Portal:Medicina

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El portal de la medicina

La medicina es la ciencia y la práctica de cuidar a los pacientes, gestionar el diagnóstico , el pronóstico , la prevención , el tratamiento , la paliación de sus lesiones o enfermedades y promover su salud . La medicina abarca una variedad deprácticas de atención médica desarrolladas para mantener y restaurar la salud mediante la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades . La medicina contemporánea aplica las ciencias biomédicas , la investigación biomédica , la genética y la tecnología médica para diagnosticar , tratar y prevenir lesiones y enfermedades, generalmente a través de productos farmacéuticos o cirugía , pero también a través de terapias tan diversas como la psicoterapia , férulas externas y tracción , dispositivos médicos , productos biológicos y radiación ionizante , entre otros.

La medicina se practica desde tiempos prehistóricos y durante la mayor parte de este tiempo era un arte (un área de creatividad y habilidad) que frecuentemente tenía conexiones con las creencias religiosas y filosóficas de la cultura local. Por ejemplo, un curandero aplicaba hierbas y rezaba oraciones para sanar, o un filósofo y médico antiguo aplicaba sangrías según las teorías del humorismo . En los últimos siglos, desde el advenimiento de la ciencia moderna , la mayor parte de la medicina se ha convertido en una combinación de arte y ciencia (tanto básica como aplicada , bajo el paraguas de la ciencia médica ). Por ejemplo, mientras que la técnica de sutura para suturas es un arte que se aprende a través de la práctica, el conocimiento de lo que sucede a nivel celular y molecular en los tejidos que se suturan surge a través de la ciencia.

Las formas precientíficas de medicina, hoy conocidas como medicina tradicional o medicina popular , siguen utilizándose habitualmente en ausencia de la medicina científica y, por ello, se las denomina medicina alternativa . Los tratamientos alternativos que no forman parte de la medicina científica y que tienen problemas éticos, de seguridad y de eficacia se denominan curanderismo . ( Artículo completo... )

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Imagen 1
Ilustración de un virión del SARS-CoV-2

Un virus es un agente infeccioso diminuto que se reproduce dentro de las células de huéspedes vivos . Cuando se infecta, la célula huésped se ve obligada a producir rápidamente miles de copias idénticas del virus original. A diferencia de la mayoría de los seres vivos , los virus no tienen células que se dividan; los nuevos virus se ensamblan en la célula huésped infectada. Pero a diferencia de los agentes infecciosos más simples como los priones , contienen genes , que les permiten mutar y evolucionar. Se han descrito en detalle más de 4.800 especies de virus de los millones que hay en el medio ambiente. Su origen no está claro: algunos pueden haber evolucionado a partir de plásmidos (fragmentos de ADN que pueden moverse entre células), mientras que otros pueden haber evolucionado a partir de bacterias . Los virus están hechos de dos o tres partes. Todas incluyen genes . Estos genes contienen la información biológica codificada del virus y están construidos a partir de ADN o ARN . Todos los virus también están cubiertos con una capa de proteína para proteger los genes. Algunos virus también pueden tener una envoltura de sustancia similar a la grasa que cubre la capa de proteína y los hace vulnerables al jabón. Un virus con esta "envoltura viral" la utiliza, junto con receptores específicos , para entrar en una nueva célula huésped. Los virus varían en forma, desde la simple hélice y la icosaédrica hasta estructuras más complejas . El tamaño de los virus varía de 20 a 300 nanómetros ; se necesitarían entre 33.000 y 500.000 de ellos, uno al lado del otro, para estirarse hasta 1 centímetro (0,4 pulgadas). ( Artículo completo... )
Imagen 2

Holmes, hacia 1880

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (/hoʊmz/; August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894) was an American physician, poet, and polymath based in Boston. Grouped among the fireside poets, he was acclaimed by his peers as one of the best writers of the day. His most famous prose works are the "Breakfast-Table" series, which began with The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858). He was also an important medical reformer. In addition to his work as an author and poet, Holmes also served as a physician, professor, lecturer, inventor, and, although he never practiced it, he received formal training in law.

Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Holmes was educated at Phillips Academy and Harvard College. After graduating from Harvard in 1829, he briefly studied law before turning to the medical profession. He began writing poetry at an early age; one of his most famous works, "Old Ironsides", was published in 1830 and was influential in the eventual preservation of the USS Constitution. Following training at the prestigious medical schools of Paris, Holmes was granted his Doctor of Medicine degree from Harvard Medical School in 1836. He taught at Dartmouth Medical School before returning to teach at Harvard and, for a time, served as dean there. During his long professorship, he became an advocate for various medical reforms and notably posited the controversial idea that doctors were capable of carrying puerperal fever from patient to patient. Holmes retired from Harvard in 1882 and continued writing poetry, novels and essays until his death in 1894. (Full article...)
Image 3

Hirudo medicinalis sucking blood

Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worms that comprise the subclass Hirudinea within the phylum Annelida. They are closely related to the oligochaetes, which include the earthworm, and like them have soft, muscular segmented bodies that can lengthen and contract. Both groups are hermaphrodites and have a clitellum, but leeches typically differ from the oligochaetes in having suckers at both ends and in having ring markings that do not correspond with their internal segmentation. The body is muscular and relatively solid, and the coelom, the spacious body cavity found in other annelids, is reduced to small channels.

The majority of leeches live in freshwater habitats, while some species can be found in terrestrial or marine environments. The best-known species, such as the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, are hematophagous, attaching themselves to a host with a sucker and feeding on blood, having first secreted the peptide hirudin to prevent the blood from clotting. The jaws used to pierce the skin are replaced in other species by a proboscis which is pushed into the skin. A minority of leech species are predatory, mostly preying on small invertebrates. (Full article...)
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Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, it is not associated with weight gain and sleepiness, and it is more effective than SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue. Bupropion, particularly the immediate release formulation, carries a higher risk of seizure than many other antidepressants, hence caution is recommended in patients with a history of seizure disorder. The medication is taken by mouth.

Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Raised blood pressure is notable. Rare but serious side effects include seizures, liver toxicity, psychosis, and risk of overdose. Bupropion use during pregnancy may be associated with increased likelihood of congenital heart defects. (Full article...)
Image 5

Diagram of prostate tumor pressing on urethra

Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder. Abnormal growth of prostate tissue is usually detected through screening tests, typically blood tests that check for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Those with high levels of PSA in their blood are at increased risk for developing prostate cancer. Diagnosis requires a biopsy of the prostate. If cancer is present, the pathologist assigns a Gleason score, and a higher score represents a more dangerous tumor. Medical imaging is performed to look for cancer that has spread outside the prostate. Based on the Gleason score, PSA levels, and imaging results, a cancer case is assigned a stage 1 to 4. A higher stage signifies a more advanced, more dangerous disease.

Most prostate tumors remain small and cause no health problems. These are managed with active surveillance, monitoring the tumor with regular tests to ensure it has not grown. Tumors more likely to be dangerous can be destroyed with radiation therapy or surgically removed by radical prostatectomy. Those whose cancer spreads beyond the prostate are treated with hormone therapy which reduces levels of the androgens (male sex hormones) that prostate cells need to survive. Eventually cancer cells can grow resistant to this treatment. This most-advanced stage of the disease, called castration-resistant prostate cancer, is treated with continued hormone therapy alongside the chemotherapy drug docetaxel. Some tumors metastasize (spread) to other areas of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. There, tumors cause severe bone pain, leg weakness or paralysis, and eventually death. Prostate cancer prognosis depends on how far the cancer has spread at diagnosis. Most men diagnosed have tumors confined to the prostate; 99% of them survive more than 10 years from their diagnoses. Tumors that have metastasized to distant body sites are most dangerous, with five-year survival rates of 30–40%. (Full article...)
Image 6

McGill in her laboratory, 1942

Frances Gertrude McGill (November 18, 1882 – January 21, 1959) was a Canadian forensic pathologist, criminologist, bacteriologist, allergologist and allergist. Nicknamed "the Sherlock Holmes of Saskatchewan" for her deductive skills and public fame, McGill influenced the development of forensic pathology in Canadian police work and was internationally noted for her expertise in the subject.

After completing her medical degree at the University of Manitoba in 1915, McGill moved to Saskatchewan, where she was hired first as the provincial bacteriologist and then as the provincial pathologist. She worked extensively with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and local police forces for more than thirty years, and was instrumental in establishing the first RCMP forensic laboratory. She directed the RCMP laboratory for three years, and trained new RCMP recruits in forensic detection methods. After retiring in 1946, McGill was appointed Honorary Surgeon for the RCMP by the Canadian Minister of Justice, becoming one of the first official female members of the force, and she continued to act as a consultant to the RCMP until her death in 1959. (Full article...)
Image 7

Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli rods

Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ ^ⓘ; sg.: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

Like all animals, humans carry vast numbers (approximately 10¹³ to 10¹⁴) of bacteria. Most are in the gut, though there are many on the skin. Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system, and many are beneficial, particularly the ones in the gut. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector (biomining, bioleaching), as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. (Full article...)
Image 8

Sorrowing Old Man (At Eternity's Gate), an 1890 portrait by Vincent van Gogh

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive episodes. (Full article...)
Image 9

Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904),
namesake of Tourette syndrome

Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected muscles known as a premonitory urge, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by casual observers.

