Portal:Medicina

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El portal de la medicina

La medicina es la ciencia y la práctica de cuidar a los pacientes, gestionar el diagnóstico , el pronóstico , la prevención , el tratamiento , la paliación de sus lesiones o enfermedades y promover su salud . La medicina abarca una variedad deprácticas de atención médica desarrolladas para mantener y restaurar la salud mediante la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades . La medicina contemporánea aplica las ciencias biomédicas , la investigación biomédica , la genética y la tecnología médica para diagnosticar , tratar y prevenir lesiones y enfermedades, generalmente a través de productos farmacéuticos o cirugía , pero también a través de terapias tan diversas como la psicoterapia , férulas externas y tracción , dispositivos médicos , productos biológicos y radiación ionizante , entre otros.

La medicina se practica desde tiempos prehistóricos y durante la mayor parte de este tiempo era un arte (un área de creatividad y habilidad) que frecuentemente tenía conexiones con las creencias religiosas y filosóficas de la cultura local. Por ejemplo, un curandero aplicaba hierbas y rezaba oraciones para sanar, o un filósofo y médico antiguo aplicaba sangrías según las teorías del humorismo . En los últimos siglos, desde el advenimiento de la ciencia moderna , la mayor parte de la medicina se ha convertido en una combinación de arte y ciencia (tanto básica como aplicada , bajo el paraguas de la ciencia médica ). Por ejemplo, mientras que la técnica de sutura para suturas es un arte que se aprende a través de la práctica, el conocimiento de lo que sucede a nivel celular y molecular en los tejidos que se suturan surge a través de la ciencia.

Las formas precientíficas de medicina, hoy conocidas como medicina tradicional o medicina popular , siguen utilizándose habitualmente en ausencia de la medicina científica y, por ello, se las denomina medicina alternativa . Los tratamientos alternativos que no forman parte de la medicina científica y que tienen problemas éticos, de seguridad y de eficacia se denominan curanderismo . ( Artículo completo... )

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Aquí se muestran artículos destacados , que representan algunos de los mejores contenidos de Wikipedia en inglés.

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Pájaro dorado, 1840

Golding Bird (9 de diciembre de 1814 - 27 de octubre de 1854) fue un médico británico y miembro del Royal College of Physicians . Se convirtió en una gran autoridad en enfermedades renales y publicó un artículo completo sobre depósitos urinarios en 1844. También fue notable por su trabajo en ciencias relacionadas, especialmente los usos médicos de la electricidad y la electroquímica . A partir de 1836, dio conferencias en el Guy's Hospital , un conocido hospital universitario en Londres y ahora parte del King's College de Londres , y publicó un popular libro de texto sobre ciencia para estudiantes de medicina llamado Elements of Natural Philosophy .

Habiendo desarrollado un interés en la química cuando todavía era un niño, en gran parte a través del autoaprendizaje, Bird estaba lo suficientemente avanzado como para dar conferencias a sus compañeros de la escuela. Más tarde aplicó este conocimiento a la medicina e investigó mucho sobre la química de la orina y de los cálculos renales . En 1842, fue el primero en describir la oxaluria , una condición que conduce a la formación de un tipo particular de cálculo. ( Artículo completo... )
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Anciano afligido (A las puertas de la eternidad) , retrato de Vincent van Gogh de 1890

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive episodes. (Full article...)
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A CBC specimen in front of a printout displaying CBC and differential results

A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells). The red blood cell indices, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included.

The CBC is often carried out as part of a medical assessment and can be used to monitor health or diagnose diseases. The results are interpreted by comparing them to reference ranges, which vary with sex and age. Conditions like anemia and thrombocytopenia are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency, and the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and blood disorders like leukemia. Not all results falling outside of the reference range require medical intervention. (Full article...)
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McGill in her laboratory, 1942

Frances Gertrude McGill (November 18, 1882 – January 21, 1959) was a Canadian forensic pathologist, criminologist, bacteriologist, allergologist and allergist. Nicknamed "the Sherlock Holmes of Saskatchewan" for her deductive skills and public fame, McGill influenced the development of forensic pathology in Canadian police work and was internationally noted for her expertise in the subject.

