Newark está dividida en cinco distritos políticos (Este, Oeste, Sur, Norte y Central). [32] La mayoría de los residentes negros residen en los distritos Sur, Central y Oeste de la ciudad, mientras que los distritos Norte y Este están poblados en su mayoría por latinos. [33] Ras Baraka se ha desempeñado como alcalde de Newark desde 2014.
Newark fue colonizada en 1666 por puritanos de Connecticut liderados por Robert Treat de la colonia de New Haven . [34] [35] Fue concebida como una asamblea teocrática de fieles, aunque esto no duró mucho ya que llegaron nuevos colonos con ideas diferentes. [36] El 31 de octubre de 1693, se organizó como un municipio de Nueva Jersey basado en el Newark Tract, que se compró por primera vez el 11 de julio de 1667. Newark recibió una carta real el 27 de abril de 1713. Se incorporó el 21 de febrero de 1798, por la Ley de Municipios de 1798 de la Legislatura de Nueva Jersey , como uno de los 104 municipios iniciales del grupo de Nueva Jersey. Durante su tiempo como municipio, se tomaron partes para formar Springfield Township (14 de abril de 1794), Caldwell Township (16 de febrero de 1798; ahora conocido como Fairfield Township ), Orange Township (27 de noviembre de 1806), Bloomfield Township (23 de marzo de 1812) y Clinton Township (14 de abril de 1834, el resto reabsorbido por Newark el 5 de marzo de 1902). Newark se reincorporó como ciudad el 11 de abril de 1836, reemplazando a Newark Township, con base en los resultados de un referéndum aprobado el 18 de marzo de 1836. El distrito previamente independiente de Vailsburg fue anexado por Newark el 1 de enero de 1905. En 1926, South Orange Township cambió su nombre a Maplewood. Como resultado de esto, una parte de Maplewood conocida como Ivy Hill fue anexada nuevamente a Vailsburg de Newark. [37]
Se cree que el nombre de la ciudad deriva de Newark-on-Trent , Inglaterra, debido a la influencia del pastor original, Abraham Pierson , que vino de Yorkshire pero pudo haber ministrado en Newark, Nottinghamshire . [38] [39] [40] Pero también se supone que Pierson dijo que la comunidad que reflejaba la nueva tarea en cuestión debería llamarse "New Ark" por "New Ark of the Covenant" [41] y algunos de los colonos lo vieron como "New-Work", el nuevo trabajo de los colonos con Dios. Cualquiera que sea el origen, el nombre se acortó a Newark, aunque se encuentran referencias al nombre "New Ark" en cartas conservadas escritas por figuras históricas como David A. Ogden en su reclamo de compensación, y James McHenry , tan tarde como 1787. [42]
Durante la Guerra de la Independencia de los Estados Unidos , las tropas británicas realizaron varias incursiones en la ciudad. [43] La ciudad experimentó un tremendo crecimiento industrial y demográfico durante el siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, y experimentó tensión racial y declive urbano en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, que culminó en los disturbios de Newark de 1967 , que llevaron a un aumento en la huida de los blancos , con 100.000 residentes blancos abandonando la ciudad en la década de 1960, aunque el éxodo de los residentes blancos de la ciudad había comenzado después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , ya que la disponibilidad de viviendas era limitada en la ciudad, mientras que los residentes blancos pudieron comprar casas en los suburbios occidentales del condado de Essex, donde la población creció rápidamente. [44]
La ciudad ha experimentado una revitalización desde la década de 1990, con importantes proyectos de oficinas, arte y deportes que representan 2 mil millones de dólares en inversiones. [45] La población de la ciudad, que había disminuido en más de un tercio desde 1950 hasta su mínimo de posguerra en 2000, se ha recuperado desde entonces, con 38.000 nuevos residentes agregados entre 2000 y 2020. [46]
Geografía
Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos , la ciudad tenía una superficie total de 25,89 millas cuadradas (67,1 km² ) , incluidas 24,14 millas cuadradas (62,5 km² ) de tierra y 1,74 millas cuadradas (4,5 km² ) de agua (6,72%). [2] [3] Tiene la tercera superficie terrestre más pequeña entre las 100 ciudades más pobladas de los EE. UU., detrás de las vecinas Jersey City y Hialeah, Florida . [47] La altitud de la ciudad varía de 0 (nivel del mar) en el este a aproximadamente 230 pies (70 m) sobre el nivel del mar en la sección occidental de la ciudad para una elevación promedio de 115 pies (35 m). [48] [49] Newark es esencialmente una gran cuenca que se inclina hacia el río Passaic , con algunos valles formados por arroyos serpenteantes. Históricamente, los lugares altos de Newark han sido sus barrios más ricos. En el siglo XIX y principios del XX, los ricos se congregaban en las crestas de Forest Hill, High Street y Weequahic. [50]
Newark está rodeada de suburbios residenciales al oeste (en la ladera de las montañas Watchung ), el río Passaic y la bahía de Newark al este, densas áreas urbanas al sur y suroeste, y suburbios residenciales de clase media y áreas industriales al norte. La ciudad es la más grande de la región Gateway de Nueva Jersey , que se dice que recibió su nombre del apodo de Newark como "Gateway City". [51]
Newark es el segundo municipio con mayor diversidad racial del estado, detrás de la vecina Jersey City . [55] Está dividido en cinco distritos políticos , [56] que los residentes suelen utilizar para identificar su lugar de residencia. En los últimos años, los residentes han comenzado a identificarse con nombres de barrios específicos en lugar de las denominaciones de distritos más grandes. Sin embargo, los distritos siguen siendo relativamente distintos. Los usos industriales, junto con los terrenos del aeropuerto y el puerto marítimo, se concentran en los distritos Este y Sur, mientras que los barrios residenciales existen principalmente en los distritos Norte, Central y Oeste. [57]
La ley estatal exige que los distritos sean compactos y contiguos y que el distrito más grande no pueda superar la población del más pequeño en más del 10% del tamaño promedio del distrito. Los límites de los distritos son rediseñados, según sea necesario, por una junta de comisionados de distrito que consta de dos demócratas y dos republicanos designados a nivel de condado y el secretario municipal. [58] La rediseño de las líneas de los distritos en décadas anteriores ha cambiado los límites tradicionales, de modo que el centro de la ciudad ocupa actualmente partes de los distritos Este y Central. Los límites de los distritos se alteran por diversas razones políticas y demográficas y, a veces, se manipulan . [59] [60] [61]
El Barrio Central de Newark, antes conocido como el antiguo Barrio Tercero, contiene gran parte de la historia de la ciudad, incluidas las plazas originales Lincoln Park , Military Park y Harriet Tubman Square . El barrio contiene los barrios University Heights , The Coast , la histórica Grace Episcopal Church , Government Center , Springfield/Belmont y Seventh Avenue . De estas designaciones de barrio, solo University Heights, una designación más reciente para el área que fue el tema de la novela Howard Street de Nathan Heard de 1968 , sigue siendo de uso común. El Barrio Central se extiende en un punto tan al norte como la 2nd Avenue.
En el siglo XIX, el Barrio Central estaba habitado por alemanes y otros grupos católicos y protestantes blancos . Los habitantes alemanes fueron reemplazados más tarde por judíos , quienes luego fueron reemplazados por afroamericanos. La mayor presencia académica en el vecindario de University Heights ha producido gentrificación , con edificios emblemáticos en proceso de renovación. Ubicada en el Barrio Central se encuentra la universidad de ciencias de la salud más grande del país, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School . También alberga otras tres universidades: New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Rutgers University – Newark y Essex County College . El Barrio Central forma el corazón actual de Newark e incluye 26 escuelas públicas, dos distritos policiales, incluida la sede, cuatro estaciones de bomberos y una biblioteca sucursal. [62]
El Barrio Norte está rodeado por Branch Brook Park . Sus vecindarios incluyen Broadway , Mount Pleasant , Upper Roseville y la afluente sección de Forest Hill . [63] Forest Hill contiene el Distrito Histórico de Forest Hill, que está registrado en registros históricos estatales y nacionales, y contiene muchas mansiones antiguas y casas coloniales . Una hilera de torres residenciales con guardias de seguridad y estacionamiento seguro bordean Mt. Prospect Avenue en el vecindario de Forest Hill. El Barrio Norte ha perdido área geográfica en los últimos tiempos; su límite sur ahora está significativamente más al norte que el límite tradicional cerca de la Interestatal 280. El Barrio Norte tenía su propia Little Italy, centrada en la Séptima Avenida, predominantemente italiana , y el área de la Iglesia de Santa Lucía ; la demografía ha pasado a ser latina en las últimas décadas, aunque el barrio en su conjunto sigue siendo étnicamente diverso. [63]
El West Ward comprende los barrios de Vailsburg , Ivy Hill , West Side , Fairmount y Lower Roseville . Es el hogar del histórico cementerio de Fairmount . El West Ward, que alguna vez fue un barrio predominantemente irlandés-estadounidense, polaco y ucraniano, ahora alberga barrios compuestos principalmente por latinos, afroamericanos y caribeños . [64] En relación con otras partes de la ciudad, el West Ward ha luchado durante muchas décadas con tasas elevadas de delincuencia, particularmente delitos violentos. [65]
El South Ward comprende los barrios de Weequahic , Clinton Hill , Dayton y South Broad Valley . El South Ward, que alguna vez fue el hogar de residentes de ascendencia predominantemente judía, ahora tiene barrios étnicos compuestos principalmente por afroamericanos e hispanos . El segundo hospital más grande de la ciudad, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , se encuentra en el South Ward, al igual que diecisiete escuelas públicas, cinco guarderías, tres bibliotecas filiales, una comisaría de policía, una mini comisaría y tres estaciones de bomberos. [66]
El East Ward está formado por gran parte del distrito comercial del centro de Newark , así como por el barrio Ironbound , donde se encontraba gran parte de la industria de Newark en el siglo XIX. Hoy en día, Ironbound (también conocido como "Down Neck" y "The Neck") [67] es un destino para ir de compras, cenar y disfrutar de la vida nocturna. [68] Ironbound, una sección de la ciudad históricamente dominada por inmigrantes, en las últimas décadas se la ha denominado "Little Portugal" y "Little Brazil" debido a su población predominantemente portuguesa y brasileña , siendo Newark el hogar de una de las comunidades de habla portuguesa más grandes de los Estados Unidos. Además, East Ward se ha convertido en el hogar de varios latinoamericanos , especialmente ecuatorianos, peruanos y colombianos, junto con puertorriqueños, afroamericanos y viajeros a Manhattan . La educación pública en East Ward consta de East Side High School y seis escuelas primarias. El barrio está densamente poblado, con viviendas y calles bien mantenidas, principalmente grandes edificios de apartamentos y casas adosadas . [57] [69] [70]
Clima
Newark se encuentra en la transición entre un clima subtropical húmedo y continental húmedo ( Köppen Cfa/Dfa ), con inviernos fríos y veranos cálidos y húmedos. La media diaria de enero es de 32,8 °F (0,4 °C), [71] y aunque se esperan temperaturas inferiores a 10 °F (−12 °C) en la mayoría de los años, [72] las lecturas por debajo de 0 °F (−18 °C) son raras; por el contrario, algunos días pueden calentar hasta 50 °F (10 °C). La nevada estacional promedio es de 31,5 pulgadas (80 cm), aunque las variaciones en los patrones climáticos pueden traer nevadas escasas en algunos años y varios nordestes importantes en otros, con la caída más intensa en 24 horas de 25,9 pulgadas (66 cm) ocurriendo el 26 de diciembre de 1947. [71] La primavera y el otoño en el área son generalmente inestables pero suaves. La temperatura media diaria en julio es de 25,7 °C (78,2 °F) y las temperaturas máximas superan los 32 °C (90 °F) en un promedio de 28,3 días al año, [71] sin tener en cuenta el índice de calor, que suele ser más alto . Las precipitaciones se distribuyen uniformemente durante todo el año, siendo los meses de verano los más húmedos y los meses de otoño los más secos.
