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Cobertura para la cabeza para mujeres cristianas

Una mujer cristiana ortodoxa oriental con la cabeza cubierta en la iglesia; detrás de ella hay un ícono de la virgen y mártir cristiana primitiva Santa Tatiana de Roma , que está representada con la cabeza cubierta.
Las mujeres que pertenecen a la Iglesia Hutterita , una denominación cristiana anabaptista, usan su velo (generalmente en forma de un velo opaco colgante ) durante todo el día.
Mujeres cristianas con velos en un servicio religioso de Pascua en San Petersburgo , Rusia

El velo cristiano , también conocido como cubrimiento de la cabeza , es la práctica tradicional de las mujeres de cubrirse la cabeza en una variedad de denominaciones cristianas . Algunas mujeres cristianas usan el velo en el culto público y durante la oración privada en el hogar, [1] [2] [3] mientras que otras (especialmente los anabaptistas conservadores ) creen que las mujeres deben usar velos en todo momento. [4] Entre las iglesias orientales y ortodoxas orientales , ciertos teólogos también enseñan que "se espera que todas las mujeres estén cubiertas no solo durante los períodos litúrgicos de oración, sino en todo momento, porque este fue su honor y señal de autoridad dada por nuestro Señor", [5] mientras que otros han sostenido que el velo debe usarse al menos durante la oración y el culto. [6] [7] Génesis 24:65 [8] registra el velo como un emblema femenino de modestia. [9] [10] [1] Los manuales del cristianismo primitivo , incluyendo la Didascalia Apostolorum y el Pædagogus , instruían que las mujeres debían usar un velo durante la oración y el culto, así como fuera del hogar. [11] [12] Cuando San Pablo ordenó que las mujeres usaran velo en 1 Corintios , las mujeres griegas paganas de los alrededores no usaban velos; como tal, la práctica del velo cristiano era contracultural en la Era Apostólica, siendo una ordenanza bíblica en lugar de una tradición cultural. [A] [17] [18] [19] [20] El estilo de cubrirse la cabeza varía según la región, aunque la Tradición Apostólica especifica una "tela opaca, no con un velo de lino fino". [21]

Aquellos que recomiendan que las mujeres cristianas cubran su cabeza mientras “oran y profetizan” basan su argumento en 1 Corintios 11. [22] [23] Las denominaciones que enseñan que las mujeres deben cubrirse la cabeza en todo momento también basan esta doctrina en el dictamen de San Pablo de que los cristianos deben “orar sin cesar” (1 Tesalonicenses 5:17), [24] [25] la enseñanza de San Pablo de que es deshonroso que las mujeres no lleven el velo, y como un reflejo del orden creado. [B] [25] [33] [34] Muchos eruditos bíblicos concluyen que en 1 Corintios 11 “los versículos 4-7 se refieren a un velo literal o cubierta de tela” para “orar y profetizar” y sostienen que el versículo 15 se refiere al cabello que la naturaleza le da a la mujer. [35] [36] [37] [38] El cubrirse la cabeza con un velo de tela era una práctica de la Iglesia primitiva, enseñada universalmente por los Padres de la Iglesia y practicada por las mujeres cristianas a lo largo de la historia, [35] [2] [39] [40] y sigue siendo una práctica común entre los cristianos en muchas partes del mundo, como Rumania , Rusia , Ucrania , Egipto , Etiopía , India y Pakistán ; [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Además, entre los anabaptistas conservadores , como las iglesias menonitas conservadoras y la Iglesia de los Hermanos Dunkard , cubrirse la cabeza se considera una ordenanza de la Iglesia, y las mujeres lo usan durante todo el día. [4] [31] Sin embargo, en gran parte del mundo occidental la práctica de cubrirse la cabeza disminuyó durante el siglo XX y en las iglesias donde no se practica, el velo descrito en 1 Corintios 11 suele enseñarse como una práctica social para la época en la que se escribió el pasaje. [46] [47] [48]

Historia

La Biblia y la Iglesia Primitiva

La figura bíblica Rut representada con un velo en el campo de Booz (pintura de Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld )

Durante el tiempo de Moisés , la Biblia registra que era normativo que las mujeres usaran un velo para cubrirse la cabeza (cf. Números 5:18). [1] En Números 5:18, se explica el ritual de la sotah (que significa "la que se descarría"), en el que se descubre la cabeza de una mujer acusada de adulterio (se hace parua ), lo que implica que normalmente la cabeza de una mujer está cubierta; el Talmud enseña así que la Torá (Pentateuco) ordena a las mujeres salir en público con la cabeza cubierta. [49] [50] Este velo que se usaba durante los tiempos bíblicos era un velo o pañuelo para la cabeza . [51]

En el Libro de Daniel del Antiguo Testamento , Susana llevaba un velo en la cabeza y los hombres malvados exigieron que se lo quitaran para poder codiciarla (cf. Susana 13:31-33). [1] Génesis 24:64-65 registra que Rebeca , mientras viajaba para encontrarse con Isaac , "no hizo alarde de su belleza física" sino que "se veló, aumentando su atractivo mediante una exhibición externa de modestia". [1] La eliminación del velo de una mujer en el pasaje de Isaías 47:1-3 está vinculada con la desnudez y la vergüenza. [52] El libro bíblico Cantar de los Cantares registra "la naturaleza erótica del cabello del versículo: 'Tu cabello es como un rebaño de cabras' ( Cantar de los Cantares , 4:1), es decir, de un versículo que alaba su belleza". [53] La ley judía en la época de Jesús estipulaba que una mujer casada que descubriera su cabello en público evidenciaba su infidelidad. [54]

Fresco de la Catacumba de Priscila que muestra a una mujer velada rezando en el gesto de orans , supuestamente una virgen consagrada , siglo III.

Varios Padres de la Iglesia enseñaron que el cabello de una mujer tiene potencia sexual, por lo tanto, solo debe ser para que su esposo lo vea y lo cubra el resto del tiempo. [55] [56] 1 Corintios 11:2-6, enseña: "... guardad las ordenanzas tal como os las entregué. Pero quiero que sepáis que Cristo es la cabeza de todo varón, y el varón es la cabeza de la mujer, y Dios la cabeza de Cristo. Todo varón que ora o profetiza con la cabeza cubierta, afrenta su cabeza. Pero toda mujer que ora o profetiza con la cabeza descubierta, afrenta su cabeza; porque lo mismo es que si se hubiese rapado. Porque si la mujer no se cubre, que se corte también el cabello; y si le es vergonzoso a la mujer cortarse el cabello o raparse, que se cubra". [38] [57] En su explicación del mandato de San Pablo en 1 Corintios 11:10, el Padre de la Iglesia Ireneo ( c.  130  – c.  202 ), la última conexión viva con los Apóstoles que escribieron Contra las herejías , explicó que el "poder" o "autoridad" sobre la cabeza de una mujer cuando oraba y profetizaba era un velo de tela (κάλυμμα kalumma ). [58] El Padre de la Iglesia Hipólito de Roma ( c.  170  – c.  235 ) al dar instrucciones para las reuniones de la iglesia dijo "...  que todas las mujeres tengan la cabeza cubierta con un paño opaco, no con un velo de lino fino, porque esto no es una verdadera cobertura". [35] [59] El apologista cristiano primitivo Tertuliano ( c.  155  – c.  220 ) también sostuvo que la cobertura debía ser sustancial (cf. pañuelo para la cabeza ): [60]

Como no podéis evitar llevar velo, no debéis buscar otra forma de anularlo, es decir, no andar ni cubiertas ni descubiertas. Porque algunas mujeres no se cubren la cabeza, sino que se la ciñen con turbantes y cintas de lana. Es cierto que están protegidas por delante, pero donde la cabeza está propiamente apoyada, están descubiertas. Otras cubren sólo la zona del cerebro con pequeñas cofias de lino que ni siquiera llegan a las orejas. ... Deben saber que la cabeza entera constituye a la mujer. Sus límites y fronteras llegan hasta el lugar donde comienza el manto. La región del velo es coextensiva con el espacio cubierto por el cabello cuando está suelto. De esta manera, también el cuello está rodeado. Las mujeres paganas de Arabia serán vuestros jueces. Porque no sólo se cubren la cabeza, sino también el rostro. ... Pero ¿qué severo castigo merecerán también las que permanecen descubiertas incluso durante la recitación de los Salmos y ante cualquier mención del nombre de Dios? Incluso cuando están a punto de dedicar un tiempo a la oración, se colocan un fleco, un mechón o cualquier hilo sobre la coronilla de la cabeza, y creen que están cubiertos. [60]

Además de orar y adorar, la antigua Didascalia Apostolorum cristiana ordenaba que las mujeres cristianas debían cubrirse la cabeza en público: "Tú, pues, que eres cristiana [mujer]... si quieres ser fiel, agrada sólo a tu marido, y cuando andes por la plaza, cúbrete la cabeza con tu manto, para que con tu velo quede cubierta la grandeza de tu belleza; no adornes el rostro de tus ojos, sino mira hacia abajo y camina velada; ten cuidado de no lavarte en los baños con hombres". [11] En la misma línea, Clemente de Alejandría ( c.  150  – c.  215 ), un teólogo cristiano primitivo, instruyó en el Pedagogo que "La mujer y el hombre deben ir a la iglesia vestidos decentemente  ... Que la mujer observe esto, además. Que esté completamente cubierta, a menos que esté en casa. Porque ese estilo de vestido es grave y protege de ser mirada. Y nunca caerá, quien pone ante sus ojos la modestia y su chal; ni ​​invitará a otro a caer en pecado descubriendo su rostro. Porque este es el deseo de la Palabra, ya que es apropiado para ella orar velada ". [61] [62] Clemente de Alejandría dice: "Por causa de los ángeles". Por los ángeles se refiere a los hombres justos y virtuosos. Que esté velada, entonces, para que no los induzca a tropezar en la fornicación. Porque los verdaderos ángeles en el cielo la ven aunque esté velada. [63] Clemente de Alejandría explicó esto: "También se ha ordenado que la cabeza debe estar velada y el rostro cubierto, porque es una cosa perversa que la belleza sea una trampa para los hombres. Tampoco es apropiado que una mujer desee hacerse visible mediante el uso de un velo púrpura". [39] Tertuliano explica que en sus días, las mujeres de la iglesia de Corinto desde la edad de la pubertad en adelante (solteras y casadas) practicaban el velo cristiano a pesar del hecho de que los no cristianos en la región no observaban esta ordenanza; como tal, la práctica de los cristianos era contracultural . [C] [20] [18] [65] [66] [17] En su tratado deliberativo De virginibus velandis ("Sobre el velo de las vírgenes") Tertuliano argumentó a partir de las escrituras, la ley natural y la disciplina cristiana que desde la pubertad las vírgenes deben estar veladas cuando están en público. [67] La ​​costumbre de que algunas vírgenes consagradas cartaginesas no llevaran velo cuando la iglesia se reunía fue duramente criticada por ser contraria a la verdad. Esto ocurrió sólo 150 años después de que el apóstol Pablo escribiera 1 Corintios.. Él dijo, "Así también lo entendieron los mismos corintios [a Pablo]. De hecho, en este día los corintios cubren a sus vírgenes [y mujeres casadas]. Lo que los apóstoles enseñaron, sus discípulos lo aprueban". [68] [18] [69] "La historia de la iglesia primitiva da testimonio de que en Roma, Antioquía y África la costumbre [de usar el velo] se convirtió en la norma [para la Iglesia]". [70] El autor Cory Anderson afirmó que la razón de esto es porque los primeros cristianos entendieron que la instrucción de San Pablo se aplicaba a toda la iglesia. [68] Orígenes de Alejandría ( c.  185  - c.  253 ) escribió, "Hay ángeles en medio de nuestra asamblea  ... tenemos aquí una Iglesia doble, una de hombres, la otra de ángeles  ... Y dado que hay ángeles presentes  ... a las mujeres, cuando oran, se les ordena tener un velo sobre sus cabezas debido a esos ángeles. Ellas ayudan a los santos y se regocijan en la Iglesia". En la segunda mitad del siglo III, San Victorino menciona como práctica eclesiástica que las mujeres recen con la cabeza cubierta en su comentario al Apocalipsis de Juan . [71] Los primeros Hechos de Tomás , escritos en arameo siríaco , asignan el infierno como el destino de las mujeres que no llevaban la cabeza cubierta, afirmando: [37]

[37] Me llevó a otro pozo, y me agaché y miré, y vi que allí brotaba lodo y gusanos, y almas revolcándose allí, y se oía de ellas un gran crujir de dientes. Y aquel hombre me dijo: Éstas son las almas de las mujeres que abandonaron a sus maridos y cometieron adulterio con otros, y son llevadas a este tormento. Me mostró otro pozo, y me agaché y miré, y vi almas colgadas, unas de la lengua, otras del pelo, otras de las manos, y otras de cabeza abajo de los pies, y atormentadas (humeadas) con humo y azufre. Acerca de esto, aquel hombre que estaba conmigo me respondió: Las almas que están colgadas de la lengua son calumniadoras, que pronunciaron palabras mentirosas y vergonzosas, y no se avergonzaron, y las que están colgadas del pelo son personas desvergonzadas que no tenían pudor y andaban por el mundo con la cabeza descubierta .

"Las Constituciones Apostólicas [siglo IV d. C.] ... ordenaban expresamente que las mujeres debían tener la cabeza cubierta en la Iglesia." [19] En la misma época, el Padre de la Iglesia Primitiva Juan Crisóstomo ( c.  347  – 407) delineó la enseñanza de San Pablo, explicando que las mujeres cristianas debían usar un velo de tela cuando estaban en público en vista de la comparación de San Pablo de una mujer que no usa velo con estar afeitada, lo que él afirma que es "siempre deshonroso": [72] [33]

Pues bien, al hombre no lo obliga a estar siempre descubierto, sino sólo cuando ora. «Todo hombre que ora o profetiza con la cabeza cubierta, deshonra su cabeza», dice. Pero a la mujer le manda estar siempre cubierta. Por eso, habiendo dicho también: «Toda mujer que ora o profetiza con la cabeza descubierta, deshonra su cabeza», no se detuvo sólo en este punto, sino que prosiguió diciendo: «Pues es lo mismo que si estuviera rapada». Pero si raparse es siempre una deshonra, es evidente también que estar descubierto es siempre un oprobio. Y no sólo con esto se contentó, sino que añadió de nuevo: «La mujer debe tener una señal de autoridad sobre su cabeza, por causa de los ángeles». Significa que no sólo en el momento de la oración, sino también continuamente, debe estar cubierta. En cuanto al hombre, ya no se trata de cubrirse, sino de llevar el pelo largo, de modo que así formula su discurso. Sólo prohíbe cubrirse cuando un hombre está rezando, pero desaconseja en todo momento el uso del pelo largo. [33] [72]

Juan Crisóstomo sostenía que desobedecer la enseñanza cristiana sobre el velo era perjudicial y pecaminoso: “...  el asunto de cubrirse la cabeza o no fue legislado por la naturaleza (véase 1 Cor 11:14-15). Cuando digo 'naturaleza', quiero decir 'Dios'. Porque él es quien creó la naturaleza. ¡Tomen nota, por tanto, del gran daño que viene de traspasar estos límites! Y no me digan que esto es un pecado pequeño”. [73] Mientras estaba en casa, Juan Crisóstomo enseñó que antes de tomar una copia de la Biblia, además de lavarse las manos , las mujeres (si no están ya veladas) deben usar un velo para cubrirse la cabeza “mostrando una muestra de su piedad interior”. [74] Jerónimo ( c.  342  – c.  347  – 420) señaló que el gorro y el velo de oración eran usados ​​por las mujeres cristianas en Egipto y Siria, quienes "no andaban con la cabeza descubierta desafiando el mandato del apóstol, pues usaban un gorro ajustado y un velo". [75] Agustín de Hipona (354 – 430) escribe sobre el velo: "No es apropiado, incluso en mujeres casadas, descubrirse el cabello, ya que el apóstol ordena a las mujeres que mantengan la cabeza cubierta". [76] El arte cristiano primitivo también confirma que las mujeres usaban velos durante este período de tiempo. [77] [18]

Edad Media y Edad Moderna

Una toca como la que se muestra en Retrato de una mujer , circa 1430-1435, de Robert Campin (1375/1379-1444), National Gallery, Londres. La toca presenta cuatro capas de tela y los alfileres que la sujetan en su lugar son visibles en la parte superior de la cabeza.

