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Papa Francisco

El papa Francisco ( en latín : Franciscus ; en italiano : Francesco ; en español : Francisco ; nacido Jorge Mario Bergoglio ; [n] 17 de diciembre de 1936) es el jefe de la Iglesia católica y soberano del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano . Es el primer papa en ser miembro de la Compañía de Jesús (la Orden de los Jesuitas), el primero de América y el hemisferio sur , y el primero nacido o criado fuera de Europa desde el papado del siglo VIII del papa sirio Gregorio III .

Nacido en Buenos Aires , Argentina, Bergoglio trabajó durante un tiempo como portero y conserje cuando era joven antes de formarse como químico y trabajar como técnico en un laboratorio de ciencia de los alimentos . Después de recuperarse de una grave enfermedad de neumonía y quistes , se inspiró para unirse a los jesuitas en 1958. Fue ordenado sacerdote católico en 1969, y de 1973 a 1979 fue el superior provincial de los jesuitas en Argentina. Se convirtió en arzobispo de Buenos Aires en 1998 y fue creado cardenal en 2001 por el papa Juan Pablo II . Lideró la Iglesia argentina durante los disturbios de diciembre de 2001 en Argentina . Los gobiernos de Néstor Kirchner y Cristina Fernández de Kirchner lo consideraron un rival político.

Tras la dimisión del Papa Benedicto XVI el 28 de febrero de 2013, un cónclave papal eligió a Bergoglio como su sucesor el 13 de marzo. Eligió Francisco como su nombre papal en honor a San Francisco de Asís . A lo largo de su vida pública, Francisco se ha destacado por su humildad, su énfasis en la misericordia de Dios, su visibilidad internacional como Papa, su preocupación por los pobres y su compromiso con el diálogo interreligioso . Se le atribuye un enfoque menos formal del papado que sus predecesores, por ejemplo, al elegir residir en la casa de huéspedes Domus Sanctae Marthae en lugar de en los apartamentos papales del Palacio Apostólico utilizados por los papas anteriores. [2]

Francisco ha nombrado a las mujeres miembros de pleno derecho de los dicasterios de la Curia romana . [3] [4] Sostiene que la Iglesia católica debería ser más comprensiva con los miembros de la comunidad LGBT , y ha declarado que si bien no se permiten las bendiciones de las uniones entre personas del mismo sexo , los individuos pueden ser bendecidos , siempre que las bendiciones no se den en un contexto litúrgico . [5] Francisco es un crítico del capitalismo desenfrenado , el consumismo y el sobredesarrollo ; [6] ha hecho de la acción sobre el cambio climático un foco principal de su papado. [7] Ampliamente interpretado como una denuncia de la pena de muerte como intrínsecamente mala, [8] la ha calificado de "un ataque a la inviolabilidad y dignidad de la persona", "inadmisible", y ha comprometido a la Iglesia con su abolición , [9] diciendo que no puede haber "vuelta atrás desde esta posición". [10]

En la diplomacia internacional, Francisco ha criticado el ascenso del populismo de derecha , pidió la despenalización de la homosexualidad , [11] ayudó a restablecer las relaciones diplomáticas plenas entre Estados Unidos y Cuba , negoció un acuerdo con China para definir cuánta influencia tiene el Partido Comunista en el nombramiento de obispos chinos , y ha apoyado la causa de los refugiados durante las crisis migratorias europeas y centroamericanas , pidiendo al mundo occidental que aumente significativamente los niveles de inmigración. [12] [13] En 2022, se disculpó por el papel de la Iglesia en el " genocidio cultural " de los pueblos indígenas canadienses . [14] El 4 de octubre de 2023, Francisco convocó los inicios del Sínodo sobre la sinodalidad , descrito como la culminación de su papado y el evento más importante de la Iglesia católica desde el Concilio Vaticano II . [4] [15] [16]

Primeros años

Jorge Mario Bergoglio (cuarto niño desde la izquierda en la tercera fila desde arriba) a los 12 años, Colegio Salesiano (c. 1948-1949)

El papa Francisco nació como Jorge Mario Bergoglio el 17 de diciembre de 1936 [17] en Flores , [18] un barrio de Buenos Aires . [17] Fue el mayor [19] de cinco hijos de Mario José Bergoglio (1908-1959) y Regina María Sívori (1911-1981). Mario Bergoglio fue un contador inmigrante italiano [20] nacido en Portacomaro ( Provincia de Asti ) en la región italiana del Piamonte . Regina Sívori [21] fue una ama de casa nacida en Buenos Aires en una familia de origen del norte de Italia (piamontés-genovés). [22] [23] [24] La familia de Mario José abandonó Italia en 1929 para escapar del régimen fascista de Benito Mussolini . [25] Según María Elena Bergoglio (nacida en 1948), la única hermana viva del papa, no emigraron por razones económicas. [26] Sus otros hermanos fueron Oscar Adrián (1938-fallecido), Marta Regina (1940-2007) y Alberto Horacio (1942-2010). [27] [28] Dos sobrinos nietos, Antonio y Joseph, murieron en un accidente de tráfico. [29] [30] Su sobrina, Cristina Bergoglio , es una pintora afincada en Madrid , España. [31] [32]

En sexto grado, Bergoglio asistió a Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, una escuela de los Salesianos de Don Bosco , en Ramos Mejía , Provincia de Buenos Aires. Asistió a la escuela secundaria técnica Escuela Técnica Industrial Nº 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen, [33] llamada así en honor a un expresidente argentino , y se graduó con un diploma de técnico químico. [17] [34] [35] En esa capacidad, pasó varios años trabajando en la sección de alimentos del Laboratorio Hickethier-Bachmann, [36] donde trabajó con Esther Ballestrino . Antes, fue portero y conserje. [37] [38]

Cuando tenía 21 años, después de una neumonía potencialmente mortal y tres quistes , a Bergoglio le extirparon parte de un pulmón. [33] [39]

Jesuita (1958–2013)

