Portal: Medicina

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El portal de la medicina

La medicina es la ciencia y la práctica de cuidar a los pacientes, gestionando el diagnóstico , pronóstico , prevención , tratamiento , paliación de su lesión o enfermedad y promoviendo su salud . La medicina abarca una variedad de prácticas de atención médica desarrolladas para mantener y restaurar la salud mediante la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades . La medicina contemporánea aplica las ciencias biomédicas , la investigación biomédica , la genética y la tecnología médica para diagnosticar , tratar y prevenir lesiones y enfermedades, generalmente a través de productos farmacéuticos o cirugía , pero también a través de terapias tan diversas como psicoterapia , férulas y tracción externas , dispositivos médicos , productos biológicos , y radiaciones ionizantes , entre otras.

La medicina se ha practicado desde tiempos prehistóricos , y durante la mayor parte de este tiempo fue un arte (un área de creatividad y habilidad), que frecuentemente tenía conexiones con las creencias religiosas y filosóficas de la cultura local. Por ejemplo, un curandero aplicaría hierbas y rezaría oraciones por la curación, o un antiguo filósofo y médico aplicaría sangrías según las teorías del humorismo . En los últimos siglos, desde el advenimiento de la ciencia moderna , la mayor parte de la medicina se ha convertido en una combinación de arte y ciencia (tanto básica como aplicada , bajo el paraguas de la ciencia médica ). Por ejemplo, mientras que la técnica de sutura es un arte que se aprende a través de la práctica, el conocimiento de lo que sucede a nivel celular y molecular en los tejidos que se suturan surge a través de la ciencia.

Las formas precientíficas de medicina, ahora conocidas como medicina tradicional o medicina popular , siguen utilizándose comúnmente en ausencia de medicina científica y, por eso, se denominan medicina alternativa . Los tratamientos alternativos fuera de la medicina científica con preocupaciones éticas, de seguridad y eficacia se denominan charlatanería . ( Artículo completo... )

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Aquí se muestran los artículos destacados , que representan algunos de los mejores contenidos de Wikipedia en inglés.

Imagen 1

Biopsia de intestino delgado que muestra enfermedad celíaca manifestada por embotamiento de las vellosidades , hiperplasia de las criptas e infiltración de linfocitos en las criptas

La enfermedad celíaca ( inglés británico ) o enfermedad celíaca ( inglés americano ) es un trastorno autoinmune de larga duración, que afecta principalmente al intestino delgado , donde los individuos desarrollan intolerancia al gluten , presente en alimentos como el trigo , el centeno y la cebada . Los síntomas clásicos incluyen problemas gastrointestinales como diarrea crónica , distensión abdominal , malabsorción , pérdida de apetito y, entre los niños, incapacidad para crecer normalmente . Los síntomas no clásicos son más comunes, especialmente en personas mayores de dos años. Puede haber síntomas gastrointestinales leves o ausentes, una gran cantidad de síntomas que afectan a cualquier parte del cuerpo o ningún síntoma obvio. La enfermedad celíaca se describió por primera vez en la infancia; sin embargo, puede desarrollarse a cualquier edad. Se asocia con otras enfermedades autoinmunes , como la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y la tiroiditis de Hashimoto , entre otras.

La enfermedad celíaca es causada por una reacción al gluten, un grupo de diversas proteínas que se encuentran en el trigo y en otros cereales como la cebada y el centeno .cantidades moderadas de avena , libre de contaminación con otros cereales que contienen gluten. La aparición de problemas puede depender del tipo de avena. Ocurre con mayor frecuencia en personas genéticamente predispuestas . Tras la exposición al gluten, una respuesta inmune anormal puede conducir a la producción de varios autoanticuerpos diferentes que pueden afectar varios órganos diferentes . En el intestino delgado, esto provoca una reacción inflamatoria y puede producir un acortamiento de las vellosidades que recubren el intestino delgado ( atrofia de las vellosidades ). Esto afecta la absorción de nutrientes, provocando frecuentemente anemia . ( Artículo completo... )
Imagen 2

Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, it is not associated with weight gain and sleepiness, and it is more effective than SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue. Bupropion, particularly the immediate release formulation, carries a higher risk of seizure than many other antidepressants, hence caution is recommended in patients with a history of seizure disorder. The medication is taken by mouth.

Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Raised blood pressure is notable. Rare but serious side effects include seizures, liver toxicity, psychosis, and risk of overdose. Bupropion use during pregnancy may be associated with increased likelihood of congenital heart defects. (Full article...)
Image 3
Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of drinking water.

Water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth, it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $1.32 per person-year. Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits. In 2011, the World Health Organization suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L (milligrams per litre), depending on climate, local environment, and other sources of fluoride. Bottled water typically has unknown fluoride levels.

Tooth decay remains a major public health concern in most industrialized countries, affecting 60–90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults. Water fluoridation reduces cavities in children, while efficacy in adults is less clear. A Cochrane review estimates a reduction in cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay, though milk and salt fluoridation is widespread in lieu of water fluoridation. Some studies suggest that water fluoridation, particularly in industrialized nations, may be unnecessary because topical fluorides (such as in toothpaste) are widely used, and caries rates have become low. (Full article...)
Image 4

Meninges of the central nervous system: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, intense headache, vomiting and neck stiffness and occasionally photophobia.

Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, nausea, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. A non-blanching rash (a rash that does not fade when a glass is rolled over it) may also be present. (Full article...)
Image 5

Sorrowing Old Man (At Eternity's Gate), an 1890 portrait by Vincent van Gogh

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), and has become widely used since. The disorder causes the second-most years lived with disability, after lower back pain.

The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences, behavior reported by relatives or friends, and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test for the disorder, but testing may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms. The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the disorder varies widely, from one episode lasting months to a lifelong disorder with recurrent major depressive episodes. (Full article...)
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Race Against Time: Searching for Hope in AIDS-Ravaged Africa is a non-fiction book written by Stephen Lewis for the Massey Lectures. Lewis wrote it in early to mid-2005 and House of Anansi Press released it as a corresponding lecture series began in October 2005. Each of the book's chapters were delivered as a different lecture in a different Canadian city, beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28. The speeches were aired on CBC Radio One between November 7 and 11. The author and orator, Stephen Lewis, was at that time the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa and former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations. Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen, his criticism of the United Nations (UN), international organizations, and other diplomats, including naming specific people, was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position.

In the book and the lectures, Lewis argues that significant changes are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals in Africa by their 2015 deadline. Lewis explains the historical context of Africa since the 1980s, citing a succession of disastrous economic policies by international financial institutions that contributed to, rather than reduced, poverty. He connects the structural adjustment loans, with conditions of limited public spending on health and education infrastructure, to the uncontrolled spread of AIDS and subsequent food shortages as the disease infected much of the working-age population. Lewis also addresses such issues as discrimination against women and primary education for children. To help alleviate problems, he ends with potential solutions which mainly require increased funding by G8 countries to levels beyond what they promise. (Full article...)
Image 7

McGill in her laboratory, 1942

Frances Gertrude McGill (November 18, 1882 – January 21, 1959) was a Canadian forensic pathologist, criminologist, bacteriologist, allergologist and allergist. Nicknamed "the Sherlock Holmes of Saskatchewan" for her deductive skills and public fame, McGill influenced the development of forensic pathology in Canadian police work and was internationally noted for her expertise in the subject.

After completing her medical degree at the University of Manitoba in 1915, McGill moved to Saskatchewan, where she was hired first as the provincial bacteriologist and then as the provincial pathologist. She worked extensively with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and local police forces for more than thirty years, and was instrumental in establishing the first RCMP forensic laboratory. She directed the RCMP laboratory for three years, and trained new RCMP recruits in forensic detection methods. After retiring in 1946, McGill was appointed Honorary Surgeon for the RCMP by the Canadian Minister of Justice, becoming one of the first official female members of the force, and she continued to act as a consultant to the RCMP until her death in 1959. (Full article...)
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Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli rods

Bacteria (/bækˈtɪəriə/ ^ⓘ; sg.: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in mutualistic, commensal and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised and there are many species that cannot be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

Like all animals, humans carry vast numbers (approximately 10¹³ to 10¹⁴) of bacteria. Most are in the gut, though there are many on the skin. Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system, and many are beneficial, particularly the ones in the gut. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector (biomining, bioleaching), as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. (Full article...)
Image 9

CT scan of the brain showing subarachnoid hemorrhage as a white area in the center (marked by the arrow) and stretching into the sulci to either side

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space—the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain. Symptoms may include a severe headache of rapid onset, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, fever, weakness, numbness, and sometimes seizures. Neck stiffness or neck pain are also relatively common. In about a quarter of people a small bleed with resolving symptoms occurs within a month of a larger bleed.