Hasta al menos el siglo XIX y todavía vigente en ciertas regiones, el uso de un velo, tanto en público como mientras se asistía a la iglesia, se consideraba una costumbre para las mujeres cristianas, de acuerdo con el mandato de hacerlo en 1 Corintios 11 , en las sociedades mediterráneas, europeas, indias, de Oriente Medio y africanas. [78] [79] [80] [81 ] [ 82] [41] [57] [83] Con la costumbre del velo cristiano practicado durante siglos, en la Edad Media, una mujer que no usaba velo era interpretada como "una prostituta o adúltera", aunque este no era el caso en el período anterior a Nicea durante el cual las mujeres griegas paganas iban en público y rezaban con la cabeza descubierta (en contraste con las mujeres cristianas que se velaban). [78] [84] [18] [64]

La literatura cristiana, con respecto a la demonología, ha documentado que durante los exorcismos , las mujeres poseídas han intentado arrancarse el velo, como en el caso de Frances Bruchmüllerin en Sulzbach. [85] [86]

La práctica de cubrirse la cabeza sigue siendo una práctica común entre las mujeres cristianas en muchas partes del mundo, como Rumania , Rusia , Ucrania , Etiopía , Eritrea , Egipto , India y Pakistán . [41] [43] [87] [1] [88] [45] En Occidente, "hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial, una mujer se ponía una gorra blanca inmediatamente al levantarse... y se ponía algún tipo de sombrero o cofia cada vez que salía de casa". [79] [89] La costumbre ha disminuido en Estados Unidos y Europa occidental, aunque ciertas denominaciones cristianas (como las del anabaptismo conservador ) siguen exigiéndola y muchas mujeres cristianas siguen observando la antigua práctica. [7] [3] David Bercot , un erudito en el cristianismo primitivo , señaló que las interpretaciones relativamente recientes en el mundo occidental que no requieren el uso de coberturas para la cabeza por parte de las mujeres, en contraste con la práctica histórica del velo cristiano femenino, están vinculadas con el auge del feminismo en el siglo XX . [90] [47] [91] En 1968, el grupo feminista estadounidense —la Organización Nacional de Mujeres— publicó una "Resolución sobre los velos": [92]

CONSIDERANDO QUE el uso de un velo por parte de las mujeres durante los servicios religiosos es una costumbre en muchas iglesias y que es un símbolo de sujeción dentro de estas iglesias, NOW recomienda que todos los capítulos emprendan un esfuerzo para que todas las mujeres participen en una "revelación nacional" enviando sus velos al presidente del grupo de trabajo de inmediato. En la reunión de primavera del grupo de trabajo sobre las mujeres en la religión, estos velos serán quemados públicamente para protestar contra la condición de segunda clase de las mujeres en todas las iglesias". [92] [93]

En Milwaukee, Wisconsin, en 1969, quince mujeres de la sección de Milwaukee de la Organización Nacional de Mujeres protestaron en la Iglesia Católica St. John de Nepomuc; después de tomar su lugar en la barandilla de la comunión, las mujeres se quitaron los sombreros y los colocaron en la barandilla de la comunión. [94] La semana siguiente, el Milwaukee Sentinel publicó una carta al editor de la "Sra. ME, Milwaukee", quien sintió que la protesta era "exhibicionismo inmaduro". [92] [95] Un texto impreso después de finales del siglo XX refleja una actitud cristiana occidental general hacia la práctica de cubrirse la cabeza para las mujeres, con los autores estadounidenses Ronald W. Pierce, Rebecca Merrill Groothuis y Gordon D. Fee opinando en el libro "Descubriendo la igualdad bíblica": [46]

En 1 Corintios 11:3-16 se habla del significado de “cubrirse la cabeza” para las mujeres mientras oran y profetizan en la iglesia reunida. El significado de cubrirse la cabeza parece ser un factor cultural que varía mucho en diferentes épocas y lugares. De hecho, debido a la naturaleza diversa de Corinto (una colonia romana situada en el centro del mundo griego), es casi imposible saber con certeza qué habría sido normal para la cultura corintia como tal. En el mundo contemporáneo, esos velos (lo que sea que hayan sido en realidad) tienen poco o ningún significado social. Por lo tanto, se entiende correctamente que se trata de una cuestión cultural y una cuestión de elección personal para el creyente de hoy. [46]

Sin embargo, en el siglo XXI, la práctica de cubrirse la cabeza está reviviendo en el mundo occidental entre algunas mujeres que pertenecen a varias congregaciones cristianas donde la práctica caducó, aunque otras denominaciones han practicado la ordenanza bíblica de forma perpetua, como los Hermanos Dunkard o los Menonitas Conservadores , estos últimos cuentan el cubrirse la cabeza entre las siete ordenanzas de la Iglesia. [4] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] En particular, los católicos han visto un ligero resurgimiento del velo en las mujeres. [101] El sociólogo Cory Anderson afirmó que para aquellas mujeres cristianas que lo usan continuamente, como los Anabautistas Conservadores , el cubrirse la cabeza sirve como un testimonio externo que a menudo permite la evangelización . [68]

Estilos

En relación con la Iglesia primitiva, Tom Shank concluyó que existía una variedad de tocados usados ​​por los primeros cristianos, que iban desde chales hasta kapps: "William McGrath (1991) encontró que los grabados en la Catacumba de Domitila en Roma, que datan del año 95 d. C., muestran 'hermanas modestamente vestidas con velo estilo gorra'. Warren Henderson, escribiendo sobre las catacumbas, también observó que las mujeres se cubrían la cabeza, pero enfatizaban los estilos de tela". [68] En la actualidad, las mujeres cristianas usan varios estilos de tocados:

Prácticas denominacionales

Muchas mujeres de diversas denominaciones cristianas en todo el mundo continúan cubriendo su cabeza durante el culto y mientras rezan en casa, [42] [114] así como cuando salen en público. [41] [43] [87] Esto es cierto especialmente en partes del Medio Oriente , el subcontinente indio y Europa del Este (como Moldavia Occidental ). [41] [88] [115] [1] [43] [87]

Cristianismo occidental

A principios del siglo XX, era común que las mujeres de las principales denominaciones cristianas del cristianismo occidental en todo el mundo usaran velos durante los servicios religiosos . [47] [83] Estas incluían a los anabaptistas , [116] [111] anglicanos , [117] católicos , [97] [118] luteranos , [119] [120] metodistas , [121] moravos , [122] Hermanos de Plymouth , [98] cuáqueros , [123] y reformados . [124] [3] Aquellas mujeres que pertenecen a las tradiciones anabaptistas son especialmente conocidas por usarlos durante todo el día. [125] [126]

Las mujeres occidentales antiguamente usaban cofias como cubrimiento de la cabeza, y más tarde, los sombreros se volvieron predominantes. [127] [128] Esta práctica ha disminuido en general en el mundo occidental , aunque los cubrimientos de cabeza para mujeres son comunes durante los servicios formales como las bodas , en el Reino Unido . [129] [130] [117] Entre muchos seguidores de denominaciones cristianas occidentales en el hemisferio oriental (como en el subcontinente indio), cubrirse la cabeza sigue siendo normativo. [42] [125] [131] [2]

anabaptista

Mujeres Amish con kapps

Muchas mujeres anabaptistas llevan velos como parte de su vestimenta sencilla . [132] Esto incluye a los menonitas (por ejemplo, los menonitas del Antiguo Orden y los menonitas conservadores ), los Hermanos del Río ( los Hermanos del Río del Antiguo Orden y la Iglesia de Santidad del Calvario ), [133] los huteritas , [134] los Bruderhof , [116] los Hermanos de Schwarzenau ( los Hermanos de Schwarzenau del Antiguo Orden y la Iglesia de los Hermanos Dunkard ), [135] los Amish , los cristianos apostólicos y los cristianos de la caridad . [110] [108] El velo se encuentra entre las siete ordenanzas de los menonitas conservadores , al igual que con los Hermanos Dunkard . [4] [31]

católico

Mantillas de encaje blanco durante una procesión de Semana Santa en España
Mujeres católicas en Filipinas se preparan para asistir a misa

El velo para las mujeres fue aceptado por unanimidad por la Iglesia latina hasta que entró en vigor el Código de Derecho Canónico de 1983. [136] En la tradición católica, el velo tiene carácter de sacramental . [137] [138] Históricamente, se exigía a las mujeres que cubrieran la cabeza al recibir la Eucaristía tras los Concilios de Autun y Angers. [139] De manera similar, en 585, el Sínodo de Auxerre (Francia) declaró que las mujeres debían llevar un velo durante la Santa Misa . [140] [141] El Sínodo de Roma en 743 declaró que "Una mujer que reza en la iglesia sin la cabeza cubierta trae vergüenza sobre su cabeza, según la palabra del Apóstol", [142] una posición apoyada más tarde por el Papa Nicolás I en 866, para los servicios de la iglesia". [143] En la Edad Media , Tomás de Aquino (1225-1274) dijo que "el hombre que existe bajo Dios no debe tener una cubierta sobre su cabeza para mostrar que está inmediatamente sujeto a Dios; pero la mujer debe llevar un velo para mostrar que además de Dios está naturalmente sujeta a otro." [144] En el Código de Derecho Canónico de 1917 era un requisito que las mujeres se cubrieran la cabeza en la iglesia. Decía, "las mujeres, sin embargo, deberán tener la cabeza cubierta y estar vestidas modestamente, especialmente cuando se acercan a la mesa del Señor." [145] El velo no fue abordado específicamente en la revisión de 1983 del Código , que declaró abrogado el Código de 1917. [146] Según el nuevo Código, la ley anterior sólo tiene peso interpretativo en las normas que se repiten en el Código de 1983; todas las demás normas son simplemente abrogadas. [97] Esto eliminó efectivamente el requisito anterior de un velo para las mujeres católicas, al eliminarlo silenciosamente en el nuevo Código de Canon. En algunos países, como India , el uso de un pañuelo en la cabeza por parte de las mujeres católicas sigue siendo la norma. Se ha negado la Eucaristía a las mujeres que se presentan sin un velo. [147]

Las mujeres católicas tradicionales y católicas sencillas continúan cubriéndose la cabeza, aun cuando la mayoría de las mujeres católicas en la sociedad occidental ya no lo hacen. [148]

luterano

Martín Lutero , el padre de la tradición luterana , animó a las esposas a usar un velo en el culto público. [149] Las Rúbricas Generales de la Conferencia Sinodal Evangélica Luterana de Norteamérica , contenidas en "La Liturgia Luterana", establecen en una sección titulada "Tocados para mujeres": "Es una costumbre loable, basada en un mandato bíblico (1 Cor. 11:3-15), que las mujeres usen un velo apropiado en la Iglesia, especialmente en el momento del servicio divino". [150]

Algunas mujeres luteranas llevan el velo durante la celebración del Servicio Divino y en la oración privada. [151]

Moravo/Husita

Se ve a las mujeres que asisten a la Iglesia Morava y sirven pan a sus compañeros de congregación durante la celebración de una fiesta de amor, usando velos.

Las damas moravas usan un tocado de encaje llamado haube cuando sirven como dieners en la celebración de las fiestas de amor . [152]

Reformado

Tocado en la iglesia reformada restaurada de Doornspijk

En la tradición reformada , tanto Juan Calvino , el fundador de las Iglesias Reformadas Continentales , como John Knox , el fundador de las Iglesias Presbiterianas , pidieron que las mujeres usaran cubiertas para la cabeza. [153] [154] Calvino enseñó que cubrirse la cabeza era la piedra angular de la modestia para las mujeres cristianas y sostuvo que quienes se quitaban el velo del cabello pronto llegarían a quitarse la ropa que cubría sus senos y la que cubría su abdomen , lo que llevaría a la indecencia social: [155]

Así, si a las mujeres se les permite llevar la cabeza descubierta y mostrar el cabello, con el tiempo se les permitirá exponer todo el pecho y llegarán a hacer exhibiciones como si se tratara de un espectáculo de taberna; se volverán tan descaradas que ya no tendrán pudor ni vergüenza; en resumen, olvidarán el deber de la naturaleza... Además, sabemos que el mundo aprovecha todo para su propio beneficio. Así, si uno tiene libertad en cosas menores, ¿por qué no hacer lo mismo con esto del mismo modo que con aquello? Y al hacer tales comparaciones, harán tal desorden que habrá un completo caos. Así, cuando se permita a las mujeres descubrirse la cabeza, alguien dirá: "Bueno, ¿qué daño hay en descubrir también el vientre?" Y luego, después de eso, alguien abogará por otra cosa: "Ahora bien, si las mujeres van con la cabeza descubierta, ¿por qué no también esto y aquello?" Entonces los hombres, por su parte, también se descontrolarán. En resumen, no habrá decencia si los hombres no se contienen y respetan lo que es propio y adecuado, para no pasarse de la raya. [156]

Además, Calvino afirmó: "Si alguien ahora objetara que su cabello es suficiente, como cobertura natural, Pablo dice que no lo es, porque es una cobertura que requiere que se use otra cosa para cubrirla". [155] Otros partidarios reformados del velo incluyen: William Greenhill , William Gouge , John Lightfoot , Thomas Manton , Christopher Love , John Bunyan , John Cotton , Ezekiel Hopkins , David Dickson y James Durham . [157]

Otras figuras reformadas de los siglos XVI y XVII sostuvieron que cubrirse la cabeza era una institución cultural, entre ellos Theodore Beza , [158] William Whitaker , [159] [160] Daniel Cawdry , [161] y Herbert Palmer , [162] Matthew Poole , [163] y Francis Turretin . [164] [165] El comentario dentro de la Biblia de Ginebra implica que la advertencia de Pablo es cultural en lugar de perpetua. [166]

Las mujeres se cubren la cabeza en las iglesias reformadas y presbiterianas conservadoras , como las Congregaciones Reformadas Heritage , las Congregaciones Reformadas de los Países Bajos , la Iglesia Presbiteriana Libre de Escocia , la Iglesia Libre de Escocia (Continuación) , la Iglesia Presbiteriana Libre de Norteamérica y la Iglesia Presbiteriana Reformada. [167] [168] [169] [124]

metodista

John Wesley , uno de los padres principales del metodismo , sostenía que una mujer, "especialmente en una asamblea religiosa", debía "mantenerse con el velo puesto". [170] [171] [172] Los teólogos metodistas Thomas Coke , Adam Clarke , Joseph Sutcliffe, Joseph Benson y Walter Ashbel Sellew reflejaban la misma posición: que los velos están prohibidos para los hombres mientras rezan, mientras que los gorros están prohibidos para los hombres. [172] [173]

Las mujeres metodistas conservadoras, como las que pertenecen a la Comunidad de Iglesias Metodistas Independientes , usan velos. [174] Las diaconisas en ciertas conexiones metodistas, como la Iglesia Metodista Africana Episcopal Sión y la Iglesia Pilar de Fuego , usan un gorro de diaconisa. [175] [176]

cuáquero

La Reunión Anual Central de Amigos , parte de la rama ortodoxa gurneyita del cuáquerismo, enseña que en 1 Corintios 11 San Pablo instituyó el velo de las mujeres como "una manera de que la mujer cristiana honre apropiadamente la jefatura de los hombres en la iglesia y de hacer una declaración de sumisión a su autoridad (vs. 3, 5)". [177] El uso del velo es, por lo tanto, "la declaración de genuina piedad y sumisión cristiana". [177] El mismo pasaje, en opinión de la Reunión Anual Central, enseña que además de cubrirse la cabeza, los versículos 14 y 15 enseñan que "la naturaleza ha dotado a las mujeres con una cobertura natural que es su cabello largo". [177] Dado esto, la Reunión Anual Central sostiene que: [177]

Aunque hoy en día hay grupos de cristianos que hacen su declaración de sumisión al usar velos de acuerdo con este pasaje de las Escrituras, hay otros que creen que en la cultura actual su cabello largo es suficiente para hacer tal declaración. Si bien creemos que quienes desean usar un velo deben hacerlo como una declaración de sumisión elegante y apropiada, también los instamos a que lo tengan largo y sin cortar. Creemos con respecto a las mujeres cristianas que no usan un velo que, si bien es apropiado que tengan el cabello largo, su cabello largo puede no ser necesariamente una declaración de piedad, ya que otras personas en el mundo pueden tener lo mismo. Por esta razón, creemos que una mujer cristiana [que no usa un velo] hace su mejor declaración de piedad y sumisión al llevar el cabello peinado de una manera que sea a la vez femenina y modesta. [177]

Las mujeres de los Amigos Conservadores (cuáqueras) , incluidas algunas de la Reunión Anual de Ohio (conservadoras), usan cubiertas para la cabeza generalmente en forma de "bufanda, gorro o gorra". [32]

Hermanos de Plymouth

Las mujeres de los Hermanos de Plymouth usan un pañuelo en la cabeza durante el culto, además de usar algún tipo de cubierta para la cabeza en público. [178]

Bautista

Roger Williams , el fundador del primer movimiento bautista en América del Norte, enseñó que las mujeres debían cubrirse con velo durante el culto, ya que esta era la práctica de la Iglesia primitiva. [179]

de Pentecostés

Se ve a mujeres pertenecientes a la Iglesia de las Asambleas de Dios de Samoa , una denominación pentecostal, usando sombreros durante el culto.