Bergoglio encontró su vocación al sacerdocio mientras se dirigía a celebrar la Primavera de Europa . Pasó por una iglesia para confesarse y se sintió inspirado por el sacerdote. [40] Bergoglio estudió en el seminario arquidiocesano , el Seminario Inmaculada Concepción , en Villa Devoto , Buenos Aires, y, después de tres años, ingresó a la Compañía de Jesús como novicio el 11 de marzo de 1958. [41] Bergoglio ha dicho que, cuando era un joven seminarista, se enamoró de una chica que conoció y dudó brevemente sobre continuar la carrera religiosa. [42] Como novicio jesuita estudió humanidades en Santiago de Chile. [43] Después de su noviciado en la Compañía de Jesús, Bergoglio se convirtió oficialmente en jesuita el 12 de marzo de 1960, cuando hizo la profesión religiosa de los votos iniciales y perpetuos de pobreza, castidad y obediencia de un miembro de la orden. [44] [45]

En 1960, Bergoglio obtuvo la licenciatura en filosofía en el Colegio Máximo de San José de San Miguel , provincia de Buenos Aires. Enseñó literatura y psicología en el Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, una escuela secundaria de Santa Fe , de 1964 a 1965. En 1966, dictó los mismos cursos en el Colegio del Salvador de Buenos Aires. [17] [46]

Presbiterio (1969–1992)

En 1967, Bergoglio comenzó sus estudios teológicos en la Facultad de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel . El 13 de diciembre de 1969, fue ordenado sacerdote por el arzobispo Ramón José Castellano . Allí se desempeñó como maestro de novicios de la provincia y fue nombrado profesor de teología. [47]

Bergoglio completó su etapa final de formación espiritual como jesuita, el terciario , en Alcalá de Henares , España, y tomó los votos finales y solemnes como jesuita, incluyendo el cuarto voto de obediencia a la misión del Papa, el 22 de abril de 1973. [45] Fue nombrado superior provincial de la Compañía de Jesús en Argentina ese julio, por un período de seis años que terminó en 1979. [17] [48] En 1973, poco después de ser nombrado superior provincial, había hecho una peregrinación a Jerusalén, pero su estancia se acortó por el estallido de la Guerra del Yom Kippur . [49] Tras completar su mandato, en 1980 fue nombrado rector de la Facultad de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel, donde había estudiado. [50] Antes de asumir este nuevo cargo, pasó los primeros tres meses de 1980 en Irlanda para aprender inglés, alojándose en el Centro Jesuita en el Instituto Milltown de Teología y Filosofía , en Dublín. [51] Sirvió en San Miguel durante seis años hasta 1986 [17] cuando, a discreción del superior general jesuita Peter Hans Kolvenbach , fue reemplazado por alguien más en sintonía con la tendencia mundial en la Compañía de Jesús hacia el énfasis en la justicia social, en lugar de su énfasis en la religiosidad popular y el trabajo pastoral directo. [52]

Pasó varios meses en la Escuela de Graduados de Filosofía y Teología de Sankt Georgen en Frankfurt, Alemania, considerando posibles temas de disertación . [53] Se decidió a explorar el trabajo del teólogo alemán / italiano Romano Guardini , particularmente su estudio de 'Contraste' publicado en su obra de 1925 Der Gegensatz . Regresó a Argentina antes de lo esperado para servir como confesor y director espiritual de la comunidad jesuita en Córdoba . [54] Se creía que mientras estaba en Alemania, vio la pintura de María, desatanudos en Augsburgo y trajo una copia de la pintura a Argentina, pero en una entrevista para el semanario alemán Die Zeit en 2017, el Papa Francisco declaró que nunca había estado en Augsburgo. [55] [c] Como estudiante en la escuela salesiana, Bergoglio fue asesorado por el sacerdote greco-católico ucraniano Stefan Czmil . Bergoglio a menudo se levantaba horas antes que sus compañeros de clase para servir la Divina Liturgia para Czmil. [58] [59]

En 1992, las autoridades jesuitas pidieron a Bergoglio que no viviera en residencias jesuitas debido a las tensiones en curso con líderes y académicos, preocupaciones sobre su "disidencia", opiniones sobre la ortodoxia católica, oposición a la teología de la liberación y su papel como obispo auxiliar de Buenos Aires. [60] [61] [62] Como obispo, ya no estaba sujeto a su superior jesuita. [63] A partir de entonces, no visitó casas jesuitas y estuvo en "virtual alejamiento de los jesuitas" hasta después de su elección como Papa. [52] [60]

Episcopado pre-papal (1992-2013)

Bergoglio fue nombrado obispo auxiliar de Buenos Aires en 1992 y consagrado el 27 de junio de 1992 como obispo titular de Auca , [17] [64] siendo el cardenal Antonio Quarracino , arzobispo de Buenos Aires, el consagrador principal. [65] Eligió como lema episcopal Miserando atque eligendo . [66] Está extraído de la homilía de San Beda sobre Mateo 9,9-13: «porque lo vio con ojos de misericordia y lo eligió». [67]

El 3 de junio de 1997, Bergoglio fue nombrado arzobispo coadjutor de Buenos Aires y sucedió a Quarracino como arzobispo metropolitano tras su muerte el 28 de febrero de 1998. Como arzobispo, estableció nuevas parroquias, reestructuró la archidiócesis, dirigió iniciativas pro vida y formó una comisión sobre divorcios. [17] [68] Una de las principales iniciativas de Bergoglio como arzobispo fue aumentar la presencia de la Iglesia en las favelas de Buenos Aires. Bajo su liderazgo, el número de sacerdotes asignados a trabajar en las favelas se duplicó. [69] Esta labor le valió el apodo de "obispo de las favelas". [70]

Al comienzo de su mandato como arzobispo, Bergoglio vendió las acciones bancarias de la archidiócesis y trasladó sus cuentas a bancos internacionales regulares. Esto puso fin a los hábitos de gasto excesivo de la Iglesia, que casi habían llevado a la quiebra, e impuso una disciplina fiscal más estricta. [71]

