal of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS)

United States (U.S.) Cadet Nurse Corps (CNC) was authorized by the U.S. Congress on 15 June 1943 and signed into law by president Franklin D. Roosevelt on 1 July.
The purpose of the law was to alleviate the nursing shortage that existed before and during World War II. The legislative act contained a specific provision that prohibited discrimination based upon race, color, or creed. The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) was named the supervisory agency; it was answerable to Thomas Parran, Jr. the surgeon general of the United States. The USPHS established a separate division to administer the CNC program and Parran appointed Lucile Petry a registered nurse (RN) as its director.

The program was open to all women between the ages of 17 and 35 who were in good health and had graduated from an accredited high school. Nearly every type of media source advertised for the CNC. All state nursing schools in the U.S. were eligible to participate in the program; they were, however, required to be accredited by the accrediting agency in their state and be connected with a hospital that had been approved by the American College of Surgeons. The participating schools of nursing were required to compress the traditional 36-month nursing program into 30 months, and they were obligated to provide students with the clinical experiences of medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and obstetrics. (Full article...)
Image 7

Allen being given the Medal of Freedom

Beulah Ream Allen (January 26, 1897 – March 17, 1989) was an American nurse, physician, and civilian physician during World War II. After graduating with a nursing degree in 1922, she worked as a supervising nurse and headed the educational department for the LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City. She worked as a hospital inspector for the state of Utah until 1928, when she moved to San Francisco to attend medical school. While earning her degree at the University of California, San Francisco, she worked as a nurse in the Bay Area. Upon her graduation in 1932, she moved to the Philippines, where she opened a medical practice.

During World War II, she volunteered as a civilian surgeon for the United States Army. She was stationed in Baguio and was responsible for the care of nearly 30 soldiers, when the rest of the Army retreated to the Bataan Peninsula. Taken prisoner in 1941, she was held in three internment camps before being liberated. Returning to the United States, she resumed her practice in the Bay Area. She was awarded the Medal of Freedom in 1946. In 1960, she moved her practice to Provo, Utah, where she served as dean of the Brigham Young University College of Nursing until 1964. Allen retired in 1979 and in that year married and relocated to Mesa, Arizona, where she lived until her death in 1989. (Full article...)
Image 8

A postprandial manometry of a patient with rumination syndrome showing intra-abdominal pressure. The "spikes" are characteristic of the abdominal wall contractions responsible for the regurgitation in rumination.

Rumination syndrome, or merycism, is a chronic motility disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of most meals following consumption, due to the involuntary contraction of the muscles around the abdomen. There is no retching, nausea, heartburn, odour, or abdominal pain associated with the regurgitation as there is with typical vomiting, and the regurgitated food is undigested. The disorder has been historically documented as affecting only infants, young children, and people with cognitive disabilities (the prevalence is as high as 10% in institutionalized patients with various mental disabilities).
It is increasingly being diagnosed in a greater number of otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, though there is a lack of awareness of the condition by doctors, patients, and the general public.

Rumination syndrome presents itself in a variety of ways, with especially high contrast existing between the presentation of the typical adult patient without a mental disability and the presentation of an adult with a mental disability. Like related gastrointestinal disorders, rumination can adversely affect normal functioning and the social lives of individuals. It has been linked with depression. (Full article...)
Image 9

Divers breathe a mixture of oxygen, helium and nitrogen for deep dives to avoid the effects of narcosis. A cylinder label shows the maximum operating depth and mixture (oxygen/helium).

Narcosis while diving (also known as nitrogen narcosis, inert gas narcosis, raptures of the deep, Martini effect) is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while diving at depth. It is caused by the anesthetic effect of certain gases at high pressure. The Greek word νάρκωσις (narkōsis), "the act of making numb", is derived from νάρκη (narkē), "numbness, torpor", a term used by Homer and Hippocrates. Narcosis produces a state similar to drunkenness (alcohol intoxication), or nitrous oxide inhalation. It can occur during shallow dives, but does not usually become noticeable at depths less than 30 metres (98 ft).

Except for helium and probably neon, all gases that can be breathed have a narcotic effect, although widely varying in degree. The effect is consistently greater for gases with a higher lipid solubility, and although the mechanism of this phenomenon is still not fully clear, there is good evidence that the two properties are mechanistically related. As depth increases, the mental impairment may become hazardous. Divers can learn to cope with some of the effects of narcosis, but it is impossible to develop a tolerance. Narcosis can affect all divers, although susceptibility varies widely among individuals and from dive to dive. The main modes of underwater diving that deal with its prevention and treatment are scuba diving and surface-supplied diving at depths greater than 30 metres (98 ft). (Full article...)
Image 10

TEM micrograph of poliovirus virions. Scale bar (white): 50 nm

Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae. There are three poliovirus serotypes: types 1, 2, and 3.

Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long. The viral particle is about 30 nm in diameter with icosahedral symmetry. Because of its short genome and its simple composition—only RNA and a nonenveloped icosahedral protein coat that encapsulates it—poliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus. (Full article...)
Image 11
Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (Arabic: ٱلرِّسَالَة ٱلذَّهَبِيَّة, Arabic pronunciation: ['rɪsælætæ 'ðæhæ'biæ]; "The Golden Treatise") is a medical dissertation on health and remedies attributed to Ali ibn Musa al-Ridha (765–818), the eighth Imam of Shia. He wrote this dissertation in accordance with the demand of Ma'mun, the caliph of the time. It is revered as the most precious Islamic literature in the science of medicine, and was entitled "the golden treatise" as Ma'mun had ordered it written in gold ink. The chain of narrators is said to reach Muhammad ibn Jumhoor or al-Hassan ibn Muhammad al-Nawfali who is described as "highly esteemed and trustworthy" by al-Najjashi.

The treatise of Ali al-Ridha includes scientific branches such as Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry and Pathology when medical science was still primitive. According to the treatise, one's health is determined by four humors of blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm, the suitable proportion of which maintains the health. The liver plays an important role in producing and maintaining the required proportions in the body. Ali al-Ridha describes the body as a kingdom whose king is the heart while the (blood) vessels, the limbs, and the brain are the laborers. The issue of the authorship and the transmission of the text has been critically analysed in the studies by Speziale (2004) and Speziale - Giurini (2009). (Full article...)
Image 12
Climate change affects the physical environment, ecosystems and human societies. Changes in the climate system include an overall warming trend, more extreme weather and rising sea levels. These in turn impact nature and wildlife, as well as human settlements and societies. The effects of human-caused climate change are broad and far-reaching. This is especially so if there is no significant climate action. Experts sometimes describe the projected and observed negative impacts of climate change as the climate crisis.

The changes in climate are not uniform across the Earth. In particular, most land areas have warmed faster than most ocean areas. The Arctic is warming faster than most other regions. There are many effects of climate change on oceans. These include an increase in ocean temperatures, a rise in sea level from ocean warming and ice sheet melting. They include increased ocean stratification. They also include changes to ocean currents including a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is acidifiying the ocean. (Full article...)
Image 13

For the diagnosis, brain scans (such as MRI) should be done to rule out other potential causes.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri and benign intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. The main symptoms are headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears, and shoulder pain. Complications may include vision loss.

This condition is idiopathic, meaning there is no known cause. Risk factors include being overweight or a recent increase in weight. Tetracycline may also trigger the condition. The diagnosis is based on symptoms and a high opening pressure found during a lumbar puncture with no specific cause found on a brain scan. (Full article...)
Image 14

People with ADHD may struggle more than others to sustain their attention on some tasks (such as schoolwork), but can maintain an unusually intense level of attention for tasks they find immediately rewarding or interesting.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.

ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfunction, and emotional dysregulation is often considered a core symptom. Difficulties with self-regulation such as time management, inhibition and sustained attention may result in poor academic performance, unemployment and numerous health risks, collectively predisposing to a diminished quality of life. ADHD is associated with other neurodevelopmental and mental disorders as well as some non-psychiatric disorders, which can cause additional impairment, especially in modern society. Although people with ADHD struggle to sustain attention on tasks that entail delayed rewards or consequences, they are often able to maintain an unusually prolonged and intense level of attention for tasks they do find interesting or rewarding; this is known as hyperfocus. (Full article...)
Image 15

Arrow points to brachytherapy beads used to treat prostate cancer.

Brachytherapy is a form of radiation therapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment. Brachy is Greek for short. Brachytherapy is commonly used as an effective treatment for cervical, prostate, breast, esophageal and skin cancer and can also be used to treat tumours in many other body sites. Treatment results have demonstrated that the cancer-cure rates of brachytherapy are either comparable to surgery and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or are improved when used in combination with these techniques. Brachytherapy can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, EBRT and chemotherapy.

Brachytherapy contrasts with unsealed source radiotherapy, in which a therapeutic radionuclide (radioisotope) is injected into the body to chemically localize to the tissue requiring destruction. It also contrasts to External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT), in which high-energy x-rays (or occasionally gamma-rays from a radioisotope like cobalt-60) are directed at the tumour from outside the body. Brachytherapy instead involves the precise placement of short-range radiation-sources (radioisotopes, iodine-125 or caesium-131 for instance) directly at the site of the cancerous tumour. These are enclosed in a protective capsule or wire, which allows the ionizing radiation to escape to treat and kill surrounding tissue but prevents the charge of radioisotope from moving or dissolving in body fluids. The capsule may be removed later, or (with some radioisotopes) it may be allowed to remain in place. (Full article...)