La ciudad recibe precipitaciones que van desde 2,9 a 4,6 pulgadas (74 a 117 mm) por mes, generalmente cayendo entre 8 y 12 días por mes. Las temperaturas extremas han variado desde -14 °F (-26 °C) el 9 de febrero de 1934, hasta 108 °F (42 °C) el 22 de julio de 2011. [71] La isoterma de congelación de enero que separa Newark en las zonas Dfa y Cfa se aproxima a la autopista de peaje de Nueva Jersey.
Demografía
Newark tenía una población de 311.549 habitantes en 2020. [11] El Programa de Estimaciones de Población calculó una población de 305.344 para 2022, lo que convierte a Newark en el 66.º municipio más poblado del país. [13] La ciudad ocupó el puesto 67.º en población en 2010 y el 63.º en 2000. [92] [93] [90]
De 2000 a 2010, el aumento de 3.594 habitantes (+1,3%) de los 273.546 contabilizados en el censo estadounidense de 2000 marcó el segundo censo en 70 años en el que la población de la ciudad había crecido con respecto a la enumeración anterior. [88] [89] [94] [95] Esta tendencia continuó en 2020, donde Newark tuvo un aumento de 34.409 (12,4%) de los 277.140 contabilizados en el censo de 2010 , el mayor aumento porcentual en 100 años.
Después de alcanzar un pico de 442.337 residentes contabilizados en el censo de 1930 , y una población de posguerra de 438.776 en 1950, la población de la ciudad experimentó una disminución de casi el 40% a medida que los residentes se mudaron a los suburbios circundantes. La huida de los blancos de Newark a los suburbios comenzó en la década de 1940 y se aceleró en la década de 1960, debido en parte a la construcción del Sistema de Autopistas Interestatales . [96] Los disturbios de 1967 resultaron en una pérdida significativa de población de la clase media de la ciudad, muchos de ellos judíos , que continuó desde la década de 1970 hasta la de 1990. [97] En total, la ciudad perdió alrededor de 130.000 residentes entre 1960 y 1990.
En el censo de 2010, había 91.414 hogares y 62.239 familias en Newark. Había 108.907 unidades de vivienda con una densidad media de 4.552,5 por milla cuadrada (1.757,7/km 2 ). [32] En 2000, había 273.546 personas, 91.382 hogares y 61.956 familias residiendo en la ciudad. La densidad de población era de 11.495,0 habitantes por milla cuadrada (4.438,2/km 2 ). Había 100.141 unidades de vivienda con una densidad media de 4.208,1 por milla cuadrada (1.624,6//km 2 ). [21]
La Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense 2006-2010 de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos mostró que (en dólares ajustados a la inflación de 2010) el ingreso familiar promedio fue de $35,659 (con un margen de error de +/- $1,009) y el ingreso familiar promedio fue de $41,684 (+/- $1,116). Los hombres tuvieron un ingreso medio de $34,350 (+/- $1,015) frente a $32,865 (+/- $973) para las mujeres. El ingreso per cápita del municipio fue de $17,367 (+/- $364). Alrededor del 22% de las familias y el 25% de la población estaban por debajo de la línea de pobreza , incluido el 34,9% de los menores de 18 años y el 22,4% de los mayores de 65 años. [98]
En 2000, el ingreso medio por hogar era de 26.913 dólares y el ingreso medio por familia era de 30.781 dólares. Los hombres tenían un ingreso medio de 29.748 dólares frente a los 25.734 dólares de las mujeres. El ingreso per cápita de la ciudad era de 13.009 dólares. El 28,4% de la población y el 25,5% de las familias estaban por debajo del umbral de pobreza. El 36,6% de los menores de 18 años y el 24,1% de los mayores de 65 años vivían por debajo del umbral de pobreza. La tasa de desempleo de la ciudad era del 8,5%. [86] [87]
Orígenes étnicos en Newark
Raza y etnicidad
2020
Desde la década de 1950 hasta 1967, la población blanca no hispana de Newark se redujo de 363.000 a 158.000; su población negra aumentó de 70.000 a 220.000. [105] El porcentaje de blancos no hispanos disminuyó del 82,8% en 1950 al 11,6% en 2010. [100] [106] [46] El porcentaje de latinos e hispanos en Newark aumentó entre 1980 y 2010, del 18,6% al 33,8%, mientras que el de negros y afroamericanos disminuyó del 58,2% al 52,4%. [107] [108] [109] [110]
En 2010, el 35,74% de la población era blanca, el 58,86% afroamericana, el 3,99% nativa americana o nativa de Alaska, el 2,19% asiática, el 0,01% isleña del Pacífico, el 10,4% de otras razas y el 10,95% de dos o más razas. Los hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza constituían el 33,39% de la población en el censo de Estados Unidos de 2010. [32]
La composición racial de la ciudad en 2000 era 53,46% (146.250) negros o afroamericanos, 26,52% (72.537) blancos, 1,19% (3.263) asiáticos, 0,37% (1.005) nativos americanos, 0,05% (135) isleños del Pacífico, 14,05% (38.430) de otras razas y 4,36% (11.926) de dos o más razas. El 29,47% (80.622) de la población eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza. [86] [87] El 49,2% de los 80.622 residentes de la ciudad que se identificaron como hispanos o latinos eran de Puerto Rico , mientras que el 9,4% eran de Ecuador y el 7,8% de la República Dominicana . [112] Hay una importante comunidad de habla portuguesa concentrada en el distrito de Ironbound . Los datos del censo de 2000 mostraron que Newark tenía 15.801 residentes de ascendencia portuguesa (5,8% de la población), mientras que otros 5.805 (2,1% del total) eran de ascendencia brasileña. [113]
Antes del censo de 2000 , los funcionarios de la ciudad hicieron un esfuerzo para alentar a los residentes a responder y participar en la enumeración, citando cálculos de los funcionarios de la ciudad de que hasta 30.000 personas no estaban reflejadas en las estimaciones de la Oficina del Censo , lo que resultó en la pérdida de ayuda gubernamental y representación política. [114] Se cree que las áreas de Newark con gran población de inmigrantes fueron contabilizadas significativamente por debajo de lo normal en el censo de 2010, especialmente en el East Ward. Muchos hogares se negaron a participar en el censo, y los inmigrantes a menudo se mostraban reacios a presentar formularios censales porque creían que la información podría usarse para justificar su deportación. [115]
La Iglesia de Santa Lucía en el Antiguo Primer Barrio es el hogar del Santuario Nacional de San Gerardo , donde los seguidores continúan buscando la intercesión del santo católico en favor de la fertilidad y el parto seguro.Iglesia Metodista Episcopal Africana del Monte de los OlivosCongregación Ahavas Sholom, una sinagoga de Newark
Más de 100.000 personas viajan a Newark cada día laborable, [128] lo que lo convierte en el centro de empleo más grande del estado con muchos trabajos de cuello blanco en seguros, finanzas, importación-exportación, atención médica y gobierno. [129] Como sede de un importante palacio de justicia que incluye instalaciones federales, estatales y del condado, es el hogar de más de 1.000 bufetes de abogados. La ciudad también tiene una cantidad significativa de estudiantes universitarios, con casi 50.000 que asisten a las universidades de la ciudad y las escuelas de medicina y derecho. [130] [131] Su aeropuerto, puerto marítimo, instalaciones ferroviarias y red de carreteras hacen de Newark el centro de transbordo más activo de la costa este de EE. UU. en términos de volumen. [132] [133]
Aunque Newark no es el coloso industrial del pasado, la ciudad tiene una cantidad considerable de industria y manufactura ligera. [134] La parte sur de Ironbound , también conocida como Industrial Meadowlands, ha visto muchas fábricas construidas desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial , incluida una gran cervecería Anheuser-Busch que abrió en 1951 y distribuyó 7,5 millones de barriles de cerveza en 2007. El grano llega a la instalación por ferrocarril. [135] La industria de servicios también está creciendo rápidamente, reemplazando a la industria manufacturera, que alguna vez fue la economía principal de Newark. Además, el transporte se ha convertido en un gran negocio en Newark, representando más de 17.000 puestos de trabajo en 2011. [136]
Tras la elección de Cory Booker como alcalde, se invirtieron millones de dólares en asociaciones público-privadas para el desarrollo del centro de la ciudad , pero el subempleo persistente sigue caracterizando a muchos de los barrios de la ciudad . [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] La pobreza sigue siendo un problema constante en Newark. En 2010, aproximadamente un tercio de la población de la ciudad estaba empobrecida. [147]
Algunas partes de Newark forman parte de una Zona Empresarial Urbana . La ciudad fue seleccionada en 1983 como una de las 10 zonas iniciales elegidas para participar en el programa. [148] Además de otros beneficios para fomentar el empleo dentro de la Zona, los compradores pueden aprovechar una tasa de impuesto a las ventas reducida del 3,3125 % (la mitad del 6 % del impuesto a las ventas).+Se cobra una tasa del 5 ⁄ 8 % en todo el estado) en comercios elegibles. [149] Establecido en enero de 1986, el estatus de Zona Empresarial Urbana de la ciudad vence en diciembre de 2023. [150]
El programa UEZ en Newark y otras cuatro ciudades originales de UEZ había sido autorizado a caducar a partir del 1 de enero de 2017, después de que el gobernador Chris Christie , quien calificó el programa como un "fracaso absoluto", vetó un proyecto de ley de compromiso que habría extendido el estatus por dos años. [151] En mayo de 2018, el gobernador Phil Murphy firmó una ley que restableció el programa en estas cinco ciudades y extendió la fecha de vencimiento en otras zonas. [152]
La industria de la tecnología en Newark ha crecido significativamente después de que Audible , una empresa de audiolibros y podcasts en línea , trasladara su sede a Newark en 2007. Posteriormente, la empresa fue adquirida por Amazon . [155] Panasonic trasladó su sede de América del Norte a la ciudad en 2013. [156] Otras empresas centradas en la tecnología siguieron su ejemplo. En 2015, AeroFarms , un desarrollador de una tecnología aeropónica para la agricultura, trasladó su sede de Finger Lakes a Newark. [157] En 2016, había construido la granja vertical más grande del mundo en un almacén de Newark. [158] La empresa fue reconocida en 2019 por Fast Company como una de las empresas más innovadoras del mundo en ciencia de datos . [159] Broadridge Financial Solutions , una empresa pública de tecnología financiera , anunció la reubicación de 1.000 puestos de trabajo en Newark en 2017. [160] En 2021, WebMD , un editor en línea, anunció que se reubicará y creará hasta 700 nuevos puestos de trabajo en la ciudad. [161]
En 2018, Newark fue seleccionada como una de las 20 finalistas para la ubicación de Amazon HQ2 , una nueva sede de Amazon. Las ventajas de Newark incluían la proximidad a la ciudad de Nueva York , menores costos de la tierra, fuerza laboral tecnológica e instituciones de educación superior , un aeropuerto importante y redes de fibra óptica . [162] Las extensas redes de fibra óptica en Newark comenzaron en la década de 1990 cuando las empresas de telecomunicaciones instalaron una red de fibra óptica para poner a Newark como una ubicación estratégica para la transferencia de datos entre Manhattan y el resto del país durante el auge de las puntocom . Al mismo tiempo, la ciudad alentó a esas empresas a instalar más de lo que necesitaban. [163] Una tienda departamental vacía se convirtió en un centro de telecomunicaciones llamado 165 Halsey Street . [164] Se convirtió en uno de los hoteles de operadores más grandes del mundo . [165] Como resultado, después de la crisis de las puntocom, hubo un excedente de fibra oscura (cables de fibra óptica sin usar). Veinte años después, la ciudad y otras empresas privadas comenzaron a utilizar la fibra oscura para crear redes de alto rendimiento dentro de la ciudad. [163]
Iniciativa de reactivación del comercio minorista en Newark
En el otoño de 2023, en un esfuerzo por estimular el alquiler de locales comerciales vacíos a lo largo de una franja paralela de las calles Broad, Halsey y Washington, la ciudad lanzó la Iniciativa de Reactivación Minorista de Newark. [168] El programa otorga subvenciones monetarias a ciertas empresas calificadas que abren en Halsey y en otras calles dentro de la zona delimitada por Broad Street al este, Washington Street al oeste, Washington Place al norte y William Street al sur. [169] El distrito tiene una mezcla de espacios residenciales, comerciales y de oficinas. [170]
En 2018, la ciudad tuvo una factura promedio de impuestos a la propiedad de $6,481, la más baja del condado, en comparación con una factura promedio de $12,248 en el condado de Essex y $8,767 en todo el estado. [173] [174]
Antes de la apertura del centro de artes escénicas, el Newark Symphony Hall fue sede de la Sinfónica de Nueva Jersey, la Ópera Estatal de Nueva Jersey y el Garden State Ballet, que aún mantiene una academia allí. [177] El edificio neoclásico de 1925 , construido originalmente por los Shriners , tiene tres espacios de actuación, incluida la sala de conciertos principal que lleva el nombre de la famosa residente de Newark Sarah Vaughan , que ofrece conciertos de rhythm and blues , rap, hip-hop y música gospel , y es parte del moderno Chitlin' Circuit . [178]
En los géneros y la escena de la música house y el garage house , Newark es conocido como un innovador. [181] El Club Zanzibar de Newark , junto con otros clubes gays y heterosexuales en los años 1970 y 1980, era famoso como destino de vida nocturna tanto para gays como para heterosexuales. El famoso DJ Tony Humphries ayudó a "generar el subgénero a veces crudo pero siempre conmovedor, con infusión de gospel" de la música house conocido como el sonido de Nueva Jersey . [182] [183] La escena de los clubes también dio lugar a la escena de la cultura del baile en los hoteles y clubes nocturnos de Newark. [184] El club Brick City , un género de música electrónica orientado al baile, es originario de la ciudad. [185]
El Museo de Arte de Newark , anteriormente conocido como el Museo de Newark, es el museo más grande de Nueva Jersey. Su colección de arte ocupa el puesto 12 entre los museos de arte de América del Norte, con destaques en arte estadounidense y tibetano . [186] El museo también contiene galerías de ciencia, un planetario, una galería para exhibiciones infantiles, un museo de bomberos, un jardín de esculturas y una escuela del siglo XVIII. También forma parte del museo la histórica John Ballantine House , una mansión victoriana restaurada que es un Monumento Histórico Nacional .