El 6 de noviembre de 1998, mientras seguía siendo arzobispo de Buenos Aires, fue nombrado ordinario para aquellos católicos orientales de Argentina que carecían de un prelado de su propia iglesia. [65] El arzobispo mayor Sviatoslav Shevchuk dijo que Bergoglio entiende la liturgia, los ritos y la espiritualidad de la Iglesia greco-católica ucraniana de Shevchuk y siempre "cuidó de nuestra Iglesia en Argentina" como ordinario para los católicos orientales durante su tiempo como arzobispo de Buenos Aires. [59]

En 2000, Bergoglio fue el único funcionario de la iglesia en reconciliarse con Jerónimo Podestá , un ex obispo que había sido suspendido como sacerdote después de oponerse a la dictadura militar de la Revolución Argentina en 1972. Defendió a la esposa de Podestá de los ataques del Vaticano a su matrimonio. [72] [73] [74] Ese mismo año, Bergoglio dijo que la Iglesia católica argentina necesitaba "ponerse prendas de penitencia pública por los pecados cometidos durante los años de la dictadura" en la década de 1970, durante la Guerra Sucia . [75]

Bergoglio celebraba regularmente el ritual del lavatorio de pies del Jueves Santo en cárceles, hospitales, hogares de ancianos y barrios marginales. [76] En 2007, poco después de que Benedicto XVI introdujera nuevas reglas para las formas litúrgicas anteriores al Vaticano II, el cardenal Bergoglio estableció una misa semanal en esta forma extraordinaria del rito romano . [77] [78]

El 8 de noviembre de 2005, Bergoglio fue elegido presidente de la Conferencia Episcopal Argentina por un período de tres años (2005-2008). [79] Fue reelegido para otro período de tres años el 11 de noviembre de 2008. [80] Siguió siendo miembro del órgano de gobierno permanente de esa comisión, presidente de su comité para la Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina y miembro de su comité de liturgia para el cuidado de los santuarios. [65] Mientras era jefe de la conferencia de obispos católicos argentinos, Bergoglio emitió una disculpa colectiva por el fracaso de su iglesia en proteger a la gente de la Junta durante la Guerra Sucia. [81] Cuando cumplió 75 años en diciembre de 2011, Bergoglio presentó su renuncia como arzobispo de Buenos Aires al Papa Benedicto XVI como lo exige el derecho canónico . [49] Aún así, como no tenía un arzobispo coadjutor, permaneció en el cargo, esperando un eventual reemplazo designado por el Vaticano. [82]

Cardenalato (2001-2013)

Bergoglio el 18 de junio de 2008 dando una catequesis

El 21 de febrero de 2001, el papa Juan Pablo II nombró cardenal al arzobispo Bergoglio , asignándole el título de cardenal presbítero de San Roberto Bellarmino , una iglesia jesuita. Bergoglio fue instalado allí el 14 de octubre. Durante su viaje a Roma para la ceremonia, él y su hermana María Elena visitaron la ciudad natal de su padre en el norte de Italia. [26] Como cardenal, Bergoglio fue designado para cinco puestos administrativos en la Curia romana . Fue miembro de la Congregación para el Culto Divino y la Disciplina de los Sacramentos , la Congregación para el Clero , la Congregación para los Institutos de Vida Consagrada y las Sociedades de Vida Apostólica , el Consejo Pontificio para la Familia y la Comisión para América Latina . Más tarde ese año, cuando el cardenal Edward Egan regresó a Nueva York después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre , Bergoglio lo reemplazó como relator (secretario de actas) en el Sínodo de los Obispos , [83] y, según el Catholic Herald , creó "una impresión favorable como un hombre abierto a la comunión y al diálogo". [84] [85]

El cardenal Jorge Bergoglio en 2008

El cardenal Bergoglio era conocido por su humildad personal, su conservadurismo doctrinal y su compromiso con la justicia social . [86] Su estilo de vida sencillo , que incluía vivir en un pequeño apartamento en lugar de la elegante residencia del obispo, usar el transporte público y cocinar sus propias comidas, mejoró su reputación de humildad. [87] Limitó su tiempo en Roma a "visitas relámpago". [88] Era devoto de Santa Teresita de Lisieux e incluyó una pequeña imagen de ella en las cartas que escribió, llamándola "una gran santa misionera". [89]

Después de que el Papa Juan Pablo II muriera el 2 de abril de 2005, Bergoglio asistió a su funeral y fue considerado uno de los papables para la sucesión al papado. [90] Participó como cardenal elector en el cónclave papal de 2005 que eligió al Papa Benedicto XVI. En el National Catholic Reporter , John L. Allen Jr. informó que Bergoglio era uno de los favoritos en el cónclave de 2005. [86] [91] En septiembre de 2005, la revista italiana Limes publicó afirmaciones de que Bergoglio había sido el segundo y principal rival del cardenal Ratzinger en ese cónclave y que había recibido 40 votos en la tercera votación, pero cayó a 26 en la cuarta y decisiva votación. [92] [93] Las afirmaciones se basaban en un diario que supuestamente pertenecía a un cardenal anónimo que había estado presente en el cónclave. [92] [94] Según el periodista italiano Andrea Tornielli , esta cantidad de votos no tenía precedentes para un papabile latinoamericano . [94] La Stampa informó que Bergoglio estuvo en estrecha contienda con Ratzinger durante la elección, hasta que hizo una emotiva súplica de que los cardenales no votaran por él. [95] Según Tornielli, Bergoglio hizo esta petición para evitar que el cónclave demorara demasiado la elección de un papa. [96]

Como cardenal, Bergoglio estuvo asociado con Comunión y Liberación , un movimiento laico evangélico católico del tipo conocido como asociaciones de fieles . [86] [97] A veces hizo apariciones en la reunión anual conocida como Reunión de Rimini celebrada durante los últimos meses de verano en Italia. [86] En 2005, el cardenal Bergoglio autorizó la solicitud de beatificación —el tercer paso hacia la santidad— de seis miembros de la comunidad palotina asesinada en la masacre de la iglesia de San Patricio . [98] [99] Al mismo tiempo, Bergoglio ordenó una investigación sobre los asesinatos en sí, que habían sido ampliamente atribuidos al Proceso de Reorganización Nacional , la junta militar que gobernaba Argentina en ese momento. [99]