SAH may occur as a result of a head injury or spontaneously, usually from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Risk factors for spontaneous cases include high blood pressure, smoking, family history, alcoholism, and cocaine use. Generally, the diagnosis can be determined by a CT scan of the head if done within six hours of symptom onset. Occasionally, a lumbar puncture is also required. After confirmation further tests are usually performed to determine the underlying cause. (Full article...)
Image 10

Microscopic image of a Lewy body (arrowhead) in a neuron of the substantia nigra; scale bar=20 microns (0.02 mm)

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a type of dementia characterized by changes in sleep, behavior, cognition, movement, and regulation of automatic bodily functions. Memory loss is not always an early symptom. The disease worsens over time and is usually diagnosed when cognitive impairment interferes with normal daily functioning. Together with Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB is one of the two Lewy body dementias. It is a common form of dementia, but the prevalence is not known accurately and many diagnoses are missed. The disease was first described on autopsy by Kenji Kosaka in 1976, and he named the condition several years later.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)—in which people lose the muscle paralysis (atonia) that normally occurs during REM sleep and act out their dreams—is a core feature. RBD may appear years or decades before other symptoms. Other core features are visual hallucinations, marked fluctuations in attention or alertness, and parkinsonism (slowness of movement, trouble walking, or rigidity). A presumptive diagnosis can be made if several disease features or biomarkers are present; the diagnostic workup may include blood tests, neuropsychological tests, imaging, and sleep studies. A definitive diagnosis usually requires an autopsy. (Full article...)
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Taare Zameen Par (lit. 'Stars on Earth'), also known as Like Stars on Earth in English, is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language psychological drama film produced and directed by Aamir Khan. It stars Khan himself, with Darsheel Safary, Tanay Chheda, Vipin Sharma and Tisca Chopra. It explores the life and imagination of Ishaan (Safary), an artistically gifted 8-year-old boy whose poor academic performance leads his parents to send him to a boarding school, where a new art teacher Nikumbh (Khan) suspects that he is dyslexic and helps him to overcome his reading disorder.

Creative director and writer Amole Gupte developed the idea with his wife Deepa Bhatia, who was the film's editor. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy composed the score, and Prasoon Joshi wrote the lyrics for many of the songs. Principal photography took place in Mumbai, and in Panchgani's New Era High School, where some of the school's students participated in the filming. (Full article...)
Image 12

A CBC specimen in front of a printout displaying CBC and differential results

A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells). The red blood cell indices, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included.

The CBC is often carried out as part of a medical assessment and can be used to monitor health or diagnose diseases. The results are interpreted by comparing them to reference ranges, which vary with sex and age. Conditions like anemia and thrombocytopenia are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency, and the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and blood disorders like leukemia. Not all results falling outside of the reference range require medical intervention. (Full article...)
Image 13

Anti-FGM road sign near Kapchorwa, Uganda, 2004

Female genital mutilation (FGM) (also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female circumcision) is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva. The prevalence of FGM varies worldwide, but is majorly present in some countries of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and within their diasporas. , UNICEF estimates that worldwide 230 million girls and women (144 million in Africa, 80 million in Asia, 6 million in Middle East, and 1-2 million in other parts of the world) had been subjected to one or more types of FGM.

Typically carried out by a traditional circumciser using a blade, FGM is conducted from days after birth to puberty and beyond. In half of the countries for which national statistics are available, most girls are cut before the age of five. Procedures differ according to the country or ethnic group. They include removal of the clitoral hood (type 1-a) and clitoral glans (1-b); removal of the inner labia (2-a); and removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva (type 3). In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid, the vagina is opened for intercourse and opened further for childbirth. (Full article...)
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Ray Fletcher Farquharson MBE (4 August 1897 – 1 June 1965) was a Canadian medical doctor, university professor, and medical researcher. Born in Claude, Ontario, he attended and taught at the University of Toronto for most of his life, and was trained and employed at Toronto General Hospital. With co-researcher Arthur Squires, Farquharson was responsible for the discovery of the Farquharson phenomenon, an important principle of endocrinology, which is that administering external hormones suppresses the natural production of that hormone.