La ciudad también alberga la Sociedad Histórica de Nueva Jersey , que tiene exhibiciones rotativas sobre Nueva Jersey y Newark. La Biblioteca Pública de Newark tiene ocho sucursales. [187] La biblioteca alberga más de un millón de volúmenes y tiene exhibiciones frecuentes sobre una variedad de temas, muchos de los cuales presentan artículos de sus Colecciones Especiales y de Letras Finas. [188] La biblioteca también alberga programas diarios que incluyen clases de inglés como segundo idioma, clases de yoga, artes y manualidades, charlas de historia y más. [189]
Desde 1962, Newark ha sido el hogar del Instituto de Estudios de Jazz , el archivo y biblioteca de investigación de jazz más importante del mundo. [190] Ubicado en la Biblioteca John Cotton Dana en Rutgers-Newark , el Instituto alberga más de 200.000 grabaciones de jazz en todos los formatos disponibles comercialmente, más de 6.000 títulos de monografías, incluyendo discografías, biografías, historia y crítica, música publicada, películas y vídeos; más de 600 publicaciones periódicas y seriadas, que datan de principios del siglo XX; y una de las colecciones de historia oral del jazz más completas del país, que incluye más de 150 historias orales de jazz, la mayoría con transcripciones mecanografiadas. [191]
El Museo Judío de Nueva Jersey , ubicado en el 145 de Broadway en el barrio de Broadway , abrió sus puertas en diciembre de 2007. [192] El museo está dedicado al patrimonio cultural del pueblo judío de Nueva Jersey. El museo está ubicado en Ahavas Sholom, la última sinagoga en funcionamiento continuo en Newark. [193] [194] En la década de 1950, había 50 sinagogas en Newark que atendían a una población judía de 70.000 a 80.000 personas, lo que alguna vez fue la sexta comunidad judía más grande de los Estados Unidos. [195] [196]
Desde 2009, la Oficina de Planificación de Newark, en colaboración con organizaciones artísticas locales, ha patrocinado Newark Murals y ha visto la creación de docenas de murales al aire libre sobre personas, lugares y eventos importantes de la ciudad. [199]
El mural Portraits, una enorme pintura de varios artistas con una longitud de 25 campos de fútbol creada en 2016, es el mural continuo más largo de la Costa Este y el segundo más largo del país. [200] Diecisiete artistas contribuyeron con secciones al mural, incluidos Adrienne Wheeler, Akintola Hanif , David Oquendo, Don Rimx, El Decertor, GAIA, GERA, Kevin Darmanie, Khari Johnson-Ricks, Lunar New Year, Manuel Acevedo, Mata Ruda, Nanook, Nina Chanel Abney, Sonni, Tatyana Fazlalizadeh, WERC y Zeh Palito. [201] "Portraits" comienza aproximadamente en la intersección de Poiner Street y McCarter Highway en el distrito South Ironbound y se extiende hacia el norte 1,39 millas (2,24 km) a lo largo de los muros de piedra centenarios que sostienen las vías del Corredor Noreste y PATH frente a la McCarter Highway de Newark ( Ruta 21 de Nueva Jersey ). [202]
Festivales y desfiles
Los festivales y desfiles que se celebran anualmente o bianualmente incluyen el Festival de los Cerezos en Flor (abril) en Branch Brook Park y el Festival de Poesía Geraldine R. Dodge (octubre, bienal) en varios lugares y las Puertas Abiertas de toda la ciudad (octubre), [203]
Los festivales de música incluyen el McDonald's Gospelfest (primavera) en el Prudential Center, el Lincoln Park Music Festival (julio) [204] en Lincoln Park , el Afro Beat Fest (julio) en Military Park , [205] y el James Moody Jazz Festival , llamado así por James Moody , el artista de jazz criado en Newark (evento de una semana en noviembre). [206] El Weequahic Park House Music Festival tiene lugar cada septiembre en Weequahic Park . [207]
Parque Militar en el centro de Newark , el espacio público de la ciudad desde 1869 y hogar de la escultura Wars of America del escultor del Monte Rushmore Gutzon Borglum y el restaurante informal Burg. [210] A partir de 2018, el parque es operado de forma privada. Administrado por una corporación sin fines de lucro, Military Park Partnership, que cuenta con el personal de Dan Biederman y Biederman Redevelopment Ventures, a quien se le atribuye la transformación del Bryant Park de Manhattan . Military Park Partnership administra los programas, eventos, operaciones, seguridad y horticultura del parque.
Lincoln Park en el Arts District, uno de los tres espacios comunes originales de la era colonial en Newark. Desde la década de 1920 hasta la de 1950, Lincoln Park estaba en el extremo sur de la zona de jazz y vida nocturna de Newark conocida como "The Coast".
Harriet Tubman Square , la más septentrional de las tres áreas comunes originales de la era colonial en Newark. Anteriormente conocida como Washington Park, la estatua ecuestre de George Washington de J. Massey Rhind fue inaugurada aquí en 1912. [211] El narrador de Philip Roth en Goodbye, Columbus visita el parque y dice: "Sentado allí en el parque, sentí un profundo conocimiento de Newark, un apego tan arraigado que no podía evitar convertirse en afecto". [212]
El Riverfront Park , que se extiende a lo largo del río Passaic , incluye el "Orange Boardwalk" y senderos con vistas al agua. [213] [214] [215] [216] [217]
Parques del condado
Lago Weequahic en el parque WeequahicParque Branch Brook en el distrito norte de Newark
Branch Brook Park es la sede del festival anual de los cerezos en flor de Newark. [218] El parque es el parque de condado más antiguo de los Estados Unidos y alberga la colección de cerezos en flor más grande del país , con más de 5000 ejemplares. [219] [220] [221] [222] El parque también cuenta con un lago y un estanque. Fue diseñado por la firma Olmsted Brothers , que continuó con la firma del arquitecto paisajista Frederick Law Olmsted . [223]
El Parque de la Independencia se encuentra en el distrito Ironbound. [224] [225] [226]
Weequahic Park , también diseñado por Olmsted Brothers, está ubicado en South Ward en la sección de Dayton , al este del vecindario Weequahic , que antes era predominantemente judío. [233] Cuenta con un lago Weequahic de 80 acres (320 000 m2 ) , un lago antropogénico formado a partir de un pantano. [234] El autor Philip Roth describe el parque en su novela de fantasía histórica The Plot Against America (2004). La organización sin fines de lucro Weequahic Park Sports Authority ayuda a mantener el parque. [235] [236]
West Side Park es un parque de 30,36 acres (12,29 ha) en el vecindario West Side . [237] [238]
Parque Jesse Allen, en el Distrito Central . El parque Jesse Allen, de 3,2 hectáreas (8 acres), es el segundo parque más grande de la ciudad de Newark y lleva el nombre de un exmiembro del Consejo Municipal de Newark . [239] [240]
Greater Newark Conservancy mantiene el Centro Ambiental Urbano Judith L. Shipley, [241] [242] y el Centro de Aprendizaje al Aire Libre Prudential. [243] [244] Ofrece exhibiciones e instrucción sobre agricultura y jardinería urbanas y también incluye un pequeño estanque.
Parque Nat Turner. Inaugurado en julio de 2009, el parque municipal más grande de Newark está ubicado en el barrio central . Recibe su nombre en honor al famoso líder de la rebelión de esclavos estadounidenses del siglo XIX, Nat Turner . [246]
Golf y otras instalaciones recreativas
Centro de recreación Sharpe James/Kenneth A. Gibson (Ironbound). [247]
Centro recreativo y acuático John F. Kennedy [247]
Centro de recreación y bienestar Rotunda [247]
Centro recreativo y acuático Marquis "Bo" Porter [247]
Centro de recreación Hayes Park West [247]
Complejo de viviendas Bradley Court [247]
El campo de golf Weequahic es un campo público de 18 hoyos. [248] La instalación fue descrita en 2016 por el Golf Channel como una "joya escondida". [249] Hogar del programa First Tee del condado de Essex y del golfista profesional Wiley Williams, quien fue uno de los primeros golfistas afroamericanos en ganar un importante evento de golf de Nueva Jersey y trabaja para introducir a los jóvenes de la ciudad al deporte. [250] [251]
El periódico principal del estado, The Star-Ledger , propiedad de Advance Publications , tiene su sede en Newark. El periódico vendió su sede en julio de 2014, y las oficinas del editor, el consejo editorial, los columnistas y la revista se trasladaron al Gateway Center . [254] El Newark Targum es un periódico estudiantil semanal publicado por Targum Publishing Company para la población estudiantil del campus de Newark de la Universidad Rutgers .
Otros medios de comunicación
TAP Into Newark es un sitio de noticias en línea dedicado a Newark. [255]
Newark Patch es una fuente de noticias diaria en línea dedicada a noticias locales de Newark. [256]
Local Talk es un periódico local sobre Newark y sus alrededores. [257]
The Newarker es una revista trimestral sobre la cultura, la historia y la sociedad en Newark y sus alrededores. [258]
The Newark Times es una plataforma de noticias en línea dedicada al estilo de vida, los eventos y la cultura de Newark. [259]
Newark Metro cubre la vida metropolitana desde Newark hasta el norte de Jersey y la ciudad de Nueva York y es un proyecto periodístico de Rutgers Newark. [260]
RLS Media cubre noticias de última hora de Newark y municipios aledaños. [261]
La ciudad de Newark comparte noticias y eventos a través de su cuenta oficial de Twitter. [262]
The Pod, desarrollado por Black Owned New Jersey, es un podcast semanal que ayuda a las pequeñas empresas a desarrollar, hacer crecer y mantener su negocio.
Radio
Con un estudio en el sexto piso y una llamativa antena en el techo, Bamberger lanzó WOR para vender más radios.