Relaciones con el gobierno argentino

Guerra sucia

Bergoglio fue objeto de acusaciones por el secuestro por parte de la Armada Argentina de dos sacerdotes jesuitas , Orlando Yorio y Franz Jalics , en mayo de 1976, durante la Guerra Sucia de Argentina . [100] Temía por la seguridad de los sacerdotes y había tratado de cambiar su trabajo antes de su arresto; contrariamente a los informes, no intentó expulsarlos de la orden jesuita. [101] En 2005, Myriam Bregman , abogada de derechos humanos, presentó una denuncia penal contra Bergoglio, como superiora de la Compañía de Jesús de Argentina, acusándolo de estar involucrada en el secuestro. [102] Su denuncia no especificó cómo estuvo involucrado Bergoglio; el portavoz de Bergoglio negó rotundamente las acusaciones. La denuncia fue finalmente desestimada. [100] Los sacerdotes fueron torturados, [103] pero fueron encontrados vivos cinco meses después, drogados y semidesnudos. Yorio acusó a Bergoglio de entregarlos a los escuadrones de la muerte al negarse a decirles a las autoridades que apoyaba su trabajo. Yorio, que murió en 2000, dijo en una entrevista en 1999 que creía que Bergoglio no hizo nada "para liberarnos, de hecho todo lo contrario". [104] Jalics inicialmente se negó a hablar sobre la denuncia después de mudarse a reclusión en un monasterio alemán. [105] Dos días después de la elección de Francisco, Jalics emitió una declaración confirmando el secuestro y atribuyendo la causa a un ex colega laico que se convirtió en guerrillero, fue capturado y luego nombró a Yorio y Jalics cuando fue interrogado. [106] La semana siguiente, Jalics emitió una segunda declaración aclaratoria: "Es incorrecto afirmar que nuestra captura tuvo lugar por iniciativa del padre Bergoglio (...) el hecho es que Orlando Yorio y yo no fuimos denunciados por el padre Bergoglio". [107] [108]

Bergoglio le dijo a su biógrafo autorizado, Sergio Rubin , que después del encarcelamiento de los sacerdotes, trabajó tras bastidores para su liberación; la intercesión de Bergoglio con el dictador Jorge Rafael Videla en su nombre puede haber salvado sus vidas. [109] Bergoglio también le dijo a Rubin que a menudo había protegido a personas de la dictadura en propiedades de la iglesia, y una vez le dio sus propios documentos de identidad a un hombre que se parecía a él, para que pudiera huir de Argentina. [103] La entrevista con Rubin, reflejada en la biografía El jesuita , es la única vez que Bergoglio ha hablado con la prensa sobre esos eventos. [110] Alicia Oliveira , una ex jueza argentina, también ha informado que Bergoglio ayudó a las personas a huir de Argentina durante el gobierno de la junta. [111] Desde que Francisco se convirtió en Papa, Gonzalo Mosca [112] y José Caravias [113] han contado a los periodistas relatos de cómo Bergoglio los ayudó a huir de la dictadura argentina.

Oliveira describió al futuro papa como "angustiado" y "muy crítico de la dictadura" durante la Guerra Sucia. [114] Oliveira se reunió con él en ese momento e instó a Bergoglio a hablar; le dijo que "no podía. Que no era algo fácil de hacer". [104] El artista y activista de derechos humanos Adolfo Pérez Esquivel , premio Nobel de la Paz en 1980 , dijo: "Quizás no tuvo el coraje de otros sacerdotes, pero nunca colaboró ​​​​con la dictadura. ... Bergoglio no fue cómplice de la dictadura". [115] [116] Graciela Fernández Meijide , miembro de la Asamblea Permanente por los Derechos Humanos , también dijo que no había pruebas que vincularan a Bergoglio con la dictadura. En declaraciones al diario Clarín , la periodista dijo : "No hay información y la Justicia no pudo comprobarlo. Yo estuve en la APDH durante todos los años de la dictadura y recibí cientos de testimonios. A Bergoglio nunca lo mencionaron. En la CONADEP pasó lo mismo . Nadie lo mencionó como instigador ni como nada". [117] Ricardo Lorenzetti , presidente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Argentina, también ha dicho que Bergoglio es "totalmente inocente" de las acusaciones. [118] El historiador Uki Goñi señaló que, a principios de 1976, la junta militar todavía tenía una buena imagen en la sociedad, y que la escala de la represión política no se conoció hasta mucho después; Bergoglio habría tenido pocas razones para sospechar que la detención de Yorio y Jalics pudiera terminar en sus muertes. [119]

Cuando Bergoglio se convirtió en Papa, una supuesta foto de él entregando el pan sacramental al dictador Jorge Rafael Videla se hizo popular en las redes sociales. También fue utilizada por el diario Página/12 . [120] La foto pronto se demostró que era falsa. Se reveló que el sacerdote, cuyo rostro no se ve en la foto, era Carlos Berón de Astrada. La foto fue tomada en la iglesia "Pequeña Obra de la Divina Providencia Don Orione" en 1990, no durante la Guerra Sucia, y después del indulto presidencial a Videla. La foto fue producida por la agencia AFP y fue publicada inicialmente por el diario Crónica . [121]

Fernando de la Rúa

Fernando de la Rúa reemplazó a Carlos Menem como presidente de Argentina en 1999. Como arzobispo, Bergoglio celebró la misa anual en la Catedral Metropolitana de Buenos Aires en el feriado del Primer Gobierno Nacional , el 25 de mayo. En 2000, Bergoglio criticó la apatía percibida de la sociedad. [122] Durante la depresión económica de Argentina , la Iglesia Católica criticó las medidas de austeridad del gobierno, que empeoraron la pobreza. De la Rúa pidió a la iglesia que facilitara el diálogo entre los líderes económicos y políticos para abordar la crisis. Aunque afirmó haber hablado con Bergoglio sobre participar, Bergoglio habría dicho que la reunión se canceló debido a un malentendido por parte del asistente de De la Rúa. El obispo Jorge Casaretto duda de esto, señalando que De la Rúa solo hizo la solicitud en entrevistas de periódicos, no formalmente a la iglesia. [123]