Tourette's was once regarded as a rare and bizarre syndrome and has popularly been associated with coprolalia (the utterance of obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory remarks). It is no longer considered rare; about 1% of school-age children and adolescents are estimated to have Tourette's, though coprolalia occurs only in a minority. There are no specific tests for diagnosing Tourette's; it is not always correctly identified, because most cases are mild, and the severity of tics decreases for most children as they pass through adolescence. Therefore, many go undiagnosed or may never seek medical attention. Extreme Tourette's in adulthood, though sensationalized in the media, is rare, but for a small minority, severely debilitating tics can persist into adulthood. Tourette's does not affect intelligence or life expectancy. (Full article...)
Image 10

A large flap lesion in the femur head typical of late stage Osteochondritis dissecans. In this case, the lesion was caused by avascular necrosis of the bone just under the cartilage.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint that catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement.

OCD is caused by blood deprivation of the secondary physes around the bone core of the femoral condyle. This happens to the epiphyseal vessels under the influence of repetitive overloading of the joint during running and jumping sports. During growth such chondronecrotic areas grow into the subchondral bone. There it will show as bone defect area under articular cartilage. The bone will then possibly heal to the surrounding condylar bone in 50% of the cases. Or it will develop into a pseudarthrosis between condylar bone core and osteochondritis flake leaving the articular cartilage it supports prone to damage. The damage is executed by ongoing sport overload. The result is fragmentation (dissection) of both cartilage and bone, and the free movement of these bone and cartilage fragments within the joint space, causing pain, blockage and further damage. OCD has a typical anamnesis with pain during and after sports without any history of trauma. Some symptoms of late stages of osteochondritis dissecans are found with other diseases like rheumatoid disease of children and meniscal ruptures. The disease can be confirmed by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (Full article...)
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Dark Archives: A Librarian's Investigation into the Science and History of Books Bound in Human Skin is a 2020 non-fiction book by the medical librarian and death-positive advocate Megan Rosenbloom. Dealing with anthropodermic bibliopegy, the binding of books in human skin, it expounds upon Rosenbloom's research on such books and their historical, ethical, and cultural implications.

The book focuses on the relationship between anthropodermic bibliopegy and the history of medicine; most confirmed cases of such books were created or owned by medical professionals, in contrast to common stereotypes that they were associated with Nazi Germany, serial killers, or the French Revolution. Rosenbloom discusses how the practice reflects the changing attitudes towards consent, ownership, and disposal of human bodies, and how the history of anthropodermic books intertwines with the history of medical ethics as a field. She interviews librarians, archivists, collectors, and experts on the topic, and examines notable examples of such books and their origins. Though Rosenbloom supports the preservation and maintenance of anthropodermic books, Dark Archives also covers arguments to the contrary, such as those espoused by Princeton University Library senior librarian Paul Needham. (Full article...)
Image 12
Debora Green (née Jones; born February 28, 1951) is an American physician who pleaded no contest to setting a 1995 fire that burned down her family's home and killed two of her children, and to poisoning her husband with ricin with the intention of causing his death. The case was sensational, and covered heavily by news media, especially in the Kansas–Missouri area, where the crimes occurred. Though Green has petitioned for a new trial twice in recent years, her requests have not been successful.

Green married Michael Farrar in 1979 while practicing as an emergency physician. The marriage was tumultuous, and Farrar filed for divorce in July 1995. Between August and September 1995, Farrar repeatedly fell violently ill, and despite numerous hospitalizations his doctors could not pinpoint the source of his illness. Green's emotional stability deteriorated and she began to drink heavily, even while supervising her children. On October 24, 1995, the Farrar family home, occupied by Green and the couple's three children — Timothy (age 13), Kate (age 10), and Kelly (age 6) — caught fire. Debora Green and Kate escaped without harm. Despite the efforts of firefighters, Timothy and Kelly died in the blaze. Investigation showed that trails of accelerant in the house led back to Green's bedroom, and that the source of Michael Farrar's intractable illness had been ricin, a poison served to him in his food by Green. (Full article...)
Image 13

Influenza virus

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin one to four (typically two) days after exposure to the virus and last for about two to eight days. Diarrhea and vomiting can occur, particularly in children. Influenza may progress to pneumonia from the virus or a subsequent bacterial infection. Other complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and worsening of pre-existing health problems such as asthma and cardiovascular disease.