El uso de un velo durante el culto pentecostal fue una práctica normativa desde su inicio; en la década de 1960, "el uso de velos dejó de ser obligatorio" en muchas denominaciones pentecostales de Europa occidental, cuando, "sin apenas debate", muchos pentecostales "habían absorbido elementos de la cultura popular". [180]

Algunas iglesias pentecostales , como la Iglesia de Nuestro Señor Jesucristo de la Fe Apostólica , la Iglesia Pentecostal Ucraniana y la Congregación Cristiana, continúan observando el velo de las mujeres. [181] [182] [183]

Restauracionista

Entre ciertas congregaciones de la Iglesia de Cristo , es costumbre que las mujeres usen velos. [184]

La Iglesia Adventista del Séptimo Día Davidiana , en su órgano oficial El Código Simbólico , enseña que las mujeres deben cubrirse la cabeza en todo momento durante el culto, tanto en la iglesia como en el hogar, en vista de 1 Corintios 11. [185] [186]

Las mujeres testigos de Jehová sólo pueden dirigir la oración y la enseñanza cuando no haya ningún varón bautizado disponible, y deben hacerlo con la cabeza cubierta. [187] [188]

Agitadores

Los Shakers durante un servicio de adoración

En la Sociedad Unida de Creyentes en la Segunda Aparición de Cristo , las niñas y mujeres Shaker usan un velo como parte de su vestimenta diaria. [189] Estos tienen la forma de una gorra blanca. [189] Históricamente, estos eran cosidos por las propias mujeres Shaker, aunque a mediados del siglo XX, el auge de la ropa confeccionada permitió la compra de la misma. [189]

Cristianismo oriental

Mujeres de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa del Antiguo Rito con velos en la cabeza

Entre las iglesias del cristianismo oriental (incluidas las tradiciones católica oriental , ortodoxa oriental y luterana oriental ), ha sido tradicionalmente costumbre que las mujeres se cubran la cabeza con un pañuelo mientras están en la iglesia (y a menudo también en público); un ejemplo de esta práctica ocurre entre los cristianos ortodoxos en la región de Moldavia Occidental , entre otras áreas. [43] [44] [87] [190] En Albania , las mujeres cristianas tradicionalmente han usado velos blancos . [191] [192]

Ortodoxo oriental

Una antigua oración cristiana ortodoxa titulada "Oración para vendar la cabeza de una mujer" se ha utilizado litúrgicamente para bendecir el o los velos de una mujer, que históricamente usaban las mujeres cristianas ortodoxas en todo momento, con la excepción de dormir: [5]

Oh Dios, tú que has hablado por medio de los profetas y has proclamado que en las generaciones finales la luz de tu conocimiento será para todas las naciones, tú que deseas que ningún humano creado por tus manos quede privado de salvación, tú que por medio del apóstol Pablo, tu instrumento elegido, nos ordenaste hacer todo para tu gloria, y por medio de él instituiste leyes para hombres y mujeres que viven en la fe, a saber, que los hombres ofrezcan alabanza y gloria a tu santo nombre con la cabeza descubierta, mientras que las mujeres, completamente armadas en tu fe, cubriéndose la cabeza, se adornen con buenas obras y traigan himnos y oraciones a tu gloria con modestia y sobriedad; tú, oh Señor de todas las cosas, bendice a esta tu sierva y adorna su cabeza con un adorno que sea aceptable y agradable a ti, con gracia, así como honor y decoro, para que conduciéndose según tus mandamientos y educando los miembros (de su cuerpo) hacia el autocontrol, pueda alcanzar tus beneficios eternos junto con aquel que la venda (cabeza). En Jesucristo nuestro Señor, a quien pertenece la gloria junto con el Espíritu santísimo, bueno y vivificante, ahora y siempre (y por los siglos de los siglos). [5]

Alexei Trader, obispo ortodoxo oriental de la diócesis de Sitka y Alaska, describió la enseñanza de la Iglesia sobre el velo que debe usar la mujer cristiana: [74]

En la Iglesia Ortodoxa, el acto de colocar algo debajo o detrás de un velo lo distingue como algo especial, como algo que debe ser reverenciado y respetado, similar al papel que desempeña el velo del templo del Lugar Santísimo en Jerusalén. Por lo tanto, existe una conexión entre el velo de una mujer con la cobertura y la reverencia de lo que es precioso, como el cáliz que contiene el vino que se convertirá en la sangre purísima de Cristo. Y esas coberturas también se vuelven santas. Podemos ver esto en el relato de la emperatriz bizantina Eudoxia, quien donó su velo/velo personal a un monasterio para usarlo como mantel de altar. De todas las prendas de vestir, solo el velo de una mujer podría convertirse en una vestimenta para el altar sagrado, porque ya es una especie de vestimenta. [74]

El obispo Alexei afirmó además que "toda mujer ortodoxa que lleva velo o cubierta para la cabeza también está bendecida por ese velo de la Madre de Dios, que milagrosamente y repetidamente protegió a los fieles de tanto daño". [74]

Las mujeres que pertenecen a la comunidad de los Viejos Creyentes llevan tocados cristianos opacos, y las que están casadas llevan debajo un gorro tejido conocido como povoinik . [193]

Sin embargo, en las parroquias de la Iglesia Ortodoxa en América , el uso del velo es menos común y es una cuestión de libertad cristiana . [194]

Las monjas ortodoxas orientales usan un velo llamado apostolnik , que usan en todo momento y es la única parte del hábito monástico que las distingue de los monjes ortodoxos orientales .

Ortodoxo oriental

Mujer cristiana ortodoxa copta con velo y harabah (1918)

En el cristianismo ortodoxo oriental , las mujeres coptas históricamente se cubrían la cabeza y el rostro en público y en presencia de hombres. [195] Durante el siglo XIX, las mujeres cristianas y musulmanas urbanas de clase alta en Egipto usaban una prenda que incluía un velo para la cabeza y una burka ( tela de muselina que cubría la parte inferior de la nariz y la boca). [196] El nombre de esta prenda, harabah , deriva del vocabulario religioso cristiano y judaico primitivo, que puede indicar los orígenes de la prenda en sí. [196] Las mujeres solteras generalmente usaban velos blancos mientras que las casadas usaban negro. [195] La práctica comenzó a declinar a principios del siglo XX. [195]

La Conferencia Permanente de Iglesias Ortodoxas Orientales (SCOOCH), que representa las tradiciones armenia , copta , siria , india , etíope y eritrea de la cristiandad ortodoxa oriental , recomienda que las mujeres lleven la cabeza cubierta como "vestimenta apropiada en la iglesia". [197]

Protestante oriental

Las mujeres de la Iglesia Oriental de los Creyentes , una denominación protestante oriental, se cubren la cabeza. [198] Su antiguo obispo metropolitano, KP Yohannan, enseña que “cuando una mujer lleva el símbolo del gobierno de Dios, un velo, es esencialmente una reprimenda a todos los ángeles caídos. Sus acciones les dicen: ‘Ustedes se han rebelado contra el Dios Santo, pero yo me someto a Él y a Su autoridad. Elijo no seguir su ejemplo de rebelión y orgullo’”. [2]

Base escritural

Una mujer eslava que lleva un velo durante el culto cristiano

Antiguo Testamento y Apócrifos/Deuterocanónicos

Pasajes como Génesis 24:65, [199] Números 5:18, [200] Cantar de los Cantares 5:7, [201] Susana 13:31-32, [202] e Isaías 47:2 [203] indican que las mujeres creyentes usaban un velo durante la era del Antiguo Testamento . [1] [204] El Cantar de los Cantares 4:1 [205] registra que el cabello es sensual por naturaleza, y Salomón elogió su belleza. [53] La remoción del velo de una mujer en el pasaje de Isaías 47:1-3 está vinculada con la desnudez y la vergüenza. [52]

Nuevo Testamento

1 Corintios 11 [206] contiene un pasaje clave sobre el uso de cubrirse la cabeza en las mujeres (y el descubrimiento de la cabeza en los hombres). [23] [207] Gran parte de la discusión interpretativa gira en torno a este pasaje.

Exégesis

Pablo introduce este pasaje alabando a los cristianos corintios por recordar las " ordenanzas " (también traducidas como "tradiciones" [208] o "enseñanzas") [209] que él les había transmitido (versículo 2). [15] Entre estas ordenanzas apostólicas que Pablo analiza en 1 Corintios 11 se incluyen el velo y la Eucaristía . [210]

Pablo luego explica el uso cristiano de cubrirse la cabeza usando los temas de la jefatura , la gloria, los ángeles, la longitud natural del cabello y la práctica de las iglesias. [1] [211] Esto llevó a la práctica universal de cubrirse la cabeza en el cristianismo. [35] [1] Los teólogos David Lipscomb y JW Shepherd en su Comentario sobre 1 Corintios explican la teología detrás de la interpretación cristiana tradicional de 1 Corintios 11, escribiendo que Pablo enseñó que "Todo hombre, por lo tanto, que al orar o profetizar se cubre la cabeza, reconoce que depende de alguna cabeza terrenal distinta de su cabeza celestial, y por lo tanto quita de esta última el honor que se le debe como cabeza del hombre". En el Antiguo Testamento , los sacerdotes (que eran todos hombres) usaban turbantes y gorras ya que Jesús no era conocido en esa época, lo que establece "la razón por la cual no había ningún mandato para honrarlo orando o profetizando con la cabeza descubierta". [90] Con la revelación de Jesús a la humanidad, “cualquier hombre que ora o profetiza con algo sobre su cabeza, afrenta su cabeza (Cristo).” [90] A la luz de 1 Corintios 11:4, los hombres cristianos a lo largo de la historia de la iglesia se han quitado así sus gorras al orar y adorar, así como al entrar a una iglesia . [212] [213] [214] A medida que avanza el pasaje bíblico, Pablo enseña que: [90]

El orden de Dios para la mujer es opuesto al orden que Dios le ha dado al hombre. Cuando ella ora o profetiza debe cubrirse la cabeza. Si no lo hace, deshonra su cabeza (al hombre). Esto significa que ella debe mostrar su sujeción al arreglo de Dios de jefatura cubriéndose la cabeza mientras ora o profetiza. Su acción de negarse a cubrirse la cabeza es una declaración de que ella es igual en autoridad al hombre. En ese caso, ella es igual que una mujer que se afeita la cabeza como lo haría un hombre. Pablo no dice que la mujer deshonra a su esposo . La enseñanza se aplica a todas las mujeres, ya sea casadas o no, porque es la ley de Dios que la mujer en general esté sujeta al hombre en general. Ella muestra esto cubriéndose la cabeza cuando ora o profetiza. [90]

Ezra Palmer Gould , profesor de la Escuela Episcopal de Divinidad , señaló que "Tanto el cabello largo como el velo tenían la intención de cubrir la cabeza y ser un signo de verdadera feminidad y de la correcta relación de la mujer con el hombre; y por lo tanto, la ausencia de uno tenía el mismo significado que la del otro". [215] Esto se refleja en la enseñanza patrística del Padre de la Iglesia Primitiva Juan Crisóstomo , quien explicó las dos coberturas discutidas por San Pablo en 1 Corintios 11: [64]

En efecto, no dijo simplemente que la cubrieran, sino que la cubrieran , es decir, que la protegieran de toda vista y de todo cuidado. Y, reduciéndolo a un absurdo, apela a la vergüenza de ellas, diciendo a modo de severa reprimenda: «Pero si no la cubren, que también la corten el pelo», como si dijera: «Si desechas la cobertura que prescribe la ley de Dios, desecha también la que prescribe la naturaleza». [64]

John William McGarvey , al delinear el versículo 10 de 1 Corintios 11, sugirió que "Abandonar este símbolo justificable y bien establecido de subordinación sería un choque para el espíritu sumiso y obediente de los ángeles ministradores ( Isaías 6:2 ) quienes, aunque invisibles, siempre están presentes con ustedes en sus lugares de adoración ( Mateo 18 :10-31; Salmo 138 :1; 1 Timoteo 5:21; cap. 4:9; Eclesiastés 5 :6)". [216] Además, el versículo 10 se refiere al velo de tela como un signo de poder o autoridad que resalta el papel único dado por Dios a la mujer cristiana y le otorga la capacidad de luego "orar y profetizar con los dones espirituales que le han sido dados" (cf. complementarianismo ). [184] Esto fue enseñado por el Padre de la Iglesia Primitiva Ireneo (120-202 d.C.), la última conexión viva con los Apóstoles, quien en su explicación del mandato de San Pablo en 1 Corintios 11:10, delineó en Contra las Herejías que la "autoridad" o "poder" sobre la cabeza de una mujer era un velo de tela (κάλυμμα kalumma ). [58] La explicación de Ireneo constituye un comentario cristiano primitivo sobre este versículo bíblico. [217] Relacionado con esto está el hecho de que el versículo 10, en muchas copias tempranas de la Biblia (como ciertas vg , cop bo y arm ), se traduce con la palabra "velo" (κάλυμμα kalumma ) en lugar de la palabra "autoridad" (ἐξουσία exousia ); La Versión Estándar Revisada refleja esto, mostrando el versículo de la siguiente manera: "Es por eso que una mujer debe tener un velo sobre su cabeza, a causa de los ángeles". [218] [217] De manera similar, una nota a pie de página académica en la Nueva Biblia Americana señala que la presencia de la palabra " autoridad (exousia) posiblemente se deba a una traducción errónea de una palabra aramea para velo ". [219] Esta traducción errónea puede deberse al "hecho de que en arameo las raíces de la palabra poder y velo se escriben igual". [220] Ronald Knox agrega que ciertos eruditos bíblicos sostienen que "Pablo está intentando, por medio de esta palabra griega, traducir una palabra hebrea que significa el velo tradicionalmente usado por una mujer judía casada". [221] Sin embargo, la "palabra exousia "había llegado a Corinto, o en la Iglesia de Corinto, para ser usado para 'un velo' o 'cubierta'... así como la palabra 'reino' en griego puede usarse para 'una corona' (compara regno como el nombre de la tiara del papa), así la autoridad puede significar un signo de autoridad (Versión Revisada), o 'una cubierta, en señal de que ella está bajo el poder de su marido' (Versión Autorizada, margen)." [222] [223] La erudición de Jean Chardin sobre el Cercano Oriente señala así que las mujeres "usan un velo, en señal de que están bajo sujeción". [222] [223] Además de Ireneo, los Padres de la Iglesia, incluyendo a Hipólito , Orígenes , Crisóstomo , Epifanio , Jerónimo , Agustín y Beda escriben el versículo 10 usando la palabra "velo" (κάλυμμα kalumma ). [217] [224]

Mujer rusa poniéndose un pañuelo en la cabeza antes de entrar a su iglesia
Mujeres cristianas asirias con velos y ropa modesta rezando en la iglesia Mart Maryam en Urmia , Irán .