En las elecciones de 2001 , el Partido Justicialista obtuvo la mayoría en el Congreso y nombró a Ramón Puerta como presidente del Senado. Con la renuncia del vicepresidente Carlos Álvarez , el partido opositor fue el siguiente en la lista . Bergoglio se reunió con Puerta y quedó gratamente impresionado. Puerta le aseguró que el Partido Justicialista no planeaba derrocar a De la Rúa y prometió apoyar al presidente en la promoción de la legislación necesaria. [124]

Durante la represión policial de los disturbios de diciembre de 2001 , se puso en contacto con el Ministerio del Interior y pidió que la policía distinguiera a los alborotadores y vándalos de los manifestantes pacíficos. [125]

Néstor y Cristina Kirchner

Francisco junto a la presidenta argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , sosteniendo mate argentino tradicional

Cuando Bergoglio celebró la misa en la catedral por el feriado del Primer Gobierno Nacional de 2004 , el presidente Néstor Kirchner asistió y escuchó a Bergoglio solicitar más diálogo político, rechazar la intolerancia y criticar el exhibicionismo y los anuncios estridentes. [126] Kirchner celebró el día nacional en otro lugar el año siguiente y la misa en la catedral fue suspendida. [127] En 2006, Bergoglio ayudó a su compañero jesuita Joaquín Piña a ganar las elecciones en la provincia de Misiones y evitar una enmienda a la constitución local que permitiría reelecciones indefinidas. Kirchner tenía la intención de utilizar ese proyecto para iniciar enmiendas similares en otras provincias y, eventualmente, a la constitución nacional. [128] Kirchner consideró a Bergoglio como un rival político hasta el día de su muerte en octubre de 2010. [129] Las relaciones de Bergoglio con la viuda y sucesora de Kirchner, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , han sido igualmente tensas. En 2008, Bergoglio hizo un llamamiento a la reconciliación nacional durante los disturbios en las regiones agrícolas del país, lo que el Gobierno interpretó como un apoyo a los manifestantes antigubernamentales. [129] La campaña para promulgar una legislación sobre el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo fue un período particularmente tenso en sus relaciones. [129]

Cuando Bergoglio fue elegido Papa, las reacciones iniciales fueron variadas. La mayor parte de la sociedad argentina lo aplaudió, pero el periódico oficialista Página/12 publicó nuevas denuncias sobre la Guerra Sucia, y el presidente de la Biblioteca Nacional describió una teoría de conspiración global. El presidente tardó más de una hora en felicitar al nuevo Papa, y sólo lo hizo en una referencia pasajera dentro de un discurso rutinario. Debido a la popularidad del Papa en Argentina, Cristina Kirchner hizo lo que el analista político Claudio Fantini llamó un " giro copernicano " en sus relaciones con él y abrazó plenamente el fenómeno Francisco. [130] El día antes de su investidura como Papa, Bergoglio, ahora Francisco, tuvo una reunión privada con Kirchner. Intercambiaron regalos y almorzaron juntos. Esta fue la primera reunión del nuevo Papa con un jefe de Estado, y se especuló con que los dos estaban mejorando sus relaciones. [131] [132] Página/12 eliminó de su página web sus polémicos artículos sobre Bergoglio, escritos por Horacio Verbitsky , como consecuencia de este cambio. [133]

Javier Milei

Antes de su elección como presidente de Argentina, Javier Milei había sido muy crítico con Francisco, calificándolo de «imbécil» y «mierda comunista». Sus comentarios despectivos provocaron controversia entre los católicos. [134] Sin embargo, tras su investidura, Milei suavizó su postura e invitó formalmente a Francisco a Argentina. Milei visitó el Vaticano el 11 de febrero de 2024, el día en que Francisco canonizó a María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa , la primera santa argentina. [135]

Papado (2013-presente)

La estrella dorada representa a la Virgen María , la planta parecida a la uva, el nardo , está asociada con San José y el IHS es el símbolo de los jesuitas. [136] [137] [138]

Elegido a los 76 años, Francisco se encontraba en buena salud y sus médicos dijeron que el tejido pulmonar que le faltaba, extirpado en su juventud, no afecta significativamente su salud. [139] La única preocupación sería la disminución de la reserva respiratoria si tuviera una infección respiratoria. [140] En el pasado, un ataque de ciática en 2007 le impidió asistir a un consistorio y retrasó su regreso a Argentina durante varios días. [88]

Francisco es el primer papa jesuita . Este fue un nombramiento significativo, debido a las relaciones a veces tensas entre la Compañía de Jesús y la Santa Sede . [141] Quedó en segundo lugar después del cardenal Ratzinger en todas las votaciones en el cónclave de 2005 y en ese momento apareció como el único otro candidato viable. [142] También es el primero de las Américas, [143] y el primero del hemisferio sur . [144] Muchos medios informaron que era el primer papa no europeo, pero en realidad es el undécimo; el anterior fue Gregorio III de Siria, que murió en 741. Además, aunque Francisco no nació en Europa, es étnicamente europeo ; su padre y sus abuelos maternos son del norte de Italia. [145]

Como Papa, su manera de ser es menos formal que la de sus predecesores inmediatos: un estilo al que la cobertura de noticias se ha referido como "sin lujos", señalando que es "su toque común y accesibilidad lo que está demostrando ser la mayor inspiración". [146] En la noche de su elección, tomó un autobús de regreso a su hotel con los cardenales, en lugar de ser conducido en el auto papal. [147] Al día siguiente, visitó al cardenal Jorge María Mejía en el hospital y conversó con los pacientes y el personal. [148] En su primera audiencia con los medios, el sábado después de su elección, el Papa explicó su elección del nombre papal, citando a San Francisco de Asís como "el hombre que nos da este espíritu de paz, el hombre pobre", y agregó "[c]omo me gustaría una Iglesia pobre y para los pobres". [149]

Además de su lengua materna , el español, habla con fluidez italiano (la lengua oficial de la Ciudad del Vaticano y el "idioma cotidiano" de la Santa Sede) y alemán. También domina el latín (la lengua oficial de la Santa Sede), [150] francés, [151] portugués, [152] e inglés, [153] [154] y entiende el idioma piamontés y algo de genovés . [155]