He served in the First and Second World Wars, earning appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his medical work during the latter. He chaired the Penicillin Committee of Canada and served as a medical consultant for the Royal Canadian Air Force. He was awarded the Queen's Coronation Medal in 1953 for his work for the Defence Review Board. Farquharson was also a charter member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. (Full article...)
Image 15

Tatsuguchi soon after his induction into the Imperial Japanese Army in 1941 and his initial assignment to the First Imperial Guard Regiment in Tokyo
Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi (辰口信夫, Tatsuguchi Nobuo), sometimes mistakenly referred to as Nebu Tatsuguchi (August 31, 1911 – May 30, 1943), was a Japanese soldier and surgeon who served in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. He was killed during the Battle of Attu on Attu Island, Alaska, United States, on May 30, 1943.

A devout Seventh-day Adventist, Tatsuguchi studied medicine and was licensed as a physician in the United States (US). He returned to his native Japan to practice medicine at the Tokyo Adventist Sanitarium, where he received further medical training. In 1941, he was ordered to cease his medical practice and conscripted into the IJA as an acting medical officer, although he was given an enlisted rather than officer rank because of his American connections. In late 1942, Tatsuguchi was sent to Attu, which had been occupied by Japanese forces in June 1942. On May 11, 1943, The United States Army landed on the island, intending to retake American soil from the Japanese. (Full article...)

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Image 1

La boca de una persona con síntomas similares a los causados por el uso prolongado de metanfetamina.

Boca de metanfetamina es un término coloquial usado para describir caries severas y pérdida de dientes , así como fracturas dentales , erosión ácida y otros problemas bucales que a menudo son sintomáticos del uso prolongado de la droga metanfetamina . Se cree que la afección es causada por una combinación de efectos secundarios del fármaco (apretar y rechinar los dientes, sequedad de boca) y factores del estilo de vida ( higiene bucal poco frecuente , consumo frecuente de bebidas azucaradas, además de descuidar las limpiezas dentales periódicas y los cuidados preventivos). ), que puede estar presente en usuarios a largo plazo. Sin embargo, se ha cuestionado la legitimidad de la metanfetamina como una condición única debido a los efectos similares de algunas otras drogas en los dientes. Las imágenes de bocas enfermas se utilizan a menudo en campañas antidrogas.

La afección es difícil de tratar y puede implicar empastes, flúor para combatir las caries y medicamentos que aumentan la saliva para la boca seca, así como instrucciones de higiene bucal. Puede ser peligroso para los consumidores activos de metanfetamina someterse a
una cirugía dental debido a los problemas cardíacos que pueden resultar de la interacción del anestésico local con la droga. ( Artículo completo... )
Image 2

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media (middle ear infections), and endocarditis. It can also be used to treat acne, and some cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In combination with quinine, it can be used to treat malaria. It is available by mouth, by injection into a vein, and as a cream or a gel to be applied to the skin or in the vagina.

Common side effects include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, and pain at the site of injection. It increases the risk of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile colitis about fourfold and thus is only recommended for use when other antibiotics are not appropriate. It appears to be generally safe in pregnancy. It is of the lincosamide class and works by blocking bacteria from making protein. (Full article...)
Image 3
An illustration of a Manhattan plot depicting several strongly associated risk loci. Each dot represents a SNP, with the X-axis showing genomic location and Y-axis showing association level. This example is taken from a GWA study investigating kidney stone disease, so the peaks indicate genetic variants that are found more often in individuals with kidney stones.

In genomics, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. GWA studies typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like major human diseases, but can equally be applied to any other genetic variants and any other organisms.

When applied to human data, GWA studies compare the DNA of participants having varying phenotypes for a particular trait or disease. These participants may be people with a disease (cases) and similar people without the disease (controls), or they may be people with different phenotypes for a particular trait, for example blood pressure. This approach is known as phenotype-first, in which the participants are classified first by their clinical manifestation(s), as opposed to genotype-first. Each person gives a sample of DNA, from which millions of genetic variants are read using SNP arrays. If there is significant statistical evidence that one type of the variant (one allele) is more frequent in people with the disease, the variant is said to be associated with the disease. The associated SNPs are then considered to mark a region of the human genome that may influence the risk of disease. (Full article...)
Image 4

Molecular structure of thyroxine, which is deficient in hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, depression, and weight gain. Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goitre. Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby or congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.