La estación de radio pionera WOR fue fundada por Bamberger Broadcasting Service en 1922 y transmitía desde estudios en la tienda departamental del centro de la ciudad de su minorista. Hoy en día, el edificio da servicio a las industrias de telecomunicaciones, coubicación y soporte informático y se conoce como 165 Halsey Street . [263]
La estación de radio WJZ (ahora WABC ) realizó su primera transmisión en 1921 desde la planta de Westinghouse cerca de la estación Broad Street. Se mudó a la ciudad de Nueva York en la década de 1920. La estación de radio WNEW-AM (ahora WBBR ) fue fundada en Newark en 1934 y luego se mudó a la ciudad de Nueva York. WBGO , una filial de National Public Radio con un formato de jazz estándar y contemporáneo, está en 54 Park Place en el centro de Newark. WNSW AM-1430 (anteriormente WNJR) y WQXR (que antes era WHBI y luego WCAA) 105.9 FM también tienen licencia para Newark. [264]
Teléfono
En 1915, el sistema Bell , propiedad de la American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), probó la tecnología de conmutación de paneles recientemente desarrollada en Newark cuando transfirieron las centrales telefónicas Mulberry y Waverly a operación semimecánica el 16 de enero y el 12 de junio, respectivamente. El sistema de paneles fue la solución del sistema Bell al problema de las grandes ciudades , donde una central tenía que dar servicio a un gran número de suscriptores tanto en centrales conmutadas manualmente como automáticamente, sin afectar negativamente la comodidad y confiabilidad establecidas para el usuario. Tal como se introdujo originalmente en estas centrales, los teléfonos de los suscriptores no tenían diales y los clientes continuaban haciendo llamadas pidiendo a un operador que llamara a la persona a la que llamaban, momento en el cual el operador ingresaba el número de teléfono en el equipo del panel, en lugar de realizar conexiones de cables manualmente. [265]
Teléfono de 1948 de la histórica central telefónica Bigelow Panel en Newark, la última oficina de Panel que existía cuando fue desmantelada en 1983.
La mayoría de las instalaciones de paneles en todo el país fueron reemplazadas por sistemas modernos durante la década de 1970 y el último interruptor de panel fue desmantelado en la oficina central de BIgelow en Newark en 1983. [266]
Si bien Newark, como todo Nueva Jersey, tenía el código de área 201 asignado para llamadas de larga distancia desde 1947, el centro de tarifas fue reasignado al código de área 973 en 1997, que se superpuso con el código de área 551 en 2001. Con la proliferación del servicio celular en el norte de Nueva Jersey en el siglo XXI, los prefijos de la oficina central de las NPA adyacentes de Nueva Jersey (201, 551, 732/848 , 908 ) se pusieron a disposición en el centro de tarifas de Newark para servicios celulares y de voz sobre IP (VoIP). [20]
La primera estación de televisión de Nueva Jersey, WATV Channel 13, comenzó a transmitir el 15 de mayo de 1948 desde los estudios del Teatro Mezquita , conocido como "Television Center Newark". Los estudios fueron la sede de WNTA-13 a partir de 1958 y de WNJU-47 hasta 1989. [267]
WNET , la sucesora de WATV, es la estación insignia del Servicio Público de Radiodifusión que atiende al mercado de Nueva York. El canal 68 de WFUT-TV en español , una estación propiedad y operada por UniMás , también tiene licencia en Newark. Tempo Networks , que produce para el mercado de televisión pancaribeño , tiene su sede en la ciudad. [268] NwkTV ha sido el canal de acceso del gobierno de la ciudad desde 2009 y transmite como Canal 78 en Optimum . [269] [270] La compañía tiene un centro de llamadas de alta tecnología en Newark, que emplea a más de 500 personas. Los principales estudios de transmisión de la red PBS NJTV (NJTV también es una estación hermana de WNET con licencia de Newark) también se encuentran en el Complejo de Oficinas Gateway Center. [271]
Película
El Festival de Cine Negro de Newark se celebra anualmente desde 1974. El Festival Internacional de Cine de Newark es un evento anual que ha albergado proyecciones, talleres y exhibiciones de acrobacias en Newark desde 2015. Se llevan a cabo bajo los auspicios del Festival North to Shore . [272]
Producción cinematográfica en Newark en 2004
La Comisión de Cine y Televisión de Nueva Jersey tiene su sede en Newark. [273] En 2011, la ciudad creó la Oficina de Cine y Televisión de Newark con el fin de promover la realización de producciones mediáticas. [274] [275]
Se han producido varias producciones de cine y televisión que representan la vida en Newark. Life of Crime se produjo originalmente en 1988 y fue seguida por una secuela en 1998. [276] New Jersey Drive es una película de 1995 sobre la ciudad cuando era considerada la " capital mundial del robo de automóviles ". [277] Street Fight es un documental nominado al premio de la Academia que cubrió la elección de alcalde de 2002 entre el titular Sharpe James y el retador Cory Booker. En 2009, el Sundance Channel emitió Brick City , un documental televisivo de cinco partes sobre Newark, centrado en el intento de la comunidad de convertirse en un lugar mejor y más seguro para vivir, en contra de una historia de casi medio siglo de violencia, pobreza y corrupción oficial. La segunda temporada se estrenó el 30 de enero de 2011. [278] Revolution '67 es un documental que examina las causas y los eventos de los disturbios de Newark de 1967. The Once and Future Newark (2006) es un documental de viajes sobre lugares de importancia cultural, social e histórica del profesor de Historia de Rutgers Clement Price . [279] La serie de televisión de HBO Los Soprano filmó muchas de sus escenas en Newark. [280] The Many Saints of Newark es una precuela de Los Soprano de David Chase ambientada a fines de la década de 1960 y principios de la de 1970. [281] Heart of Stone (2009) refleja la huida de los blancos en la sección Weequahic , predominantemente judía , y en la escuela secundaria Weequahic . [282] Rob Peace , es una adaptación cinematográfica de La corta y trágica vida de Robert Peace , la historia de vida de un nativo de Newark asesinado en 2011. [283]
En Newark se han filmado numerosas películas, programas de televisión y vídeos musicales, y su arquitectura de época y su paisaje urbano se consideran un "entorno urbano" ideal. En 2012, la ciudad acogió la séptima temporada del concurso de telerrealidad America's Got Talent . [284]
Entre las películas filmadas en Newark se encuentran Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), [285] Joker (que representa el palacio de cine abandonado conocido como Newark Paramount Theatre ), [286] Cat Person y la película de terror de 2022, Smile , con varias ubicaciones, incluidas Murphy Varnish Lofts y Rutgers Medical School. [287] La película The Perfect Find también tuvo escenas filmadas en Newark, al igual que la película The Greatest Beer Run Ever . [288] Las escenas de la película Bros se filmaron en toda la ciudad en 2021, incluido el Museo de Newark, cuyo exterior se muestra como el museo LGBT. [287]
Estudios
En 2009, se inauguró Ironbound Film & Television Studios, la única instalación de "quedarse y filmar" en el área metropolitana, siendo su primera producción Bar Karma . [289]
El Teatro Newark se construyó en 1853 como el primer teatro en la ubicación de 138 Market Street y Halsey Street. En la década de 1880, funcionó como un teatro de vodevil llamado Fred Waldmann's Opera House.
A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, Newark contaba con numerosos teatros y salas de cine de estilo vodevil o burlesco. A medida que se producían innovaciones en el ámbito cinematográfico, Newark contribuyó al desarrollo de la industria cinematográfica estadounidense con la innovación del celuloide por parte de los inventores locales y su uso como película cinematográfica. [293] Los cines de Newark durante esta primera parte del siglo XX habían conseguido una gran audiencia, con 62 salas de cine en la ciudad en 1922. [294]
El Teatro Hill estuvo ubicado en el 100 de Springfield Avenue desde 1917 hasta aproximadamente 1930 como sala de cine y vodevil. George Burns y Gracie Allen actuaron aquí por primera vez.
Later, many of these locations were used for live performances of notable actors prior to becoming renowned. The introduction of television for entertainment during the 1940s and 1950s was the start of a decades-long decline in attendance in movie theaters. The last two downtown movie theatres were the Adams and the Newark Paramount Theatre, which both closed in 1986.[295] Attempts for movie theatre revivals were established in the 1990s. As of 2024, the CityPlex 12 Newark movie theatre, located off Springfield Avenue and Bergen Street, is the only theater in operation in the city. The New Jersey Performing Arts Center, located at 1 Center Street, is currently operating as theatre production and concerts.[296] The 2,800-seat Newark Symphony Hall located at 1020 Broad Street has been in operations since 1925.[297]
Sports
Newark has hosted many teams, though much of the time without an MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL team in the city proper. Currently, the city is home to just one, the NHL's New Jersey Devils. As the second-largest city in the New York metropolitan area, Newark is part of the regional professional sports and media markets.[253][298][299]
Downtown was also home to Bears & Eagles Riverfront Stadium, which was a 6,200-seat baseball park built near the Passaic River to house the Newark Bears, an independent minor league baseball team, and opened in 1999. Also serving as the home stadium for Rutgers-Newark and NJIT's college baseball teams, Riverfront Stadium closed in 2014 after the Bears ceased operations.[302] In 2016, the stadium was sold to a developer, and three years later it was demolished.[303]
Newark was a host city and its airport a gateway for Super Bowl XLVIII which was played on February 2, 2014.[307][308][309] The game took place at MetLife Stadium, home of the hosting teams New York Giants and New York Jets. Media Day, the first event leading up to the game, took place on January 28 at the Prudential Center. The original Vince Lombardi Trophy, produced by Tiffany & Co. in Newark in 1967 and borrowed from the Green Bay Packers, was displayed at the Newark Museum from January 8 until March 30, 2014.[310]Ultimate Fighting Championship's annual Super Bowl weekend mixed martial arts event, UFC 169: Cruz vs. Barao, took place on February 1 at the Prudential Center.[311]
Government
Local
The city is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council Plan C form of local government, which became effective as of July 1, 1954, after the voters of the city of Newark passed a referendum held on November 3, 1953.[8][312] The city is one of 79 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government.[313] The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the City Council, who are elected concurrently on a non-partisan basis to four-year terms of office at the May municipal election. The mayor is directly elected by the residents of Newark. The city council comprises nine members, with one council member from each of the city's five wards and four council members who are elected on an at-large basis.[314] The structure of the council was established after a 1953 referendum, in which more than 65% of voters approved a change from a five-member commission.[315]
As of 2023[update], the mayor of Newark is Ras Baraka, who is serving a third term of office ending on June 30, 2026;[4] Baraka first took office as the city's 40th mayor on July 1, 2014.[316] Members of Newark's Municipal Council are Council President LaMonica McIver (Central Ward), Luis A. Quintana (at-large), Patrick O. Council (South Ward), C. Lawrence Crump (at-large), Carlos M. Gonzalez (at-large), Dupré L. Kelly (West Ward), Anibal Ramos Jr. (North Ward), Louise Scott-Rountree (at-large) and Michael J. Silva (East Ward), all serving concurrent terms of office ending June 30, 2026.[317][318][319][320][321]
Federal, state, and county
Newark is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts[322] and is part of New Jersey's 28th and 29th state legislative districts.[323][324][325][326] Prior to the 2010 census, Newark had been split between the 10th Congressional District and the 13th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[326] As part of the split that took effect in 2013, 123,763 residents in two non-contiguous sections in the city's north and northeast were placed in the 8th District and 153,377 in the southern and western portions of the city were placed in the 10th District.[322][327]