Ciertas denominaciones del cristianismo, como los anabaptistas tradicionales (por ejemplo, los menonitas conservadores ), combinan esto con 1 Tesalonicenses 5 ("Estad siempre gozosos; orad sin cesar; dad gracias en todo; porque esta es la voluntad de Dios para vosotros en Cristo Jesús. No apaguéis al Espíritu; no despreciéis las profecías") [225] y sostienen que a las mujeres cristianas se les ordena usar un velo sin cesar. [226] [25] Los expositores anabaptistas, como Daniel Willis, han citado al Padre de la Iglesia Primitiva Juan Crisóstomo , quien proporcionó razones adicionales de las Escrituras para la práctica de que una mujer cristiana use su velo todo el tiempo: que "si afeitarse es siempre deshonroso, también es claro que estar descubierto es siempre un reproche" y que "a causa de los ángeles... significa que no solo en el momento de la oración sino también continuamente, debe estar cubierta". [72] [29] [33] Una publicación anabautista conservadora titulada El significado del velo de la mujer cristiana , escrita por Merle Ruth, enseña con respecto al uso continuo del velo por parte de las mujeres creyentes que es: [30]

... usado para mostrar que quien lo usa está en el orden de Dios. Una hermana debe usar el velo principalmente porque es mujer, no porque ora o enseña periódicamente. Es cierto que los versículos 4 y 5 hablan de la práctica en relación con los momentos de oración y profetización, pero es muy probable que fuera para tales ocasiones que los corintios habían comenzado a sentir que podían omitir la práctica en nombre de la libertad cristiana. La corrección se aplicaría naturalmente primero al punto de la violación. Los eruditos griegos han señalado que la cláusula "que se cubra" es la forma presente, activa, imperativa, que da el significado de "que continúe velada". [30]

El pasaje bíblico ha sido interpretado por los cristianos anabaptistas y los cristianos ortodoxos, entre otros, en conjunción con la modestia en la vestimenta ( 1 Timoteo 2 :9-10 "También quiero que las mujeres se vistan modestamente, con decencia y propiedad, adornándose, no con peinados elaborados ni con oro ni perlas ni vestidos costosos, sino con buenas obras, apropiadas para mujeres que profesan adorar a Dios"). [227] Génesis 24:65 [8] registra el velo como un emblema femenino de modestia. [9] [10] [1] El uso de velos en público por parte de las mujeres cristianas fue ordenado en textos cristianos primitivos, como la Didascalia Apostolorum y el Pædagogus , con el propósito de la modestia. [11] [61]

El versículo cuatro de 1 Corintios 11 usa las palabras griegas kata kephalēs ( κατάIn κεφαλῆς ) para "cabeza cubierta", las mismas palabras griegas usadas en Ester 6:12 [228] ( Septuaginta ) donde "porque él [Amán] había sido humillado, se dirigió a su casa, cubriendo su cabeza con una cubierta externa" (además, ciertos manuscritos de la Septuaginta en Ester 6:12 usan las palabras griegas κατακεκαλυμμένος κεφαλήν , que es el "participio pasivo perfecto del verbo clave usado en 1 Corintios 11:6 y 7 tanto para que un hombre como una mujer cubran su cabeza [κατακαλύπτω]") —hechos que el erudito del Nuevo Testamento Rajesh Gandhi afirma dejan en claro que el pasaje ordena el uso de un velo de tela por parte de las mujeres cristianas. [229] [230] El erudito bíblico Christopher R. Hutson contextualiza el versículo citando textos griegos de la misma época, como Moralia : [231]

La frase de Plutarco , “cubrirse la cabeza” significa literalmente “tener la cabeza baja” ( kata tes kephales echon ). Esta es la misma frase que usa Pablo en 1 Corintios 11:4. Se refiere a la práctica romana de subirse la toga por encima de la cabeza como una capucha. ... Los romanos también usaban sus togas “bajadas de la cabeza” cuando ofrecían sacrificios. Esta es la práctica a la que se refiere Pablo. [231]

Los versículos cinco al siete, así como el versículo trece, de 1 Corintios 11 usan una forma de la palabra griega para "velado", κατακαλύπτω katakalupto ; esto contrasta con la palabra griega περιβόλαιον peribolaion , que se menciona en el versículo 15 del mismo capítulo, en referencia a "algo enrollado" como con el "cabello de una mujer ... como un manto enrollado". [17] [232] [233] [234] Estas palabras griegas separadas indican que hay dos coberturas para la cabeza que Pablo afirma que son obligatorias para las mujeres cristianas, un velo de tela y su cabello natural. [36] [230] Las palabras que Pablo usa en 1 Corintios 11:5 son empleadas por filósofos helenísticos contemporáneos, como Filón (30 a. C.–45 d. C.) en Leyes Especiales 3:60, quien usa "cabeza descubierta" ( akatakalyptō tē kephalē ) [ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλῇ] y "está claro que Filón está hablando de una cubierta para la cabeza que se quita porque el sacerdote acababa de quitarle el pañuelo"; Además, akatakalyptos [ἀκατακάλυπτος] también "significa 'descubierto' en Filón, Interpretación alegórica II, 29, y en Polibio 15, 27.2 (siglo II a. C.)". [235] 1 Corintios 11:16 [236] concluye el pasaje que Pablo escribió sobre el velo cristiano: "Pero si alguien quiere discutir sobre esto, simplemente digo que no tenemos otra costumbre que esta, ni tampoco las otras iglesias de Dios". [15] Michael Marlowe, un erudito en lenguas bíblicas , explica que la inclusión de esta declaración por parte de San Pablo fue para afirmar que la "práctica del velo es una cuestión de autoridad y tradición apostólica, y no está abierta a debate", evidenciado al repetir una oración similar con la que comienza el pasaje: "mantengan las tradiciones tal como les entregué". [15]

Cuestiones interpretativas

Mujer cristiana ortodoxa en Ucrania . Las mujeres creyentes deben cubrirse la cabeza al entrar en iglesias y monasterios.
Un velo opaco colgante usado por una mujer anabaptista conservadora perteneciente a la Charity Christian Fellowship

Hay varias secciones clave de 1 Corintios 11:2-16 sobre las cuales los comentaristas bíblicos y las congregaciones cristianas, desde la década de 1960, han tenido opiniones diferentes , lo que ha dado como resultado que las iglesias continúen con la práctica de usar velos o que no practiquen la ordenanza. [47] [237]

Así, al principio, simplemente exige que la cabeza no esté descubierta, pero a medida que avanza, da a entender que se debe mantener la regla, diciendo: "Es lo mismo que si estuviera rapada", y que se debe observar con todo cuidado y diligencia. Porque no dice simplemente que esté cubierta, sino "cubierta", es decir, que esté cuidadosamente envuelta por todos lados. Y, reduciéndolo a un absurdo, apela a la vergüenza de ellas, diciendo a modo de severa reprimenda: "Pero si no está cubierta, que también se la corte". Como si dijera: "Si desechas la cobertura que establece la ley de Dios, desecha también la que establece la naturaleza". — Juan Crisóstomo [252]

Michael Marlowe, un estudioso de las lenguas bíblicas , explica el reductio ad absurdum que el apóstol Pablo utilizó en el pasaje: [15]

En la apelación a la "naturaleza" (φύσις), Pablo hace aquí contacto con otra filosofía de la antigüedad, conocida como el estoicismo . Los estoicos creían que los hombres inteligentes podían discernir lo que es mejor en la vida examinando las leyes de la naturaleza, sin depender de las costumbres cambiantes y las diversas leyes hechas por los gobernantes humanos. Si consultamos a la Naturaleza, encontramos que constantemente pone diferencias visibles entre el macho y la hembra de cada especie, y también nos da ciertas inclinaciones naturales a la hora de juzgar lo que es apropiado para cada sexo. Así que Pablo utiliza una analogía, comparando el tocado de la mujer con su pelo largo, que se piensa que es más natural para una mujer. Aunque el pelo largo en los hombres es posible, y en algunas culturas ha sido costumbre que los hombres lo tengan, se lo considera con justicia como afeminado. Requiere mucho cuidado, interfiere con el trabajo físico vigoroso y es probable que un hombre con pelo largo sea atrapado por él en una pelea. Por lo tanto, es poco varonil por naturaleza. Pero el pelo largo de una mujer es su gloria . Aquí aparece nuevamente la palabra δόξα, usada en oposición a ἀτιμία, “desgracia”, en el sentido de “algo que trae honor”. El cabello largo y bien cuidado es motivo de alabanza para la mujer porque contribuye a su belleza femenina. El velo, que cubre la cabeza como el cabello de una mujer, puede verse de la misma manera. Nuestro sentido natural de la propiedad con respecto al cabello puede, por lo tanto, trasladarse al velo. [15]

La discusión de Pablo sobre la longitud del cabello no tenía como objetivo ordenar ninguna medida específica del cabello, sino más bien, una discusión sobre la "diferenciación entre hombres y mujeres", ya que las mujeres generalmente tenían el cabello más largo que los hombres; mientras que los hombres de Esparta usaban el cabello hasta los hombros, el cabello de las mujeres espartanas era significativamente más largo. [253]

Conclusiones contemporáneas

Las mujeres cristianas han usado chales como cobertura para la cabeza en varias partes del mundo, como en Rusia; también los usaban las mujeres en la iglesia de Corinto durante la era del cristianismo primitivo. [104]

A partir del siglo XX, debido a los problemas antes mencionados, los comentaristas bíblicos y las congregaciones cristianas han abogado por la práctica continua de usar velos, o han descartado la observancia de esta ordenanza tal como se entiende en su sentido histórico. [2] [237] Mientras que muchas congregaciones cristianas, como las de los anabaptistas conservadores , continúan ordenando el uso de velos para los miembros femeninos, otras no lo hacen. [48] [255] [237]