After completing her medical degree at the University of Manitoba in 1915, McGill moved to Saskatchewan, where she was hired first as the provincial bacteriologist and then as the provincial pathologist. She worked extensively with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and local police forces for more than thirty years, and was instrumental in establishing the first RCMP forensic laboratory. She directed the RCMP laboratory for three years, and trained new RCMP recruits in forensic detection methods. After retiring in 1946, McGill was appointed Honorary Surgeon for the RCMP by the Canadian Minister of Justice, becoming one of the first official female members of the force, and she continued to act as a consultant to the RCMP until her death in 1959. (Full article...)
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Cartoon in Punch, November 1858

In 1858 a batch of sweets in Bradford, England, was accidentally adulterated with poisonous arsenic trioxide. About five pounds (two kilograms) of sweets were sold to the public, leading to around 20 deaths and over 200 people suffering the effects of arsenic poisoning.

The adulteration of food had been practised in Britain since before the Middle Ages, but from 1800, with increasing urbanisation and the rise in shop-purchased food, adulterants became a growing problem. With the cost of sugar high, replacing it with substitutes was common. For the sweets produced in Bradford, the confectioner was supposed to purchase powdered gypsum, but a mistake at the wholesale chemist meant arsenic was purchased instead. (Full article...)
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Everywhere at the End of Time (commonly shortened to EATEOT) is the eleventh recording by the Caretaker, an alias of English electronic musician Leyland Kirby. Released between 2016 and 2019, its six studio albums use degrading loops of sampled ballroom music to portray the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Inspired by the success of An Empty Bliss Beyond This World (2011), Kirby produced Everywhere as his final major work under the alias. The albums were produced in Kraków and released over six-month periods to "give a sense of time passing", with abstract album covers by his friend Ivan Seal. The series drew comparisons to the works of composer William Basinski and electronic musician Burial, while the later stages were influenced by avant-gardist composer John Cage.

The series comprises six hours of music, portraying a range of emotions and characterised by noise throughout. Although the first three stages are similar to An Empty Bliss, the last three depart from Kirby's earlier ambient works. The albums reflect the patient's disorder and death, their feelings, and the phenomenon of terminal lucidity. To promote the series, anonymous visual artist Weirdcore created music videos for the first two stages. At first concerned about whether the series would seem pretentious, Kirby thought of not creating Everywhere at all, but he ended up spending more time producing it than any of his other releases. The album covers received attention from a French art exhibition named after the Caretaker's Everywhere, an Empty Bliss (2019), a compilation of archived songs. (Full article...)
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Four of the restaurants in The Dalles affected by the attack

In 1984, 751 people suffered food poisoning in The Dalles, Oregon, United States, due to the deliberate contamination of salad bars at ten local restaurants with Salmonella. A group of prominent followers of Rajneesh (later known as Osho) led by Ma Anand Sheela had hoped to incapacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 Wasco County elections. The incident was the first and is still the single largest bioterrorist attack in U.S. history.

Rajneesh's followers had previously gained political control of Antelope, Oregon, as they were based in the nearby intentional community of Rajneeshpuram, and they now sought election to two of the three seats on the Wasco County Circuit Court that were up for election in November 1984. Some Rajneeshpuram officials feared that they would not get enough votes, so they decided to incapacitate voters in The Dalles, the largest population center in Wasco County. The chosen biological agent was Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, which was first delivered through glasses of water to two county commissioners and then at salad bars and in salad dressing. (Full article...)
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Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, it is not associated with weight gain and sleepiness, and it is more effective than SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue. Bupropion, particularly the immediate release formulation, carries a higher risk of seizure than many other antidepressants, hence caution is recommended in patients with a history of seizure disorder. The medication is taken by mouth.

Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Raised blood pressure is notable. Rare but serious side effects include seizures, liver toxicity, psychosis, and risk of overdose. Bupropion use during pregnancy may be associated with increased likelihood of congenital heart defects. (Full article...)
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In 1942–43 the UK Government carried out extensive testing for oxygen toxicity in divers. The chamber is pressurised with air to 3.7 bar. The subject in the centre is breathing 100% oxygen from a mask.

Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O
₂) at increased partial pressures. Severe cases can result in cell damage and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system, lungs, and eyes. Historically, the central nervous system condition was called the Paul Bert effect, and the pulmonary condition the Lorrain Smith effect, after the researchers who pioneered the discoveries and descriptions in the late 19th century. Oxygen toxicity is a concern for underwater divers, those on high concentrations of supplemental oxygen, and those undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

The result of breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen is hyperoxia, an excess of oxygen in body tissues. The body is affected in different ways depending on the type of exposure. Central nervous system toxicity is caused by short exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary and ocular toxicity result from longer exposure to increased oxygen levels at normal pressure. Symptoms may include disorientation, breathing problems, and vision changes such as myopia. Prolonged exposure to above-normal oxygen partial pressures, or shorter exposures to very high partial pressures, can cause oxidative damage to cell membranes, collapse of the alveoli in the lungs, retinal detachment, and seizures. Oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels. Studies show that, in the long term, a robust recovery from most types of oxygen toxicity is possible. (Full article...)
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Liver histology is altered in HRS while kidney histology is normal. The upper image is a trichrome stain (chicken wire appearance) cirrhosis of the liver, the most common cause of HRS. The lower image is a PAS stain of normal kidney histology.