There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. Aquatic birds are the primary source of influenza A virus (IAV), which is also widespread in various mammals, including humans and pigs. Influenza B virus (IBV) and influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and influenza D virus (IDV) is found in cattle and pigs. Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. In humans, influenza viruses are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Transmission through aerosols and surfaces contaminated by the virus also occur. (Full article...)
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The 1966 New York City smog was a major air-pollution episode and environmental disaster, coinciding with that year's Thanksgiving holiday weekend. Smog covered the city and its surrounding area from November 23 to 26, filling the city's air with damaging levels of several toxic pollutants. It was the third major smog in New York City, following events of similar scale in 1953 and 1963.

On November 23, a large mass of stagnant air over the East Coast trapped pollutants in the city's air. For three days, New York City was engulfed in dangerously high levels of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, smoke, and haze. Pockets of air pollution pervaded the greater New York metropolitan area, including parts of New Jersey and Connecticut. By November 25, the smog became severe enough that regional leaders announced a "first-stage alert". During the alert, leaders of local and state governments asked residents and industry to take voluntary steps to minimize emissions. Health officials advised people with respiratory or heart conditions to remain indoors. The city shut off garbage incinerators, requiring massive hauling of garbage to landfills. A cold front dispersed the smog on November 26, and the alert ended. (Full article...)
Image 15

Photomicrograph of Giemsa-stained Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in human blood

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects in the subfamily Triatominae, known as "kissing bugs". The symptoms change over the course of the infection. In the early stage, symptoms are typically either not present or mild, and may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or swelling at the site of the bite. After four to eight weeks, untreated individuals enter the chronic phase of disease, which in most cases does not result in further symptoms. Up to 45% of people with chronic infections develop heart disease 10–30 years after the initial illness, which can lead to heart failure. Digestive complications, including an enlarged esophagus or an enlarged colon, may also occur in up to 21% of people, and up to 10% of people may experience nerve damage.
T. cruzi is commonly spread to humans and other mammals by the kissing bug's bite wound and the bug's infected feces. The disease may also be spread through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, consuming food or drink contaminated with the parasites, and vertical transmission (from a mother to her baby). Diagnosis of early disease is by finding the parasite in the blood using a microscope or detecting its DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Chronic disease is diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi in the blood. (Full article...)

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Micrografía de glóbulos rojos falciformes .

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Image 1

Anestesiólogo que utiliza el videolaringoscopio Glidescope para intubar la tráquea de una persona mayor con obesidad mórbida y una anatomía de las vías respiratorias complicada

La intubación traqueal , generalmente denominada simplemente intubación , es la colocación de un tubo de plástico flexible en la tráquea para mantener abierta la vía aérea o para que sirva como conducto a través del cual administrar ciertos medicamentos. Se realiza con frecuencia en pacientes gravemente heridos, enfermos o anestesiados para facilitar la ventilación de los pulmones, incluida la ventilación mecánica , y para prevenir la posibilidad de asfixia u obstrucción de las vías respiratorias.

La vía más utilizada es la orotraqueal, en la quese pasa un tubo endotraqueal a través de la boca y el aparato vocal hasta la tráquea. En un procedimiento nasotraqueal, se pasa un tubo endotraqueal a través de la nariz y el aparato vocal hasta la tráquea. Otros métodos de intubación implican cirugía e incluyen la cricotirotomía (utilizada casi exclusivamente en circunstancias de emergencia) y la traqueotomía , utilizada principalmente en situaciones en las que se anticipa una necesidad prolongada de apoyo de las vías respiratorias. ( Artículo completo... )
Image 2

Formation of wheals on the arm

Solar urticaria (SU) is a rare condition in which exposure to ultraviolet or UV radiation, or sometimes even visible light, induces a case of urticaria or hives that can appear in both covered and uncovered areas of the skin. It is classified as a type of physical urticaria. The classification of disease types is somewhat controversial. One classification system distinguished various types of SU based on the wavelength of the radiation that causes the breakout; another classification system is based on the type of allergen that initiates a breakout.

The agent in the human body responsible for the reaction to radiation, known as the photoallergen, has not yet been identified. The disease itself can be difficult to diagnose properly because it is so similar to other dermatological disorders, such as polymorphous light eruption or PLE. The most helpful test is a diagnostic phototest, a specialized test which confirms the presence of an abnormal sunburn reaction. Once recognized, treatment of the disease commonly involves the administration of antihistamines, and desensitization treatments such as phototherapy. In more extreme cases, the use of immunosuppressive drugs and even plasmapheresis may be considered. (Full article...)
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Joseph Bolivar DeLee (October 28, 1869 – April 2, 1942) was an American physician who became known as the father of modern obstetrics. DeLee founded the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, where he introduced the first portable infant incubator. Early in his career, he was associated with the medical school at Northwestern University. After 1929, he was employed by the medical school at the University of Chicago.