Francisco optó por no vivir en la residencia papal oficial en el Palacio Apostólico , sino permanecer en la casa de huéspedes del Vaticano , en una suite en la que puede recibir visitas y mantener reuniones. Es el primer papa desde el Papa Pío X que vive fuera de los apartamentos papales. [156] Francisco todavía aparece en la ventana del Palacio Apostólico para el Ángelus dominical . [157]

Como Papa jesuita, ha estado "dejando claro que una tarea fundamental de los fieles no es tanto seguir reglas sino discernir lo que Dios los está llamando a hacer. Está alterando la cultura del clero, alejándose de lo que ha llamado "clericalismo" (que se centra en el estatus y la autoridad sacerdotal) y acercándose a una ética de servicio (Francisco dice que los pastores de la Iglesia deben tener el "olor de las ovejas", permaneciendo siempre cerca del Pueblo de Dios)". [158]

El 13 de diciembre de 2023, en una entrevista con la cadena mexicana Televisa , Francisco dijo que su " gran devoción " era hacia el icono de Salus populi Romani en la iglesia de Santa María la Mayor en Roma. Francisco también le dijo al medio de comunicación que su tumba ya estaba preparada en la basílica cerca del icono. Francisco será el primer papa desde el papa León XIII en ser enterrado fuera del Vaticano. [159]

Elección

Francisco aparece en público por primera vez como Papa, en el balcón de la Basílica de San Pedro, el 13 de marzo de 2013.

Bergoglio fue elegido papa el 13 de marzo de 2013, [17] [160] [161] el segundo día del cónclave papal de 2013 , tomando el nombre papal Francisco. [17] [162] Francisco fue elegido en la quinta votación del cónclave. [163] El anuncio del Habemus papam fue pronunciado por el cardenal protodiácono , Jean-Louis Tauran . [164] El cardenal Christoph Schönborn dijo más tarde que Bergoglio fue elegido después de dos señales sobrenaturales, una en el cónclave -y por lo tanto confidencial- y una pareja latinoamericana, amigos de Schönborn en la Ciudad del Vaticano, que susurraron el nombre de Bergoglio al oído del elector; Schönborn comentó "si estas personas dicen Bergoglio, eso es una indicación del Espíritu Santo". [165]

En lugar de aceptar las felicitaciones de sus cardenales mientras estaba sentado en el trono papal , Francisco las recibió de pie, al parecer una señal inmediata de un cambio en el enfoque de las formalidades en el Vaticano. [166] Durante su primera aparición como pontífice en el balcón de la Basílica de San Pedro , vestía una sotana blanca, no la muceta roja con ribetes de armiño [166] [167] utilizada por los papas anteriores. [168] También llevaba la misma cruz pectoral de hierro que había usado como arzobispo de Buenos Aires, en lugar de la dorada que usaban sus predecesores. [167]

Tras ser elegido y elegir su nombre, su primer acto fue impartir la bendición Urbi et Orbi a los miles de peregrinos reunidos en la plaza de San Pedro . Antes de bendecir a la multitud, pidió a los presentes que rezaran por su predecesor, el «obispo emérito de Roma», el Papa Benedicto XVI, y por él mismo, como nuevo «obispo de Roma». [169]

Francisco celebró su toma de posesión papal el 19 de marzo de 2013 en la Plaza de San Pedro del Vaticano. [17] Celebró la misa en presencia de varios líderes políticos y religiosos de todo el mundo. [170] En su homilía, Francisco se centró en la solemnidad de San José , el día litúrgico en el que se celebró la misa. [171]

Nombre

Francisco en la Plaza de San Pedro , dos meses después de su elección

En su primera audiencia, el 16 de marzo de 2013, Francisco dijo a los periodistas que había elegido el nombre en honor a san Francisco de Asís y que lo había hecho porque estaba especialmente preocupado por el bienestar de los pobres. [172] [173] [174] Explicó que, cuando se hizo evidente durante la votación del cónclave que sería elegido nuevo obispo de Roma, el cardenal brasileño Cláudio Hummes lo abrazó y le susurró: "No te olvides de los pobres", lo que hizo que Bergoglio pensara en el santo. [175] [176] Bergoglio había expresado previamente su admiración por san Francisco, explicando que: "Él trajo al cristianismo una idea de pobreza contra el lujo, el orgullo, la vanidad de los poderes civiles y eclesiásticos de la época. Cambió la historia". [177]

Esta es la primera vez que un papa lleva el nombre de Francisco . El día de su elección, el Vaticano aclaró que su nombre papal oficial era "Francisco", no "Francisco I", es decir, no se utiliza ningún número de reinado para él. Un portavoz del Vaticano dijo que el nombre se convertiría en Francisco I si y cuando hubiera un Francisco II. [173] [178] Es la primera vez desde el pontificado de Lando (913-914) que un papa en funciones lleva un nombre que no fue utilizado por un predecesor. [d]

Francisco también dijo que algunos cardenales electores le habían sugerido en broma que eligiera o bien "Adriano", ya que Adriano VI había sido un reformador de la Iglesia, o bien "Clemente" para ajustar cuentas con Clemente XIV , que había suprimido la orden jesuita . [149] [180] En febrero de 2014, se informó que Bergoglio, si hubiera sido elegido en 2005, habría elegido el nombre pontificio de "Juan XXIV" en honor a Juan XXIII . Se dijo que le dijo al cardenal Francesco Marchisano : "Juan, me habría llamado Juan, como el Buen Papa; me habría inspirado completamente en él". [181]

Curia

Inauguración de la Casa Francisca, 19 de marzo de 2013

El 16 de marzo de 2013, Francisco pidió a todos aquellos que ocupaban puestos de responsabilidad en la Curia romana que continuaran provisionalmente en sus cargos. [182] Nombró a Alfred Xuereb como su secretario personal. [183] ​​El 6 de abril nombró a José Rodríguez Carballo como secretario de la Congregación para los Institutos de Vida Consagrada y las Sociedades de Vida Apostólica , un puesto que había estado vacante durante varios meses. [184] Francisco abolió las bonificaciones pagadas a los empleados del Vaticano tras la elección de un nuevo papa, que ascendían a varios millones de euros, optando en su lugar por donar el dinero a la caridad. [185] También abolió la bonificación anual de 25.000 euros pagada a los cardenales que prestaban servicios en la Junta de Supervisores del banco del Vaticano . [186]