¿Sabías que – mostrar diferentes entradas?

... ¿ La terapia de rehidratación oral (TRO) es un tratamiento sencillo, barato y eficaz para la deshidratación relacionada con la diarrea ? Se utiliza en todo el mundo, pero es más importante en los países en desarrollo , donde salva a millones de niños de la diarrea , la segunda causa de muerte (después de la neumonía ) en niños menores de cinco años. Según The Lancet (1978), la TRO es "potencialmente el descubrimiento médico más importante del siglo XX".

... El arsénico en forma de arsenito de potasio se utilizó incluso en la segunda mitad del siglo XX para la psoriasis , y en forma de trióxido de arsénico fue aprobado en 2000 por la FDA para el tratamiento de la leucemia promielocítica aguda resistente a ATRA . ?
...el término " dengue " es un intento en español de la frase swahili " ki denga pepo ", que significa " ataque parecido a un calambre causado por un espíritu maligno "? " Beriberi " por otro lado, tiene su origen en el idioma cingalés (de Sri Lanka) y significa " no puedo, no puedo ".

Imágenes generales – cargar nuevo lote

Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con la medicina en Wikipedia.

Image 1Réplica del microscopio de Antonie van Leeuwenhoek de la década de 1670 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 2Vacunación contra la viruela en Níger, 1969. Una década después, ésta fue la primera enfermedad infecciosa erradicada. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 3Epidemia de la Ciudad de México de 1737, con élites invocando a la Virgen de Guadalupe (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 4Gasto en salud per cápita (en dólares estadounidenses ajustados por PPA ) entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: iLibrary de la OCDE (de Seguro médico )
Image 5A veces, las medicinas tradicionales incluyen partes de especies en peligro de extinción, como el loris perezoso del sudeste asiático. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 6Curandera realizando una limpieza en Cuenca, Ecuador (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 7El personal médico coloca cubiertas esterilizadas en los brazos del sistema quirúrgico daVinci Xi , un sistema de cirugía robótica mínimamente invasivo, en el Centro Médico del Ejército William Beaumont. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 8El número de estadounidenses que carecen de seguro médico y la tasa de personas sin seguro entre 1987 y 2008 (de Seguro médico )
Image 9El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith , escrito en el siglo XVII a. C. , contiene la referencia más antigua registrada al cerebro. Academia de Medicina de Nueva York . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 10Esperanza de vida de la población total al nacer entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: iLibrary de la OCDE (de Seguro médico )
Image 11Representación de la viruela en la historia de la conquista de México del franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún , Libro XII del Códice florentino , desde el punto de vista de los aztecas derrotados (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 12Medicina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial - Transporte sanitario. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 13Estela mágica o cippus de Horus con encantamientos curativos inscritos (c. 332 a 280 a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 14Tren hospital "Terapeuta Matvei Mudrov" en Khabarovsk , Rusia (de Atención sanitaria )
Image 15Estatua de Robert Koch , padre de la bacteriología médica, en Robert-Koch-Platz (plaza Robert Koch) en Berlín (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 16Botánicas como ésta en Jamaica Plain , Boston , atienden a la comunidad latina y venden medicina popular junto con estatuas de santos , velas decoradas con oraciones , bambú de la suerte y otros artículos. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 17Mandrágora (escrito 'ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ' en mayúsculas griegas). Nápoles Dioscurides , siglo VII (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 18La mayoría de los países han experimentado un enorme aumento en la esperanza de vida desde 1945. Sin embargo, en el sur de África, la epidemia de VIH que comenzó alrededor de 1990 ha erosionado la salud nacional. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 19Paciente, asilo de lunáticos del condado de Surrey , c. 1850-58 . La población de asilo en Inglaterra y Gales aumentó de 1.027 en 1827 a 74.004 en 1900 (de Historia de la medicina ).
Image 20Un manuscrito bizantino del siglo XII del juramento hipocrático (de Ética médica )
Image 21Gasto sanitario en Japón por grupo de edad (de Seguro médico )
Image 22Zhang Zhongjing : farmacólogo, médico, inventor y escritor chino de la dinastía Han del Este . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 23Esperanza de vida versus gasto en atención médica de los países ricos de la OCDE . Promedio estadounidense de 10.447 dólares en 2018 . (de atención médica )
Image 24" Diagrama de las causas de mortalidad en el ejército de Oriente " de Florence Nightingale. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 25Louis Pasteur experimentando con bacterias , c. 1870 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 26La atención primaria se puede brindar en centros de salud comunitarios. (de atención médica )