Worldwide, too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine. Less common causes include previous treatment with radioactive iodine, injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, or previous thyroid surgery. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels. (Full article...)
Image 5

Multiple white cells seen in the urine of a person with a urinary tract infection using microscopy

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra (urethritis) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney (pyelonephritis). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful urination (dysuria), frequency and urgency of urination despite having an empty bladder. Symptoms of a kidney infection, on the other hand, are more systemic and include fever or flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. Rarely, the urine may appear bloody. Symptoms may be vague or non-specific at the extremities of age (i.e. in patients who are very young or old).

The most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli, though other bacteria or fungi may sometimes be the cause. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity, catheterisation, and family history. Although sexual intercourse is a risk factor, UTIs are not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Pyelonephritis usually occurs due to an ascending bladder infection but may also result from a blood-borne bacterial infection. Diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. In those with vague symptoms, diagnosis can be difficult because bacteria may be present without there being an infection. In complicated cases or if treatment fails, a urine culture may be useful. (Full article...)
Image 6
A 1776 textbook drawing of a tobacco smoke enema device, consisting of a nozzle, a fumigator and a bellows

The tobacco smoke enema, an insufflation of tobacco smoke into the rectum by enema, was a medical treatment employed by European physicians for a range of ailments.

Tobacco was recognised as a medicine soon after it was first imported from the New World, and tobacco smoke was used by Western medical practitioners as a tool against cold and drowsiness, but applying it by enema was a technique learned from the North American indigenous peoples. The procedure was used to treat gut pain, and attempts were often made to resuscitate victims of near drowning. Liquid tobacco enemas were often given to ease the symptoms of a hernia. (Full article...)
Image 7
Map of the zones during the outbreak.

The 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak was an occurrence of avian influenza in England caused by the H5N1 subtype of Influenza virus A that began on 30 January 2007. The infection affected poultry at one of Bernard Matthews' farms in Holton in Suffolk. It was the third instance of H5N1-subtype detected in the United Kingdom and a range of precautions were instituted to prevent spread of the disease including a large cull of turkeys, the imposition of segregation zones, and a disinfection programme for the plant.

The cause of the outbreak was not determined. However, it was considered significant that Bernard Matthews regularly transports turkeys and turkey products between the UK and its plant in Hungary, and that the H5N1 strains previously found in Hungary, and those found at Suffolk, were effectively genetically identical. (Full article...)
Image 8

A French temperance organisation poster depicting the effects of alcoholism in a family, c. 1915: "Ah! When will we be rid of alcohol?"

Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide . The term alcoholism was first coined in 1852, but alcoholism and alcoholic are sometimes considered stigmatizing and to discourage seeking treatment, so diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder or alcohol dependence are often used instead in a clinical context.

Alcohol is addictive, and heavy long-term alcohol use results in many negative health and social consequences. It can damage all the organ systems, but especially affects the brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system. Heavy alcohol usage can result in trouble sleeping, and severe cognitive issues like dementia, brain damage, or Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Physical effects include irregular heartbeat, an impaired immune response, liver cirrhosis, increased cancer risk, and severe withdrawal symptoms if stopped suddenly. These health effects can reduce life expectancy by 10 years. Drinking during pregnancy may harm the child's health, and drunk driving increases the risk of traffic accidents. Alcoholism is also associated with increases in violent and non-violent crime. While alcoholism directly resulted in 139,000 deaths worldwide in 2013, in 2012 3.3 million deaths may be attributable globally to alcohol. (Full article...)
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Captain Novolin is a 1992 educational platform video game, developed by Sculptured Software and published by Raya Systems for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Starring the eponymous superhero with type 1 diabetes, the game sees the player control Captain Novolin on a quest to save the mayor of Pineville from the supervillain Blubberman. It is a part of educational video game series from Raya that also includes Rex Ronan: Experimental Surgeon, Packy and Marlon, and Bronkie the Bronchiasaurus.