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. HRS is usually fatal unless a liver transplant is performed, although various treatments, such as dialysis, can prevent advancement of the condition.

HRS can affect individuals with cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, or liver failure, and usually occurs when liver function deteriorates rapidly because of a sudden insult such as an infection, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, or overuse of diuretic medications. HRS is a relatively common complication of cirrhosis, occurring in 18% of people within one year of their diagnosis, and in 39% within five years of their diagnosis. Deteriorating liver function is believed to cause changes in the circulation that supplies the intestines, altering blood flow and blood vessel tone in the kidneys. The kidney failure of HRS is a consequence of these changes in blood flow, rather than direct damage to the kidney. The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition. Two forms of hepatorenal syndrome have been defined: Type 1 HRS entails a rapidly progressive decline in kidney function, while type 2 HRS is associated with ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) that does not improve with standard diuretic medications. (Full article...)
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Dark Archives: A Librarian's Investigation into the Science and History of Books Bound in Human Skin is a 2020 non-fiction book by the medical librarian and death-positive advocate Megan Rosenbloom. Dealing with anthropodermic bibliopegy, the binding of books in human skin, it expounds upon Rosenbloom's research on such books and their historical, ethical, and cultural implications.

The book focuses on the relationship between anthropodermic bibliopegy and the history of medicine; most confirmed cases of such books were created or owned by medical professionals, in contrast to common stereotypes that they were associated with Nazi Germany, serial killers, or the French Revolution. Rosenbloom discusses how the practice reflects the changing attitudes towards consent, ownership, and disposal of human bodies, and how the history of anthropodermic books intertwines with the history of medical ethics as a field. She interviews librarians, archivists, collectors, and experts on the topic, and examines notable examples of such books and their origins. Though Rosenbloom supports the preservation and maintenance of anthropodermic books, Dark Archives also covers arguments to the contrary, such as those espoused by Princeton University Library senior librarian Paul Needham. (Full article...)
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Portrait by Julian Smith, 1930s

Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey, OM FRS FRCP (/ˈflɔːri/; 24 September 1898 – 21 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin.

Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin, it was Florey and his team at the University of Oxford who made it into a useful and effective drug, ten years after Fleming had abandoned its development. They developed techniques for growing, purifying and manufacturing the drug, tested it for toxicity and efficacy on animals, and carried out the first clinical trials. In 1941, they used it to treat a police constable from Oxford. He started to recover, but subsequently died because Florey was unable, at that time, to make enough penicillin. Later trials in Britain, the United States and North Africa were highly successful. (Full article...)
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Urine from a person with rhabdomyolysis showing the characteristic brown discoloration as a result of myoglobinuria

Rhabdomyolysis (shortened as rhabdo) is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly, often due to high intensity exercise over a short period. Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion. There may be tea-colored urine or an irregular heartbeat. Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and can cause acute kidney injury.

The muscle damage is most usually caused by a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or a substance use disorder. Other causes include infections, electrical injury, heat stroke, prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb, or snake bites as well as intense or prolonged exercise, particularly in hot conditions. Statins (prescription drugs to lower cholesterol) are considered a small risk. Some people have inherited muscle conditions that increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis. The diagnosis is supported by a urine test strip which is positive for "blood" but the urine contains no red blood cells when examined with a microscope. Blood tests show a creatine kinase activity greater than 1000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5000–15000 U/L. (Full article...)
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White in 1989

Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990) was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States after his school barred him from attending classes following a diagnosis of AIDS.

As a hemophiliac, White became infected with HIV from a contaminated factor VIII blood treatment and, when diagnosed in December 1984, was given six months to live. Doctors said he posed no risk to other students, as AIDS is not an airborne disease and spreads solely through bodily fluids, but AIDS was poorly understood by the general public at the time. When White tried to return to school, irate parents and teachers in Howard County rallied against his attendance due to unwarranted concerns of the disease spreading to other students and staff. A lengthy administrative appeal process ensued, and news of the conflict turned White into a popular celebrity and advocate for AIDS research and public education. Surprising his doctors, White lived five years longer than predicted. He died on April 8, 1990, one month before his high school graduation. (Full article...)
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The four primary symptoms of ME/CFS according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disabling chronic illness. People with ME/CFS experience profound fatigue that does not go away with rest, sleep issues, and problems with memory or concentration. Further common symptoms include dizziness, nausea and pain. The hallmark symptom is a worsening of the illness which starts hours to days after minor physical or mental activity. This "crash" can last from hours or days to several months.