Image 27Medicina tradicional en un mercado de Antananarivo , Madagascar (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 28Remedios médicos del siglo XVIII recopilados por una familia de la nobleza británica (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 29Una tablilla cuneiforme de terracota que describe una receta medicinal para el envenenamiento (c. siglo XVIII a. C. ). Descubierto en Nippur , Irak .
Image 30Símbolo taoísta del Yin y el Yang (de Ética médica )
Image 31Un implante coclear es un tipo común de prótesis neural , un dispositivo que reemplaza parte del sistema nervioso humano . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 32Galeno (129-216 d. C.), conocido por sus amplios conocimientos sobre anatomía. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 33Código de Ética Médica de la AMA (de Ética médica )
Image 34El York Retreat , dirigido por cuáqueros y fundado en 1796, ganó prominencia internacional como centro de tratamiento moral y modelo de reforma del asilo tras la publicación de la Descripción del retiro de Samuel Tuke (1813). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 35Concentraciones globales de recursos de atención médica, representadas por el número de médicos por cada 10.000 personas, por país. Los datos provienen de Estadísticas Sanitarias Mundiales 2010, un informe de la OMS . ^{[ necesita actualización ]} (de Atención médica )
Image 36Infografía que muestra cómo fluyen los datos de atención médica dentro del proceso de facturación (de Facturación médica )
Image 37Guy's Hospital en 1820 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 38Retrato de Susruta , el autor de Suśrutasamhitā que describe procedimientos en diversas formas de cirugía , incluida la rinoplastia , (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 39Jackson Memorial Hospital en Miami , el principal hospital docente de la Facultad de Medicina Leonard M. Miller de la Universidad de Miami y el hospital más grande de los Estados Unidos con 1.547 camas (de atención médica )
Image 40Fragmento de una tablilla cuneiforme neoasiria que describe un texto médico (c. siglos IX al VII a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
$Imagen 41El plinthios brochos descrito por el médico griego Heraklas, un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada. Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasius. (de Historia de la medicina)$
Image 41El plinthios brochos descrito por el médico griego Heraklas , un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada . Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasius . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 42Milenrama , planta medicinal encontrada en cuevas ocupadas por humanos en el Paleolítico Superior . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 43Oración ética por la sabiduría médica por el Dr. Edmond Fernandes (de Ética médica )
Image 44Pruebas con hisopo de COVID-19 en Ruanda (2021). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 45El Hospital Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía de Londres , Reino Unido , es un hospital especializado en neurología. (de atención médica )
Image 46 Anuncio "Más médicos fuman camellos que cualquier otro cigarrillo" de los cigarrillos Camel en la década de 1940 (de Ética médica )
Image 47Hipócrates ( c. 460-370 a. C.). Conocido como el "padre de la medicina". (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 48Un monumento ucraniano a la pandemia del VIH. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 49Cirugía de combate estadounidense durante la Guerra del Pacífico , 1943. Las grandes guerras mostraron la necesidad de una higiene y un tratamiento médico eficaces. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 50Coste total de atención sanitaria por persona . Gasto público y privado. PPA en dólares estadounidenses . Por ejemplo: $6,319 para Canadá en 2022. $12,555 para EE. UU. en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 51Un médico comprueba el pulso de un paciente en el Japón de la era Meiji. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 52La sala de urgencias suele ser un lugar de primera línea para la prestación de atención médica primaria. (de atención médica )
Image 53Boceto que representa al médico musulmán Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 54Hospital de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense en Gettysburg , 1863 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 55Gasto en salud por país . Porcentaje del PIB ( Producto interno bruto ). Por ejemplo: 11,2% para Canadá en 2022. 16,6% para Estados Unidos en 2022 (de Atención médica ) .

Más ¿Sabías que (generado automáticamente)?

... ¿que a Constance Fozzard le dijeron durante su formación quirúrgica que las mujeres con niños no podían convertirse en consultoras ?
... que Margaret C. Roberts fue alentada a estudiar medicina por el líder de la Iglesia SUD, Brigham Young, para reducir las tasas de mortalidad durante el parto?
... que los anglosajones pudieron haber utilizado una mezcla de ajo, otro Allium , vino y bilis bovina como medicamento para los ojos?
... que los Noongar usaban el árbol Eucalyptus wandoo como medicina y ungüento?
... que según Human Rights Watch , la máxima presión de Estados Unidos contra Irán ha amenazado seriamente el derecho de los iraníes a la salud y al acceso a medicamentos esenciales, incluidos los de los pacientes con cáncer ?
... que la mosca linterna manchada se ha utilizado en la medicina tradicional china para tratar la hinchazón desde el año 1100?

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