Los estadounidenses de origen inglés (conocidos históricamente como angloamericanos ) son estadounidenses cuya ascendencia se origina total o parcialmente en Inglaterra . En el censo de los Estados Unidos de 2020 , los estadounidenses de origen inglés eran el grupo más grande en los Estados Unidos con 46,5 millones de estadounidenses que se autoidentificaron como de algún origen inglés (muchos combinados con otra herencia) que representan el (19,8%) de la población estadounidense blanca . Esto incluye 25.536.410 (12,5%) que eran "ingleses solamente". [17]
A pesar de que son el origen ancestral autoidentificado más grande en los Estados Unidos, [18] los demógrafos aún consideran que el número de estadounidenses de origen inglés es un recuento insuficiente. [19] Como la mayoría de los estadounidenses de origen inglés son descendientes de colonos que llegaron por primera vez durante el período colonial que comenzó hace más de 400 años, muchos estadounidenses desconocen esta herencia o eligen elegir un grupo ancestral conocido más reciente [20] incluso si el inglés es su ascendencia primaria. [21]
En 1980 , 49,6 millones de estadounidenses afirmaban tener ascendencia inglesa. Con un 26,34%, este era el grupo más numeroso entre los 188 millones de personas que declararon tener al menos una ascendencia. La población era de 226 millones, lo que habría hecho que el grupo de ascendencia inglesa fuera el 22% del total. [22]
Las élites anglosajonas, conocidas como WASP ( protestantes anglosajones blancos ), han dominado la sociedad, la cultura y la política estadounidenses durante la mayor parte de la historia del país. La mayoría de los presidentes de los Estados Unidos, así como la mayoría de los congresistas y congresistas estadounidenses en funciones, nacieron en familias de ascendencia inglesa. La mayoría de los Padres Fundadores de los Estados Unidos también eran de ascendencia inglesa. Las universidades de la Ivy League , como la Universidad de Harvard , la Universidad de Yale y la Universidad de Princeton , fueron fundadas por WASP y han estado compuestas principalmente por ellos. [25]
Sentido de identidad
Inglaterra, Estados Unidos. Muestra el primer asentamiento inglés permanente de Jamestown en 1607.
A los estadounidenses de ascendencia inglesa se los suele considerar e identificar simplemente como "estadounidenses" debido a los numerosos vínculos culturales históricos entre Inglaterra y los Estados Unidos y su influencia en la población del país. En relación con los grupos étnicos de otros orígenes europeos, esto puede deberse al establecimiento temprano de asentamientos ingleses, así como a que grupos no ingleses emigraron para establecer comunidades importantes. [26]
Desde 1776, los estadounidenses de origen inglés han tenido menos probabilidades de proclamar su herencia, a diferencia de otros estadounidenses de origen británico , latinoamericanos , afroamericanos , italoamericanos , irlandeses , nativos americanos u otros grupos étnicos. Esta es una razón por la que las cifras varían drásticamente entre la autoidentificación y las estimaciones. Una especialista destacada, Charlotte Erickson, los encontró étnicamente "invisibles", descartando las ocasionales Sociedades St. George como clubes de élite efímeros que no estaban en contacto con una comunidad étnica más grande. [27] En Canadá, por el contrario, los ingleses organizaron mucho más activismo étnico, ya que compitieron agudamente con los elementos franceses e irlandeses bien organizados. [28] En los Estados Unidos, los inmigrantes escoceses estaban mucho mejor organizados que los ingleses en el siglo XIX, al igual que sus descendientes a fines del siglo XX. [29]
Número de estadounidenses de origen inglés
