Portal: Historia moderna

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El portal de la historia moderna

La era moderna o período moderno , también conocido como historia moderna o tiempos modernos , es el período de la historia humana que sucede a la era posclásica (también conocida, particularmente en referencia a Europa, como Edad Media ), que terminó alrededor de 1500. ANUNCIO, hasta la actualidad. Esta terminología es una periodización histórica que se aplica principalmente a la historia europea y occidental .

La era moderna se puede dividir de la siguiente manera:

El período moderno temprano duró desde c. 1500 a 1800 d.C. y resultó en un amplio cambio intelectual, político y económico. Trajo consigo la Era de los Descubrimientos , la Era de la Ilustración , la Revolución Industrial y una Era de Revoluciones , que comenzó con la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos y la Revolución Francesa y luego se extendió a otros países, en parte como resultado de los levantamientos de la Guerra Napoleónica. Guerras .
El período moderno tardío comenzó alrededor de 1800 con el fin de las revoluciones políticas a finales del siglo XVIII e implicó la transición de un mundo dominado por potencias imperiales y coloniales a uno de naciones y nacionalidades después de las dos grandes guerras mundiales, la Primera Guerra Mundial y la Primera Guerra Mundial. Segunda Guerra .
La historia contemporánea se refiere al período posterior al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945 y que continúa hasta el presente . Alternativamente, se considera un subperíodo del período moderno tardío o un período separado que comienza después del período moderno tardío. Incluye el actual siglo XXI .

El período moderno ha sido un período de desarrollo significativo en los campos de la ciencia , la política , la guerra y la tecnología . También ha sido una época de descubrimientos y globalización . Durante este tiempo, las potencias europeas y más tarde sus colonias, iniciaron una colonización política, económica y cultural del resto del mundo. ( Articulo completo... )

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Imagen 1
La bandera verde de la Jamahiriya Árabe Libia . El color verde, que representaba el Islam y la Tercera Teoría Internacional de Gadafi , fue descrito en El Libro Verde .

Muammar Gaddafi se convirtió en el líder de facto de Libia el 1 de septiembre de 1969 después de liderar un grupo de jóvenes oficiales del ejército libio contra el rey Idris I en un golpe de estado incruento . Después de que el rey huyó del país, el Consejo del Mando Revolucionario (CCR) encabezado por Gadafi abolió la monarquía y la antigua constitución y estableció la República Árabe Libia , con el lema " libertad , socialismo y unidad". El nombre de Libia fue cambiado varias veces durante el mandato de Gadafi como líder. De 1969 a 1977, el nombre fue República Árabe Libia . En 1977, el nombre se cambió a Jamahiriya Árabe Libia Popular y Socialista . Jamahiriya fue un término acuñado por Gaddafi, generalmente traducido como "estado de masas". El país pasó a llamarse nuevamente en 1986 como Gran Jamahiriya Árabe Libia Popular y Socialista , después del bombardeo estadounidense de ese año.

Después de llegar al poder, el gobierno de la RCC inició un proceso de destinar fondos a brindar educación, atención médica y vivienda para todos. La educación pública en el país pasó a ser gratuita y la educación primaria obligatoria para ambos sexos. La atención médica estuvo disponible para el público sin costo alguno, pero proporcionar vivienda para todos fue una tarea que el gobierno de la RCC no pudo completar. Bajo Gadafi, el ingreso per cápita en el país aumentó a más de 11.000 dólares estadounidenses, el quinto más alto de África. El aumento de la prosperidad estuvo acompañado de una política exterior controvertida y una mayor represión política interna.

Durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990, Gadafi, en alianza con el Bloque del Este y la Cuba de Fidel Castro , apoyó abiertamente movimientos rebeldes como el Congreso Nacional Africano de Nelson Mandela , la Organización para la Liberación de Palestina de Yasser Arafat , el Ejército Republicano Irlandés Provisional y el Frente Polisario . Se sabía o se sospechaba que el gobierno de Gadafi participaba o ayudaba en ataques de estas y otras fuerzas afines. Además, Gadafi emprendió varias invasiones de estados vecinos de África, en particular Chad en los años 1970 y 1980 . Todas sus acciones condujeron a un deterioro de las relaciones exteriores de Libia con varios países, en su mayoría estados occidentales , y culminaron en el bombardeo de Libia por parte de Estados Unidos en 1986 . Gadafi defendió las acciones de su gobierno citando la necesidad de apoyar a los antiimperialistas. y movimientos anticoloniales en todo el mundo. En particular, Gadafi apoyó los movimientos de derechos civiles antisionistas , panárabes , panafricanistas , árabes y negros . El comportamiento de Gadafi, a menudo errático, llevó a algunos extranjeros a concluir que no estaba mentalmente sano, afirmación cuestionada por las autoridades libias y otros observadores cercanos a Gadafi. A pesar de recibir amplia ayuda y asistencia técnica de la Unión Soviética y sus aliados, Gadafi mantuvo estrechos vínculos con gobiernos proestadounidenses en Europa occidental , en gran parte cortejando a las compañías petroleras occidentales con promesas de acceso al lucrativo sector energético libio. Después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre , las tensas relaciones entre Libia y los países de la OTAN se normalizaron en gran medida y se relajaron las sanciones contra el país, a cambio del desarme nuclear . ( Articulo completo... )
Imagen 2
Historia de Serbia moderna o historia moderna de Serbia cubre la historia de Serbia desde el despertar nacional a principios del siglo XIX desde el Imperio Otomano , luego Yugoslavia , hasta la actual República de Serbia . La era sigue la historia moderna temprana de Serbia . ( Articulo completo... )
Imagen 3
Napoleón Bonaparte , Emperador del Primer Imperio Francés .

The 19th century began on 1 January 1801 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM).

The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanding beyond its British homeland for the first time during this century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century.

It was, in the Middle East, an era of change and reform. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. Reformers were opposed at every turn by conservatives who strove to maintain the centuries old Islamic laws and social order. The century also saw the collapse of the large Spanish and Mughal Empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British, French, German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Italian, and Japanese Empires along with the United States. The British boasted unchallenged global dominance after 1815. (Full article...)
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This is a timeline of modern Greek history. (Full article...)
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The world map by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci (from whose name the word America is derived) and Belgian Gerardus Mercator shows (besides the classical continents Europe, Africa, and Asia) the Americas as America sive India Nova', New Guinea, and other islands of Southeast Asia, as well as a hypothetical Arctic continent and a yet undetermined Terra Australis.
The 16th century began with the Julian year 1501 (represented by the Roman numerals MDI) and ended with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (MDC), depending on the reckoning used (the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).

The 16th century is regarded by historians as the century which saw the rise of the Western Civilization.

The Renaissance in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to the foundation of important subjects which include accounting and political science. Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. Galileo Galilei became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first thermometer and made substantial contributions in the fields of physics and astronomy, becoming a major figure in the Scientific Revolution in Europe. (Full article...)
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An early nuclear power plant that used atomic energy to generate electricity

The Atomic Age, also known as the Atomic Era, is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear weapon, The Gadget at the Trinity test in New Mexico, on 16 July 1945, during World War II. Although nuclear chain reactions had been hypothesized in 1933 and the first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction (Chicago Pile-1) had taken place in December 1942, the Trinity test and the ensuing bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that ended World War II represented the first large-scale use of nuclear technology and ushered in profound changes in sociopolitical thinking and the course of technological development.

While atomic power was promoted for a time as the epitome of progress and modernity, entering into the nuclear power era also entailed frightful implications of nuclear warfare, the Cold War, mutual assured destruction, nuclear proliferation, the risk of nuclear disaster (potentially as extreme as anthropogenic global nuclear winter), as well as beneficial civilian applications in nuclear medicine. It is no easy matter to fully segregate peaceful uses of nuclear technology from military or terrorist uses (such as the fabrication of dirty bombs from radioactive waste), which complicated the development of a global nuclear-power export industry right from the outset.