Legal issues

In the United States, an Alabama resident Yvonne Allen, in 2016, filed a complaint with the federal court after being forced to remove her headscarf for her driver's license photograph.[260][261] Allen characterized herself as a "devout Christian woman whose faith compels her to cover her hair in public."[260][262] In Allen v. English, et al., Lee County was accused of violating the Establishment Clause and a settlement was negotiated that gave "Allen a new driver’s license with her head covering".[263]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The First Epistle to the Corinthians, authored by Saint Paul, is addressed to "... all those who in every place call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, both their Lord and ours" (see 1 Corinthians 1:1–3). Jesus is Lord is the first creed of Christianity,[13] and by addressing those who affirm it, Saint Paul is addressing the universal Church everywhere, not just the local church in Corinth.[14] Likewise, 1 Corinthians 1:16 concludes Saint Paul's instructions on Christian headcovering: "But if anyone wants to argue about this, I simply say that we have no other custom than this, and neither do God's other churches."[15][16] Biblical language scholar Michael Marlowe cites 1 Corinthians 14:37 to demonstrate that the Paul the Apostle taught the traditions he delivered, such as headcovering with a cloth veil, "are a commandment of the Lord" to be followed by those who are "spiritual".[15]
  2. ^ Anabaptist Churches include the Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians, as well as other smaller denominations.[26][27][28] This traditional Anabaptist viewpoint is explicated by expositor Daniel Willis, who cites the Early Church Father John Chrysostom's explication of Saint Paul's teaching in 1 Corinthians 11 as the basis for continual headcovering (during worship and in public) among women, particularly Saint Paul's assertion that women being unveiled is dishonourable and by consequence, Christian women should cover their heads with a veil continually.[29] Merle Ruth in The Significance of the Christian Woman’s Veiling states that Anabaptist doctrine holds that the biblical "clause [authored by Saint Paul] 'Let her be covered' is the present, active, imperative form, which gives the meaning, 'Let her continue to be veiled.'"[30] To this end, Anabaptists of the Conservative Mennonite and Dunkard Brethren traditions hold headcovering to be among the ordinances of the Church.[4][31] Conservative Friends follow the same practice of wearing a headcovering during worship and when outside the home.[32] In Oriental Orthodox Christian and Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches, certain theologians teach the same doctrine that it is "expected of all women to be covered not only during liturgical periods of prayer, but at all times, for this was their honor and sign of authority given by our Lord",[5] while other clerics have held that headcovering should at least be done during prayer and worship.[6]
  3. ^ Writing on the practice of the pagan Greek customs (that surrounded the Corinthian church there), the Early Church Father John Chrysostom (c. 347 – 407) stated: "Their women used both to pray and prophesy unveiled, and with their head bare, (for then women also used to prophesy;) but the men went so far as to wear long hair, as having spent their time in philosophy, and covered their heads when praying and prophesying, each of which was a Grecian custom."[64]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gleason, Joseph (4 June 2018). "Why Russian Women Still Cover Their Heads in Church (Hint: It's in the Bible)". Russian Faith. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. Hippolytus an early Church Father wrote, "Let all the women have their heads covered." Others who taught this practice in the Church were, John Calvin [father of the Reformed tradition], Martin Luther [father of the Lutheran tradition], Early Church Fathers, John Wesley [father of the Methodist tradition], Matthew Henry [Presbyterian theologian] to name just a few. We must remind ourselves that until the twentieth century, virtually all Christian women wore head coverings.
  3. ^ a b c Barth, Paul J. (15 July 2019). "Head Coverings in Worship?". Purely Presbyterian. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hartzler, Rachel Nafziger (30 April 2013). No Strings Attached: Boundary Lines in Pleasant Places: A History of Warren Street / Pleasant Oaks Mennonite Church. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62189-635-7.
  5. ^ a b c d Nektarios, Subdeacon (4 October 2022). "Veiling of Orthodox Christian Women According to the Fathers and in the History of the Church". Orthodox Ethos. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  6. ^ a b Nadian, Jacob. "Why Should Women Cover Their Heads During Prayers?" (PDF). St. Bishop Coptic Orthodox Church. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  7. ^ a b "The Ultimate Guide to Christian Head Coverings". Saint John the Evangelist Orthodox Church. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b Genesis 24:65
  9. ^ a b Arquilevich, Gabriel (1995). World Religions. Teacher Created Resources. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-55734-624-7. The origins of the veil go back to the matriarch Rebekah, who, when she saw Isaac for the first time, "took her veil and covered her face." (Genesis 24:65). The veil is symbolic of Jewish traditions of modesty.
  10. ^ a b The Complete Works of St. Ambrose. Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing. 5 October 2021. Was it a small sign of modesty that when Rebecca came to wed Isaac, and saw her bridegroom, she took a veil, [Genesis 24:65] that she might not be seen before they were united? Certainly the fair virgin feared not for her beauty, but for her modesty.
  11. ^ a b c Gibson, Margaret Dunlop (1903). The Didascalia Apostolorum in English. C.J. Clay. pp. 9–10.
  12. ^ Adams, Edward (24 October 2013). The Earliest Christian Meeting Places: Almost Exclusively Houses?. A&C Black. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-567-15732-4.
  13. ^ Harn, Roger van (2004). Exploring and Proclaiming the Apostles' Creed. A&C Black. p. 58. ISBN 9780819281166.
  14. ^ Lee, Witness (1990). Life-Study of 1 Corinthians: Messages 1-23. Living Stream Ministry. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-87083-140-9. In verse 2 Paul also says, "With all those who call upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ in every place, theires and ours." Notice that here he does not say "and all those," but with all those." This indicates that a local church, like the church in Corinth, is composed only of those believers in that locality, not of all believers in every place. It also indicates that this Epistle was intended not only for the believers in that one church in Corinth, but for all believers in every place. First Corinthians is for all believers of whatever place and time.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Marlowe, Michael D. "The Woman's Headcovering". Bible Research. Retrieved 27 April 2022. 16But if anyone is inclined to be contentious, we have no such practice, nor do the churches of God. He thus brings the matter to a conclusion. In addition to the theological and moral reasons for the headcovering, there is also the fact that if the Corinthians were to allow their women to remove the headcovering, this new practice or custom (συνήθειαν) would go against the established custom of Paul and his fellow-workers, the custom which was observed in all the other churches, and which he has delivered to them as one of the παραδόσεις "traditional practices" of the faith (verse 2) ... Paul has devoted some time to this subject because it is important to him, not a matter of indifference; and it makes little sense to speak of a custom of being contentious (φιλόνεικος, lit. "loving strife"), because contentiousness is an attitude or temper, not a custom. There is a good parallel to Paul's usage of the word φιλόνεικος in Josephus' work Against Apion. Josephus concludes a series of arguments with the sentence, "I suppose that what I have already said may be sufficient to such as are not very contentious (φιλόνεικος)," (19) and then he continues with even stronger arguments for those who are very contentious. In the same way, Paul reserves the clinching argument for the end. It is an argument from authority. The headcovering practice is a matter of apostolic authority and tradition, and not open to debate. His concluding rebuke of the contentious people in Corinth is meant to cut off debate and settle the issue, not to leave it open. It is quite wrong to say of this last argument of Paul's that "in the end he admits" that he was merely "rationalizing the customs in which he believes," (20) as if Paul himself put little store by custom. Rather, Paul considers this to be his strongest point. At the end he harks back to the words with which he opened the subject ("maintain the traditions even as I delivered them to you" in verse 2), and the whole section is thus framed between explicit invocations of tradition.
  16. ^ Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. Clement of Rome in AD 96 said, "Then let us gather together in awareness of our concord" speaking of the holy angels when we worship. The Church is to gather and worship God in the Spirit (John 4:24) doing things that the world considers foolish but for the Lord there is great significance. Paul speaking as inspired by the Holy Spirit said, "We have no other practice — nor do the churches of God" (1 Corinthians 11:16). It was not just a local custom or practice but all the Churches were practicing this as they were practicing water Baptism and Holy Communion. This was not an optional thing as the default was all the Churches were doing it. It is interesting that the same apostle who warns against legalism and exhorts us to walk in the Spirit is the very same apostle who says, "If a woman does not cover her head, she should cut off her hair ..."
  17. ^ a b c Payne, Philip Barton (5 May 2015). Man and Woman, One in Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Paul's Letters. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-52532-5. Furthermore, Greek women, including women in prayer, were usually depicted without a garment covering the head. It does not make sense that Paul would assert something was disgraceful that in their culture was not considered disgraceful. Concerning Greek customs A. Oepke observes: ... It is quite wrong [to assert] that Greek women were under some kind of compulsion to wear a veil. ... Passages to the contrary are so numerous and unequivocally that they cannot be offset. ...Empresses and goddesses, even those who maintain their dignity, like Hera and Demeter, are portrayed without veils.
  18. ^ a b c d e "The Head Covering or Prayer Veil: 1 Corinthians 11:1-16". Scroll Publishing Company. Retrieved 5 April 2022. Around the year 200, at Carthage, North Africa, Tertullian wrote a tract entitled, "The Veiling of Virgins." Tertullian makes the argument that the passage applies to all females of age — not just to married women. ... Earlier in his tract, Tertullian testified that the churches that were founded by the apostles did insist that both their married women and their virgins be veiled: Throughout Greece, and certain of its barbaric provinces, the majority of churches keep their virgins covered. In fact, this practice is followed in certain places beneath this African sky. So let no one ascribe this custom merely to the Gentile customs of the Greeks and barbarians. Moreover, I will put forth as models those churches that were founded by either apostles or apostolic men. ... The Corinthians themselves understood him to speak in this manner. For to this very day the Corinthians veil their virgins. What the apostles taught, the disciples of the apostles confirmed. [Tertullian, The Veiling of Virgins The Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. 4 pp. 27-29,33] ... In summary, the early Christians practiced exactly what 1 Cor. 11 says: Men prayed with their heads uncovered. Women prayed with their heads veiled. Nobody disputed this — regardless of where they lived — Europe, Mid-East, North Africa, or the Far East. This written evidence of the course of performance of the early Christians is corroborated by the archaeological record. The pictures we have from the second and third centuries from the catacombs and other places depict Christian women praying with a cloth veil on their heads. Some of those pictures are shown below. So the historical record is crystal clear. It reveals that the early generation of believers understood the head covering to be a cloth veil — not long hair. As Tertullian indicated, even the women who did not wish to follow Paul's teaching were not claiming that Paul was talking about long hair. Rather, they simply wore a small cloth in minimal obedience to his teaching. Nobody in the early Church claimed that Paul's instructions were merely a concession to Greek culture. Nobody claimed that they had anything to do with prostitutes or pagan priestesses.
  19. ^ a b Phillips, David (13 August 2014). Headcovering Throughout Christian History: The Church's Response to 1 Corinthians 11:2-16. Lockman Foundation. As Paul's instructions were counter-cultural, this passage is "a remarkable proof of the Apostle's courage and honesty." Paul teaches that going without a headcovering means a loss of "dignity, power, and grace, which God had given to women, especially under the Gospel." The idea that "a woman who casts off the covering of her head, casts off her dignity ... involves a moral truth ... Thus the divine Apostle has left a lesson to women in every age." Beyond the practice of the local Corinthian church, the author cites Early Church writers on this topic. He also notes that "the Apostolic Constitutions [4th century AD] ... expressly commanded that the women should have their heads covered in the Church."
  20. ^ a b Ben Witherington III (24 January 1995). Conflict and Community in Corinth: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 235–238. ISBN 978-0-8028-0144-9. Paul is not simply endorsing standard Roman or even Greco-Roman customs in Corinth. Paul was about the business of reforming his converts' social assumptions and conventions in the context of the Christian community. They were to model new Christian customs, common in the assemblies of God but uncommon in the culture, thus staking out their own sense of a unique identity. ...In light of Roman practice, it is very believable that some Christian Roman males were covering their heads when they were about to pray or prophesy. Paul is not interested in baptizing the status quo or normal Roman practice. He is setting up new customs for a new community, and these customs are deeply grounded in his theological understanding of creation, redemption, their interrelation, and how they should be manifested in worship.
  21. ^ "On Head Coverings". Classical Christianity. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2022. And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering. (Apostolic Tradition Part II.18)
  22. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:2–10
  23. ^ a b Osburn, Carroll D. (1 July 2007). Essays on Women in Earliest Christianity, Volume 1. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 208. ISBN 9781556355400.
  24. ^ 1 Thess 5:17
  25. ^ a b c Almila, Anna-Mari; Almila, David (6 July 2017). The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling. Taylor & Francis. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-317-04114-6. Amish women who wear it at all times except when sleeping. This is based on the notion that women should 'pray without ceasing'.
  26. ^ Gertz, Steven (2004). "Outsider's Guide to America's Anabaptists". Christianity Today. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  27. ^ "What about Old Orders, Hutterites, Conservatives, River Brethren and Others?". Third Way. 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  28. ^ Huffman, Jasper Abraham (1920). History of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church. Bethel Publishing Company. p. 59.
  29. ^ a b Willis, Daniel (1 May 2022). "14 Objections to the Head Covering Answered". Sound Faith. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  30. ^ a b c d Ruth, Merle (2022). The Significance of the Christian Woman's Veiling. Christian Light Publications. p. 17.
  31. ^ a b c Dunkard Brethren Church Polity. Dunkard Brethren Church. 1 November 2021. p. 6.
  32. ^ a b c "Q: So what about the funny clothes? Do you dress like the Amish?". Stillwater Monthly Meeting of Ohio Yearly Meeting of Friends. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2022. Women usually wear long-sleeved, long dresses, and a head-covering such as a scarf, bonnet, or cap.
  33. ^ a b c d Schaff, Philip (1889). A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church: St. Chrysostom: Homilies on the Epistles of Paul to the Corinthians. The Christian Literature Company. p. 152. Well then: the man he compelleth not to be always uncovered, but only when he prays. "For every man," saith he, "praying or prophesying, having his head covered, dishonoureth his head." But the woman he commands to be at all times covered. Wherefore also having said, "Every woman that prayeth or prophesieth with her head unveiled, dishonoureth her head," he stayed not at this point only, but also proceeded to say, "for it is one and the same thing as if she were shaven." But if to be shaven is always dishonourable, it is plain too that being uncovered is always a reproach. And not even with this only was he content, but he added again, saying, "The woman ought to have a sign of authority on her head, because of the angels". He signifies that not only at the time of prayer, but also continually, she ought to be covered. But with regard to the man, it is no longer about covering but about wearing long hair, that he so forms his discourse. To be covered he then only forbids, when a man is praying; but the wearing of long hair he discourages at all times.
  34. ^ Hole, Frank Binford. "F. B. Hole's Old and New Testament Commentary". StudyLight. Retrieved 6 February 2016. There is no contradiction between 1 Corinthians 11:5 of our chapter and 1 Corinthians 14:34, for the simple reason that there speaking in the assembly is in question, whereas in our chapter the assembly does not come into view until verse 1 Corinthians 11:17 is reached. Only then do we begin to consider things that may happen when we "come together." The praying or prophesying contemplated in verse 1 Corinthians 11:5 is not in connection with the formal assemblies of God's saints.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Bercot, David W. (1992). Common Sense: A New Approach to Understanding Scripture. Scroll Publishing Co. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-924722-06-6. The historical evidence is strikingly clear. The record reveals that the early churches all understood Paul to be talking about a cloth veil, not long hair. ... Hippolytus, a leader in the church in Rome around the year 200, compiled a record of the various customs and practices in that church from the generations that preceded him. His Apostolic Tradition contains this statement: "And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering." This written evidence of the course of performance of the early Christians is corroborated by the archaeological record. The pictures we have from the second and third centuries from the catacombs and other places depict Christian women praying with a cloth veil on their heads. So the historical record is crystal clear. It reveals that the early generation of believers understood the head covering to be a cloth veil — not long hair.
  36. ^ a b c d e Lee, Allan R. (19 March 2018). The Local Church Today and Tomorrow: A Back to the Future Handbook on New Testament Principles. WestBow Press. ISBN 978-1-9736-1615-3. Nature itself is therefore a divine confirmation of the constitutional sense of the impropriety of women appearing in the assembly without a head covering (v. 13). The words "for her long hair is given to her as a covering" (v. 15) "do not mean that the woman's hair is her covering and that she needs no veil, a view vitiating the force of 11:2-14." For example, if hair were the only covering referred to in this passage (11:1-16), then verse 6 would have to be translated "If a woman does not wear her hair, she should have to have her hair cut or shaved off, she should wear her hair," which is quite ludicrous. Two coverings are spoken of in the passage. This is established by the fact that two different Greek words ...
  37. ^ a b c Marlowe, Michael D. "The Woman's Headcovering". Bible Research. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  38. ^ a b Bernard, David (1985). Practical Holiness. Word Aflame Press.
  39. ^ a b "Veil". Early Christian Dictionary. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  40. ^ Earle, Alice Morse (1903). Two Centuries of Costume in America, Vol. 2 (1620–1820). The Macmillan Company. p. 582. One singular thing may be noted in this history, – that with all the vagaries of fashion, woman has never violated the Biblical law that bade her cover her head. She has never gone to church services bareheaded.
  41. ^ a b c d e Walsh, Harper (1 November 2019). Saudi Arabia Undercover: Includes Bahrain, Bangkok and Cairo. Monsoon Books. ISBN 978-1-912049-61-5. There are Christian women in the Middle East who cover their hair and heads daily. Some wear burkas too.