The cause of the disease is unknown. ME/CFS often starts after an infection, such as mononucleosis. It can run in families, but no genes that contribute to ME/CFS have been confirmed. ME/CFS is associated with changes in the nervous and immune systems, as well as in energy production. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and a differential diagnosis because no diagnostic test is available. (Full article...)

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Diagrama del corazón humano .

Crédito de la foto: El cargador original fue Yaddah

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Image 1

Vista microscópica de un neuroblastoma típico con formación de rosetas.

El neuroblastoma ( NB ) es un tipo de cáncer que se forma en ciertos tipos de tejido nervioso . Con mayor frecuencia comienza en una de las glándulas suprarrenales , pero también puede desarrollarse en la cabeza , el cuello , el tórax , el abdomen o la columna vertebral . Los síntomas pueden incluir dolor en los huesos , un bulto en el abdomen, el cuello o el tórax, o un bulto azulado indoloro debajo de la piel.

Por lo general, el neuroblastoma se produce debido a una mutación genética que ocurre en el primer trimestre del embarazo. En raras ocasiones, puede deberse a una mutación hereditaria . No se ha encontrado que intervengan factores ambientales. El diagnóstico se basa en una biopsia de tejido . Ocasionalmente, se puede encontrar en un bebé mediante una ecografía durante el embarazo . En el momento del diagnóstico, el cáncer generalmente ya se ha propagado . El cáncer se divide en grupos de riesgo bajo, intermedio y alto según la edad del niño, el estadio del cáncer y el aspecto del cáncer. ( Artículo completo... )
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Giemsa-stained smears of Plasmodium knowlesi infecting human red blood cells

Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that causes malaria in humans and other primates. It is found throughout Southeast Asia, and is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia. Like other Plasmodium species, P. knowlesi has a life cycle that requires infection of both a mosquito and a warm-blooded host. While the natural warm-blooded hosts of P. knowlesi are likely various Old World monkeys, humans can be infected by P. knowlesi if they are fed upon by infected mosquitoes. P. knowlesi is a eukaryote in the phylum Apicomplexa, genus Plasmodium, and subgenus Plasmodium. It is most closely related to the human parasite Plasmodium vivax as well as other Plasmodium species that infect non-human primates.

Humans infected with P. knowlesi can develop uncomplicated or severe malaria similar to that caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Diagnosis of P. knowlesi infection is challenging as P. knowlesi very closely resembles other species that infect humans. Treatment is similar to other types of malaria, with chloroquine or artemisinin combination therapy typically recommended. P. knowlesi malaria is an emerging disease previously thought to be rare in humans, but increasingly recognized as a major health burden in Southeast Asia. (Full article...)
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Boy with Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease (also called Hepatolenticular degeneration) is a genetic disorder characterized by the excess build-up of copper in the body. Symptoms are typically related to the brain and liver. Liver-related symptoms include vomiting, weakness, fluid build-up in the abdomen, swelling of the legs, yellowish skin, and itchiness. Brain-related symptoms include tremors, muscle stiffness, trouble in speaking, personality changes, anxiety, and psychosis.

Wilson's disease is caused by a mutation in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene. This protein transports excess copper into bile, where it is excreted in waste products. The condition is autosomal recessive; for people to be affected, they must inherit a mutated copy of the gene from both parents. Diagnosis may be difficult and often involves a combination of blood tests, urine tests, and a liver biopsy. Genetic testing may be used to screen family members of those affected. (Full article...)
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The mouth of a person with symptoms similar to those caused by long-term use of methamphetamine

Meth mouth is a colloquial term used to describe severe tooth decay and tooth loss, as well as tooth fracture, acid erosion, and other oral problems that are often symptomatic to extended use of the drug methamphetamine. The condition is thought to be caused by a combination of side effects of the drug (clenching and grinding of teeth, dry mouth) and lifestyle factors (infrequent oral hygiene, frequent consumption of sugary drinks, as well as neglecting regular dental cleanings and preventive care), which may be present in long-term users. However, the legitimacy of meth mouth as a unique condition has been questioned because of the similar effects of some other drugs on teeth. Images of diseased mouths are often used in anti-drug campaigns.