Los colonos originales del siglo XVII eran en su inmensa mayoría ingleses. Desde la primera presencia permanente inglesa en el Nuevo Mundo hasta el siglo XX, estos inmigrantes y sus descendientes superaron en número a todos los demás, lo que estableció firmemente el patrón cultural inglés como predominante para la versión estadounidense. [36]
1700–1775
Según estudios y estimaciones, las poblaciones étnicas en las colonias británicas americanas desde 1700 en adelante fueron: (* Georgia no incluida)
Datos
Orígenes nacionales: 1790-1900
La ascendencia de la población en 1790 (el primer censo nacional de población) ha sido estimada por varias fuentes, primero en 1909, luego nuevamente en 1932, 1980 y 1984, mediante el muestreo de apellidos distintivos en el censo y la asignación de un país de origen. Existe un debate sobre la precisión entre los estudios con académicos individuales y el Gobierno Federal que utiliza diferentes técnicas y conclusiones para la composición étnica. [44] [45]
Un estudio publicado en 1909 con el título Un siglo de crecimiento demográfico. Del primero al duodécimo censo de los Estados Unidos: 1790-1900, realizado por la Oficina del Censo del Gobierno, estimó que los ingleses eran el 83,5%, los escoceses el 6,7%, los irlandeses el 1,6%, los holandeses el 2,0%, los franceses el 0,5%, los alemanes el 5,6% y los demás el 0,1% de la población blanca en los 12 estados enumerados. [46] Los "hebreos" (judíos) eran menos de una décima parte del 1 por ciento. Si se añaden los escoceses y los irlandeses, los orígenes británicos serían más del 90% de la ascendencia europea. [47] [48] [49]
Estimaciones de la población inglesa de Estados Unidos (1790)
El informe Century of Population Growth de 1909 fue objeto de un intenso escrutinio en la década de 1920; su metodología fue objeto de críticas por defectos fundamentales que pusieron en duda la precisión de sus conclusiones. El catalizador de la controversia había sido la aprobación de la Ley de Inmigración de 1924 , que impuso cuotas numéricas a cada país de Europa , limitando el número de inmigrantes que se admitirían de un total anual finito. El tamaño de cada cuota nacional se determinó mediante la Fórmula de Orígenes Nacionales , en parte calculada mediante la estimación de los orígenes de la población de ascendencia colonial descendiente de estadounidenses blancos enumerados en el Censo de 1790. [ cita requerida ]
CPG no tuvo en cuenta la anglicización de los nombres , asumiendo que cualquier apellido que pudiera ser inglés era en realidad inglés.
CPG no tuvo en cuenta los nombres de pila incluso cuando eran obviamente extranjeros, asumiendo que cualquiera con un apellido que pudiera ser inglés era en realidad inglés.
El CPG comenzó clasificando todos los nombres como escoceses, irlandeses, holandeses, franceses, alemanes, hebreos u otros. Todos los nombres restantes que no pudieron clasificarse con una de las otras seis nacionalidades enumeradas, ni que el funcionario del censo identificó como demasiado exóticos para ser ingleses, se asumieron como ingleses.
La clasificación CPG fue un proceso no científico realizado por empleados del censo sin formación en historia, genealogía o lingüística, y tampoco se consultó a académicos en esos campos.
Las estimaciones de CPG se produjeron mediante un proceso lineal sin controles de posibles errores ni oportunidad de revisión por pares o revisión académica una vez que un empleado individual había asignado un nombre a una nacionalidad.
En el momento del primer censo en 1790, los ingleses eran la ascendencia mayoritaria en todos los estados de EE. UU., con un rango que oscilaba entre un máximo del 96,2 % en Connecticut y un mínimo del 58,0 % en Nueva Jersey.