Essex County is governed by a directly elected county executive, with legislative functions performed by the Board of County Commissioners. As of 2024[update], the County Executive is Joseph N. DiVincenzo Jr. (D, Roseland), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.[336] The county's Board of County Commissioners is composed of nine members, five of whom are elected from districts and four of whom are elected on an at-large basis. They are elected for three-year concurrent terms and may be re-elected to successive terms at the annual election in November.[337] Essex County's Commissioners are:
Robert Mercado (D, District 1 – Newark's North and East Wards, parts of Central and West Wards; Newark, 2026),[338]
A'Dorian Murray-Thomas (D, District 2 – Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark's South and West Wards; Newark, 2026),[339]Vice President Tyshammie L. Cooper (D, District 3 - Newark: West and Central Wards; East Orange, Orange and South Orange; East Orange, 2026),[340]Leonard M. Luciano (D, District 4 – Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Fells, Fairfield, Livingston, Millburn, North Caldwell, Roseland, Verona, West Caldwell and West Orange; West Caldwell, 2026),[341]President Carlos M. Pomares (D, District 5 – Belleville, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, Montclair and Nutley; Bloomfield, 2026),[342]
Brendan W. Gill (D, at large; Montclair, 2026),[343]
Romaine Graham (D, at large; Irvington, 2026),[344]
Wayne Richardson (D, at large; Newark, 2026),[345]
Patricia Sebold (D, at-large; Livingston, 2026).[346][347][348][349][350]
Constitutional officers elected countywide are:
Clerk Christopher J. Durkin (D, West Caldwell, 2025),[351][352]
Register of Deeds Juan M. Rivera Jr. (D, Newark, 2025),[353][354]Sheriff Armando B. Fontoura (D, Fairfield, 2024),[355][356] and
Surrogate Alturrick Kenney (D, Newark, 2028).[357][358]
Politics
On the national level, Newark leans strongly toward the Democratic Party. As of March 23, 2011, out of a 2010 census population of 277,140 in Newark, there were 136,785 registered voters (66.3% of the 2010 population ages 18 and over of 206,253, vs. 77.7% in all of Essex County of the 589,051 ages 18 and up) of which 68,393 (50.0% vs. 45.9% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 3,548 (2.6% vs. 9.9% countywide) were registered as Republicans, 64,812 (47.4% vs. 44.1% countywide) were registered as Unaffiliated and there were 30 voters registered to other parties.[359]
In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 90.8% of the vote (77,112 ballots cast), ahead of Republican John McCain who received 7.0% of the vote (5,957 votes), with 84,901 of the city's 140,946 registered voters participating, for a turnout of 60.2% of registered voters.[360] In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 95.0% of the vote (78,352 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 4.7% (3,852 votes), and other candidates with 0.4% (298 votes), among the 82,030 ballots cast by the city's 145,059 registered voters for a turnout of 56.5%.[361][362] In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 90.7% of the vote (69,042 cast); Republican Donald Trump received 6.7% of the vote (5,094 cast); and other candidates received 1.5% of the vote (1,139 cast).[363]
In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 80.8% of the vote (29,039 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 17.9% (6,443 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (437 votes), among the 37,114 ballots cast by the city's 149,778 registered voters (1,195 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 24.8%.[364][365] In the 2009 Gubernatorial Election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 90.2% of the vote (36,637 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie who received 8.3% of the vote (3,355 votes), with 40,613 of the city's 134,195 registered voters (30.3%) participating.[366]
Political corruption
Newark has been marred with political corruption throughout the years. Five of the previous[when?] seven mayors of Newark have been indicted on criminal charges, including the three mayors before Cory Booker: Hugh Addonizio, Kenneth Gibson and Sharpe James. As reported by Newsweek: "... every mayor since 1962 (except one, Cory Booker) has been indicted for crimes committed while in office".[367]
Addonizio was mayor of Newark from 1962 to 1970. A son of Italian immigrants, a tailor and World War II veteran, he ran on a reform platform, defeating the incumbent, Leo Carlin, whom, ironically, Addonizio characterized as corrupt and a part of the political machine of the era. In December 1969, Addonizio and nine present or former officials of the municipal administration in Newark were indicted by a Federal grand jury; five other persons were also indicted.[368] In July 1970, the former mayor, and four other defendants, were found guilty by a Federal jury on 64 counts each, one of conspiracy and 63 of extortion.[369] In September 1970, Addonizio was sentenced to ten years in federal prison and fined $25,000 by Federal Judge George H. Barlow for his role in a plot that involved the extortion of $1.5 million in kickbacks, a crime that the judge said "tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government".[370][371]
His successor was Kenneth Gibson, the city's first African American mayor, elected in 1970. He pleaded guilty to federal tax evasion in 2002 as part of a plea agreement on fraud and bribery charges. During his tenure as mayor in 1980, Gibson was tried and acquitted of giving out no-show jobs by an Essex County jury.[372]
Sharpe James, who defeated Gibson in 1986 and declined to run for a sixth term in 2006, was indicted on 33 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud by a federal grand jury sitting in Newark. The grand jury charged James with spending $58,000 on city-owned credit cards for personal gain and orchestrating a scheme to sell city-owned land at below-market prices to his companion, who immediately re-sold the land to developers and gained a profit of over $500,000. James pleaded not guilty on 25 counts at his initial court appearance on July 12, 2007. On April 17, 2008, James was found guilty for his role in the conspiring to rig land sales at nine city-owned properties for personal gain. The former mayor was sentenced to serve up to 27 months in prison, and was released on April 6, 2010, for good behavior.[373]
In the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, 13.6% of Newark residents ages 25 and over had never attended high school and 12.5% did not graduate from high school, while 74.1% had graduated from high school, including the 14.4% who had earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[381] The total school enrollment in Newark was 77,097 in the 2013–2017 ACS, with nursery and preschool enrollment of 7,432, elementary / high school (K–12) enrollment of 49,532 and total college / graduate school enrollment of 20,133.[382]
The Newark Public Schools, a state-operated school district for two decades and until 2018,[383] is the largest school system in New Jersey. The district was one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in Abbott v. Burke[384] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[385][386] As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of 65 schools, had an enrollment of 40,423 students and 2,886.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.0:1.[387]
Science Park High School, which was the 69th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 322 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2010 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", after being ranked 50th in 2008 out of 316 schools. Technology High School has a GreatSchools rating of 9/10 and was ranked 165th in New Jersey Monthly's 2010 rankings. Newark high schools ranked in the bottom 10% of the New Jersey Monthly 2010 list include Central (274th), East Side (293rd), Newark Vocational (304th), Weequahic (310th), Barringer (311th), Malcolm X Shabazz (314th) and West Side (319th).[388] Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg donated a challenge grant of $100 million to the district in 2010, choosing Newark because he stated he believed in Mayor Cory Booker and Governor Chris Christie's abilities.[389]
Charter schools in Newark include the Robert Treat Academy Charter School, a National Blue Ribbon School drawing students from all over Newark. It remains one of the top performing K–8 schools in New Jersey based on standardized test scores.[390]University Heights Charter School is another charter school, serving children in grades K–5, recognized as a 2011 Epic Silver Gain School.[391]Gray Charter School, like Robert Treat, also won a Blue Ribbon Award.[392] Also, Newark Collegiate Academy (NCA) opened in August 2007 and serves 420 students in grades 9–12. It will ultimately serve over 570 students, mostly matriculating from other charter schools in the area.[393]
Link Community School is a non-denominational coeducational day school that serves approximately 128 students in seventh and eighth grades. The Newark Boys Chorus School was founded in the 1960s.[395] University Heights Charter School, which opened in 2006, taught 614 students in grades Pre-K–8 in 2014–2015.[396]
Public safety
Newark Department of Public Safety
In 2016, under Mayor Ras Baraka's direction, the city consolidated the then-separate departments of Fire, Police, and Office of Emergency Management as divisions under the newly created Department Of Public Safety.[397]
Fire department
Former Engine 8 firehouse in Newark's Ironbound neighborhood
The city is protected by more than 700 full-time, paid firefighters of the Newark Fire Division (NFD). Founded in 1863, the NFD operates out of 16 firehouses throughout the city that are organized into 4 firefighting battalions (Battalions 1,3,4, and 5), with each Battalion Chief under the command of a deputy chief/tour commander. There is also a Safety Battalion Chief, Battalion 2, and a Special Operations Battalion Chief, Battalion 6, on duty 24/7. The NFD operates 16 engine companies, 8 ladder companies, 1 rescue company, an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) Collapse Rescue Unit (Rescue 2), a USAR Collapse Rescue Shoring Unit, 2 fire boats, a scuba diving unit, a mobile medical ambulance bus, an air cascade unit, a foam unit, a quick attack response vehicle (QRV 1), a mobile command unit, 3 HazMat units, and numerous special, support, and reserve units. The NFD responds to approximately 45,000 emergency calls annually. In 2006, the NFD responded to 2,681 fire and hazardous condition calls. The department is a member of the Metro USAR Strike Team, which includes nine North Jersey fire departments.[398]
The Newark Police Division is a city-operated law enforcement agency. As of January 2014, the force had 1,006 officers in its ranks. The Director of Public Safety is Brian A. O’Hara.[399]
In 2018, the Newark Police began a de-escalation training program, which they credit for the achievement of no officer firing their weapon on duty in all of 2020.[404]
Emergency management
The city's Office of Emergency Management (OEM) purpose is to facilitate coordination of emergency response activities and provide available emergency management resources for support of emergency response activities within the city. The OEM establishes policies, procedures, and mechanisms for the centralized coordination and emergency management of response efforts and the effective collection, processing, and dissemination of pertinent information during potential or actual emergency situations. OEM coordinates the distribution of commodities between the county and municipal agencies and ensures all emergency management capabilities are tested, evaluated, and updated for immediate implementation.[405]
Emergency Medical Services
University Hospital EMS (UH-EMS) operates the EMS system for the city. The department operates a fleet of six BLS units staffed with two EMTs 24/7, supplemented by four 12-hour "power" units (operated during peak demand time hours), five ALS units staffed with two paramedics (one of which is stationed at Newark International Airport and covers the airport and Port Newark-Elizabeth, and frequently responds into the City of Elizabeth), and a critical care unit staffed by a paramedic and an RN. With distinction they also staff the only hospital based heavy rescue truck in the country, known as University EMS Rescue 1. The EMS system is one of the busiest systems per unit in the nation. On average, a BLS unit may be sent to 20–25 dispatches in a 12-hour shift. They also provide the medical staffing for Northstar and Southstar, which are the two NJ State Police medevac helicopters, staffing one flight nurse and a flight medic around the clock. The EMS system in Newark handles upwards of 125,000 requests for service annually.[406] The Ironbound Volunteer Ambulance Squad helps by handling BLS calls in the East Ward when members are on duty and has been in operation since 1969. The Vailsburg Volunteer Rescue Squad helps by handling BLS calls in the West Ward when members are on duty and has been in operation since 2019.