El 13 de abril de 2013, nombró a ocho cardenales para un nuevo Consejo de Cardenales Asesores para que lo asesoraran en la revisión de la estructura organizativa de la Curia romana. El grupo incluía a varios conocidos como críticos de las operaciones del Vaticano y solo un miembro de la Curia. [187] Son Giuseppe Bertello , presidente de la Gobernación del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano ; Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa de Chile; Oswald Gracias de la India; Reinhard Marx de Alemania; Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya de la República Democrática del Congo; George Pell de Australia; Seán O'Malley de los Estados Unidos; y Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga de Honduras. Nombró al obispo Marcello Semeraro secretario del grupo y programó su primera reunión para el 1 al 3 de octubre. [188]

Primeros números

En marzo de 2013, 21 lores católicos británicos y miembros del Parlamento de todos los partidos pidieron a Francisco que permitiera que los hombres casados ​​en Gran Bretaña fueran ordenados sacerdotes, manteniendo el celibato como regla para los obispos. Lo pidieron con el argumento de que sería anómalo que los sacerdotes anglicanos casados ​​puedan ser recibidos en la Iglesia Católica y ordenados sacerdotes, ya sea por medio de la Disposición Pastoral del 20 de junio de 1980 o del Ordinariato Anglicano de 2009 , pero los hombres católicos casados ​​no puedan hacer lo mismo. [189]

Fouad Twal , el patriarca latino de Jerusalén , incluyó un llamado al Papa para que visitara Jerusalén en su homilía de Pascua de 2013. [190] Luis Rafael I , el patriarca católico caldeo , pidió al Papa que visitara la "comunidad cristiana en conflicto" en Irak. [191] En marzo de 2021, el Papa Francisco fue a Irak en la primera visita papal a las menguantes comunidades cristianas de Mesopotamia, desmembradas después de años de conflicto. [192]

El primer Jueves Santo después de su elección, Francisco lavó y besó los pies de diez hombres y dos mujeres delincuentes juveniles, no todos católicos, de entre 14 y 21 años, encarcelados en el centro de detención de Casal del Marmo en Roma, diciéndoles que el ritual del lavado de pies es una señal de que está a su servicio. [193] Esta fue la primera vez que un Papa incluyó a las mujeres en este ritual; aunque ya lo había hecho cuando era arzobispo. [193] Uno de los prisioneros y una de las prisioneras eran musulmanes . [193]

El 31 de marzo de 2013, Francisco utilizó su primera homilía de Pascua para hacer un llamado a la paz en todo el mundo, mencionando específicamente Oriente Medio, África y Corea del Norte y del Sur. [194] También se pronunció contra aquellos que ceden a la "ganancia fácil" en un mundo lleno de codicia, e hizo un llamado para que la humanidad se convierta en un mejor guardián de la creación mediante la protección del medio ambiente. [194] Dijo que "pedimos a Jesús resucitado, que convierte la muerte en vida, que cambie el odio en amor, la venganza en perdón, la guerra en paz". [195] En 2019 declaró que el ecocidio era un pecado y debería convertirse en "una quinta categoría de crímenes contra la paz, que debería ser reconocida como tal por la comunidad internacional". [196] [197] [198]

Aunque el Vaticano había preparado saludos en 65 idiomas, Francisco decidió no leerlos. [154] Según el Vaticano, el Papa "al menos por ahora, se siente cómodo utilizando el italiano, la lengua cotidiana de la Santa Sede". [199]

Miles de personas recibieron a Francisco en Guayaquil , Ecuador, el 6 de julio de 2015.

En 2013, Francisco reafirmó inicialmente el programa de la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe para reformar la Conferencia de Liderazgo de Mujeres Religiosas de Estados Unidos , [200] iniciada bajo su predecesor, el Papa Benedicto XVI. El New York Times informó que el Vaticano había formado la opinión en 2012 de que el grupo de hermanas estaba teñido de influencias feministas, se centraba demasiado en acabar con la injusticia social y económica y no lo suficiente en detener el aborto, y permitía oradores en sus reuniones que cuestionaban la doctrina de la iglesia. [201] [202] En abril de 2015, la investigación llegó a su fin. Si bien el momento del cierre puede haber anticipado una visita de Francisco a los EE. UU. en septiembre de 2015, se observó que el énfasis de las hermanas es cercano al de Francisco. [203]

El 12 de mayo, Francisco llevó a cabo sus primeras canonizaciones de candidatos aprobados para la santidad durante el reinado de Benedicto XVI: la primera santa colombiana, Laura de Santa Catalina de Siena , la segunda santa mexicana, María Guadalupe García Zavala , ambas del siglo XX, y los 813 Mártires de Otranto del siglo XV . Dijo: "Mientras veneramos a los mártires de Otranto, pidamos a Dios que sostenga a los muchos cristianos que todavía sufren la violencia y les dé coraje y suerte para responder al mal con el bien". [204]

Iglesia sinodal

Francisco ha supervisado los sínodos sobre la familia (2014), sobre la juventud (2018) y sobre la Iglesia en la región amazónica (2019). En 2019, la constitución apostólica de Francisco Episcopalis communio permitió que el documento final de un sínodo pudiera convertirse en enseñanza magisterial simplemente con la aprobación papal. La constitución también permitió que los laicos contribuyeran con sus aportes directamente al secretario general del sínodo. [205] Algunos analistas consideran que la creación de una iglesia verdaderamente sinodal probablemente se convierta en la mayor contribución del papado de Francisco. [206]

El 4 de octubre de 2023, Francisco convocó el inicio del Sínodo sobre la sinodalidad (la XVI Asamblea General Ordinaria del Sínodo de los Obispos). Este Sínodo se describe como la culminación de su papado y el evento más importante en la Iglesia desde el Concilio Vaticano II . [15] [16]