Al concluir que el CPG "no había sido aceptado por los académicos como mejor que una primera aproximación a la verdad", la Oficina del Censo encargó un estudio para producir nuevas estimaciones científicas de la población colonial estadounidense, en colaboración con el Consejo Estadounidense de Sociedades Científicas , a tiempo para ser adoptadas como base para las cuotas de inmigración legal en 1929, y posteriormente publicadas en la revista de la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense , reproducidas en la tabla siguiente. Nota: como en el informe original del CPG, la categoría "inglesa" abarcaba Inglaterra y Gales , agrupando todos los nombres clasificados como " anglicanos " (de Inglaterra ) o " cámbricos " (de Gales ). [43]
Otra fuente de Thomas L. Purvis en 1984 [52] estimó que las personas de ascendencia inglesa representaban aproximadamente el 47,5% de la población total o el 60,9% de la población europea americana o blanca (sus cifras también se pueden encontrar, y divididas por región, en Colin Bonwick, The American Revolution, 1991 p. 2540-839-1346-2). [52] [53]
El estudio que da resultados similares se puede encontrar en The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick en porcentajes para 1790: 47,9 ingleses, 3,5 galeses, 8,5 escoceses irlandeses (Ulster), 4,3 escoceses, 4,7 irlandeses (sur), 7,2 alemanes, 2,7 holandeses, 1,7 franceses, 0,2 suecos, 19,3 negros, 103,4 británicos. La diferencia entre las dos estimaciones se encuentra comparando las proporciones de los grupos (sumando y restando) para acomodar y sumar a los galeses. [54]
La categoría "irlandés" en el estudio de Bonwick representa a los inmigrantes de Irlanda fuera de la provincia de Ulster, la abrumadora mayoría de los cuales eran protestantes y no étnicamente irlandeses, aunque eran de Irlanda. No eran católicos irlandeses. Cuando comenzó la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos en 1776, los católicos eran el 1,6%, o 40.000 personas de los 2,5 millones de habitantes de las 13 colonias. [55] [56]
Alrededor del 80,7% de la población total de los Estados Unidos era de origen europeo. [57]
Según el primer modelo, en 1900, se calcula que 28.375.000 personas, o el 37,8% de la población de los Estados Unidos, eran total o parcialmente de ascendencia inglesa de origen colonial. La estimación se basó en la estimación de la Oficina del Censo de que aproximadamente treinta y cinco millones de estadounidenses blancos descendían de antepasados coloniales. [58]
Censo
1980
En 1980, 23.748.772 estadounidenses declararon tener solo ascendencia inglesa y otros 25.849.263 declararon tener ascendencia inglesa junto con otra ascendencia étnica. [59] 13,3 millones o el 5,9% de la población total de los EE. UU. optó por identificarse como "estadounidense" (contabilizado bajo "no especificado"), como también se vio en los censos posteriores. [60] A continuación se muestran las personas que declararon tener al menos una ascendencia específica. [61] [62]
1990
En 1990, la tasa de respuesta a nivel nacional para la pregunta fue alta: el 90,4% de la población total de los Estados Unidos eligió al menos una ascendencia específica y el 9,6% ignoró la pregunta por completo. De aquellos que eligieron inglés, el 66,9% de las personas lo eligieron como su primera respuesta. Los totales para los ingleses mostraron una disminución considerable con respecto al censo anterior. [63]
Las respuestas para "estadounidense" disminuyeron ligeramente tanto numéricamente como en porcentaje del 5,9% al 5,2% en 1990, y la mayoría eran del sur . [64]
2000
En el censo de 2000 , 24,5 millones (o el 8,7%) de los estadounidenses declararon tener ascendencia inglesa, lo que supone una disminución de unos ocho millones de personas. A nivel nacional, la tasa de respuesta a la pregunta sobre ascendencia descendió al 80,1% de la población total de Estados Unidos, mientras que el 19,9% no se clasificó o ignoró la pregunta por completo. Fue el cuarto grupo ancestral más grande. [65] Algunos estadounidenses de Cornualles pueden no identificarse como estadounidenses de origen inglés o británico, a pesar de que Cornualles había sido parte de Inglaterra desde mucho antes de que sus antepasados llegaran a América del Norte. Las respuestas fueron: [66]
2010 ACS
En 2010, el censo oficial no incluía una pregunta sobre orígenes o ascendencia. Sin embargo, la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense enumeró a los estadounidenses que declararon tener ascendencia inglesa en 27,4 millones, el 9,0% de la población de EE. UU.; en 2015, 24,8 millones, el 7,8% de la población. Una década después, en 2020, la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. registró 25,2 millones de estadounidenses que declararon tener ascendencia inglesa total o parcial, aproximadamente el 7,7% de la población de EE. UU. [67] [68] [34]
2020
Los resultados del censo de Estados Unidos de 2020 mostraron que los estadounidenses de origen inglés eran el grupo más numeroso en Estados Unidos, donde 25 536 410 (12,5 %) se identificaron como "ingleses únicamente" y otros 21 millones eligieron el inglés combinado con otro origen étnico. El total es de 46 550 968 estadounidenses que se identifican como de origen inglés, lo que representa el 19,8 % de la población de estadounidenses blancos solos o en cualquier combinación. [69]
Distribución geográfica
1980
Porcentajes por condado en el censo de 1980.