  42. ^ a b c "Cross-Cultural Head Coverings" (PDF). University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. 2020. p. 3. Retrieved 9 March 2024. Mantillas are still worn by many Spanish and Latina women during religious ceremonies, and many Christian women in India still cover their heads with a veil, scarf, shawl or the end of a sari during religious services.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Zăhăleanu, Daria (3 September 2017). "The Batik: Between Tradition And Feminism". The Gazelle. Retrieved 1 February 2024. For elderly women in a more conservative orthodox region in the Eastern part of Romania, called Moldova, or Western Moldavia, the batik is a sign of modesty and keeping up tradition. It is said to be the umbrella of God upon them, a piece of clothing that connects them with divinity. Women don't need to worry about the way they arrange their hair, a mundane practice that would distance them from God. When I asked women in Moldova if they would go bareheaded if they had the choice, most of them refused to imagine this. Even today, the picture of bareheaded women is not accepted in the region of Moldova. The Western model of showing your hair, which is promoted by media, is associated with vanity.
  44. ^ a b Gdaniec, Cordula (1 May 2010). Cultural Diversity in Russian Cities: The Urban Landscape in the Post-Soviet Era. Berghahn Books. p. 161. ISBN 9781845456658. Retrieved 27 October 2012. According to Russian Orthodox tradition women cover their heads when entering a church.
  45. ^ a b Lindholm, Christina. "The Politics of Christian and Muslim Women's Head Covers". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 9 March 2024. Observant Coptic Christians still wear head covers in Egypt and figure 2 portrays Natalya, a Christian Ethiopian girl who was on a class field trip to visit the 12th century stone churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia.
  46. ^ a b c Pierce, Ronald W.; Groothuis, Rebecca Merrill; Fee, Gordon D. (25 July 2005). Discovering Biblical Equality. InterVarsity Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-8308-2834-0. In the contemporary world such head coverings (whatever they were in fact) have little to no social significance. Thus this is rightly understood to be a cultural issue and a matter of personal choice for a believer today.
  47. ^ a b c d Gordon, Greg (31 August 2015). "Are Head Coverings Really for Today?". Evangelical Focus. Retrieved 2 May 2022. One of the most questioned practices in the New Testament in the modern day Western Church is the practice of Head Coverings for women. Yet to get perspective we need to look over the panoply of God's Church for 2000 years and see that this is not something new but old — and has been practiced diligently over the ages. It is hard to imagine but since the 1960s the Church almost entirely practiced this tradition. The influence of secular reasoning, feminism and liberal theology have led to the questioning and, ultimately, the casting aside of this practice in the Church at large in the evangelical world.
  48. ^ a b c d Bercot, David W. (1992). Common Sense: A New Approach to Understanding Scripture. Scroll Publishing Co. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-924722-06-6. ... one of the popular understandings today of 1 Corinthians 11 is that this was simply a first century cultural problem. Paul gave his instruction about the head covering because prostitues didn't wear headcoverings, and if the Christian women weren't veiled, they would be thought of as prostitutes. ... Yet, it is not based on any historical evidence whatsoever from the writings of the early Church. It is someone's sheer conjecture.
  49. ^ Barash, Nechama Goldman (18 June 2022). "Women, hair covering and sotah". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 October 2022. In its ensuing discussion of the Mishnah, the Talmud asserts unequivocally that going out bareheaded violates biblical law. In Ketubot 72a, it states, "And who is considered a woman who violates dat yehudit? One who goes out and her head is uncovered." The Talmud asks, "The prohibition against a woman going out with her head uncovered is not merely a custom of Jewish women. Rather, it is by Torah law, as it is written, 'And he shall uncover the head of the woman'" (Numbers 5:18). The biblical verse cited as textual support for hair coverings is found in the Talmud in the context of a woman accused by her husband of adultery without the support of witnesses. In rabbinic texts, such a woman is referred to as a sotah (one who goes astray) and this is the common term used to reference the biblical text, as well. There is no certain way to determine whether this woman has sinned or whether her husband has been overcome by jealousy. Given the severity of the accusation and the lack of evidence, the woman is brought before the High Priest to undergo a ritual that will establish her guilt or her innocence. One of the steps involves a ritual that uncovers her head or dishevels her hair. In Numbers 5:18, it says, "After he has made the woman stand before the Lord, the priest shall uncover/dishevel/unbind the woman's head and place upon her hands the meal offering of remembrance, which is a meal offering of jealousy. And in the priest's hands shall be the water of bitterness that induces the spell."
  50. ^ "Ketubot 72a-72b". The William Davidson Talmud (Koren - Steinsaltz). Sefaria. The mishna stated: And who is considered a woman who violates the precepts of Jewish women? One who goes out and her head is uncovered. The Gemara asks: The prohibition against a woman going out with her head uncovered is not merely a custom of Jewish women. Rather, it is by Torah law, as it is written with regard to a woman suspected by her husband of having been unfaithful: "And he shall uncover the head of the woman" (Numbers 5:18). And the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: From here there is a warning to Jewish women not to go out with an uncovered head, since if the Torah states that a woman suspected of adultery must have her head uncovered, this indicates that a married woman must generally cover her head. The Gemara explains: By Torah law, if she covers her head with her basket [kilta], it seems well and is sufficient. But by precepts of Jewish women, i.e., custom, even if her head is covered by her basket this is also prohibited; she requires a substantial head covering.
  51. ^ Baskin, Judith R. "Covering of the Head". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 6 March 2022. In biblical times, women covered their heads with veils or scarves. The unveiling of a woman's hair was considered a humiliation and punishment (Isa. 3:17; cf. Num. 5:18 on the loosening of the hair of a woman suspected of adultery; III Macc. 4:6; and Sus. 32).
  52. ^ a b Budin, Stephanie Lynn; Turfa, Jean Macintosh (12 August 2016). Women in Antiquity: Real Women across the Ancient World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-21990-3. Megan Cifarelli has argued that the raised skirts and uncovered heads of women captives (e.g., Cifarelli 1998:220, fig. 17; see also Marcus 1995: Pl. VI and King 1915: Plates XXIII and L) would have signalled their immodesty and sexual availability, which in turn would have indicated their humiliation and debasement (Cifarelli 1998: 221-22; cf. Marcus 1995:202). She points to Isaiah 47:1-3's image of dethroned daughter Babylon removing her veil, hiking up her skirts, and revealing her legs as indicative of the nakedness and shame the text attributes to this figure, and notes the roles played in Assyrian law of shortening or removing women's clothing.
  53. ^ a b Ellinson, G. (September 1992). Women and Mitzvot: The Modest Way. Feldheim Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-58330-148-7.
  54. ^ Weitz, Rose (12 January 2005). Rapunzel's Daughters: What Women's Hair Tells Us About Women's Lives. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 20. ISBN 9781429931137. The Hebrew word for bride, kalah, derives from a word meaning "to cover," and the Latin word for "to marry" — nubere, the source of the English word "nuptials" — literally means to veil, as clouds (nubes) cover the sky. Following the same logic, by the time of Jesus, Jewish law permitted a man to divorce a woman by uncovering her hair. In addition, if a woman ever uncovered her own hair in public, the law took this as evidence of her infidelity and permitted her husband to divorce her without returning her dowry or paying her alimony. For centuries thereafter, Christian and Jewish married women throoughout most of Europe wore their hair long, bound, and covered. Most Muslim cultures, which share some of their roots with Christianity and Judaism, still require women to wear veils outside the home.
  55. ^ Milliken, Roberta (10 December 2020). A Cultural History of Hair in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-350-10303-0.
  56. ^ Salisbury, Joyce E. (17 November 1992). Church Fathers, Independent Virgins. Verso. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-86091-596-6.
  57. ^ a b Phillips, David (13 August 2014). Headcovering Throughout Christian History: The Church's Response to 1 Corinthians 11:2-16. Lockman.
  58. ^ a b Price, Greg. "Headcoverings in Scripture - Chapter Five: What Does Church History Teach?". SABB. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  59. ^ Hippolytus, and Easton, B. (1934). The Apostolic tradition of Hippolytus. New York: Macmillan, p.43.
  60. ^ a b Bercot, David W. (1992). Common Sense: A New Approach to Understanding Scripture. Scroll Publishing Co. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-924722-06-6.
  61. ^ a b "On Head Coverings". Classical Christianity. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  62. ^ Clement of Alexandria. (1885). The Instructor. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds.), Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire) (Vol. 2, p. 290). Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company.
  63. ^ Fragment from the Books of the Hypotyposes in Oecumenius from Book III. On 1 Corinthians 11:10.
  64. ^ a b c d e Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1842). A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Anterior to the Division of the East and West. J.H. Parker. pp. 349, 357.
  65. ^ Daniel-Hughes, C. (10 October 2011). The Salvation of the Flesh in Tertullian of Carthage: Dressing for the Resurrection. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-33807-4.
  66. ^ Shank, Tom (1992). "...Let Her Be Veiled.": An in-depth study of 1 Corinthians 11:1-16. Eureka: Torch Publications. p. 8. The [male] Jews of this era worshipped and prayed with a covering called a tallith on their heads.
  67. ^ Geoffrey D. Dunn. Rhetoric and Tertullian's 'De virginibus velandis' . Centre for Early Christian Studies, Brisbane, 2005
  68. ^ a b c d e f Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change. Stoneboro: Ridgeway Publishing. pp. 14–21, 29–30, 85.
  69. ^ Tertullian. (1885). On the Veiling of Virgins. In A. Roberts, J. Donaldson, & A. C. Coxe (Eds.), S. Thelwall (Trans.), Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second (Vol. 4, p. 33). Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company.
  70. ^ Johnson, Lewis (1962). The Wycliffe Bible Commentary. Chicago: Moody Press. pp. 1247–1248.
  71. ^ Head Covering in First Christianity – Context, AnonymousChristian, 24 July 2018, retrieved December 5, 2018
  72. ^ a b c "On Account of the Angels: Why I Cover My Head". Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved 8 April 2022. St. John Chrysostom thought that Paul, in admonishing women to wear a covering "because of the angels", meant it "not at the time of prayer only, but also continually, she ought to be covered." Fr. Rhodes agrees: "The veil can be the constant symbol of the true woman of God ... a way of life ... a testimony of faith and of the salvation of God, not only before men, but angels as well."
  73. ^ L. Kovacs, Judith (2005). The Church's Bible (1 Corinthians). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 180.
  74. ^ a b c d Trader, Alexis (18 October 2022). "Modesty, History, Veils, and Head-coverings". Orthodox Church in America.
  75. ^ Jerome. (1893). The Letters of St. Jerome. In P. Schaff & H. Wace (Eds.), W. H. Fremantle, G. Lewis, & W. G. Martley (Trans.), St. Jerome: Letters and Select Works (Vol. 6, p. 292). New York: Christian Literature Company.
  76. ^ Augustine of Hippo. (1886). Letters of St. Augustin. In P. Schaff (Ed.), J. G. Cunningham (Trans.), The Confessions and Letters of St. Augustin with a Sketch of His Life and Work (Vol. 1, p. 588). Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company.
  77. ^ Bercot, David. "Head Covering Through the Centuries". Scroll Publishing. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  78. ^ a b Hunt, Margaret (11 June 2014). Women in Eighteenth Century Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 58. ISBN 9781317883876. Today many people associate rules about veiling and headscarves with the Muslim world, but in the eighteenth century they were common among Christians as well, in line with 1 Corinthians 11:4-13 which appears not only to prescribe headcoverings for any women who prays or goes to church, but explicitly to associate it with female subordination, which Islamic veiling traditions do not typically do. Many Christian women wore a head-covering all the time, and certainly when they went outside; those who did not would have been barred from church and likely harassed on the street. ... Veils were, of course, required for Catholic nuns, and a veil that actually obscured the face was also a mark of elite status throughout most of Europe. Spanish noblewomen wore them well into the eighteenth century, and so did Venetian women, both elites and non-elites. Across Europe almost any woman who could afford them also wore them to travel.
  79. ^ a b Anderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2019). Fitted to Holiness: How Modesty is Achieved and Compromised among the Plain People. Millersburg: Acorn Publishing. p. 129. Throughout the nineteenth century, hats were a cultural necessity; women were never seen in public without one. Up until World War I, a woman slipped on a white cap immediately upon arising, unless she was in mourning, and some type of hat or bonnet was worn every time she left the house.
  80. ^ Balzani, Marzia; Besnier, Niko (29 November 2021). Social and Cultural Anthropology for the 21st Century: Connected Worlds. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-57178-0. Head covers are generally associated with Islam, but until recently Christian women in Mediterranean countries also covered their heads in public, and some still do, particularly in religious contexts such as attending mass.
  81. ^ Hammond, Laura C. (6 August 2018). This Place Will Become Home: Refugee Repatriation to Ethiopia. Cornell University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-5017-2725-2. Inside her house a Christian woman usually did not cover hear head and only wore a netsela (ነጠላ, a shawl made from white, usually homespun cotton and often with a colorful banner woven into its edges) when working in the sun or going out of her compound.
  82. ^ Ramdin, Ron (April 2000). Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8147-7548-6. As a mark of respect, Indian women were expected to cover their heads. And over the years, most rural Hindu, Muslim and Christian women have done so with the Orhni, a thin shawl-like head covering.
  83. ^ a b Toops, Stanley W.; Peterson, Mark Allen; Anderson, Sheldon (24 April 2018). International Studies: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Global Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-97478-6. In European history, Christian women wore veils or other head coverings in church, in accordance with a biblical injunction (1 Corinthians 11:4-10).
  84. ^ Safran, Linda (21 March 2014). The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern Italy. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780812245547.
  85. ^ Evans, Hilary; Bartholomew, Robert E. (2009). Outbreak!: The Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Social Behavior. Anomalist Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-933665-25-2.
  86. ^ The Month, Volume 161. 1933. p. 352.
  87. ^ a b c d Mitchell, Laurence (2007). Serbia. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-203-3. Further north, in Vojvodina, some older Slovak women still regularly wear the headscarf, pleated skirt and embroidered apron that is their national dress. All across Serbia, as elsewhere in eastern Europe, many older women wear headscarves
  88. ^ a b Mingus, Elaine (19 May 2015). "Christian Headcovering in India". The Head Covering Movement. There were many times that a woman would be called into prayer while preparing a meal. Instead of running to get a head scarf, she would grab a readily available dish towel to cover her head instead.
  89. ^ Fischer-Mirkin, Toby (1995). Dress Code: Understanding the Hidden Meanings of Women's Clothes. Clarkson Potter Publishers. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-517-59329-5.
  90. ^ a b c d e Williams, Paul K. (2005). The Head Coverings of I Corinthians 11. pp. 6–10.
  91. ^ Mooney, Myron (18 May 2020). "Head Covering: A Forgotten Christian Practice for Modern Times". Free Presbyterian Church of North America. Retrieved 26 February 2023. The National Organization of Women (NOW) was founded and presided over by Betty Friedan. ... In 1968, as an agnostic activist, Friedan led her organization in a nationwide hat burning event. They touted the event's purpose, "To protest the second-class status of women in all churches. Because the wearing of a head covering by women at religious services is a symbol of submission" (p 16).
  92. ^ a b c Katzenstein, Mary Fainsod (12 January 2021). Faithful and Fearless: Moving Feminist Protest inside the Church and Military. Princeton University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-691-22323-0.
  93. ^ "Resolution on Head Coverings" (PDF). National Organization for Women. 1968. p. 277. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  94. ^ "15 Women Defy Church 'Hat Law'". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 7, 1969. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  95. ^ "'Exhibitionism'". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 14, 1969. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  96. ^ Tomlinson, Heather (7 October 2014). "My Headcovering Experiment". Premier Christian Radio. Retrieved 10 April 2022. Recently, there has been a head covering revival in certain wings of the US Church: especially the ultra-reformed and those calling themselves 'Torah-observant'. Lobbying in favour of the practice is The Head Covering Movement, set up last year by a man called Jeremy Gardiner, who cites the theologically conservative Gospel Coalition in his profession of faith. The movement's website features personal stories of women who are usually the only head coverers in their churches, as well as arguments from scripture to support the practice. It cites Martin Luther, William Tyndale and Thomas Aquinas, among others.
  97. ^ a b c Harmon, Katharine E. (25 October 2018). "Fashion Trend Alert: Chapel Veils are Back!". PrayTellBlog. Retrieved 10 April 2022. In turn, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not reissue the canon, and by doing so, effectively nullified the previous 1917 code. While some women continued to wear hats (I distinctly recall a gray-haired woman who wore a weird woolen stocking cap covered with wooden beads in my 1980's grade school parish experience), the practice was relatively limited to older parishioners, and was no longer stipulated or encouraged amongst the faithful.
  98. ^ a b Loop, Jennifer (12 May 2020). "Why I Keep My Headcovering". N. T. Wright. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  99. ^ Cieslik, Emma (8 February 2022). "Why a New Generation of Catholic Women Is Wearing Chapel Veils". John C. Danforth Center on Religion and Politics. Retrieved 9 March 2024. However, in the last decade, a minority of Catholic women, particularly young millennial Americans, have chosen to voluntarily cover their heads.
  100. ^ Allen, Bob (31 August 2016). "Christian woman ordered to remove scarf for driver's license photo files lawsuit". Baptist News Global. Retrieved 9 March 2024. Church Fathers like Hippolytus of Rome and Protestant Reformer Martin Luther taught that women should wear veils during public worship. While most followers of Western Christianity have abandoned the practice relatively recently, it is still practiced today in some conservative Mennonite and Amish traditions. In recent years the practice has spread to other denominations in the form of a "head covering movement" embraced by some in the "complementarian" branch of American evangelicalism that emphasizes male headship and wifely submission in the church and home.
  101. ^ "Why a New Generation of Catholic Women Is Wearing Chapel Veils". Religion & Politics. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  102. ^ Yegorov, Oleg (11 December 2019). "Why do women cover their heads in Orthodox churches?". Russia Beyond. In the Orthodox tradition, this is a big no-no. Of course, no one would kick a bareheaded woman out of an Orthodox church, should she walk in, but she is very likely to face some disapproving and judging looks, especially from the local babushkas (you'll always find a few babushkas inside an Orthodox church in Russia). The reason is simple: in an Orthodox church, a woman should wear a headscarf.
  103. ^ The Pacific, Volume 50. J.W. Douglas. 1901. p. 227.
  104. ^ a b Zuck, RoyCheck B. (5 September 2006). Vital New Testament Issues: Examining New Testament Passages and Problems. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-59752-684-5.
  105. ^ Lum, Kenneth Anthony (18 January 2000). Praising His Name In The Dance: Spirit Possession in the Spiritual Baptist Faith and Orisha Work in Trinidad, West Indies. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-136-76630-5.
  106. ^ Flinn, Isabella (1 May 2014). Pinpricks in the Curtain: India Through the Eyes of an Unlikely Missionary. WestBow Press. p. 234. ISBN 9781490834313.
  107. ^ Shaw, Stanford J. (27 July 2016). The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-349-12235-6. ... Christian women wore the marama shawl over both their heads and necks.