In 1973, concerning a flourishing nuclear power industry, the United States Atomic Energy Commission predicted that, by the turn of the 21st century, one thousand reactors would be producing electricity for homes and businesses across the U.S. However, the "nuclear dream" fell far short of what was promised because nuclear technology produced a range of social problems, from the nuclear arms race to nuclear meltdowns, and the unresolved difficulties of bomb plant cleanup and civilian plant waste disposal and decommissioning. Since 1973, reactor orders declined sharply as electricity demand fell and construction costs rose. Many orders and partially completed plants were cancelled. (Full article...)
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A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in Great Britain in 1835

The Industrial Revolution, also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution, starting from Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines; new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes; the increasing use of water power and steam power; the development of machine tools; and the rise of the mechanized factory system. Output greatly increased, and the result was an unprecedented rise in population and the rate of population growth. The textile industry was the first to use modern production methods, and textiles became the dominant industry in terms of employment, value of output, and capital invested.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological and architectural innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century, Britain was the world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and the Caribbean. Britain had major military and political hegemony on the Indian subcontinent; particularly with the proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal, through the activities of the East India Company. The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in history. Comparable only to humanity's adoption of agriculture with respect to material advancement, the Industrial Revolution influenced in some way almost every aspect of daily life. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population in the Western world began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to improve meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians agree that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in human history since the domestication of animals and plants. (Full article...)
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The history of Los Angeles began in 1781 when 44 settlers from central New Spain (modern Mexico) established a permanent settlement in what is now Downtown Los Angeles, as instructed by Spanish Governor of Las Californias, Felipe de Neve, and authorized by Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli. After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1849, great changes came from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885. "Overlanders" flooded in, mostly white Protestants from the Lower Midwest and South.

Los Angeles had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. Its motion picture industry made the city world-famous, and World War II brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector.

Since the 1960s, growth has slowed—and traffic delays have become infamous. Los Angeles was a pioneer in freeway development as the public transit system deteriorated. New arrivals, especially from Mexico and Asia, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil, military and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high-tech remain strong. Over time, droughts and wildfires have increased in frequency and become less seasonal and more year-round, further straining the city's water security. (Full article...)
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Map of the empire following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

The German-speaking states of the early modern period (c. 1500–1800) were divided politically and religiously. Religious tensions between the states comprising the Holy Roman Empire had existed during the preceding period of the Late Middle Ages (c. 1250–1500), notably erupting in Bohemia with the Hussite Wars (1419–1434). The defining religious movement of this period, the Reformation, led to unprecedented levels of violence and political upheaval for the region.

Usually considered to have begun with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses (1517) by Martin Luther in the city of Wittenberg (then within the Electorate of Saxony, now located within the modern German state of Saxony-Anhalt), the progression of the Reformation would divide the German states among new religious lines: the north, the east, and many of the major cities—Strasbourg, Frankfurt, and Nuremberg—becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic. Compromises and reforms would be made in an effort to promote internal stability within the Holy Roman Empire, importantly with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, but these efforts would ultimately fall short and culminate in one of the most destructive conflicts the European continent had yet seen, the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) which ended with the adoption of the incredibly consequential Peace of Westphalia.

This period also saw the emergence of the Kingdom of Prussia as the primary competitor to the previously hegemonic Habsburg monarchy. After the close of early modern period in Europe following the Age of Enlightenment and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars, this Austria-Prussia rivalry would prove to be the driving internal force behind the Unification of Germany in 1871. (Full article...)
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Phnom Penh in 2012

After the fall of the Pol Pot regime of Democratic Kampuchea, Cambodia was under Vietnamese occupation and a pro-Hanoi government, the People's Republic of Kampuchea, was established. A civil war raged during the 1980s opposing the government's Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Armed Forces against the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, a government in exile composed of three Cambodian political factions: Prince Norodom Sihanouk's FUNCINPEC party, the Party of Democratic Kampuchea (often referred to as the Khmer Rouge) and the Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF).