An early proponent of hygienic standards during childbirth, DeLee even advocated for the construction of separate hospital buildings for labor and delivery. He was an influential figure in the discussion of whether childbirth required medical interventions to ensure a healthy mother and baby; in 1920, he proposed a standardized, invasive approach to childbirth known as the "prophylactic forceps operation". DeLee believed that mechanical intervention (such as forceps delivery) could prevent the poor outcomes that sometimes resulted from childbirth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His advocacy of such active techniques is sometimes blamed for the rise in mechanical interventions during childbirth. (Full article...)
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A wet market (also called a public market or a traditional market) is a marketplace selling fresh foods such as meat, fish, produce and other consumption-oriented perishable goods in a non-supermarket setting, as distinguished from "dry markets" that sell durable goods such as fabrics, kitchenwares and electronics. These include a wide variety of markets, such as farmers' markets, fish markets, and wildlife markets. Not all wet markets sell live animals, but the term wet market is sometimes used to signify a live animal market in which vendors slaughter animals upon customer purchase, such as is done with poultry in Hong Kong. Wet markets are common in many parts of the world, notably in China, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. They often play critical roles in urban food security due to factors of pricing, freshness of food, social interaction, and local cultures.

Most wet markets do not trade in wild or exotic animals, but some that do have been linked to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases including COVID-19, H5N1 avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and monkeypox. Several countries have banned wet markets from holding wildlife. Media reports that fail to distinguish between all wet markets and those with live animals or wildlife, as well as insinuations of fostering wildlife smuggling, have been blamed for fueling Sinophobia related to the COVID-19 pandemic. (Full article...)
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Xanthelasma palpebrarum, yellowish patches consisting of cholesterol deposits above the eyelids. These are more common in people with FH.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), in the blood and early cardiovascular diseases. The most common mutations diminish the number of functional LDL receptors in the liver or produce abnormal LDL receptors that never go to the cell surface to function properly (abnormal trafficking). Since the underlying body biochemistry is slightly different in individuals with FH, their high cholesterol levels are less responsive to the kinds of cholesterol control methods which are usually more effective in people without FH (such as dietary modification and statin tablets). Nevertheless, treatment (including higher statin doses) is usually effective.

FH is classified as a type 2 familial dyslipidemia. There are five types of familial dyslipidemia (not including subtypes), and each are classified from both the altered lipid profile and by the genetic abnormality. For example, high LDL (often due to LDL receptor defect) is type 2. Others include defects in chylomicron metabolism, triglyceride metabolism, and metabolism of other cholesterol-containing particles, such as VLDL and IDL. (Full article...)
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Horace Gilbert Smithy Jr. (July 19, 1914 – October 28, 1948) was an American cardiac surgeon who in 1948 performed the first successful mitral valve repair (mitral valvulotomy) since the 1920s. Smithy's work was complicated because it predated heart-lung machines or open heart surgery. Though his procedure did not become a definitive treatment for valvular heart disease, he introduced the technique of injecting novocaine into the heart to avoid arrhythmias during surgery, and he showed that it was feasible to access and operate on the heart's valves.

A graduate of the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Smithy completed a surgical residency in Charleston, South Carolina, and then practiced surgery at Roper Hospital in Charleston. He also began working with a colleague in a dog laboratory to devise a valvulotomy (surgical treatment for diseased heart valves). Smithy's interest in heart valve dysfunction was also personal; he suffered from narrowing of the aortic valve related to rheumatic heart disease. (Full article...)
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The Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism involved two entirely separate and independent French Royal Commissions, each appointed by Louis XVI in 1784, that were conducted simultaneously by a committee composed of four physicians from the Paris Faculty of Medicine (Faculté de médecine de Paris) and five scientists from the Royal Academy of Sciences (Académie des sciences) (i.e., the "Franklin Commission", named for Benjamin Franklin), and a second committee composed of five physicians from the Royal Society of Medicine (Société Royale de Médecine) (i.e., the "Society Commission").

Each Commission took five months to complete its investigations. The "Franklin" Report was presented to the King on 11 August 1784 – and was immediately published and very widely circulated throughout France and neighbouring countries – and the "Society" Report was presented to the King five days later on 16 August 1784. (Full article...)
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The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to monoclonal antibodies. An antibody is a protein that is produced in B cells and used by the immune system of humans and other vertebrate animals to identify a specific foreign object like a bacterium or a virus. Monoclonal antibodies are those that were produced in identical cells, often artificially, and so share the same target object. They have a wide range of applications including medical uses.