Crime
In 1996, Money magazine ranked Newark "The Most Dangerous City in the Nation."[407] By 2007, the city recorded a total of 99 homicides for the year, representing a significant drop from the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[408][409][410][411] The number of murders in 2008 dropped to 65, a decline of 30% from the previous year and the lowest in the city since 2002 when there were also 65 murders.[412]
In 2010, Newark recorded 90 homicides.[413] March 2010 was the first calendar month since 1966 in which the city did not record a homicide.[414] Overall, there was a 6% increase in crime numbers over the previous year, including a rise in carjackings for the third straight year, with the 337 incidents raising concerns that the city was returning to its status as the "car theft capital of the world".[415] Along with the increase in crime, the Newark Police Department increased its recovery of illegally owned guns in 2011 to 696, up from 278 in 2010.[416] The Federal Bureau of Investigation recorded 94 homicides in 2011 and 95 in 2012.[417] In 2012 CNNMoney ranked Newark as the 6th most dangerous city in the United States, based on numbers by FBI Crime in the United States 2011 report.[418] The city had 10 murders in 10 days during the period ending September 6, 2013, a statistic largely attributed to the reduction of the police force.[419][420] In 2013 Newark recorded 111 homicides, the first year ending in triple digits in seven years[421] and the highest tally since 1990, accounting for 27% of all murders statewide.[422] In 2014, the total number of homicides in Newark was 93,[423] while Essex County as a whole had 117 murders.[424]The Star-Ledger reported that there were 105 homicides in the city in 2015.[425] The city had 72 homicides in 2017, a statistic described as a "historic low",[426] and a sharp drop from the 96 murders recorded in the city in 2016.[427] The Newark Police reported 69 homicides for 2018.[428] As of August 13, 2019, after a period of 50 consecutive days without a homicide, a total of 34 had been recorded.[429]
Water contamination
In Newark, lead concentrations in water accumulated for several years in the 2010s as a result of inaccurate testing and poor leadership. Newark's problem came from a negligence of officials who the city relied on to ensure clean water.[430] The decrease in the quality of the water was due to several factors that were all somewhat interconnected. Lead service pipes that carry water were installed in Newark.[431]
When this was recognized, the city had CDM Smith, a construction company that specializes in water systems, conduct a study to determine whether or not the water quality was safe enough to drink. The results revealed that the water was in fact safe to drink, but the results were severely skewed.[432] This is because the city receives water from two water supplies: the Pequannock Treatment Plant and the Wanaque Treatment Plant.[432] In some sampling rounds, only areas served by Pequannock were sampled, and in other rounds, only areas served by Wanaque were sampled, and each had different contaminant control systems in place that varied in their effectiveness. The Pequannock supply uses pH adjustments and silica for its corrosion control method, which worked for two decades before losing its effectiveness in 2016, while the Wanaque supply uses orthophosphate, a much more effective precaution.[433][432]
In addition to this, the EPA requires that samples of drinking water be taken after no one has turned on a faucet for at least eight hours. Therefore, if high levels of lead do not show up in that initial sample, no further samples are required.[432] This sample only represents the water closest to the faucet, that has not been stagnant in lead service lines, whereas the stagnant water in the lead piping may not be drawn until much later.[432][431]
Top officials in Newark denied that their water system had a widespread lead problem, declaring on their website that the water was absolutely safe to drink.[430] Even after municipal water tests revealed the severity of the problem Mayor Ras Baraka mailed a brochure to the cities residents that the water meets all federal standards.[433] Although the city called an emergency declaration to allow them to purchase and distribute water filters for faucets but many of these were faulty.[433] The city has received three noncompliance notices for exceeding lead levels since 2017 and continues to fight its lead problem.[432]
Newark Liberty International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the New York metro area and the 15th-busiest in the United States (in terms of passenger traffic).[435] Newark Airport was the New York City area's first commercial airport, opened in 1928 on land reclaimed by the Port Authority.[31]
Newark Trolley line on Market Street near Newark's present day courthouse
The Morris Canal, stretching 102 miles (164 km) to Newark from Phillipsburg on the Delaware River, was completed in 1831 and allowed coal and other industrial and agricultural products from Pennsylvania to be transported cheaply and efficiently to the New York metropolitan area. The canal's completion led to increased settlement in Newark, vastly increasing the population for years to come. After the canal was decommissioned, its right of way was converted into the Newark City Subway, now known as the Newark Light Rail. Many of the subway stations still portray the canal in its original state, in the form of mosaic works.[437]
As the city became increasingly congested further means of transportation were sought, eventually leading to horse-drawn trolleys. These, in turn, were replaced by electric trolleys that traveled down the main streets of downtown Newark, including Broad Street, and up Market Street near the courthouse.[438] The trolley cars did not last long as the personal motor vehicle quickly gained popularity and slowly made the trolley system seem like a burden.[439]
As of May 2010[update], the city had a total of 368.21 miles (592.58 km) of roadways, of which 318.77 miles (513.01 km) were maintained by the municipality, 17.61 miles (28.34 km) by Essex County, 22.66 miles (36.47 km) by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and 9.17 miles (14.76 km) by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.[440]
Local streets in Newark conform to a quasi-grid form, with major streets radiating outward (like spokes on a wheel) from the downtown area. Some major roads in the city are named after the towns to which they lead, including South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue, and Bloomfield Avenue, as well as Broadway, which had been renamed from Belleville Avenue.[442]
In a city extensively served by mass transit, 44.2% of Newark residents did not have a car as of the 2000 Census, ranked second in the U.S. to New York City in the proportion of households without an automobile among cities with more than 250,000 people.[443] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, the number of households without an automobile has decreased to 39.2%. The same year, the average Newark household owned .89 cars compared to a national average of 1.8 cars per household.[444]
Bus service in Newark is provided by NJ Transit.[445] Newark is served by NJ Transit bus routes 1, 5, 11, 13, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 107, 108, and 109. The 109 runs in North Newark. The 107 and 108 routes run to New York City. Bus route 319 is an express route to Atlantic City.[446][447]
According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 53.7% of working city of Newark residents commuted by driving alone, 9.3% carpooled, 27.3% used public transportation, and 6.5% walked. About 5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 5.7% of working Newark residents worked at home.[450]
Healthcare
Newark is home to five hospitals. University Hospital, an independent institution that is a teaching hospital of Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences,[451] has been the busiest Level I trauma center in the state.[452]Newark Beth Israel Medical Center is the largest hospital in the city and is a part of Barnabas Health, the state's largest system of hospital and health care facilities.[453] Beth Israel is also one of the oldest hospitals in the city, dating back to 1901. This 669-bed regional facility is also home to the Children's Hospital of New Jersey. Catholic Health East operates Saint Michael's Medical Center. Columbus Hospital LTACH is a longterm acute care hospital designed to focus on patients with serious and complex medical conditions that require intense specialized treatment for an extended period of recovery time.[454] Hospitals which have been closed in recent years include the Saint James Hospital, Mount Carmel Guild Hospital and the United Hospitals Medical Center.[455][456][457]
In 2016, annual testing of the water in Newark's public schools revealed elevated lead levels; more than 30 schools shut off their water fountains and turned to bottled water. In August 2019 the crisis over lead contamination in drinking water resurfaced because of new warnings from federal environmental officials. It is believed that the contamination was caused by aging lead pipes and changes in the water supply that makes the water more corrosive, causing lead from the pipes to be spread to the water inside.[458][459] In August 2019, New Jersey began supplying water bottles to Newark residents in certain designated neighborhoods.[460] On August 26, 2019, Newark officials announced a $120 million plan to expedite replacing the city's lead service lines in under three years.[461] The 29,000 families affected by the contaminated water were provided with filters and bottled water.[462] After testing in September, it was found that the filters were successful in 97% of homes tested, though bottled water would still be made available to those who request it. Long term-plans include the replacement of lead service lines from the water supply to homes.[463]
Quijos, Ecuador (a canton, not a municipality)[481]
In March 2023, the city held an official ceremony with its sister city in the Hindu nation of Kailaasa. It was later reported that that nation did not actually exist.[482][483]
^Erminio, Vanessa. "Gateway? Renaissance? A reviving city earns its nicknames" Archived April 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, December 8, 2005, updated April 2, 2019. Accessed November 5, 2019.
^ a b c d eAnnual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 20,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2023 Population: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 Archived June 1, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 30, 2024.
^ a bAnnual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New Jersey: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 Archived May 24, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, released May 2024. Accessed May 16, 2024.
^Dickson, Paul. Labels for Locals: What to Call People from Abilene to Zimbabwe, p. 160. HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 9780060881641. Accessed August 6, 2013.
^Newark – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary Archived March 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Merriam-Webster. Accessed September 10, 2015.
^ a b cSturken, Barbara. "Newark Airport Gains In International Travel" Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, February 11, 1990. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The oldest airport in the New York metropolitan region, Newark opened in 1928 on 68 acres (28 ha) of reclaimed swampland. It underwent a major overhaul in 1973, when an immense $400 million complex opened to replace an outmoded 20-year-old terminal."
^ a b cNeighborhoods and Wards Archived June 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Newark Community Economic Development Corporation. Accessed September 24, 2019.
^Astudillo, Carla. "10 maps that show Newark's dramatic change since the riots" Archived April 10, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, July 14, 2017. Accessed April 10, 2024. "While Newark’s white population dramatically declined, the city’s black population expanded, especially in the Central, West and South wards.... The other big demographic change is the dramatic increase in the Hispanic population. The percent of Hispanics living in Newark more than doubled from 1970 to 2010. These residents mostly settled in the North and East wards."
^Hartman, David; and Lewis, Barry. "History of Newark" Archived June 28, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, WNET. Accessed March 17, 2024. "In May of 1666, Puritan settlers led by Treat purchased the land directly from the Hackensack Indians for goods -- including gunpowder, one hundred bars of lead, twenty axes, twenty coats, guns, pistols, swords, kettles, blankets, knives, beer, and ten pairs of breeches -- valued at $750, a percentage of which was assessed upon every family that arrived in the new colony within the first year of its settlement."
^1666 - The Founding of Newark Archived March 17, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, Descendants of Founders of New Jersey. Accessed March 17, 2024. "In 1666, Captain Robert Treat, after scouting several locations, successfully completed arrangements with Governor Carteret to settle a plantation on the Passaic River, in the northern section of what was known as the Elizabethtown purchase."
^Miller, Andy. Puritans in Search of a New Haven: 1630–1668
^ a bSnyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968 Archived May 30, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 130. Accessed May 30, 2024.
^Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names Archived November 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 10, 2015.
^Staff. "Newark on Trent Shows Interest in Newark, New Jersey", p. 123. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, Volume VI, 1921. Accessed September 10, 2015. "It seems to be understood that the name of Newark, New Jersey, is traceable to the influence of the first pastor of the settlement, Rev. Abraham Pierson, who was a native of Yorkshire, England, and is said to have probably ministered first to a church in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire."
^Princeton Alumni Weekly vol. 78; The Puritans in America: a narrative anthology, by Andrew Delbanco, Alan Heimert
^National Archives, Kew, England, T 1/65261-64; Bernard C. Steiner and James McHenry, The life and correspondence of James McHenry (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co., 1907)
^O'Dea, Colleen. "Newark Before the Comeback: A City Marked by White Flight, Poor Policy" Archived June 28, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Spotlight News, September 4, 2019. Accessed January 3, 2024. "It's unclear where people who left Newark after the war went — Hughes said some suggest many from Newark and its neighboring towns moved down to Ocean County. But the suburbs along the north and western edges of Essex County experienced tremendous growth during the period. From 1950 to 1970, the population more than doubled in Roseland and West Caldwell, and it more than tripled in Fairfield, Livingston and North Caldwell.... 'The riots certainly accelerated' white flight, Hughes said. It drove some of the whites who had remained in Newark out to the suburbs. While the exact timing of when people left is unknown, another 100,000 whites left Newark between 1960 and 1970, and the city lost more than 5 percent of its population, according to U.S. Census data.
^Riche, Patrick. "Newark's Prudential Center: A Key Player in Newark's Re-Branding Efforts" Archived November 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, January 10, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark is currently undergoing a major revitalization. The Prudential Center, the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, The Newark Symphony, Riverfront Stadium and Red Bull Park in nearby Harrison and home to Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls represent just part of the nearly $2 billion in construction underway."
^ a bArena, John. Expelling Public Schools: How Antiracist Politics Enable School Privatization in Newark, p. 41. University of Minnesota Press, 2023. ISBN 9781452970042. Accessed January 3, 2024.
^Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – United States – Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area, in Principal City, Not in Principal City, and County; and for Puerto Rico Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today. United States Census Bureau American Fact Finder. Accessed June 4, 2012.
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^Report on the Social statistics of Cities, p. 708. United States Government Printing Office, 1886. Accessed September 24, 2019. "Newark lies in latitude 40° 44' north, longitude 74° 10' west from Greenwich on the Passaic river, 3 above Newark bay, and 9 miles west of New York by railroad, or 18 miles by water. The elevation of the part of the city is 30 feet above high water, the lowest point being the salt meadows, on a level with high water, and the highest point 230 feet above this."
^A View of Mt. Prospect Archived April 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, NewarkHistory.com. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Of the upper class districts of Old Newark – High Street, Lincoln Park, Weequahic and Forest Hill – Forest Hill is the most famous and best preserved."
^Erminio, Vinessa. "Gateway? Renaissance? A reviving city earns its nicknames" Archived October 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, The Star-Ledger, December 8, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark also was known as the Gateway City about 1960. This may have been because of a statewide tourism campaign in which regions of the state were designated with names. Newark, Jersey City and the surrounding communities were called Gateway."