En el censo de los Estados Unidos de 1980 , [70] se informó que la ascendencia inglesa era de alrededor de 49,6 millones. Esta cifra había disminuido drásticamente en el censo de 2000 mencionado anteriormente, donde 24,5 millones de personas declararon tener ascendencia inglesa.
Una de las principales razones de esto es que una vez que se introdujo la categoría de ascendencia estadounidense para la autodeclaración de ascendencia, muchas personas que anteriormente informaban tener orígenes ingleses informaron tener ascendencia "estadounidense" en su lugar.
2000
Los estadounidenses de origen inglés se encuentran en grandes cantidades en todo Estados Unidos, particularmente en el noreste , el sur y el oeste . [ cita requerida ]
Ciudades
Los siguientes son los 20 porcentajes más altos de personas de ascendencia inglesa en las comunidades de EE. UU. (lista total de las 101 comunidades, consulte la fuente): [71]
Porcentajes por condado en el censo de 2000. Población por estado en el censo de 2000. Porcentajes por estado de EE. UU. en el censo de 2000.
Mapas que muestran los porcentajes por condado de estadounidenses que declararon ascendencia inglesa en el censo de 2000. Los colores azul oscuro y violeta indican un porcentaje más alto: más alto en el este y el oeste (consulte también Mapas de ascendencia estadounidense ). En el centro, un mapa que muestra la población de estadounidenses de ascendencia inglesa por estado. A la derecha, un mapa que muestra los porcentajes de estadounidenses de ascendencia inglesa por estado.
Censo 2020 por estado
Según el censo de EE. UU. de 2020, los 10 estados con las mayores poblaciones de estadounidenses de origen inglés que se declaran angloparlantes son:
The second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity.[74] Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.[75] Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the "Mayflower Compact" aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Harbor. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller.[76][77] This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.
Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776.[81] English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century.[citation needed]
In prior eras there were English-centered cultural events such as Morris dance events and Saint George's Day. There had been conflicts between English immigrant groups and Irish immigrant groups. A magazine article from The Republic in 1852 had criticized English immigrants for remaining loyal to the British Crown.[86]
During the last years of the 1860s, annual English immigration grew to over 60,000 and continued to rise to over 75,000 per year in 1872, before experiencing a decline. The final and most sustained wave of immigration began in 1879 and lasted until the depression of 1893. During this period English annual immigration averaged more than 82,000, with peaks in 1882 and 1888 and did not drop significantly until the financial panic of 1893.[87] The building of America's transcontinental railroads, the settlement of the great plains, and industrialization attracted skilled and professional emigrants from England.[85]
Also, cheaper steamship fares enabled unskilled urban workers to come to America, and unskilled and semiskilled laborers, miners, and building trades workers made up the majority of these new English immigrants. While most settled in America, a number of skilled craftsmen remained itinerant, returning to England after a season or two of work. Groups came to practice their religion freely.[90]
The depression of 1893 sharply decreased English emigration to the United States, and it stayed low for much of the twentieth century. This decline reversed itself in the decade of World War II when over 100,000 English (18 percent of all European immigrants) came from England. In this group was a large contingent of war brides who came between 1945 and 1948. In these years four women emigrated from England for every man.[87] In the 1950s, English immigration increased to over 150,000 and rose to 170,000 in the 1960s.[91] While differences developed, it is not surprising that English immigrants had little difficulty in assimilating to American life. The American resentment against the policies of the British government[92] was rarely transferred to English settlers who came to America in the first decades of the nineteenth century.