This naming scheme is used for both the World Health Organization's International Nonproprietary Names (INN) and the United States Adopted Names (USAN) for pharmaceuticals. In general, word stems are used to identify classes of drugs, in most cases placed word-finally. All monoclonal antibody names assigned until 2021 end with the stem -mab; newer names have different stems. Unlike most other pharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibody nomenclature uses different preceding word parts (morphemes) depending on structure and function. These are officially called substems and sometimes erroneously infixes, even by the USAN Council itself. (Full article...)
Image 9
The ovulatory shift hypothesis holds that women experience evolutionarily adaptive changes in subconscious thoughts and behaviors related to mating during different parts of the ovulatory cycle. It suggests that what women want, in terms of men, changes throughout the menstrual cycle. Two meta-analyses published in 2014 reached opposing conclusions on whether the existing evidence was robust enough to support the prediction that women's mate preferences change across the cycle. A newer 2018 review does not show women changing the type of men they desire at different times in their fertility cycle. (Full article...)
Image 10
Two disposable injector pens. On the top pen there is a disclaimer that it contains no insulin and is not to be used for treatment of diabetes.

An injector pen (also called a medication pen) is a device used for injecting medication under the skin. First introduced in the 1980s, injector pens are designed to make injectable medication easier and more convenient to use, thus increasing patient adherence. The primary difference between injector pens and traditional vial and syringe administration is the easier use of an injector pen by people with low dexterity, poor vision, or who need portability to administer medicine on time. Injector pens also decrease the fear or adversity towards self-injection of medications, which increases the likelihood that a person takes the medication.

Injector pens are commonly used for medications that are injected repeatedly by a person over a relatively short period of time, especially insulin and insulin analogs used in the treatment of diabetes (called insulin pens). Many other medications are also available as injector pens, including other injectable medicines for diabetes, high cholesterol, migraine prevention, and other monoclonal antibodies. Studies have shown injector pens to be at least as effective as vial and syringe administration, and surveys have shown that a vast majority of people would prefer an injector pen over vial and syringe administration if one was available. After a slow uptake in the United States, injector pens have surpassed vial and syringe administration of insulin in type 2 diabetes. (Full article...)
Image 11

Karyotype of pentasomy X

Pentasomy X, also known as 49,XXXXX, is a chromosomal disorder in which a female has five, rather than two, copies of the X chromosome. Pentasomy X is associated with short stature, intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, heart defects, skeletal anomalies, and pubertal and reproductive abnormalities. The condition is exceptionally rare, with an estimated prevalence between 1 in 85,000 and 1 in 250,000.

The condition has a large variety of symptoms, and it is difficult to paint a conclusive portrait of its phenotypes. Though significant disability is characteristic, there are so few diagnosed cases that confident conclusions about the presentation and prognosis remain impossible. Pentasomy X may be mistaken for more common chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, before a conclusive diagnosis is reached. (Full article...)
Image 12
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression. Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patient's own thoughts.

In its current version, the BDI-II is designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex. (Full article...)
Image 13

Acceleration (g-forces) can exert rotational forces in the brain, especially the midbrain and diencephalon.

A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness; memory loss; headaches; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea; blurred vision; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and mood changes. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion. Symptoms of a concussion may be delayed by 1–2 days after the accident. It is not unusual for symptoms to last 2 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness.

Common causes include motor vehicle collisions, falls, sports injuries, and bicycle accidents. Risk factors include physical violence, drinking alcohol and a prior history of concussion. The mechanism of injury involves either a direct blow to the head or forces elsewhere on the body that are transmitted to the head. This is believed to result in neuron dysfunction, as there are increased glucose requirements, but not enough blood supply. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical provider working in their scope of practice (such as a physician or nurse practitioner) is required to rule out life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions and to use information obtained from the medical evaluation to diagnose a concussion. Glasgow coma scale score 13 to 15, loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, and memory loss for less than 24 hours may be used to rule out moderate or severe traumatic brain injuries. Diagnostic imaging such as a CT scan or an MRI may be required to rule out severe head injuries. Routine imaging is not required to diagnose concussion. (Full article...)
Image 14

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions that aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.

Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes. Aspirin works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets. (Full article...)
Image 15

A child with smallpox in Bangladesh in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making smallpox the only human disease to have been eradicated to date.