^Areas touching Newark Archived March 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, MapIt. Accessed March 1, 2020.
^Ueda, Reed. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places, p. 612. ABC-CLIO, 2017. ISBN 9781440828652. Accessed March 9, 2022. "Newark, located just 11 miles west of New York City, is New Jersey's largest and second-most racially diverse city."
^Wards Archived May 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, City of Newark. Accessed October 7, 2019.
^ a bLiving Here: Neighborhoods Archived October 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Brick City Development Corporation for Newark, New Jersey. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The city is divided into five wards, each with distinct neighborhoods. Residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central and West Wards, while industry is concentrated largely in the East and South Wards near the airport and seaport.... East Ward. The most densely populated section of Newark, the East Ward, is home of one of the largest Portuguese-speaking communities in the country."
^Reock Jr., Ernest C. Redistricting New Jersey After the Census of 2010 Archived August 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, March 2008, pp. 7–9. Accessed September 10, 2015. "The law requires that wards be formed of compact and contiguous territory. The most precise requirement is that the population of the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest ward by more than 10% of the mean average population of the wards."
^Staff. "'Obvious gerrymander,' Scrimmage says of plans" Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Afro-American, April 12, 1969. Accessed June 25, 2012.
^Hernandez, Roger. "Hispanics Deserve a Slice of the Pie" Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Rocky Mountain News, May 31, 1991. Accessed June 25, 2012. "In Newark, New Jersey, Hispanic leaders are considering a lawsuit to reverse a decision that chops a heavily Hispanic ward among three legislative districts..."
^Waggoner, Walter H. "Voting Boundaries Awaited in Essex" Archived July 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 27, 1977. Accessed June 25, 2012.
^Central Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of November 9, 2012. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^ a bNorth Ward, City of Newark, backed up by the Internet Archive as of April 5, 2014. Accessed August 30, 2015.
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^Strunsky, Steve. "Fatal shooting of West Ward pizza chef is latest 'tragic and senseless' Newark slaying" Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, March 4, 2012. Accessed August 30, 2015
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^Home Page, Ironbound Business Improvement District, backed up by the Internet Archive as of January 27, 2014. Accessed June 13, 2016.
^Staff. "EPA Grant to Help Newark Community Target Environmental Problems" Archived May 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Environmental Protection Agency, March 11, 2010. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Ironbound Community Corporation is the largest comprehensive social service provider located in the East Ward of Newark, NJ. The community that will be served has a population of more than 50,000 people and is one of the most densely populated and diverse areas of the city."
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^Wack, Henry Wellington. Official guide and manual of the 250th anniversary celebration of the founding of Newark, New Jersey, 1666–1916: The city of Newark, chief industrial center of New Jersey : historical, statistical and general review, together with numerous articles relating to the city and its celebration, Newark Sales and Advertising Co., 1916. Accessed June 25, 2012.
^Bowen, Francis. American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge for the Year 1843 Archived July 15, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, p. 231, David H. Williams, 1842. Accessed August 6, 2013. Population for 1840 is listed as 17,303, which is 13 higher than the number shown in other sources.
^Raum, John O. The History of New Jersey: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Volume 1, p. 245, J. E. Potter and company, 1877. Accessed August 6, 2013. "Newark is now the largest city in the state and is extensively engaged in manufacturing. The population in 1850 was 38,894; in 1860 71,941; and in 1870, 105,059. The city is divided into fourteen wards."
^Debow, James Dunwoody Brownson. The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, p. 138. R. Armstrong, 1853. Accessed August 6, 2013.
^Staff. A compendium of the ninth census, 1870, p. 259. United States Census Bureau, 1872. Accessed August 6, 2013.
^Porter, Robert Percival. Preliminary Results as Contained in the Eleventh Census Bulletins: Volume III – 51 to 75 Archived October 1, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, p. 98. United States Census Bureau, 1890. Accessed August 6, 2013.
^Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910: Population by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions, 1910, 1900, 1890, United States Census Bureau, p. 336. Accessed June 25, 2012.
^Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930 – Population Volume I Archived October 30, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, United States Census Bureau, p. 711. Accessed February 14, 2012.
^Table 6: New Jersey Resident Population by Municipality: 1940 - 2000 Archived October 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Workforce New Jersey Public Information Network, August 2001. Accessed May 1, 2023.
^ a b cCensus 2000 Profiles of Demographic / Social / Economic / Housing Characteristics for Newark city, New Jersey Archived May 15, 2012, at the Wayback MachineUnited States Census Bureau. Accessed August 21, 2013.
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^Sobko, Katie. "Halsey, Demi Lovato coming to music and tech event North to Shore Jersey Festival" Archived March 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, The Record, March 13, 2023. Accessed March 13, 2023. "The North to Shore Jersey Festival will be a music and technology event taking place over the course of three consecutive weekends at three cities across the state. Events will happen in Atlantic City from June 7 to 11, in Asbury Park from June 14 to 18, and in Newark from June 21 to 25. There will be a variety of entertainment events, including concerts, comedy shows and movies, as well as presentations from tech and business entrepreneurs."
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^Ivers, Dan. "Former Newark Bears stadium sold to NYC developer for $23M" Archived November 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, March 20, 2016. Accessed November 20, 2016. "The former home of the Newark Bears minor league baseball team – left to languish along Broad Street since the hard-luck franchise folded in 2013 – has been sold to a New York-based developer for $23.5 million.The site at the corner of Broad Street and Orange Street has been sold to the Lotus Equity Group, city officials confirmed this week. Lotus plans to demolish Riverfront Stadium and build a mixed-use, high-rise tower in its place."
^Mazzeo, Mike. "Chris Christie: No love lost for Nets" Archived September 26, 2024, at the Wayback Machine, ESPN New York, April 24, 2012. Accessed June 26, 2012. "The New Jersey Nets are playing their final game in New Jersey on Monday night and leaving for Brooklyn at the end of this season, but the governor of New Jersey isn't about to get all nostalgic over it."
^"New York Liberty Return To Madison Square Garden For 2012 Home Opener" Archived October 13, 2012, at the Wayback MachinePrudential Center, May 14, 2012. Accessed June 26, 2012. "The Liberty's 2012 season will mark the second of three seasons the team will call Prudential Center home court while Madison Square Garden continues a historic, top-to-bottom Transformation."
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^Grutzner, Charles. "U.S. Indicts Mayor Of Newark, 9 Present Or Former Officials On $253,000 Extortion Charges; Addonizio On Bail Evasion of Tax Also Charged – Boiardo Among Accused Mayor Addonizio Is Indicted on Extortion Charge", The New York Times, December 18, 1969. Accessed August 22, 2018. "Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio and nine present or former officials of the municipal administration in Newark were indicted yesterday by a Federal grand jury with five other persons, among whom was Anthony (Tony Boy) Boiardo, a reputed member of the Mafia."
^Brady, Thomas F. "Addonizio and 4 Convicted Of Extortion by U.S. Jury", The New York Times, July 23, 1970. Accessed November 13, 2016. "Hugh J. Addonizio, former Mayor of Newark, and four other defendants were found guilty by Federal jury tonight on 64 counts each, one of conspiracy and 63 of extortion."
^Sullivan, Ronald. "Addonizio Given a 10-Year Term", The New York Times, September 23, 1970. Accessed November 13, 2016. "Former Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio of Newark was sentenced to 10 years in prison and fined $25,000 in Federal Court here today for conspiracy and extortion. Convicted of sharing in the proceeds of extorted kickbacks totaling $1.5 million from contractors on city water and sewer lines, Addonizio stood impassively with his head bowed as Judge George H. Barlow declared that his crimes were of 'monumental proportion' that 'tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government.'"
^Barbanel, Josh. "Hugh J. Addonizio, 67, Ex-Mayor Of Newark Jailed 5 Years, Dead", The New York Times, February 2, 1981. Accessed April 7, 2015. "Hugh J. Addonizio, a former Congressman and two-term Mayor of Newark who was sentenced to 10 years in Federal prison and fined $25,000 for conspiracy and extortion died early this morning at Riverview Hospital in Red Bank, N.J."
^Narvaez, Alfonso A. "Gibson Acquitted Of A Conspiracy In 'No Show' Case", The New York Times, October 22, 1982. Accessed September 10, 2015. "Mayor Kenneth A. Gibson was found not guilty today of conspiracy in connection with charges that he had helped create a 'no show' job for a former city official. But the Superior Court jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on a charge of official misconduct."
^Martin, John. "Judge, prosecutors clash over James' 27-month jail term", NJ.com, July 29, 2008. Accessed April 7, 2015. "Former Newark mayor Sharpe James was ordered Tuesday to serve 27 months in prison and pay a $100,000 fine for fraud and conspiracy – a sentence that capped a spectacular downfall for one of New Jersey's political titans, but one that incensed prosecutors who thought it was too light."
^Delgado, Samuel A. "Newark could be a real college town", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2017. "With 60,000 students and faculty at six colleges and universities, Newark has the fifth-highest concentration of higher education on the East Coast, after Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.... With the recent burst in construction, Newark's universities off Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and the Central Ward are increasingly becoming residential campuses, as more students want the experience of living and studying in a big city."
^S1501 Educational Attainment from the 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates for Newark city, New Jersey Archived February 13, 2020, at archive.today, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 24, 2019.
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^What We Do: History, New Jersey Schools Development Authority. Accessed March 1, 2022. "In 1998, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled in the Abbott v. Burke case that the State must provide 100 percent funding for all school renovation and construction projects in special-needs school districts. According to the Court, aging, unsafe and overcrowded buildings prevented children from receiving the "thorough and efficient" education required under the New Jersey Constitution.... Full funding for approved projects was authorized for the 31 special-needs districts, known as 'Abbott Districts'."
^Staff. "2010 Top High Schools", New Jersey Monthly, August 16, 2010. Accessed February 14, 2012.
^Margolin, Josh. "Facebook CEO Zuckerberg announces $100M grant to Newark schools on Oprah Winfrey show", NJ.com Statehouse Bureau, September 24, 2010. Accessed June 13, 2016. "Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg just announced on the Oprah Winfrey show that the title of a program to pump $100 million into the Newark school system is the 'Start Up Education Foundation.'"
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^Steadman, Andrew. "Bayonne firefighters participate in mock disaster drills in Newark", The Jersey Journal, May 1, 2012. Accessed August 22, 2018. "According to the press release, the Metro USAR Strike Team is made up of nine fire departments from Bayonne, Elizabeth, Hackensack, Hoboken, Jersey City, Newark, Paterson, Morristown as well as the five-municipality North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue Agency."
^Queally, James (January 7, 2014). "Newark to hire 100 more cops after deadliest year since 1990"". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved April 7, 2015. The department was hammered by layoffs in 2010, during a statewide budget crunch that also led to mass cutbacks in Camden and Trenton. Newark lost 167 officers that year, and only has 1,006 officers in its ranks now.
^Queally, James. "State Troopers deployed to battle rising Newark crime as part of new initiative", The Star-Ledger, April 16, 2014. Accessed April 7, 2015.
^"Newark police: No officer fired a single shot in 2020, thanks to de-escalation program". News 12 – New Jersey. December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
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^Murr, Andrew; and Noonoo, Jemimah. "A Return To The Bad Old Days?", Newsweek, August 17, 2007. "Murders rose 27 percent in Newark (population 280,000) in the past two years, as killings rose from 83 in 2004 to 104 last year. So far, the pace this year is slower—61 deaths since January."[dead link]
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^Queally, James. "Newark records first homicide-free month in more than 40 years", The Star-Ledger, April 1, 2010. Accessed July 9, 2015. "For the first time in more than 40 years, an entire calendar month has come and gone without a homicide in the state's largest city. It's been 32 days since a homicide took place in Newark, marking the first time there has been a slay-free calendar month in the city since 1966."