Throughout American history, English immigrants and their descendants have been prominent in every level of government and in every aspect of American life. Known informally as "WASPS" (see White Anglo-Saxon Protestants), their dominance has slipped since 1945, but remains high in many fields. Eight out of the first ten American presidents and more than that proportion of the 46 presidents, as well as the majority of sitting congressmen and congresswomen, are descended from English ancestors. The descendants of English expatriates are so numerous and so well integrated in American life that it is impossible to identify all of them. While they are the third-largest ethnic nationality self-reported in the 1990 census, they retain such a pervasive representation at every level of national and state government that, on any list of American senators, Supreme Court judges, governors, or legislators, they would constitute a plurality if not an outright majority.[93][94]
In 2011, Lucy Tobin of The Guardian wrote that, as of that year, it was not common to see English cultural heritage expression nor events in the United States.[86]
Political influence
As early colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made and enforced laws,[95] often because many had been involved in government back in England.[96] In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.[97]
While WASPs have been major players in every major American political party, an exceptionally strong association has existed between WASPs and the Republican Party, before the 1980s. A few top Democrats qualified, such as Franklin D. Roosevelt. Northeastern Republican leaders such as Leverett Saltonstall of Massachusetts, Prescott Bush of Connecticut and especially Nelson Rockefeller of New York exemplified the pro-business liberal Republicanism of their social stratum, espousing internationalist views on foreign policy, supporting social programs, and holding liberal views on issues like racial integration. A famous confrontation was the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts where John F. Kennedy, a Catholic of Irish descent, defeated WASP Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. However the challenge by Barry Goldwater in 1964 to the Eastern Republican establishment helped undermine the WASP dominance.[99] Goldwater himself had solid WASP credentials through his mother, of a prominent old Yankee family, but was instead mistakenly seen as part of the Jewish community (which he had never associated with). By the 1980s, the liberal Rockefeller Republican wing of the party was marginalized, overwhelmed by the dominance of the Southern and Western conservative Republicans.[100]
Asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?" journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians—typically scions of upper class English families. She ended with Republicans George H. W. Bush elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush elected in 2000 and 2004, and John McCain, who was nominated but defeated in 2008.[101]
Language
Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.[102]The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the de facto official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English.[103]
Adding those who speak English "well" or "very well" brings this figure to 96%.[103] Only 0.8% speak no English at all as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English differs from British English in a number of ways, the most striking being in terms of pronunciation (for example, American English retains the pronunciation of the letter "R" after vowels, unlike standard British English, though it still can be heard in several regional dialects in England) and spelling (one example is the "u" in words such as color, favor (US) vs colour, favour (UK)). Less obvious differences are present in grammar and vocabulary. The differences are rarely a barrier to effective communication between American English and British English speakers, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or dialect differences.[citation needed]
Conversely, some lexical items often thought to be Americanisms actually have their origin in England, either falling out of use there or being restricted to specific dialects in England. Such items include all out ("entirely"), cattail ("bullrush"), crib ("child's bed"), daddy long legs ("cranefly"), homecoming ("return"), rumpus ("tumult"), which are recorded in Northern and Midland English dialects as late as the 19th century.[104]
Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver's license examination is available in 32 different languages.[105]
Expression
"In for a penny, in for a pound" is an expression to mean, ("if you're going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk"), is used in the United States which dates back to the colonial period, when cash in the colonies was denominated in Pounds, shillings and Pence.[106]Today, the one-cent coin is commonly known as a penny. A modern alternative expression is "In for a dime, in for a dollar".[citation needed]
Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey.[107] "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
Thanksgiving was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God for helping the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony survive the brutal winter. This feast lasted three days, as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow.[109][110][111]
Law
The American legal system also has its roots in English law.[112] English law prior to the American Revolution is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.[113]
Education
The first American schools opened in the 17th century in New England. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States.[114] The first free taxpayer-supported public school in North America, the Mather School, was opened in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1639.[115][116]
New England had a long emphasis on literacy in order that individuals could read the Bible. Harvard College was founded by the colonial legislature in 1636, and named after an early benefactor. Most of the funding came from the colony, but the college began to build an endowment from its early years.[117] Harvard at first focused on training young men for the ministry, but many alumni went into law, medicine, government or business. The college was a leader in bringing Newtonian science to the colonies.[118]
A school of higher education for both Native American young men and the sons of the colonists was one of the earliest goals of the leaders of the Colony of Virginia. The College of William & Mary was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to "make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming."[119] Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. It hired the first law professor and trained many of the lawyers, politicians, and leading planters.[120] Students headed for the ministry were given free tuition.