The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting. This was followed by formation of ulcers in the mouth and a skin rash. Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled blisters with a dent in the center. The bumps then scabbed over and fell off, leaving scars. The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or (rarely) via contaminated objects. Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine. Once the disease had developed, certain antiviral medications could potentially have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated. The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often, those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind. (Full article...)

Sabías -mostrar diferentes entradas

... que el síndrome de Fanconi es un trastorno en el que se altera la función tubular proximal del riñón , lo que produce una menor reabsorción de electrolitos y nutrientes en el torrente sanguíneo?

... que la primera vacuna contra el tifus se desarrolló en 1937 ?
... que el cretinismo es una condición de crecimiento físico y mental severamente retardado debido a una deficiencia congénita no tratada de las hormonas tiroideas ?

Imágenes generales –cargar nuevo lote

Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con la medicina en Wikipedia.

Image 1Fragmento de una tablilla cuneiforme neoasiria que describe un texto médico (c. siglo IX al VII a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 2Curandera realizando una limpieza en Cuenca, Ecuador (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 3Hospital ambulatorio "Terapeuta Matvei Mudrov" en Khabarovsk , Rusia (desde Atención sanitaria )
Image 4Hospital de la Guerra Civil estadounidense en Gettysburg , 1863 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 5El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith , escrito en el siglo XVII a. C. , contiene la referencia registrada más antigua al cerebro. Academia de Medicina de Nueva York . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 6Gasto en salud por país . Porcentaje del PIB ( producto interno bruto ). Por ejemplo: 11,2 % para Canadá en 2022. 16,6 % para Estados Unidos en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 7La sala de emergencias es a menudo un lugar de primera línea para la prestación de atención médica primaria. (de Atención de salud )
Image 8Esperanza de vida de la población total al nacer en varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: Biblioteca electrónica de la OCDE (de Seguros de salud )
Image 9Gasto en salud per cápita (en dólares estadounidenses ajustados según la paridad de poder adquisitivo ) entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de los datos: Biblioteca electrónica de la OCDE (de Seguros de salud )
Image 10A veces, las medicinas tradicionales incluyen partes de especies en peligro de extinción, como el loris lento del sudeste asiático. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 11El York Retreat , fundado en 1796 y dirigido por cuáqueros , adquirió notoriedad internacional como centro de tratamiento moral y modelo de reforma del asilo tras la publicación de la Descripción del retiro de Samuel Tuke (1813). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 12Concentración mundial de recursos de atención de la salud, representada por el número de médicos por cada 10.000 personas, por país. Los datos proceden de Estadísticas sanitarias mundiales 2010, un informe de la OMS . ^{[ Necesita actualización ]} (de Atención de la salud )
Image 13El personal médico coloca cubiertas esterilizadas en los brazos del sistema quirúrgico daVinci Xi , un sistema de cirugía robótica mínimamente invasiva, en el Centro Médico del Ejército William Beaumont. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 14Zhang Zhongjing , farmacólogo, médico, inventor y escritor chino de la dinastía Han del Este . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 15Gasto sanitario en Japón por grupo de edad (del Seguro de salud )
Image 16Louis Pasteur experimentando con bacterias, c. 1870 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 17Cirugía de combate estadounidense durante la Guerra del Pacífico , 1943 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 18La mayoría de los países han experimentado un enorme aumento de la esperanza de vida desde 1945. Sin embargo, en el sur de África, la epidemia del VIH que comenzó alrededor de 1990 ha erosionado la salud nacional. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 19Tablilla de terracota cuneiforme que describe una receta medicinal para envenenar (c. siglo XVIII a. C. ). Descubierta en Nippur , Irak.
Image 20Vacunación contra la viruela en Níger, 1969. Una década después, ésta fue la primera enfermedad infecciosa en ser erradicada. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 21 Anuncio de cigarrillos Camel "Más médicos fuman Camel que cualquier otro cigarrillo" de la década de 1940 (de Ética médica )
Image 22Símbolo taoísta del Yin y el Yang (de la Ética Médica )
Image 23Milenrama , planta medicinal que se encuentra en cuevas ocupadas por humanos en el Paleolítico superior . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 24Galeno (129-216 d. C.), conocido por sus amplios conocimientos sobre anatomía. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 25Esperanza de vida frente al gasto sanitario en los países ricos de la OCDE . El promedio en EE. UU. fue de 10 447 dólares en 2018. (tomado de Health care )
Image 26Estatua de Robert Koch , padre de la bacteriología médica, en la Robert-Koch-Platz (plaza Robert Koch) de Berlín (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 27" Diagrama de las causas de mortalidad en el ejército en Oriente " de Florence Nightingale. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 28Número de estadounidenses que carecen de seguro médico y tasa de personas sin seguro entre 1987 y 2008 (tomado de Seguro médico )