The condition is difficult to treat, and may involve fillings, fluoride to fight tooth decay and drugs that increase saliva for dry mouth, as well as oral hygiene instruction. It can be dangerous for active methamphetamine users to undergo
dental surgery because of the cardiac problems that can result from the interaction of local anesthetic with the drug. (Full article...)
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Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an intensive care unit in São Paulo in May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It spread to other areas of Asia, and then worldwide in early 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed the outbreak as having become a pandemic on 11 March.

COVID-19 symptoms range from asymptomatic to deadly, but most commonly include fever, sore throat, nocturnal cough, and fatigue. Transmission of the virus is often through airborne particles. Mutations have produced many strains (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and virulence. COVID-19 vaccines were developed rapidly and deployed to the general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and international programs such as COVAX, aiming to provide vaccine equity. Treatments include novel antiviral drugs and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included travel restrictions, lockdowns, business restrictions and closures, workplace hazard controls, mask mandates, quarantines, testing systems, and contact tracing of the infected. (Full article...)
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A white blood cell differential is a medical laboratory test that provides information about the types and amounts of white blood cells in a person's blood. The test, which is usually ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC), measures the amounts of the five normal white blood cell types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils – as well as abnormal cell types if they are present. These results are reported as percentages and absolute values, and compared against reference ranges to determine whether the values are normal, low, or high. Changes in the amounts of white blood cells can aid in the diagnosis of many health conditions, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections and blood disorders such as leukemia.

White blood cell differentials may be performed by an automated analyzer – a machine designed to run laboratory tests – or manually, by examining blood smears under a microscope. The test was performed manually until white blood cell differential analyzers were introduced in the 1970s, making the automated differential possible. In the automated differential, a blood sample is loaded onto an analyzer, which samples a small volume of blood and measures various properties of white blood cells to produce a differential count. The manual differential, in which white blood cells are counted on a stained microscope slide, is now performed to investigate abnormal results from the automated differential, or upon request by the healthcare provider. The manual differential can identify cell types that are not counted by automated methods and detect clinically significant changes in the appearance of white blood cells. (Full article...)
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Bronston in 1981

William Bronston (born March 1939) is an American physician and activist known for his involvement in the deinstitutionalization of Willowbrook State School in the early 1970s. Born in Los Angeles, Bronston graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles and the USC School of Medicine. At USC, he was a prominent student activist, organizing social and political public health projects and co-founding the New Left Student Health Organization. After graduating from USC in 1965, Bronston began his residency at the Menninger School of Psychiatry in Kansas, but was expelled from the institution after leading a sit-in for improvements in wages and working conditions for direct support professionals.

After his expulsion in 1968, Bronston moved to New York City where he briefly worked at a Black Panther Party medical clinic before leaving to become a staff physician at Willowbrook State School, a state institution for children with intellectual disabilities. At Willowbrook, Bronston quickly became critical of the institution's leadership and standards, clashing with Jack Hammond, the institute's director. In 1971, Bronston went public with his grievances and organized a movement to reform the institution, which culminated in a 1975 court decision deinstitutionalizing the school. Afterwards, Bronston returned to California, where he became the medical director of the Department of Developmental Disabilities at the California Department of Health and later at the California Department of Rehabilitation. (Full article...)
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Willis John Potts (March 22, 1895 – May 5, 1968) was an American pediatric surgeon and one of the earliest physicians to focus on the surgical treatment of heart problems in children. Potts set up one of the country's first pediatric surgery programs at Children's Memorial Hospital (later renamed Lurie Children's Hospital) in Chicago.

A graduate of the University of Chicago and Rush Medical College, Potts was known for introducing a surgery to address the heart defects that resulted in blue baby syndrome; the procedure became known as the Potts shunt. In addition, Potts performed the first successful repair of a cardiovascular abnormality known as a pulmonary artery sling. He also invented several surgical instruments, with a particular emphasis on devices used in surgery on major blood vessels. (Full article...)
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International emergency medicine is a subspecialty of emergency medicine that focuses not only on the global practice of emergency medicine but also on efforts to promote the growth of emergency care as a branch of medicine throughout the world. The term international emergency medicine generally refers to the transfer of skills and knowledge—including knowledge of ambulance operations and other aspects of prehospital care—from developed emergency medical systems (EMSs) to those systems which are less developed. However, this definition has been criticized as oxymoronic, given the international nature of medicine and the number of physicians working internationally. From this point of view, international emergency medicine is better described as the training required for and the reality of practicing the specialty outside of one's native country.