  108. ^ a b Schrock, Anna (19 February 2022). "Why Do Amish Women Wear Head Coverings?". Amish Heritage. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  109. ^ Hochstetler, Ernest (2002). "The Covering/Headship Veil" (PDF). BeachyAM. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  110. ^ a b Scott, Stephen (1 January 1996). Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups: People's Place Book No. 12. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-68099-243-4. Many Charity women wear the usual cape dress worn by most conservative Mennonites, but a jacket type upper garment is also very common and is worn with a very long skirt. The type of head covering is not specified, but most women wear a large, opaque, white veiling.
  111. ^ a b Hume, Lynne (24 October 2013). The Religious Life of Dress: Global Fashion and Faith. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85785-363-9. Following the general Anabaptist worldview, Hutterite dress not only emphasizes modesty but also separation from the world. ... The women wear ankle-length skirts or dresses with a blouse, a kerchief-style head covering with polka dots (tiechle), usually black and white, and solid comfortable shoes.
  112. ^ "What are Church Hats?". Southern Living. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2018. Church hats have been a key part of churchgoers' Sunday best for years, and are still an important aspect of dress in some churches today. The practice of covering one's head for church originally came from 1 Corinthians 11:15. The simple head covering has been adapted and expanded to become a stylish part of Southern women's churchgoing attire. At the turn of the century, many Southern ladies wore simple hats to church out of respect, reverence for the service, and continuity with passed-down traditions. The church hat tradition continues today, with hats — sometimes called "crowns" — in bright colors, bold patterns, and eye-catching styles at Sunday services across the South.
  113. ^ "Church Helps Uphold Assyrian Tradition –". ChicagoTalks. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2024. Assyrian youth women wear traditional Yalkhtas to cover their hair, as a sign of respect and rank in church, as they follow along in worship at Saint Mary's Assyrian Church of the East in Roselle, Ill.
  114. ^ Reagan, David R. (1 January 1994). Trusting God: Learning to Walk by Faith. Lamb & Lion Ministries. p. 164. ISBN 9780945593034. One thing that fascinated me about the Eastern European churches was the "sea of white" that I saw every time I got up to preach. This was because most of the churches practiced head covering for women.
  115. ^ Haji, Nafisa (2011-05-17). The Sweetness of Tears. HarperCollins. p. 316. ISBN 9780061780103. Retrieved 13 November 2012. I went to church, something I'd never expected to do in Pakistan. Sadiq told me that his grandfather's nurse, Sausan, was Christian. Presbyterian. My second Sunday in Karachi, I went to services with her. I was glad of the clothese that Haseena Auntie had helped me shop for, because all the women in church covered their heads, just like Muslim women, with their dupattas.
  116. ^ a b Bronner, Simon J (March 4, 2015). Encyclopedia of American Folklife. Routledge. p. 492. ISBN 9781317471950.
  117. ^ a b Hodgkin, Emily (29 January 2018). "Kate Middleton to be forced to do this at Meghan Markle and Prince Harry's wedding?". Daily Express. Retrieved 20 May 2018. However, as the Royal Family are known to be sticklers for tradition, hats will no doubt be required for Harry's wedding. The wearing hats to church by all women is traditionally a requirement of the Anglican church. This is due to the writing of St Paul in Corinthians, where he has some pretty strong feelings about women wearing hats. In 1 Corinthians 11:1-34 he said: "I want you to understand that the head of every man is Christ, the head of a wife is her husband, and the head of Christ is God. Every man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonours his head, but every wife who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonours her head, since it is the same as if her head were shaven."
  118. ^ "Fœderatio Internationalis Una Voce: Positio N. 22 - HEADCOVERINGS IN CHURCH IN THE EXTRAORDINARY FORM" (PDF). The Latin Mass Society of England & Wales. 2014. p. 6. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  119. ^ The Lutheran Liturgy: Authorized by the Synods Constituting The Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. 1941. p. 427.
  120. ^ "An FAQ on Veiling". Lutheran Veils. Retrieved 30 April 2024. Head coverings have been common practice in both the East and Western spheres of Christendom, including among Lutherans, until roughly the 1960's.
  121. ^ Morgan, Sue (2010-06-23). Women, Gender and Religious Cultures in Britain, 1800–1940. Taylor & Francis. p. 102. ISBN 9780415231152. Retrieved 13 November 2012. Several ardent Methodist women wrote to him, asking for his permission to speak. Mar Bosanquet (1739–1815) suggested that if Paul had instructed women to cover their heads when they spoke (1. Cor. 11:5) then he was surely giving direction on how women should conduct themselves when they preached.
  122. ^ Levering, Joseph Mortimer (1903). A History of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1741-1892. Times Publishing Company. p. 617.
  123. ^ Levine, S. E. Jihad (9 January 2022). "Religious Head Coverings and Face Veils - Exotic or Oppressive?". The Daily Item. Retrieved 10 April 2022. Bonnets are worn by many traditional Quaker women, and here in Pennsylvania, we're accustomed to seeing Amish and Mennonite women wearing prayer coverings and veils which can vary in style and color according to their communities.
  124. ^ a b Murray, John (15 January 1992). "The Use of Head Coverings in the Worship of God". Presbyterian Reformed Church. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  125. ^ a b Kraybill, Donald B. (5 October 2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. JHU Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780801896576. Retrieved 13 November 2012. During the 20th century, the wearing of head coverings declined in more assimilated groups, which gradually interpreted the Pauline teaching as referring to cultural practice in the early church without relevance for women in the modern world. Some churches in the mid-20th century had long and contentious discussions about wearing head coverings because proponents saw its decline as a serious erosion of obedience to scriptural teaching.
  126. ^ Kidder, Nicole (29 September 2017). "History of Black Women Wearing Hats at Church". Classroom. Retrieved 10 May 2022. Prior to the 20th century, most American Christian women commonly followed Corinthians 1:11 and covered their heads in worship.
  127. ^ Courtais, Georgine De (1 February 2006). Women's Hats, Headdresses And Hairstyles: With 453 Illustrations, Medieval to Modern. Courier Dover Publications. p. 130. ISBN 9780486448503. Retrieved 13 November 2012. Although hats were not considered sufficiently respectable for church wear and very formal occasions they were gradually taking the place of bonnets, at least for younger women.
  128. ^ Mark, Rebecca; Vaughan, Robert C. (2004). The South. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 9780313327346. Retrieved 13 November 2012. The red and orange turban described by the anonymous observer also looks forward to the flamboyant Sunday hats worn by African American middle-class women into the twenty-first century, hats celebrated stunningly by Michael Cunningham and Graig Marberry in Crowns: Portraits of Black Women in Church Hats.
  129. ^ Barrett, Colleen (21 February 2011). "Why Do British Women Wear Hats to Weddings?". PopSugar. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  130. ^ Cathcart, Laura (25 May 2017). "A milliner's guide to wearing hats in church". The Catholic Herald. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  131. ^ Elisabeth, Hallgren Sjöberg (24 September 2017). "Såsom en slöja : Den kristna slöjan i en svensk kontext". Diva.
  132. ^ Longenecker, Dwight Longenecker (26 February 2013). "Living Little and Local". Aleteia. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  133. ^ Lewis, James R. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. p. 151. ISBN 9781615927388.
  134. ^ Hostetler, John (1997). Hutterite Society. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8018-5639-6.
  135. ^ Thompson, Charles (2006). The Old German Baptist Brethren: Faith, Farming, and Change in the Virginia Blue Ridge. University of Illinois Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-252-07343-4.
  136. ^ Henold, Mary J. (2008). Catholic and Feminist: The Surprising History of the American Catholic Feminist Movement. UNC Press Books. p. 126. ISBN 9780807859476. Retrieved 13 November 2012. At that time, official practice still dictated that Catholic women cover their heads in church.
  137. ^ Bandzuch, Nancy (19 August 2019). "J1ST 084: Chapel Veil". Catholic Sprouts. Retrieved 9 April 2022. Today, we're diving into another sacramental of our Faith: the Chapel Veil.
  138. ^ Lamontagne, Kyla (15 March 2017). "Dear Edith: Why do some women wear veils at church?". FemCatholic. Retrieved 9 April 2022. Fr. Mike [Schmitz] ... did a Q&A about Chapel veils that I feel explains what they are, why they are worn, and the history behind them. One of my favorite parts is when he describes it as sacramental, the same way a rosary or a scapular is.
  139. ^ McClintock, John; Strong, James (1891). Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. Harper & Bros. p. 739. A white veil or coif, called velamen dominicale, was worn by females at the time of receiving the eucharist during the 5th and 6th centuries These veils were ordered by the councils of Autun 578 and Angers.
  140. ^ "The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic Church". The Church Quarterly Review. 10: 78. 1880.
  141. ^ Schmidt, lvin (1989). Veiled and Silenced. Mercer University Press. p. 136.
  142. ^ Synod of Rome (Canon 3). Giovanni Domenico Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio (Page 382)
  143. ^ Schmidt, Alvin (1989). Veiled and Silenced. Mercer University Press. p. 136.
  144. ^ Aquinas, Thomas. "Super I Epistolam B. Pauli ad Corinthios lectura". Dominican House of Studies. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  145. ^ Peters, Edward (2001). The 1917 Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law. Ignatius Press. p. 427.
  146. ^ Canon 6 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law
  147. ^ Shaju, Anne Mary (25 November 2021). "Headscarves Were Outlawed In 1983, But The Church Still Insists Women Wear Them. Why?". FII Media. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
  148. ^ DeMello, Margo (14 February 2012). Faces around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 303. ISBN 9781598846188. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  149. ^ Susan C. Karant-Nunn, Merry E. Wiesner, ed. (2003-03-13). Luther on Women: A Sourcebook. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521658843. Otherwise and aside from that, the wife should put on a veil, just as a pious wife is duty-bound to help bear her husband's accident, illness, and misfortune on account of the evil flesh.
  150. ^ The Lutheran Liturgy: Authorized by the Synods Constituting The Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House. 1941. p. 427.
  151. ^ Koopman, John Henry (August 3, 2022). A Defense of Headcoverings in the Lutheran Church. Gottesdienst: The Journal of Lutheran Liturgy. pp. 9–10.
  152. ^ Crump, William D. (30 August 2013). The Christmas Encyclopedia, 3d ed. McFarland. p. 298. ISBN 9781476605739.
  153. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (17 March 2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45166-2. During the Protestant Reformation, reformers John Calvin and John Knox interpreted Saint Paul's New Testament worship styles as requiring women to cover their heads on holy ground. In Germany, the typical white modesty shield trailed from the head to the heels. For peasant women in Terni, Italy, the embroidered linen veil projected over the forehead on a whalebone eyeshade.
  154. ^ Reasoner, Mark (24 August 2021). Five Models of Scripture. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-6272-3. What about head coverings for women? On the basis of 1 Corinthians 11:2-16, Calvin taught that all women should have their heads covered when meeting in public worship. This practice is continued by some within Reformed, Anabaptist, and Catholic communities today.
  155. ^ a b Calvin, Jean; Pringle, John (1848). Commentary on the Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians. Calvin Translation Society. p. 356.
  156. ^ John Calvin. Seth Skolnitsky (ed.). Sermon on 1 Cor 11:2-3. Presbyterian Heritage Publications. pp. 12–13.
  157. ^ Silversides, David (1996). "The Regulative Principle: Is Headcovering Biblical?". Semper Reformanda. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  158. ^ Beza, Theodore (1599). The New Testament of our Lord Iesus Christ: translated out of Greeke by Theod. Beza; with brief summaries and expositions upon the hard places by the said authour, Ioac. Camer., and P. Lofeler Villerius; Englished by L. Tomson. p. 74. It appeareth that this was a politike law serving onely for the circumstances of the time that Paul lived in, by this reason, because in these our daye, for a man to speake bare-headed in an assembly, is a signe of subiection.
  159. ^ Whitaker, William (1588). A Disputation on Holy Scripture, Against the Papists, Especially Bellarmine and Stapleton. p. 549. He desires men to pray with uncovered, women with covered heads: which injunctions are not of a perpetual obligation; for they are not now observed even by the papists themselves; so as to make it plain that all churches are not bound to the same ceremonies.
  160. ^ Muller, Richard A. (2003). Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics: The Rise and Development of reformed orthodoxy, ca. 1520 to ca. 1725. Vol. 2: Holy Scripture. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. p. 482. Given the representative character of Whitaker's treatise and the use of Whitaker's work as a point of reference for sound doctrine throughout the seventeenth century, the following discussion adopts it as an outline and references other theologians in the course of the discussion, both filling out Whitaker's argument from other late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources and manifesting the broad applicability of Whitaker's rules and categories of interpretation.
  161. ^ Cawdrey, Daniel (1645). Vindiciae clavium: or, A vindication of The keyes of the kingdome of heaven, into the hands of the right owners. London: T. H. p. 57. Question: "Whether the Synod has power to enjoy things both in their nature and use indifferent." ...I answer: that for men to pray or prophesy with their heads covered, or with long hair, and women uncovered, were things in their own nature indifferent (unless you make it necessary, as a moral duty for men to pray or prophesy uncovered, and women contra; which no interpreters upon that text do)...
  162. ^ Cawdrey, Daniel; Palmer, Herbert; Members Of the Assembly of Divines. (1645). Sabbatum Redivivum: or, The Christian Sabbath Vindicated. London: Robert white. p. 463. Divine Apostolicall Institutions (that we may draw to our purpose) were again of two sorts: First, variable, or temporary, which were such injunctions as were prescribed, either for some speciall ends, as that law for abstaining from blood, and things strangled, Acts 15.1, for avoiding offence to the Jews, or to some special nations, or persons, as agreeable to the customs of those places and times, as that of women being vailed in the congregations, and some other the like. Secondly, invariable and perpetual: such as concerned the whole Church...
  163. ^ Poole, Matthew (1700). Annotations Upon the Holy Bible. p. 577. Interpreters rightly agree, that this and the following verses are to be interpreted from the customs of countries... Nothing in this is a further rule to christians, than that it is the duty of ministers, in praying and preaching, to use postures and habits that are not naturally, nor according to the custom of the place where they live, uncomely and irreverent, and so looked upon.
  164. ^ Turretin, Francis (1679–1685). Institutio Theologiae Elencticae [Institutes of Elenctic Theology]. Retrieved 3 Mar 2023. XIV. Although certain ordinations of the apostles (which referred to the rites and circumstances of divine worship) were variable and instituted only for a time (as the sanction concerning the not eating of blood and of things strangled [Acts 15:20]; concerning the woman's head being covered and the man's being uncovered when they prophesy [1 Cor. 11:4, 5]) because there was a special cause and reason for them and (this ceasing) the institution itself ought to cease also...
  165. ^ Muller, Richard A. (2003). Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics : The Rise and Development of reformed orthodoxy, ca. 1520 to ca. 1725. Vol. 2: Holy Scripture. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. pp. 489–90. 4. The "circumstances" and general context of the text. Here Whitaker comes to what must be considered the fundamental literal and grammatical procedure of Protestant exegesis: the right understanding of the actual use of a word in a particular text comes front consideration of'-'the occasion, scope, preceding and following context, and the other circumstances of [the] passage"... Examination of occasion and context also led the annotators of the Geneva Bible to recognize that the Pauline statement, "Everie man praying or prophecying having any thing on his head, dishonoreth his head" (1 Cor. 11:4) as reflecting a customary rather than an apodictic standard... Nor was the importance of the historical context of these verses forgotten in the seventeenth century: Poole comments on the problem of covering the head in prayer and prophesy indicated by 1 Cor. 11:4... Poole also notes the variety of customs in his own rime and indicates that, even in the case of the following verses concerning the covering of a woman's head, that the Pauline text so reflects a historical situation that it cannot provide a rule for contemporary practice.
  166. ^ The Bible. Translated according to the Hebrew and Greeke, and conferred with the best translations in diuers languages. London: Robert Barker. 1606. p. 514 [1108]. This tradition was observed according to the time and place that all things might be done in comelines and edification.
  167. ^ Mooney, Myron (18 May 2020). "Book Review – Head Covering: A Forgotten Christian Practice for Modern Times". Current. Free Presbyterian Church of North America.
  168. ^ Yin, Simon (2018). "Church Evangelism: Heritage Reformed Congregation, Grand Rapids, Michigan" (PDF). Heritage Reformed Congregations. p. 6. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  169. ^ "Visiting for the First Time?". Netherlands Reformed Church Of Sioux Falls. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  170. ^ Wesley, John (1987). Wesley's Notes on the Bible. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. p. 570. ISBN 9781610252577. Therefore if a woman is not covered — If she will throw off the badge of subjection, let her appear with her hair cut like a man's. But if it be shameful far a woman to appear thus in public, especially in a religious assembly, let her, for the same reason, keep on her veil.
  171. ^ Dunlap, David (1 November 1994). "Headcovering-A Historical Perspective". Uplook Ministries. Retrieved 24 June 2019. Although women were allowed to preach in the Methodist ministry, the veil covering a woman's head was required as a sign of her headship to Christ. Concerning the theological significance of the veil, Wesley wrote, "For a man indeed ought not to veil his head because he is the image and glory of God in the dominion he bears over the creation, representing the supreme dominion of God, which is his glory. But the woman is a matter of glory to the man, who has a becoming dominion over her. Therefore she ought not to appear except with her head veiled as a tacit acknowledgement of it."
  172. ^ a b c Brown, A. Philip (2011). A Survey of the History of the Interpretation of 1 Corinthians 11:2-16. Aldersgate Forum. p. 12.
  173. ^ Sellew, Walter Ashbel (14 April 1903). Hogue, Wilson T. (ed.). Woman in the Public Service. Chicago: Free Methodist Church. pp. 232–233.
  174. ^ The Manual of the Calvary Holiness Church. Calvary Holiness Church. 1986. p. 12.
  175. ^ "Stewardess and Deaconess". First Community A.M.E. Church. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  176. ^ Hunt, Beverly W. Deaconess Handbook: Walking in the Power of Purpose. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.
  177. ^ a b c d e Manual of Faith and Practice of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends. Central Yearly Meeting of Friends. 2018. p. 110-111.
  178. ^ "Why do Brethren ladies wear head scarves?". Plymouth Brethren Christian Church. Retrieved 9 April 2022. Scripture enjoins that every woman praying with uncovered head causes herself shame and for this reason Brethren women wear head scarves whilst attending church services. It is common for Brethren ladies to wear a ribbon or headband when out amongst the general public.
  179. ^ Pestana, Carla Gardina (18 March 2004). Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-52504-6. The concern for church purity that underlay both of these views also led Williams to advocate the veiling of women at worship service, which he believed was a practice of the primitive churches.