Image 29Un manuscrito bizantino del siglo XII del juramento hipocrático (de Ética médica )
Image 30Medicina tradicional en un mercado de Antananarivo , Madagascar (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 31La Caridad en Berlín (de la Historia de la Medicina )
Image 32Boceto del médico musulmán Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 33Un médico controla el pulso de un paciente en el Japón de la era Meiji. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 34La atención primaria puede brindarse en centros de salud comunitarios. (de Atención de salud )
Image 35El Hospital Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía de Londres , Reino Unido , es un hospital neurológico especializado. (de Atención sanitaria )
Image 36Estela mágica o cipo de Horus con inscripciones con encantamientos curativos (c. 332 a 280 a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 37Pruebas de detección de COVID-19 en Ruanda (2021) (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 38El Hospital de Guy en 1820 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 39Mandrágora (escrito 'ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ' en mayúsculas griegas). Nápoles Dioscurides , siglo VII (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 40La medicina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial - El transporte sanitario. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 41Un implante coclear es un tipo común de prótesis neural , un dispositivo que reemplaza parte del sistema nervioso humano . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 42Oración ética por la sabiduría médica por el Dr. Edmond Fernandes (de Ética médica )
Image 43Botánicas como ésta en Jamaica Plain , Boston , atienden a la comunidad latina y venden medicina popular junto con estatuas de santos , velas decoradas con oraciones , bambú de la suerte y otros artículos. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 44Un manuscrito del siglo XII del Juramento Hipocrático en griego, uno de los aspectos más famosos de la medicina clásica que se mantuvo en épocas posteriores (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 45Epidemia en la Ciudad de México de 1737, con las élites invocando a la Virgen de Guadalupe (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 46Código de Ética Médica de la AMA (de Ética Médica )
Image 47Representación de la viruela en la historia de la conquista de México del franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún , Libro XII del Códice Florentino , desde el punto de vista de los aztecas derrotados (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 48Costo total de atención médica por persona . Gasto público y privado. Dólares estadounidenses PPP . Por ejemplo: $6,319 para Canadá en 2022. $12,555 para EE. UU. en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 49Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), fundador de la psiquiatría científica moderna, la psicofarmacología y la genética psiquiátrica. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 50Réplica del microscopio de Antonie van Leeuwenhoek de la década de 1670 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 51Un monumento ucraniano a la pandemia del VIH. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 52Remedios médicos del siglo XVIII recopilados por una familia de la nobleza británica (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 53Paciente del asilo para lunáticos del condado de Surrey , c. 1850-58 . La población de asilos en Inglaterra y Gales aumentó de 1.027 en 1827 a 74.004 en 1900. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 54Hipócrates ( c. 460–370 a. C.). Conocido como el "padre de la medicina". (De Historia de la medicina )
Image 55Infografía que muestra cómo fluyen los datos de atención médica dentro del proceso de facturación (de Facturación médica )
$Imagen 56El plinthios brochos, tal como lo describió el médico griego Heraclas, un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada. Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasio. (de Historia de la medicina)$
Image 56El plinthios brochos, tal como lo describió el médico griego Heraclas , era un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada . Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasio . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 57Hospital Jackson Memorial de Miami , el principal hospital docente de la Facultad de Medicina Miller de la Universidad de Miami y el hospital más grande de los Estados Unidos con 1.547 camas (de atención médica )
Image 58Un empleado de facturación estadounidense prepara una factura detallada. (1992) (de Facturación médica )
Image 59Siete médicos y botánicos del mundo clásico de Viena . Dioscórides. En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba en el centro: Galeno , Dioscórides , Nicandro , Rufo de Éfeso , Andrés de Caristo , Apolonio Mus o de Pérgamo , Crateuas (de la Historia de la medicina ).

Más ¿Sabías qué?(generado automáticamente)

... que los anglosajones pueden haber utilizado una mezcla de ajo, otro Allium , vino y bilis bovina como medicina para los ojos?
... que Margaret C. Roberts fue alentada a estudiar medicina por el líder de la Iglesia SUD Brigham Young para reducir las tasas de mortalidad durante el parto?
... ¿que el monje budista del siglo XIV Tuệ Tĩnh sea considerado el padre fundador de la medicina tradicional vietnamita ?
... que Tang Zonghai fue uno de los primeros defensores de la integración de la medicina china y occidental?
... que los Noongar usaban el árbol de eucalipto wandoo como medicina y ungüento?
... que la falta de pruebas de detección de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas en África subsahariana está asociada con un aumento de la mortalidad infantil?

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