Emergency medicine has been a recognized medical specialty in the United States and other developed countries for nearly forty years, although these countries' EMSs did not become fully mature until the early 1990s. At that point, some of its practitioners turned their attention from developing the specialty at home to developing it abroad, leading to the birth of international emergency medicine. They began to support the growth of emergency medicine worldwide, doing so through conferences, national and regional emergency medicine organizations, relief and development organizations, international emergency medicine fellowships, physician exchanges, information transfer, and curriculum development. (Full article...)
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Raw salmon steaks

Fish allergy is an immune hypersensitivity to proteins found in fish. Symptoms can be either rapid or gradual in onset. The latter can take hours to days to appear. The former may include anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening condition which requires treatment with epinephrine. Other presentations may include atopic dermatitis or inflammation of the esophagus. Fish is one of the eight common food allergens which are responsible for 90% of allergic reactions to foods: cow's milk, eggs, wheat, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and soy beans.

Unlike early childhood allergic reactions to milk and eggs, which often lessen as the children age, fish allergy tends to first appear in school-age children and persist in adulthood. Strong predictors for adult-persistence are anaphylaxis, high fish-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and robust response to the skin prick test. It is unclear if the early introduction of fish to the diet of babies aged 4–6 months decreases the risk of later development of fish allergy. Adult onset of fish allergy is common in workers in the fish catching and processing industry. (Full article...)
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A fish parasite, the isopod Cymothoa exigua, replacing the tongue of a Lithognathus

Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the broomrapes.

There are six major parasitic strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), trophically-transmitted parasitism (by being eaten), vector-transmitted parasitism, parasitoidism, and micropredation. One major axis of classification concerns invasiveness: an endoparasite lives inside the host's body; an ectoparasite lives outside, on the host's surface. (Full article...)
Image 12

A postprandial manometry of a patient with rumination syndrome showing intra-abdominal pressure. The "spikes" are characteristic of the abdominal wall contractions responsible for the regurgitation in rumination.

Rumination syndrome, or merycism, is a chronic motility disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of most meals following consumption, due to the involuntary contraction of the muscles around the abdomen. There is no retching, nausea, heartburn, odour, or abdominal pain associated with the regurgitation as there is with typical vomiting, and the regurgitated food is undigested. The disorder has been historically documented as affecting only infants, young children, and people with cognitive disabilities (the prevalence is as high as 10% in institutionalized patients with various mental disabilities).
It is increasingly being diagnosed in a greater number of otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, though there is a lack of awareness of the condition by doctors, patients, and the general public.

Rumination syndrome presents itself in a variety of ways, with especially high contrast existing between the presentation of the typical adult patient without a mental disability and the presentation of an adult with a mental disability. Like related gastrointestinal disorders, rumination can adversely affect normal functioning and the social lives of individuals. It has been linked with depression. (Full article...)
Image 13

Karyotype of XYYY syndrome

XYYY syndrome, also known as 48,XYYY, is a chromosomal disorder in which a male has two extra copies of the Y chromosome. The syndrome is exceptionally rare, with only twelve recorded cases. The presentation of the syndrome is heterogeneous, but appears to be more severe than its counterpart XYY syndrome. Common traits include borderline to mild intellectual disability, infertility, radioulnar synostosis (the fusion of the long bones in the forearm), and in some cases tall stature. (Full article...)
Image 14

A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills

Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism in sufficient quantities for survival, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. For example, vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not considered a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. (Full article...)
Image 15

49-year-old male with an adrenal crisis. Appearance, showing lack of facial hair, dehydration, Queen Anne's sign (panel A), pale skin, muscular and weight loss, and loss of body hair (panel B).

Adrenal crisis, also known as Addisonian crisis or acute adrenal insufficiency, is a life-threatening complication of adrenal insufficiency. Hypotension, and hypovolemic shock, are the main symptoms of an adrenal crisis. Other symptoms include weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fever, fatigue, abnormal electrolytes, confusion, and coma. Laboratory testing may detect low sodium, high potassium, high lymphocyte count, high eosinophils, low blood sugar, and rarely high calcium.

The biggest trigger for adrenal crisis is gastrointestinal illness. Those with primary adrenal insufficiency are at a higher risk for an adrenal crisis. The physiological mechanisms underlying an adrenal crisis involve the loss of endogenous glucocorticoids' typical inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines. (Full article...)

Sabías -mostrar diferentes entradas

... Las placas de Peyer son un ejemplo de tejido linfoide asociado al intestino .