Peace efforts intensified in 1989 and 1991 with two international conferences in Paris, and a United Nations peacekeeping mission helped maintain a ceasefire. As a part of the peace effort, United Nations-sponsored elections were held in 1993 and helped restore some semblance of normality, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. Norodom Sihanouk was reinstated as King. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces in 1998. (Full article...)
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The Kingdom of Libya (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, romanized: Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya, lit. 'Libyan Kingdom'; Italian: Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic. (Full article...)
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Ireland during the period of 1536–1691 saw the first full conquest of the island by England and its colonization with mostly Protestant settlers from Great Britain. This would eventually establish two central themes in future Irish history:
subordination of the country to London-based governments and sectarian animosity between Catholics and Protestants. The period saw Irish society outside of the Pale transform from a locally driven, intertribal, clan-based Gaelic structure to a centralised, monarchical, state-governed society, similar to those found elsewhere in Europe. The period is bounded by the dates 1536, when King Henry VIII deposed the FitzGerald dynasty as Lords Deputies of Ireland (the new Kingdom of Ireland was declared by Henry VIII in 1541), and 1691, when the Catholic Jacobites surrendered at Limerick, thus confirming Protestant dominance in Ireland. This is sometimes called the early modern period.

The English Reformation, by which Henry VIII broke with Papal authority in 1536, was to change Ireland totally. While Henry VIII broke English Catholicism from Rome, his son Edward VI of England moved further, breaking with Papal doctrine completely. While the English, the Welsh and, later, the Scots accepted Protestantism, the Irish remained Catholic. Queen Mary I then reverted the state to Catholicism in 1553–58, and Queen Elizabeth I broke again with Rome in 1559. These confusing changes determined their relationship with the British state for the next four hundred years, as the Reformation coincided with a determined effort on behalf of the English state to re-conquer and colonise Ireland thereafter. The religious schism meant that the native Irish and the (Roman Catholic) Old English were to be excluded from power in the new settlement unless they converted to Protestantism. (Full article...)
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The history of the Italian Republic concerns the events relating to the history of Italy that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum. The Italian republican history is generally divided into two phases, the First and Second Republic.

After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the end of World War II, Italian politics and society were dominated by Christian Democracy (DC), a broad-based Christian political party, from 1946 to 1994. From the late 1940s until 1991, the opposition was led by the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Christian Democracy governed uninterrupted during this period, dominating every cabinet and providing nearly every Prime Minister. It governed primarily with the support of an array of minor parties from the centre-left to the centre-right, including the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Republican Party (PRI), and Italian Liberal Party (PLI), and even far-right parties like the Italian Social Movement (MSI). The Communist Party was excluded entirely from government, with the partial exception of the short-lived Historic Compromise, in which the PCI provided external support to a DC minority government from 1976 to 1979.

The political situation was radically transformed in the early 1990s due to two major shocks: the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the wide-reaching Tangentopoli corruption scandal from 1992 to 1994. The former caused the dissolution and split of the PCI and splintering of the opposition, while the latter led to the collapse of nearly every established political party in Italy, including Christian Democracy, the PSI, PSDI, PRI, PLI, and others. Anti-establishment sentiment resulted in a 1993 referendum enabling the reform of the electoral system from pure proportional representation to a majoritarian-leaning mixed system. (Full article...)
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A reenactment of an Iraq War battle in Poland

Modern reenactment is historical reenactment of events of the modern period, most commonly events from the 18th century to the present.

The period starts with events such as the Seven Years' War, the Napoleonic Wars, and the peak of the Royal Navy's power.

The Victorian era is included, although not as well covered in terms of events as the major battles before and after it, with the notable exception of the American Civil War, which has a large and active community of reenactors. (Full article...)

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Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con la historia moderna en Wikipedia.