  180. ^ Kay, William; Dyer, Anne (20 September 2011). European Pentecostalism. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 393. ISBN 978-90-04-21636-5. Their attitudes were essentially sectarian and exclusive and, though they attempted to interact with wider aspects of popular culture (especially in their choice of music hall tunes and their crusade avertising), they were largely isolated from other Christian streams until the 1960s. ... In the 1960s they were forced to re-think their orientation. ... With little debate Pentecostals revised their practices and quietly dropped the cultural demands of their holiness codes. Young women could wear trousers, jewellry was acceptable, head coverings stopped being obligatory and cinema attendance was no longer sinful. In short, Pentecostals moved from a sectarian orientation towards a denominational orientation and therey followed a classic sociological trajectory. By the end of the century we might say that the most successful Pentecostals had absorbed elements of popular culture and sacralised it.
  181. ^ Bendroth, Margaret Lamberts; Brereton, Virginia Lieson (2002). Women and Twentieth-century Protestantism. University of Illinois Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-252-06998-7.
  182. ^ "Headcoverings". Ukrainian Pentecostal Church. Retrieved 9 April 2022. 1 Corinthians 11 We interpret 1 Corinthians 11 quite literally. "4 Every man praying or prophesying, having his head covered, dishonors his head. 5 But every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head, for that is one and the same as if her head were shaved." Why don't you interpret hair as being the covering? We do not interpret hair as being the covering because if hair is the covering the Bible is referring to then that must mean that men are not allowed to have hair or he dishonors his head. If a distinction is made between long hair as being the covering (in contrast to short hair) then in that case this piece of scripture must mean that women must have long hair as their covering. What is the purpose of headcovering? Some believe that the headcovering is an extension of other modesty guidelines found in the Bible. We believe that wearing the headcovering is about more than just modesty for women. Women are to cover their heads for angel's sake (1 Corinthians 11:10). "Through head coverings our women show all present that their position as a woman is also redeemed. No longer are they at war usurping and longing for the man's position of authority (Gen 3:16). Instead they're content in the role God ordained for them in Genesis 2."
  183. ^ Luke, Shelton (2016). "Statement of Apostolic Policy". The Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith. You are cordially invited to The Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith regardless of race, creed, color or place of national origin. We ask however, that you abide by our Apostolic rules and the women have head covering and not wear pants.
  184. ^ a b Kercheville, Brent (11 January 2006). "The Head Covering (1 Corinthians 11:1-16)". West Palm Beach Church of Christ. Retrieved 7 April 2022. Prophecy was only by the power of God, and was only done through spiritual gifts. And this prophecy is tied to prayer. So it seems that Paul is talking about the spiritual gifts of prayer and prophecy. We know that women were praying and prophesying and had the power of spiritual gifts. See the four virgin daughters who prophesied in Acts 21:9. ... It would be shameful for a woman to take upon herself such power as the gift of prophecy and not cover her head to show that she has authority from God for this action. The order of creation is to be remembered and where the authority is needs to be remembered. Verse 10 makes this statement clear because it is the explanation of verses 6-9, when it says "for this reason women ought to have authority on their head." Women were to have this sign of authority for what they were doing, otherwise they would be bringing shame upon the Lord for being uncovered. It is important to notice a few things in verse 10. First of all, the word there for "authority," means authority. Many commentators including conservative ones have tried to make this mean a symbol of subjection. Literally the text reads "For this reason the woman ought to have authority on her head because of angels." So we cannot state that the covering is a symbol of subjection. We cannot treat the covering as a symbol of subjection. It is a symbol of God's authority for a woman to pray and prophesy with the spiritual gifts she has been given in public.
  185. ^ "Back to the Old Paths". The Davidian Seventh-day Adventists Association. 15 September 1935. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  186. ^ Dube, Lindoll (11 July 2019). ""Head Covering", Is it necessary for Religious gatherings?". Shepherd's Rod. Retrieved 10 April 2024. Therefore, the covering of her hair also denotes humbling before God or, as it were, laying aside her glory...it certainly is essential when teaching or worshipping whether it be at home or in church.
  187. ^ "Head Coverings — When and Why?". Keep Yourselves in God's Love. Watch Tower. 2008. pp. 209–12.
  188. ^ "Questions From Readers", The Watchtower, July 15, 2002, page 27.
  189. ^ a b c Stein, Stephen J. (1 January 1992). The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers. Yale University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-300-05139-1.
  190. ^ Babudro, Angelo (1997). "On Account of the Angels: Why I Cover My Head". Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  191. ^ Dillon, Paul (1903). "An Out of the Way Land". The Irish Ecclesiastical Record. Browne and Nolan. p. 370. Near Alessio, further south, the women wear dresses all finged and tasselled; and their sisters in central Albania have white veils and high head-dresses.
  192. ^ Jacques, Edwin E. (30 January 2009). The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present. McFarland. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-7864-4238-6. Poujade (1867, 194) noted that Christian women used white veils. Long after independence from Turkey, elderly Orthodox women in Elbasan could be seen on the street wearing white veils, although usually their eyes were visible.
  193. ^ Basenkov, Vladimir (10 June 2017). "Vladimir Basenkov. Getting To Know the Old Believers: How We Pray". Orthodox Christianity. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  194. ^ Troy, Allison (11 May 2013). "Orthodox Christian Women Vs. Muslim Women". Pravoslavie. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  195. ^ a b c Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (1902). The Nile: Notes for Travellers in Egypt. T. Cook & Son, (Egypt). p. 207.
  196. ^ a b El Guindi, Fadwa; Zahur, Sherifa (2009). Hijab. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135.
  197. ^ "Proper Attire in Church". Standing Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches. January 30, 2014.
  198. ^ "About Believers Church: Practical Distinctives". Gospel for Asia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2016. In our church services, you will see that the women wear head coverings as is mentioned in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16. In the same way, we adhere to the practice of baptism as commanded in Matthew 28:19, and Holy Communion, which is given to us in 1 Corinthians 11:23–26. These are all part of the traditions of faith of Believers Church.
  199. ^ Genesis 24:65
  200. ^ Numbers 5:18
  201. ^ Song of Songs 5:7
  202. ^ Susanna 13:31–33
  203. ^ Isaiah 47:2
  204. ^ Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change. Stoneboro: Ridgeway Publishing. p. 13. ...the Bible, as well as "nature," demonstrates that a head covering must be worn out of modesty. This is recognized by cultures all over the world today, as well as Jewish texts from ancient Israel: "The watchmen that went about the city found me, they smote me, they wounded me; the keepers of the walls took away my veil from me" (Song of Solomon 5:7). The watchmen added insult to injury, forcibly unveiling the woman. Women were to have a proper shame of being unveiled in the company of others.
  205. ^ Song of Songs 4:1
  206. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:2–16
  207. ^ Safran, Linda (21 March 2014). The Medieval Salento: Art and Identity in Southern Italy. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780812245547. Many Christian women also covered their hair, as enjoined by Saint Paul (1 Cor. 11:5) and as suggested by numerous medieval representations.
  208. ^ "Paradosis – New Testament Lexicon". Paradosis – New Testament Lexicon – New American Standard. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  209. ^ "1 Corinthians 11:2 – KJV". 1 Corinthians 11:2 – KJV. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  210. ^ Zerbe, Gordon (10 July 2018). Reclaiming the Old Testament: Essays in Honour of Waldemar Janzen. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-5326-5821-1.
  211. ^ Witherington III, Ben (1995). Conflict and Community in Corinth: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians. Eerdmans. p. 236. Paul's view is that the creation order should be properly manifested, not obliterated, in Christian worship, especially because even angels, as guardians of the creation order, are present, observing such worship and perhaps even participating in it.
  212. ^ Damrosch, Leopold (1996). The Sorrows of the Quaker Jesus: James Nayler and the Puritan Crackdown on the Free Spirit. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-674-82143-9.
  213. ^ Yarborough, Kaitlyn (20 May 2022). "How To Know When It's Rude To Wear Your Hat Indoors, According to Etiquette". Southern Living. Retrieved 1 February 2023. Hat etiquette also has roots in Christianity, as it's long been considered customary for men to remove their hats upon entering a church. As we all know, however, church hats are a historic tradition for women to wear in the South.
  214. ^ Neusner, Jacob; Armistead, M. Kathryn (1 September 2010). Introduction to World Religions: Communities and Cultures. Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-1-4267-1976-9. In most forms of Christianity, however, men remove their hats as a sign of deference to the deity. The bareheadedness derives from the comments of the Apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians 11:4 that "a man who keeps his head covered when he prays or prophesies brings shame upon his head" (NEB). ... Higher Roman Catholic clerics wear a skullcap, customarily called a zucchetto, as a sign of office — but they remove it at various points during the Mass as a gesture of respect to God.
  215. ^ Gould, Ezra Palmer (1887). Commentary on the Epistles To the Corinthians. American Baptist Publication Society. p. 94.
  216. ^ a b McGarvey, John William; Pendleton, Philip Yancy (1916). Thessalonians, Corinthians, Galatians and Romans. The Standard Publishing Company. p. 112.
  217. ^ a b c Garland, David E. (1 November 2003). 1 Corinthians (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament). Baker Academic. ISBN 978-1-58558-322-5.
  218. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:2–10
  219. ^ The Catholic Study Bible. Oxford University Press. 15 April 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-026726-1.
  220. ^ Farrell, Heather (2014). Walking with the Women of the New Testament. Cedar Fort Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4621-0872-5. ... that the word translated in verses 5 and 13 as "uncovered" is akatakaluptos and means "unveiled" and the word translated in verse 6 as "covered" is katakalupto which means to "cover wholly, [or] veil." The word power in verse 10 may have also been mistranslated because the fact that in Aramaic the roots of the word power and veil are spelled the same.
  221. ^ Peter Kwasniewski (13 November 2019). "The Theology Behind Women Wearing Veils in Church". OnePeterFive.
  222. ^ a b Donald Spence Jones (1899). Pulpit Commentary. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 362.
  223. ^ a b Tuck, Robert (1891). A Handbook of Scientific and Literary Bible Difficulties. Thomas Whittaker. p. 559.
  224. ^ Williams, Frank, ed. (2009). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I (Sects 1-46). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-90-04-17017-9.
  225. ^ 1 Thessalonians 5
  226. ^ The Brethren Encyclopedia. Brethren Encyclopedia, Incorporated. 1983. p. 1062.
  227. ^ Young, Serinity (1999). Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion: A-K. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-864859-0. Christianity , beginning with the New Testament (in passages such as Corinthians 11: 2–16 or 1 Timothy 2:8– 15) preserves the admonition for women to assume modest attire and to cover their heads.
  228. ^ Esther 6:12
  229. ^ Elliott, Neil (1 February 2005). Liberating Paul: The Justice of God and the Politics of the Apostle. Fortress Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4514-1511-7. If we look instead to the order of Paul's argument, we observe that he wants the Corinthians to know, first of all, that "the head of every man is Christ" (11:3); and that the practical consequence of this teaching is, first of all, that "any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonors his head," that is, Christ (11:4). That gesture on the part of a pious man was common enough, indeed ubiquitous, in Roman religion. Pulling his toga up over his head (in Latin praying capite velato; in Greek, perhaps, kata kephalēs echōn) was "the iconographic mark of a sacrificant presiding over a specifically Roman ritual," whether the emperor, a Roman priest, or a layman (Richard Gordon). This, several scholars have recently argued, is the most plausible context for the practices addressed by Paul in 1 Cor. 11:4. This suggestion, which reverses the more conventional reading of the passage as restricting women's behavior, also arrives at a clearer logic. Paul discusses accepted cultural norms concerning hair (11:13-15) and women's head adornment in public (11:5-6), not because he wants to impose his own cultural standards (Jewish? Greek? Roman?) or the Corinthian women, but in order to establish a principle he regards as basically uncontroversial: that customs of head adornment bring honor or dishonor to one's social "head."
  230. ^ a b c Gandhi, Rajesh (24 August 2011). "Haman, Head Coverings, and First Corinthians 11:1-16". A People for His Name. Retrieved 7 April 2022. Esther 6 records the dramatic reversal that resulted in Haman's humiliation. Hearing the king speak of one whom he desired to honor, he thought that surely the king intended to honor him (6:6). To his great chagrin, he learned that the king ordained that Haman himself was to honor Mordecai, whom he greatly despised (6:10). After he had fulfilled the king's directives to honor Mordecai publicly (6:11), "Haman hasted to his house mourning, and having his head covered" (6:12). Plainly, this text is not declaring that he went to his home having hair on his head. Nor is it asserting either that he had long hair on his head as he went home or that he somehow miraculously grew his hair long. Rather, this verse records that because he had been humiliated, he headed home, draping an external covering over his head. Furthermore, the LXX rendering of the verse reads as follows: BGT Esther 6:12 ¶ ἐπέστρεψεν δὲ ὁ Μαρδοχαῖος εἰς τὴν αὐλήν Αμαν δὲ ὑπέστρεψεν εἰς τὰ ἴδια λυπούμενος κατὰ κεφαλῆς LXE Esther 6:12 And Mardochaeus returned to the palace: but Aman went home mourning, and having his head covered. ... The exact phrase κατὰ κεφαλῆς found here occurs in only one other passage in the Bible in Greek: BGT 1 Corinthians 11:4 πᾶς ἀνὴρ προσευχόμενος ἢ προφητεύων κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἔχων καταισχύνει τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ. SCR 1 Corinthians 11:4 πᾶς ἀνὴρ προσευχόμενος ἢ προφητεύων, κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἔχων καταισχύνει τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ. KJV 1 Corinthians 11:4 Every man praying or prophesying, having his head covered, dishonoureth his head. ... Moreover, Hatch and Redpath (κατακαλύπτειν, 733) report that another hand of the Septuagint for Esther 6:12 reads, κατακεκαλυμμένος κεφαλήν. This variant reading has the perfect passive participle of the key verb used in 1 Corinthians 11:6 and 7 for both a man's and a woman's covering his or her head (κατακαλύπτω): BGT 1 Corinthians 11:6 εἰ γὰρ οὐ κατακαλύπτεται γυνή, καὶ κειράσθω• εἰ δὲ αἰσχρὸν γυναικὶ τὸ κείρασθαι ἢ ξυρᾶσθαι, κατακαλυπτέσθω. SCR 1 Corinthians 11:6 εἰ γὰρ οὐ κατακαλύπτεται γυνή, καὶ κειράσθω• εἰ δὲ αἰσχρὸν γυναικὶ τὸ κείρασθαι ἢ ξυρᾶσθαι, κατακαλυπτέσθω. KJV 1 Corinthians 11:6 For if the woman be not covered, let her also be shorn: but if it be a shame for a woman to be shorn or shaven, let her be covered. NAU 1 Corinthians 11:6 For if a woman does not cover her head, let her also have her hair cut off; but if it is disgraceful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, let her cover her head. BGT 1 Corinthians 11:7 Ἀνὴρ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ὀφείλει κατακαλύπτεσθαι τὴν κεφαλὴν εἰκὼν καὶ δόξα θεοῦ ὑπάρχων• ἡ γυνὴ δὲ δόξα ἀνδρός ἐστιν. SCR 1 Corinthians 11:7 ἀνὴρ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ὀφείλει κατακαλύπτεσθαι τὴν κεφαλήν, εἰκὼν καὶ δόξα Θεοῦ ὑπάρχων• γυνὴ δὲ δόξα ἀνδρός ἐστιν. KJV 1 Corinthians 11:7 For a man indeed ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the image and glory of God: but the woman is the glory of the man. ... This evidence from the LXX therefore supports holding that the covering in view in 1 Corinthians 11:1-16 is an external head covering for both a man and a woman.
  231. ^ a b Hutson, Christopher R. (29 July 2013). 1 Corinthians: A Community Not of This Age. ACU Press. ISBN 978-0-89112-984-4.
  232. ^ a b Barnes, Allen; Barnes, Patti (1995). Christian Apparel. TEACH Services. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-57258-029-9. The argument is also raised that the hair is sufficient for the covering. Paul says in verse 15 that "her hair is given her for a covering." Let us not suppose, however, that with a single sentence Paul is canceling out everything he has so clearly stated prior to it. The Greek word for covering in verse 15 is peribolaion, not katakalupto as used before for the veiling. In other words the hair is a type of covering, but the veiling used in the previous verses is to wholly cover the head and hair.
  233. ^ a b Abel, Ron (11 October 2014). "Question: Is her hair the covering?". Antiaps. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  234. ^ Mounce, William D. (2006). Interlinear for the Rest of Us: The Reverse Interlinear for New Testament Word Studies. Zondervan. p. 875. ISBN 978-0-310-26303-6.
  235. ^ Schreiner, Thomas R. (1991). Grudem, Wayne; Piper, John (eds.). 1 Corinthians 11:2-16: Head Coverings, Prophecies, and the Trinity. Crossway. pp. 124–139, 485–487.
  236. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:16
  237. ^ a b c Anderson, Cory A. (2013). The Ornament of a Spirit: Exploring the Reasons Covering Styles Change. Stoneboro: Ridgeway Publishing. p. vii. Few New Testament teachings are as clearly taught and yet flatly refused by modern Western Christians as the woman's headcovering.
  238. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:3
  239. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:7
  240. ^ Genesis 2:18
  241. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:10
  242. ^ Tobit 12:12–15
  243. ^ Revelation 8:2–4
  244. ^ Marlowe, Michael (2005). "What does 'because of the angels' mean in 1 Corinthians 11:10?". Bible Researcher. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  245. ^ Ephesians 3:10
  246. ^ 1 Peter 1:12
  247. ^ 1 Timothy 5:21
  248. ^ Isaiah 6:2
  249. ^ Jude 1:6
  250. ^ "Head coverings "because of the angels"". Unam Sanctam Catholicam. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  251. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:13–15
  252. ^ "Popes, Saints and Devout Souls: on Modesty and Purity - Part II". Saints' Works. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  253. ^ John Walvoord; Roy B. Zuck (1 March 2018). The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Acts and Epistles. David C. Cook. ISBN 978-0-8307-7287-2.
  254. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:16
  255. ^ Stenson, Esther (6 April 2010). "Veiled and free". Anabaptist World. Retrieved 24 May 2022. I grew up, like most Amish Mennonites, believing the wearing of a veiling a nonnegotiable command in Scripture (1 Corinthians 11) that is somehow disconnected from cultural context. Since the Bible teaches the practice, women should do it — no questions permitted. Church authorities interpreted women's wearing of a veiling as a requirement for coming into God's presence in prayer and a sign of acceptance of God's order of creation (in terms of gender). Additionally, the idea that women were to have a symbol of authority on our heads "because of the angels" (v. 10) meant that if we wanted their protection, we'd better be veiled.
  256. ^ MacDonald, William (1995). Believer's Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers. p. 1786. ISBN 9780840719720. Paul teaches the subordination of the woman to man by going back to creation. This should forever lay to rest any idea that his teaching about women's covering was what was culturally suitable to his day but not applicable to us today.
  257. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:14–15
  258. ^ a b Keddie, John W. (22 January 2019). The Church: Its Nature, Ordinances and Offices. Lulu.com. pp. 227–229. ISBN 978-1-326-83069-4.
  259. ^ Beetham, Christopher A., ed. (14 December 2021). The Concise New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 978-0-310-59848-0. κατακαλύπτω G2877 (katakalyptō), to cover up, veil; ἀκατακάλυπτος G184 (akatakalyptos), uncovered
  260. ^ a b Stempel, Jonathan (30 August 2016). "Christian woman told to remove headscarf for licence - ACLU lawsuit". Reuters.
  261. ^ Chandler, Kim (30 August 2016). "ACLU: Christian woman forced to remove headscarf for license". AP News. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  262. ^ Allen, Bob (31 August 2016). "Christian woman ordered to remove scarf for driver's license photo files lawsuit". Baptist News Global. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  263. ^ "Allen v. English, et al". American Civil Liberties Union. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2024.

Further reading

External links