...el cerebro en sí no es sensible al dolor , porque carece de fibras nerviosas sensibles al dolor? Varias zonas de la cabeza pueden doler , incluida una red de nervios que se extiende por el cuero cabelludo y ciertos nervios de la cara, la boca y la garganta.
...que el síndrome del intestino irritable (SII) a veces puede tener un inicio agudo y desarrollarse después de una enfermedad infecciosa , y que este "SII postinfeccioso" (SII-PI) está atrayendo mucha investigación clínica?

Imágenes generales –cargar nuevo lote

Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con la medicina en Wikipedia.

Image 1Esperanza de vida de la población total al nacer en varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: Biblioteca electrónica de la OCDE (de Seguros de salud )
Image 2Epidemia en la Ciudad de México de 1737, con las élites invocando a la Virgen de Guadalupe (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 3" Diagrama de las causas de mortalidad en el ejército en Oriente " de Florence Nightingale. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 4Medicina tradicional en un mercado de Antananarivo , Madagascar (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 5Paciente del asilo para lunáticos del condado de Surrey , c. 1850-58 . La población de asilos en Inglaterra y Gales aumentó de 1.027 en 1827 a 74.004 en 1900. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 6El Hospital Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía de Londres , Reino Unido , es un hospital neurológico especializado. (de Atención sanitaria )
Image 7Un manuscrito del siglo XII del Juramento Hipocrático en griego, uno de los aspectos más famosos de la medicina clásica que se mantuvo en épocas posteriores (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 8Hospital de la Guerra Civil estadounidense en Gettysburg , 1863 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 9Estatua de Robert Koch , padre de la bacteriología médica, en la Robert-Koch-Platz (plaza Robert Koch) de Berlín (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 10Réplica del microscopio de Antonie van Leeuwenhoek de la década de 1670 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 11Curandera realizando una limpieza en Cuenca, Ecuador (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 12Gasto sanitario en Japón por grupo de edad (del Seguro de salud )
Image 13Vacunación contra la viruela en Níger, 1969. Una década después, ésta fue la primera enfermedad infecciosa en ser erradicada. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 14Botánicas como ésta en Jamaica Plain , Boston , atienden a la comunidad latina y venden medicina popular junto con estatuas de santos , velas decoradas con oraciones , bambú de la suerte y otros artículos. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 15Número de estadounidenses que carecen de seguro médico y tasa de personas sin seguro entre 1987 y 2008 (tomado de Seguro médico )
Image 16Un empleado de facturación estadounidense prepara una factura detallada. (1992) (de Facturación médica )
Image 17La mayoría de los países han experimentado un enorme aumento de la esperanza de vida desde 1945. Sin embargo, en el sur de África, la epidemia del VIH que comenzó alrededor de 1990 ha erosionado la salud nacional. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 18Pruebas de detección de COVID-19 en Ruanda (2021) (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 19Un implante coclear es un tipo común de prótesis neural , un dispositivo que reemplaza parte del sistema nervioso humano . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 20Boceto del médico musulmán Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 21Cirugía de combate estadounidense durante la Guerra del Pacífico , 1943 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 22Fragmento de una tablilla cuneiforme neoasiria que describe un texto médico (c. siglo IX al VII a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 23Gasto en salud por país . Porcentaje del PIB ( producto interno bruto ). Por ejemplo: 11,2 % para Canadá en 2022. 16,6 % para Estados Unidos en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 24 Anuncio de cigarrillos Camel en la década de 1940 titulado "Más médicos fuman Camel que cualquier otro cigarrillo" (de Ética médica )
$Imagen 25 El plinthios brochos, tal como lo describió el médico griego Heraclas, un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada. Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasio. (de Historia de la medicina)$
Image 25El plinthios brochos, tal como lo describió el médico griego Heraclas , era un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada . Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasio . (De Historia de la medicina )
Image 26Costo total de atención médica por persona . Gasto público y privado. Dólares estadounidenses PPP . Por ejemplo: $6,319 para Canadá en 2022. $12,555 para EE. UU. en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 27El personal médico coloca cubiertas esterilizadas en los brazos del sistema quirúrgico daVinci Xi , un sistema de cirugía robótica mínimamente invasiva, en el Centro Médico del Ejército William Beaumont. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 28Oración ética por la sabiduría médica por el Dr. Edmond Fernandes (de Ética médica )
Image 29A veces, las medicinas tradicionales incluyen partes de especies en peligro de extinción, como el loris lento del sudeste asiático. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 30Gasto en salud per cápita (en dólares estadounidenses ajustados según la paridad de poder adquisitivo ) entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de los datos: Biblioteca electrónica de la OCDE (de Seguros de salud )