Funding for the game came from Novo Nordisk (makers of the Novolin brand of insulin) and the National Institutes of Health. To promote the game, Novo Nordisk distributed 10,000 free copies to hospitals. During its initial release, the game was positively received by diabetes specialists, as well as children with the condition; but the retrospective reception from video game critics has been poor, and it has been named as one of the worst video games of all time. (Full article...)
Image 10

The steeple sign as seen on an AP neck X-ray of a child with croup

Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a type of respiratory infection that is usually caused by a virus. The infection leads to swelling inside the trachea, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classic symptoms of "barking/brassy" cough, inspiratory stridor and a hoarse voice. Fever and runny nose may also be present. These symptoms may be mild, moderate, or severe. Often it starts or is worse at night and normally lasts one to two days.

Croup can be caused by a number of viruses including parainfluenza and influenza virus. Rarely is it due to a bacterial infection. Croup is typically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms after potentially more severe causes, such as epiglottitis or an airway foreign body, have been ruled out. Further investigations, such as blood tests, X-rays and cultures, are usually not needed. (Full article...)
Image 11
Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is a protein encoded by the HNMT gene in humans. It belongs to the methyltransferases superfamily of enzymes and plays a role in the inactivation of histamine, a biomolecule that is involved in various physiological processes. Methyltransferases are present in every life form including archaeans, with 230 families of methyltransferases found across species.

Specifically, HNMT transfers a methyl (-CH₃) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM-e) to histamine, forming an inactive metabolite called N^τ-methylhistamine, in a chemical reaction called N^τ-methylation. In mammals, HNMT operates alongside diamine oxidase (DAO) as the only two enzymes responsible for histamine metabolism; however, what sets HNMT apart is its unique presence within the central nervous system (CNS), where it governs histaminergic neurotransmission, that is a process where histamine acts as a messenger molecule between the neurons—nerve cells—in the brain. By degrading and regulating levels of histamine specifically within the CNS, HNMT ensures the proper functioning of neural pathways related to arousal, appetite regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and other essential brain functions. (Full article...)
Image 12

Structural formula of benzodiazepines.

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and was made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which followed with the development of diazepam (Valium) three years later, in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide.

Benzodiazepines are depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA_A receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as short, intermediate, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety. (Full article...)
Image 13
Henrietta Lacks (born Loretta Pleasant; August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951) was an African-American woman whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line and one of the most important cell lines in medical research. An immortalized cell line reproduces indefinitely under specific conditions, and the HeLa cell line continues to be a source of invaluable medical data to the present day.

Lacks was the unwitting source of these cells from a tumor biopsied during treatment for cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1951. These cells were then cultured by George Otto Gey, who created the cell line known as HeLa, which is still used for medical research. As was then the practice, no consent was required to culture the cells obtained from Lacks's treatment. Neither she nor her family were compensated for the extraction or use of the HeLa cells. (Full article...)
Image 14

Cover of an early printed version, Lyon, 1554

De materia medica (Latin name for the Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hulēs iatrikēs, both meaning "On Medical Material") is a pharmacopoeia of medicinal plants and the medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until supplanted by revised herbals in the Renaissance, making it one of the longest-lasting of all natural history and pharmacology books.

The work describes many drugs known to be effective, including aconite, aloes, colocynth, colchicum, henbane, opium and squill. In all, about 600 plants are covered, along with some animals and mineral substances, and around 1000 medicines made from them. (Full article...)
Image 15

Dehydration may be severe in diabetic ketoacidosis, and intravenous fluids are usually needed as part of its treatment.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. Signs and symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, deep gasping breathing, increased urination, weakness, confusion and occasionally loss of consciousness. A person's breath may develop a specific "fruity" smell. The onset of symptoms is usually rapid. People without a previous diagnosis of diabetes may develop DKA as the first obvious symptom.

DKA happens most often in those with type 1 diabetes but can also occur in those with other types of diabetes under certain circumstances. Triggers may include infection, not taking insulin correctly, stroke and certain medications such as steroids. DKA results from a shortage of insulin; in response, the body switches to burning fatty acids, which produces acidic ketone bodies. DKA is typically diagnosed when testing finds high blood sugar, low blood pH and keto acids in either the blood or urine. (Full article...)

Sabías -mostrar diferentes entradas

... que la cistatina C ( en la foto ) es una proteína humana estudiada principalmente como biomarcador de la función renal ?
... que FOLFOX y FOLFIRI son regímenes de quimioterapia para el cáncer colorrectal ?
... que palivizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado contra el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS) utilizado en la prevención de la bronquiolitis en lactantes de alto riesgo?