Yale College was founded by Puritans in 1701, and in 1716 was relocated to New Haven, Connecticut. The conservative Puritan ministers of Connecticut had grown dissatisfied with the more liberal theology of Harvard, and wanted their own school to train orthodox ministers. However president Thomas Clap (1740–1766) strengthened the curriculum in the natural sciences and made Yale a stronghold of revivalist New Light theology.[121]
National anthem – The Star-Spangled Banner takes its melody from the 18th-century English song "The Anacreontic Song" written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. The lyrics were written by Francis Scott Key of English descent. This became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, which was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem in 1931.[124][125][126]
Hail to the Chief – is the song to announce the arrival or presence of the President of the United States. English songwriter James Sanderson (c. 1769 – c. 1841), composed the music and was first performed in 1812 in New York.[127]
Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.
Amazing Grace – written by English poet and clergymanJohn Newton became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a cliché.[130]
Yankee Doodle – is written and accredited to Englishman Richard Shuckburgh an army doctor. The tune comes from the English nursery rhymeLucy Locket.[131]
English ballads, jigs, and hornpipes had a large influence on American folk music, eventually contributing to the formation of such genres as old time, country, bluegrass, and to a lesser extent, blues as well.
Sports
Henry Chadwick's early contributions to the development of the game is often called the "Father of Baseball".[132]
Baseball was invented in England.[133] English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.[134][135] This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.[136]
American football traces its roots to early versions of rugby football, played in England and first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.[137]
Most common family last names
In 2010, the top ten family names in the United States, seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish and/or Basque origin.[138]Many African Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name) and ancestrally came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Due to anti-German xenophobia during the first and second world wars, some German families anglicized their names.[139] For example, changing "Schmidt" to "Smith," causing an increase of English names.
English place names in the United States
This is a brief partial list of places in the United States named after places in England as a result of the many English settlers and explorers; in addition, some places were named after the English royal family. These include the region of New England and some of the following:
Darlington, named for Darlington, County Durham, for its links to Quakerism.[176]
Kentucky
The English county name "Cumberland" is commonly replicated in Appalachia, such as at Cumberland River (pictured). The Duke of Cumberland appealed to northern English settlers for his victory at Culloden (1746)[104]
The province, named Carolina (The Carolinas-North and South) to honor King Charles I of England, was divided into SC and NC in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.[193]
York, Pennsylvania, named for York, the county town of the English county of Yorkshire, the ancestral home county of many Quaker settlers in the region.
Kingsport, named for English-born James King (born 1752), who established a mill in the area in 1773.[203]
Manchester, after Manchester, Lancashire, England, for hopes that it, like the English Manchester, would become a similarly prosperous industrial city.[204]
Ripon, Wisconsin, after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the English ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, John S. Horner.[212]
Notable people
Presidents of English descent
Most of the presidents of the United States have had English ancestry.[213] The extent of English heritage varies. Earlier presidents were predominantly of colonial English Yankee origin. Later presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England. The presidents who have lacked recent English ancestry are Martin Van Buren, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Donald Trump.[214]
^In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "American" ancestry, when that was added as an option.
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Further reading
Berthoff, Rowland. British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 (1953). online
Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (1976). online
Bueltman, Tanja; Gleeson, David T.; MacRaild, Donald M. (Summer 2014). "Invisible Diaspora? English Ethnicity in the United States before 1920" (PDF). Journal of American Ethnic History. 33 (4). University of Illinois Press: 5–30. doi:10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005. JSTOR 10.5406/jamerethnhist.33.4.0005.
Erickson, Charlotte. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972).
Furer, Howard B., ed. The British in America: 1578–1970 (1972). online; chronology and documents
Hanft, Sheldon. "English Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 73–86. Online
Richards, Eric. Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (A&C Black, 2004) online.
Shepperson, Wilbur S. British emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period (1957) online
Tennenhouse, Leonard. The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850 (2007). online
Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940'." in Elliott Barkan, ed., Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (2013): 4:237+.
Van Vugt, William E. Buckeyes británicos: los ingleses, escoceses y galeses en Ohio, 1700-1900 (2006).
Van Vugt, William E. De Gran Bretaña a América: inmigrantes de mediados del siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos (University of Illinois Press, 1999).
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