Image 31Hospital Jackson Memorial de Miami , el principal hospital docente de la Facultad de Medicina Miller de la Universidad de Miami y el hospital más grande de los Estados Unidos con 1.547 camas (de atención médica )
Image 32Remedios médicos del siglo XVIII recopilados por una familia de la nobleza británica (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 33Concentración mundial de recursos de atención de la salud, representada por el número de médicos por cada 10.000 personas, por país. Los datos proceden de Estadísticas sanitarias mundiales 2010, un informe de la OMS . ^{[ Necesita actualización ]} (de Atención de la salud )
Image 34Hipócrates ( c. 460–370 a. C.). Conocido como el "padre de la medicina". (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 35Esperanza de vida frente al gasto sanitario en los países ricos de la OCDE . El promedio en EE. UU. fue de 10 447 dólares en 2018. (tomado de Health care )
Image 36Milenrama , planta medicinal que se encuentra en cuevas ocupadas por humanos en el Paleolítico superior . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 37La Caridad en Berlín (de la Historia de la Medicina )
Image 38Mandrágora (escrito 'ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ' en mayúsculas griegas). Nápoles Dioscurides , siglo VII (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 39El York Retreat , fundado en 1796 y dirigido por cuáqueros , adquirió notoriedad internacional como centro de tratamiento moral y modelo de reforma del asilo tras la publicación de la Descripción del retiro de Samuel Tuke (1813). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 40Símbolo taoísta del Yin y el Yang (de la Ética Médica )
Image 41Galeno (129-216 d. C.), conocido por sus amplios conocimientos sobre anatomía. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 42Código de Ética Médica de la AMA (de Ética Médica )
Image 43El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith , escrito en el siglo XVII a. C. , contiene la referencia registrada más antigua al cerebro. Academia de Medicina de Nueva York . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 44Un manuscrito bizantino del siglo XII del juramento hipocrático (de Ética médica )
Image 45Estela mágica o cipo de Horus con inscripciones con encantamientos curativos (c. 332 a 280 a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 46Hospital ambulatorio "Terapeuta Matvei Mudrov" en Khabarovsk , Rusia (desde Atención sanitaria )
Image 47Infografía que muestra cómo fluyen los datos de atención médica dentro del proceso de facturación (de Facturación médica )
Image 48Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), fundador de la psiquiatría científica moderna, la psicofarmacología y la genética psiquiátrica. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 49Un médico controla el pulso de un paciente en el Japón de la era Meiji. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 50El Hospital de Guy en 1820 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 51Representación de la viruela en la historia de la conquista de México del franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún , Libro XII del Códice Florentino , desde el punto de vista de los aztecas derrotados (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 52Louis Pasteur experimentando con bacterias, c. 1870 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 53La medicina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial - El transporte sanitario. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 54La sala de emergencias es a menudo un lugar de primera línea para la prestación de atención médica primaria. (de Atención de salud )
Image 55Siete médicos y botánicos del mundo clásico de Viena . Dioscórides. En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba en el centro: Galeno , Dioscórides , Nicandro , Rufo de Éfeso , Andrés de Caristo , Apolonio Mus o de Pérgamo , Crateuas (de la Historia de la medicina ).
Image 56Un monumento ucraniano a la pandemia del VIH. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 57Zhang Zhongjing , farmacólogo, médico, inventor y escritor chino de la dinastía Han del Este . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 58La atención primaria puede brindarse en centros de salud comunitarios. (de Atención de salud )
Image 59Tablilla de terracota cuneiforme que describe una receta medicinal para envenenar (c. siglo XVIII a. C. ). Descubierta en Nippur , Irak.

Más ¿Sabías qué?(generado automáticamente)

... que Margaret C. Roberts fue alentada a estudiar medicina por el líder de la Iglesia SUD Brigham Young para reducir las tasas de mortalidad durante el parto?
... que Tang Zonghai fue uno de los primeros defensores de la integración de la medicina china y occidental?
... que la falta de pruebas de detección de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas en África subsahariana está asociada con un aumento de la mortalidad infantil?
... que los Noongar usaban el árbol de eucalipto wandoo como medicina y ungüento?
... que los anglosajones pueden haber utilizado una mezcla de ajo, otro Allium , vino y bilis bovina como medicina para los ojos?
... ¿que a Constance Fozzard le dijeron durante su formación quirúrgica que las mujeres con hijos no podían convertirse en consultoras ?

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