Image 1Yacimiento petrolífero en California, 1938.
El primer pozo petrolero moderno fue perforado en 1848 por el ingeniero ruso FN Semyonov, en la península de Apsheron , al noreste de Bakú . (del siglo XX )
Image 2Mapa de cambios territoriales en Europa después de la Primera Guerra Mundial (a partir de 1923). (del siglo XX )
Image 3Descolonización del Imperio Británico en África. (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 4Foto del astronauta estadounidense Buzz Aldrin durante el primer paseo lunar en 1969, tomada por Neil Armstrong . Las relativamente jóvenes industrias de ingeniería aeroespacial crecieron rápidamente en los 66 años posteriores al primer vuelo de los hermanos Wright. (del siglo XX )
Image 5El pionero de la informática , Alan Turing (del siglo XX )
Image 6Yo y el pueblo , 1911, de Marc Chagall , pintor moderno (del siglo XX )
Image 7Países por tasa de crecimiento del PIB real en 2014. (Los países en marrón estaban en recesión) (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 8La comunidad internacional creció significativamente en la segunda mitad del siglo debido a una nueva ola de descolonización, particularmente en África. La mayoría de los nuevos estados independientes se agruparon con muchos otros llamados países en desarrollo . Los países en desarrollo ganaron atención, particularmente debido al rápido crecimiento demográfico, que llevó a una población mundial récord de casi 7 mil millones de personas a finales de siglo. (del siglo XX )
Image 9Mapa mundial anacrónico que muestra los estados miembros de la Liga de las Naciones , el primer organismo internacional de gobierno creado para prevenir la guerra después de la Primera Guerra Mundial , durante sus 26 años de historia del período de entreguerras . (del siglo XX )
Image 10Hong Kong , bajo administración británica de 1842 a 1997, es uno de los Cuatro Tigres Asiáticos originales . (del siglo XX )
Image 11Primer vuelo del Wright Flyer de los hermanos Wright el 17 de diciembre de 1903, en Kitty Hawk, Carolina del Norte ; Orville pilotando con Wilbur corriendo en la punta del ala. (del siglo XX )
Image 12Médicos chinos en Huanggang , Hubei, en 2020 (de la era moderna )
Image 13Un sello conmemorativo de Alexander Fleming . Su descubrimiento de la penicilina cambió el mundo de la medicina al introducir la era de los antibióticos. (del siglo XX )
Image 14El Empire State Building es un edificio emblemático de la década de 1930. (del siglo XX )
Image 15Tropas del ejército estadounidense en la provincia de Kunar (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 16Elvis Presley en 1956, figura destacada del rock and roll y el rockabilly . (del siglo XX )
Image 17La división de Europa durante la Guerra Fría (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 18El Prayag Kumbh Mela de la India es considerado el festival religioso más grande del mundo . (de la era moderna )
Image 19Magnavox Odyssey de Ralph Baer , la primera consola de videojuegos, lanzada en 1972. (del siglo XX )
Image 20Charlie Chaplin en su película de 1921 The Kid , con Jackie Coogan . (del siglo XX )
Image 21El World Trade Center en llamas y la Estatua de la Libertad . (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 22Martin Luther King Jr. , líder del movimiento afroamericano de derechos civiles ( Washington, agosto de 1963 ) (del siglo XX )
Image 23
Potencias e imperios mundiales en 1914, justo antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial.
(del siglo XX )
Image 24La nube en forma de hongo de la detonación de Little Boy , el primer ataque nuclear de la historia, el 6 de agosto de 1945 sobre Hiroshima , encendió la era nuclear con el hilo dominante de la seguridad internacional de destrucción mutua asegurada en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. (del siglo XX )
Image 25Los rendimientos del trigo aumentaron considerablemente desde la Revolución Verde en los países menos desarrollados del mundo . (del siglo XX )
Image 26Ucrania, primeros días de la invasión nazi de 1941 . La Unión Soviética perdió alrededor de 27 millones de personas entre 1941 y 1945, casi la mitad de todas las muertes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial . (del siglo XX )
Image 27Una visualización de las distintas rutas a través de una parte de Internet. Mapa parcial de Internet basado en 2005. (de Historia contemporánea )
Image 28La Canica Azul , la Tierra vista desde el Apolo 17 en diciembre de 1972. La fotografía fue tomada por el LMP Harrison Schmitt . La segunda mitad del siglo XX vio la primera exploración espacial de la humanidad . (del siglo XX )