Imágenes generales –cargar nuevo lote

Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con la medicina en Wikipedia.

Image 1La sala de urgencias suele ser un lugar de primera línea para la prestación de atención médica primaria. (de atención médica )
Image 2El York Retreat , dirigido por cuáqueros y fundado en 1796, ganó prominencia internacional como centro de tratamiento moral y modelo de reforma del asilo tras la publicación de la Descripción del retiro de Samuel Tuke (1813). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 3Galeno (129-216 d.C.), conocido por sus amplios conocimientos sobre anatomía. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 4Siete médicos y botánicos nombrados del mundo clásico de Viena Dioscurides . En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde el centro superior: Galeno , Dioscórides , Nicandro , Rufo de Éfeso , Andrés de Caristo , Apolonio Mus o de Pérgamo , Crateuas (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 5A veces, las medicinas tradicionales incluyen partes de especies en peligro de extinción, como el loris perezoso del sudeste asiático. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 6Vacunación contra la viruela en Níger, 1969. Una década después, ésta fue la primera enfermedad infecciosa erradicada. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 7Pruebas con hisopo de COVID-19 en Ruanda (2021). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 8Zhang Zhongjing : farmacólogo, médico, inventor y escritor chino de la dinastía Han del Este . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 9Jackson Memorial Hospital en Miami , el principal hospital docente de la Facultad de Medicina Miller de la Universidad de Miami y el hospital más grande de los Estados Unidos con 1.547 camas (de atención médica )
$Imagen 10El plinthios brochos descrito por el médico griego Heraklas, un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada. Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasius. (de Historia de la medicina)$
Image 10El plinthios brochos descrito por el médico griego Heraklas , un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada . Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasius . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 11Curandera realizando una limpieza en Cuenca, Ecuador (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 12El personal médico coloca cubiertas esterilizadas en los brazos del sistema quirúrgico daVinci Xi , un sistema de cirugía robótica mínimamente invasivo, en el Centro Médico del Ejército William Beaumont. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 13Remedios médicos del siglo XVIII recopilados por una familia de la nobleza británica (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 14Un implante coclear es un tipo común de prótesis neural , un dispositivo que reemplaza parte del sistema nervioso humano . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 15Charité en Berlín (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 16La atención primaria se puede brindar en centros de salud comunitarios. (de atención médica )
Image 17Un médico comprueba el pulso de un paciente en el Japón de la era Meiji. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 18Coste total de atención sanitaria por persona . Gasto público y privado. PPA en dólares estadounidenses . Por ejemplo: $6,319 para Canadá en 2022. $12,555 para EE. UU. en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 19Hipócrates ( c. 460-370 a. C.). Conocido como el "padre de la medicina". (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 20Mandrágora (escrito 'ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ' en mayúsculas griegas). Nápoles Dioscurides , siglo VII (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 21Un monumento ucraniano a la pandemia del VIH. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 22Cirugía de combate estadounidense durante la Guerra del Pacífico , 1943 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 23Gasto en salud per cápita (en dólares estadounidenses ajustados por PPA ) entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: iLibrary de la OCDE (de Seguro médico )
Image 24La mayoría de los países han experimentado un enorme aumento en la esperanza de vida desde 1945. Sin embargo, en el sur de África, la epidemia de VIH que comenzó alrededor de 1990 ha erosionado la salud nacional. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 25Gasto en salud por país . Porcentaje del PIB ( Producto interno bruto ). Por ejemplo: 11,2% para Canadá en 2022. 16,6% para Estados Unidos en 2022 (de Atención médica ) .
Image 26Gasto sanitario en Japón por grupo de edad (de Seguro médico )
Image 27Un manuscrito bizantino del siglo XII del juramento hipocrático (de Ética médica )
Image 28Una tablilla cuneiforme de terracota que describe una receta medicinal para el envenenamiento (c. siglo XVIII a. C. ). Descubierto en Nippur , Irak.
Image 29Concentraciones globales de recursos de atención médica, representadas por el número de médicos por cada 10.000 personas, por país. Los datos provienen de Estadísticas Sanitarias Mundiales 2010, un informe de la OMS . ^{[ necesita actualización ]} (de Atención médica )