^Queally, James. "Newark carjackings rise for 3rd straight year", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The increases have sparked concerns among business leaders and residents that the state's largest city is once again becoming the 'car theft capital of the world,' a dubious monicker it earned in the 1990s."
^Eustachewich, Lia. Newark Releases 2011 Crime Statistics, Newark Patch. January 26, 2012. Accessed May 3, 2012.
^Table 4 January to December 2011–2012 Offenses Reported to Law Enforcement by State by City 100,000 and over in population, Crime 2012 • January–December 2012 Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report in the United States 2012, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Accessed December 12, 2013.
^"Most Dangerous U.S. Cities: 6 – Newark, N.J.", CNNMoney, January 23, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Samaha, Albert. "Newark's 10 Day Stretch of 10 Homicides Reflects Drop in Cop Numbers" Archived December 17, 2013, at the Wayback MachineThe Village Voice, September 6, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "And after three years, the cuts to the police budget produced a sad crescendo: In a 10 day stretch, from Monday August 26 to Wednesday September 4, there were 10 homicides in the city, as well as three more non-fatal shootings and one non-fatal stabbing."
^Queally, James; and Gaimbusso, David. "Ten days, 10 dead: Shooting deaths plague Newark", The Star-Ledger, September 5, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Johnson, Anthony. "Newark murders hit triple digits", WABC-TV, December 27, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015."Murders in Newark hit triple digits this year for the first time in seven years.... So far in 2013, there have been 102 murders. The last time the murder rate was in triple digits was in 2007 when there were 107 murders."
^Queally, James. "N.J. homicides soared to seven-year high in 2013 after surges in Newark, Trenton", The Star-Ledger, January 1, 2014. Accessed July 9, 2015. "A Star-Ledger survey of county prosecutors' offices found at least 409 people died violently last year. More than a quarter of those killings took place in Newark, where a spate of Christmas season slayings pushed the homicide total to 111, including one in the final hours of the year. The tally is the highest since 1990."
^Ivers, Dan. "Declines in Newark, Camden drive N.J. homicides to 5-year low in 2014", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 1, 2015, updated January 5, 2015. "More than a third of those incidents took place in Essex County, where Newark and Irvington accounted for all but five of the county's 117 homicides. The state's largest city totaled 93 for the year – by far the highest in the state, but a sizeable reduction from the 111 it recorded last year."
^Ivers, Dan. "Despite progress in cities, N.J. homicides jump 4 percent in 2015", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 1, 2016, updated January 14, 2016. Accessed June 13, 2016. "More than a quarter of those slayings took place in Newark, where a bloody finish to the year, which included 25 homicides over November and December, drove the city's total to 105*, according to police department statistics – an uptick of 12 over 2014."
^Cohen, Noah; and Iati, Marisa. "Homicides dropped by 7 percent in 2017. Here's how many each county had.", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 8, 2018. Accessed June 11, 2018. "Newark saw homicides fall to a historic low this year, city officials said at a December press conference. The state's largest city saw 72 murders in 2017, a roughly 25 percent decline from the year prior."
^Yi, Karen. "Homicides hit a low but shootings on the rise in N.J.'s largest city", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, December 14, 2017. Accessed June 11, 2018. "There were 70 homicides to date this year – about a 28 percent drop from the year prior, Mayor Ras Baraka said during a press conference on the city's year-end crime statistics at the police-fire communications center. That's 26 fewer murders than last year's 96, officials said."
^"Newark Crime Rates Continue to Drop, But It's as Much About Perception as Reality | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^NJ.com, Sophie Nieto-Munoz | NJ Advance Media for (August 13, 2019). "Despite 5 murders in one week, officials calm anxious residents with reminder that Newark crime is at 50-year low". nj. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a bLeyden, Liz (October 30, 2018). "In Echo of Flint, Mich., Water Crisis Now Hits Newark". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a bWernick, Adam. "Newark, NJ, has a lead contamination problem in its water". PRI. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a b c d e fPanico, Rebecca. "Study Shows How Newark's Lead Problem Got So Bad". Tapinto. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a b cCorosanti, Nick; Kilgannon, Corey; and Schwartz, John. "Tainted Water, Ignored Warnings and a Boss With a Criminal Past; How a long line of questionable decisions led to the crisis over lead contamination in Newark.", The New York Times, August 24, 2019, updated September 23, 2019. Accessed March 1, 2020.
^New Jersey's Long-Range Transportation Plan: Urban Supplement Report, City of Newark, New Jersey Department of Transportation, September 2008. Accessed June 13, 2016.
^Lipton, Eric. "New York Port Hums Again, With Asian Trade", The New York Times, November 22, 2004. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Last year, $100 billion worth of wares moved through the port, up 12 percent in just a year."
^Solarino, Audrey. "The history of the Morris Canal", Suburban Trends, May 20, 2010. Accessed June 28, 2012.
^McGeehan, Patrick. "Commuters Feel Pinch as Christie Tightens", The New York Times, May 16, 2011. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Without the Port Authority money, Mr. Simpson said, New Jersey would have to spend about $30 million a year just to keep the Pulaski Skyway – a 70-year-old bridge that serves as a link between Newark Liberty International Airport and the Holland Tunnel – from falling down. Now, it will invest about $900 million over five years to 'basically rebuild the whole bridge.'"
^On Broadway, NewarkHistory.org. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Newark's Broadway was called Belleville Avenue in the Nineteenth Century. Like Springfield Avenue, Bloomfield Avenue, and South Orange Avenue, Broadway is one of Newark's great radial streets. The name of the street, for reasons unknown to me, was changed from Belleville Ave to Broadway in the early Twentieth century."
^Communities in any state having populations between 250000 and 999999999, Bikes at Work, backed up by the Internet Archive as of October 6, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2015.
^"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. December 9, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
^Greater Newark Bus System Study Archived July 25, 2013, at the Wayback MachineNorth Jersey Transportation Planning Authority. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Approximately 50 of these bus routes, operated by NJ TRANSIT and Coach USA, converge in the City of Newark, making it a critical hub for people transferring between buses, as well as between bus and rail."
^Essex County Bus/Rail Connections, NJ Transit, backed up by the Internet Archive as of May 22, 2009. Accessed August 26, 2011.
^Essex County System Map Archived July 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, NJ Transit. Accessed November 2, 2019.
^Romano, Jay. "A Busy Weekend At Trauma Center", The New York Times, September 19, 1993. Accessed November 27, 2013. "And so began a typical weekend at the busiest trauma center in New Jersey."
^Keller, Susan Jo. "New Jersey Daily Briefing; Hospitals Consider Partnership", The New York Times, November 6, 1995. Accessed March 11, 2012. "Newark Beth Israel, founded in 1901 and the only hospital in New Jersey that performs heart and lung transplants, has 607 beds and about 3,300 employees."
^What Is, Columbus Hospital LTACH. Accessed August 30, 2015.
^Heininger, Claire. "Two Newark hospitals to close under deal; Mayor Booker 'furious'", The Star-Ledger, January 10, 2008. Accessed June 21, 2016. "Two struggling Newark hospitals – Saint James and Columbus – will close their doors this spring, while the city's third Catholic hospital will receive an infusion of cash under an agreement reached tonight."
^"Public Announcement: Closure of Mount Carmel Guild Behavior Health Hospital", Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Newark, January 31, 2010. Accessed June 21, 2016.
^Corasaniti, Nick; Kilgannon, Corey; and Schwartz, John. "Lead Crisis in Newark Grows, as Bottled Water Distribution Is Bungled; Worries about the safety of the drinking water in New Jersey's largest city have raised comparisons to Flint, Mich.", The New York Times, August 14, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2019. "Generally, he said, those pipes and fixtures begin to shed lead when there are changes in the water supply that make the water more corrosive, causing the lead to leach from the pipes."
^Enking, Molly (August 28, 2019). "Flint, Newark, and the Persistent Crisis of Lead in Water". Wired. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^"Newark Water Crisis: Racing to Replace Lead Pipes in Under 3 Years". The New York Times. August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^Yi, Karen. "Newark to release lead filter testing results Monday, as 29K families rely on bottled water", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, September 22, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2019.
^Yi, Karen; and Warren, Michael Sol. "Newark says no more need for bottled water, but it's unclear why some homes fail tests", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, September 23, 2019. Accessed September 23, 2019. "Newark residents can go back to using 38,000 city-distributed filters to reduce lead in the water, state officials announced on Monday, citing preliminary testing that found 97% of filters were working as expected. The city, however, will continue offering free bottled water for those who remain concerned until the state launches a new $1 million program to provide door-to-door to assistance with filter installation."
^Home Page, Consulado de Colombia en newark. Accessed July 9, 2015.
^Haddon, Heather. "Saying Arrivederci to N.J.'s Consulate", The Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has decided to close its consulate in Newark, the only full-fledged office in a state renowned as the home of Italian-American pop-culture fixtures such as Frank Sinatra and The Sopranos."
^Rose, Liza. "Planned closure of Italian consulate in Newark sparks criticism", The Star-Ledger, September 20, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Italian consulate in Newark is slated to close in March, passing its jurisdiction over to New York. Although 13 other Italian consulates worldwide are being shuttered due to fiscal woes, the New Jersey office is the only location in the United States that is getting the boot."
^Home Page Archived February 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Consulate of Italy in Newark. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Consulate Of Italy In Newark, New Jersey Is Closed As Of February 28, 2014."
^Regan, Brian. Gothic Pride: The Story of Building a Great Cathedral in Newark, p. 227. Rutgers University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780813553467. Accessed July 9, 2015. "1995 – During his visit on October 4, Pope John Paul II designates Sacred Heart a minor basilica."
^Piazza, Jo. "Dalai Lama's Latest Peace Project: Newark", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2011. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Tibetan spiritual leader has been to 62 countries on six continents in his 75 years on Earth, but until Thursday, he had never had an extended stay in Newark, save for a brief stop in 1990 to consecrate a Buddhist altar at the Newark Museum."
^"City Search / Newark, New Jersey". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^"Thomas P. Giblin, 2014 Honorary Grand Marshal" (PDF). Queens County St. Patrick's Day Parade Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^Newark Sister City Agreement with Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador. March 15, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Sister City Agreement - City of Newark, N.J. The City of KINSHASA, CONGO. August 10, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Sister City Agreement - City of Newark, USA with Canton Loja, Canton Olmedo, Canton Alausi, Ecuador. May 17, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^City of Newark, N.J. & The City Of Macara Loja, Ecuador, Sister City Agreement. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^City of Newark Sister City Agreement with City of Machala, Ecuador. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^"Ribeira y Newark sellaron su hermanamiento". La Voz de Galicia. June 15, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
^Sister City agreement - Newark - NJ - USA and Quijos - Ecuador. September 14, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022 – via YouTube.
^Helmore, Edward (March 16, 2023). "Newark mayor signs deal with Hindu nation that does not exist". The Guardian.
^City of Newark falls for Sister City scam: "Whose job was it to do a simple Google search?", CBS News, March 8, 2023
Further reading
City of Newark, New Jersey (2005). Newark's land use plan including historical data (PDF). Newark, New Jersey. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Cunningham, John T. (1966). Newark. Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society.
Galishoff, Stuart (1988). Newark: The Nation's Unhealthiest City, 1832–1895. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1281-5.
Rabig, Julia. The Fixers: Devolution, Development, and Civil Society in Newark, 1960–1990. (U of Chicago Press, 2016). viii, 333 pp
Shales, Ezra (2010). Made in Newark: Cultivating Industrial Arts and Civic Identity in the Progressive Era. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rivergate Books/Rutgers University Press.
Strummer, Helen M. (1994). No Easy Walk: Newark, 1980–1993. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2005-Newark's land use plan including historical data
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newark, New Jersey.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Newark, New Jersey.
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Aveiro, Portugal
Banjul, Gambia
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Douala, Cameroon
Freeport, Bahamas
Ganja, Azerbaijan
Kumasi, Ghana
Monrovia, Liberia
Umuaka, Nigeria
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Castlerea, Ireland[473][474]
Cuenca, Ecuador[475]
Kinshasa[476]
Ribeira, Spain[480]
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