Image 30" Diagrama de las causas de mortalidad en el ejército de Oriente " de Florence Nightingale. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 31Fragmento de una tablilla cuneiforme neoasiria que describe un texto médico (c. siglos IX al VII a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 32 Anuncio "Más médicos fuman camellos que cualquier otro cigarrillo" de los cigarrillos Camel en la década de 1940 (de Ética médica )
Image 33Esperanza de vida de la población total al nacer entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: iLibrary de la OCDE (de Seguro médico )
Image 34Un empleado de facturación estadounidense preparando una factura detallada. (1992) (de Facturación médica )
Image 35El Hospital Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía de Londres , Reino Unido, es un hospital especializado en neurología. (de atención médica )
Image 36Infografía que muestra cómo fluyen los datos de atención médica dentro del proceso de facturación (de Facturación médica )
Image 37Milenrama , planta medicinal encontrada en cuevas ocupadas por humanos en el Paleolítico Superior . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 38Guy's Hospital en 1820 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 39Esperanza de vida versus gasto en atención médica de los países ricos de la OCDE . Promedio estadounidense de 10.447 dólares en 2018 . (de atención médica )
Image 40Oración ética por la sabiduría médica por el Dr. Edmond Fernandes (de Ética médica )
Image 41Paciente, asilo de lunáticos del condado de Surrey , c. 1850-58 . La población de asilo en Inglaterra y Gales aumentó de 1.027 en 1827 a 74.004 en 1900 (de Historia de la medicina ).
Image 42Medicina tradicional en un mercado de Antananarivo , Madagascar (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 43Botánicas como ésta en Jamaica Plain , Boston , atienden a la comunidad latina y venden medicina popular junto con estatuas de santos , velas decoradas con oraciones , bambú de la suerte y otros artículos. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 44Un manuscrito del siglo XII del juramento hipocrático en griego, uno de los aspectos más famosos de la medicina clásica que se extendió a épocas posteriores (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 45El número de estadounidenses que carecen de seguro médico y la tasa de personas sin seguro entre 1987 y 2008 (de Seguro médico )
Image 46Bosquejo del médico musulmán Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 47Tren hospital "Terapeuta Matvei Mudrov" en Khabarovsk , Rusia (de Atención sanitaria )
Image 48Símbolo taoísta del Yin y el Yang (de Ética médica )
Image 49Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), fundador de la psiquiatría, la psicofarmacología y la genética psiquiátrica científicas modernas. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 50Representación de la viruela en la historia de la conquista de México del franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún , Libro XII del Códice florentino , desde el punto de vista de los aztecas derrotados (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 51Louis Pasteur experimentando con bacterias, c. 1870 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 52El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith , escrito en el siglo XVII a. C. , contiene la referencia más antigua registrada al cerebro. Academia de Medicina de Nueva York . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 53Código de Ética Médica de la AMA (de Ética médica )
Image 54Estela mágica o cippus de Horus con encantamientos curativos inscritos (c. 332 a 280 a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 55Medicina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial - Transporte sanitario. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 56Estatua de Robert Koch , padre de la bacteriología médica, en Robert-Koch-Platz (plaza Robert Koch) en Berlín (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 57Réplica del microscopio de Antonie van Leeuwenhoek de la década de 1670 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 58Hospital de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense en Gettysburg , 1863 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 59Epidemia de la Ciudad de México de 1737, con élites invocando a la Virgen de Guadalupe (de Historia de la medicina )

Más ¿Sabías que?(generado automáticamente)

... que los anglosajones pudieron haber utilizado una mezcla de ajo, otro Allium , vino y bilis bovina como medicamento para los ojos?
... que el ginecólogo indio y pionero de la medicina reproductiva Baidyanath Chakrabarty , que realizó más de 4.000 procedimientos de FIV, era un aficionado al críquet que pensaba que Virat Kohli y Ashwin eran "chicos tan buenos"?
... que los Noongar usaban el árbol Eucalyptus wandoo como medicina y ungüento?
... que Tang Zonghai fue uno de los primeros defensores de la integración de la medicina china y occidental?
... ¿ese monje budista del siglo XIV, Tuệ Tĩnh, es considerado el padre fundador de la medicina tradicional vietnamita ?
... que la falta de exámenes de detección de sífilis en mujeres embarazadas en el África subsahariana se asocia con una mayor mortalidad infantil?

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