Consulta con los laicos católicos

Francisco en Quito , Ecuador, 2015

Una encuesta de febrero de 2014 realizada por la World Values ​​Survey citada en The Washington Post y Time muestra cómo la unidad que Francisco había creado podría ser cuestionada. Aunque las opiniones sobre Francisco personalmente eran favorables, muchos católicos estaban en desacuerdo con al menos algunas de sus enseñanzas. La encuesta encontró que los miembros de la Iglesia Católica están profundamente divididos sobre el aborto, la anticoncepción artificial, el divorcio, la ordenación de mujeres y los sacerdotes casados. [207] [208] En el mismo mes, Francisco pidió a las parroquias que proporcionaran respuestas a un cuestionario oficial [209] descrito como una "consulta mucho más amplia que una simple encuesta" [210] sobre las opiniones entre los laicos. Continuó afirmando la doctrina católica , en un tono menos dramático que sus predecesores recientes, quienes sostenían que la Iglesia Católica no es una democracia de opinión popular. [211]

Linda Woodhead, de la Universidad de Lancaster, escribió sobre la encuesta iniciada por Francisco: "No es una encuesta en ningún sentido que un científico social reconocería". Woodhead dijo que muchos católicos comunes tendrían dificultades para entender la jerga teológica allí. No obstante, sospechaba que la encuesta podría ser influyente. [212]

En abril de 2014 , la Iglesia católica en Inglaterra y Gales se había negado a publicar los resultados de esta encuesta; un portavoz de la iglesia dijo que un alto funcionario del Vaticano había pedido expresamente que los resúmenes se mantuvieran confidenciales y que el Papa había dado órdenes de que la información no se hiciera pública hasta después de octubre. Esto decepcionó a muchos reformistas que esperaban que los laicos participaran más en la toma de decisiones. Algunas otras iglesias católicas, por ejemplo en Alemania y Austria , publicaron resúmenes de las respuestas a la encuesta, que mostraban una gran brecha entre la enseñanza de la Iglesia y el comportamiento de los católicos comunes. [210]

En una columna que escribió para el periódico semioficial del Vaticano L'Osservatore Romano , el entonces Prefecto del Tribunal Supremo de la Signatura Apostólica , el cardenal estadounidense Raymond Leo Burke , quien tiene una reputación de larga data como uno de los conservadores de línea dura más vocales de la iglesia, dijo que Francisco se oponía tanto al aborto como al matrimonio homosexual . [213] El portavoz principal del Vaticano, el padre Federico Lombardi , también señaló en la oficina de prensa del Vaticano durante las reuniones del consistorio de 2014 que Francisco y el cardenal Walter Kasper no cambiarían ni redefinirían ningún dogma perteneciente a la teología de la iglesia en asuntos doctrinales. [214]

Instituto para las Obras de Religión

En los primeros meses del papado de Francisco, el Instituto para las Obras de Religión , conocido informalmente como el Banco del Vaticano, dijo que se volvería más transparente en sus transacciones financieras [215] Durante mucho tiempo había habido acusaciones de corrupción y lavado de dinero relacionadas con el banco. [216] [217] Francisco nombró una comisión para asesorarlo sobre la reforma del Banco, [216] [217] y la firma de consultoría financiera Promontory Financial Group fue asignada para llevar a cabo una investigación exhaustiva de todos los contactos de clientes del banco sobre estos hechos. [218] Debido a este asunto, el Promotor de Justicia en el Tribunal Vaticano aplicó una carta rogatoria por primera vez en la historia de la República de Italia a principios de agosto de 2013. [219] En enero de 2014, Francisco reemplazó a cuatro de los cinco cardenales supervisores del Banco del Vaticano, quienes habían sido confirmados en sus cargos en los últimos días del papado de Benedicto XVI. [220] Expertos laicos y clérigos estaban investigando cómo se manejaba el banco. Ernst von Freyberg fue puesto a cargo. Moneyval cree que se necesitan más reformas y Francisco podría estar dispuesto a cerrar el banco si las reformas resultan demasiado difíciles. [221] No hay certeza de hasta qué punto las reformas pueden tener éxito. [222]

Documentos papales

El 29 de junio de 2013, Francisco publicó la encíclica Lumen fidei , que fue en gran parte obra de Benedicto XVI pero que estaba a la espera de un borrador final al momento de su retiro. [223] El 24 de noviembre de 2013, Francisco publicó su primera carta importante como Papa, la exhortación apostólica Evangelii gaudium , [224] que describió como la programática de su papado. [225] El 18 de junio de 2015, publicó su primera encíclica original Laudato si' sobre el cuidado del planeta. [226] El 8 de abril de 2016, Francisco publicó su segunda exhortación apostólica, Amoris laetitia , [227] en la que se refirió al amor dentro de la familia. La controversia surgió a fines de 2016 cuando cuatro cardenales pidieron formalmente a Francisco aclaraciones, particularmente sobre el tema de dar la comunión a los católicos divorciados y vueltos a casar civilmente. [228]

Sus motu proprios incluyen Ai nostri tempi y De concordia inter codices . Francisco publicó otro titulado Maiorem hac dilectionem que abrió un nuevo camino hacia la canonización por determinadas causas.

Francisco estableció dos nuevas Secretarías (departamentos de alto nivel) en la Curia romana: la Secretaría para la Economía y la Secretaría para las Comunicaciones . Simplificó el proceso para declarar la nulidad matrimonial . [229]

El 8 de diciembre de 2017, Francisco firmó una nueva constitución apostólica sobre las universidades y facultades eclesiásticas Veritatis gaudium , publicada el 29 de enero de 2018. [230]

El 19 de marzo de 2018 se publicó otra Exhortación Apostólica, Gaudete et exsultate ( Alegraos y alegraos ), que trata sobre «la llamada a la santidad en el mundo de hoy» para todas las personas. Contrarresta las versiones contemporáneas de las herejías gnósticas y pelagianas y describe cómo las bienaventuranzas de Jesús llaman a «ir contracorriente». [231]

En febrero de 2019, Francisco reconoció que sacerdotes y obispos estaban abusando sexualmente de hermanas religiosas . [232] Abordó este tema y el escándalo de abuso sexual del clero convocando una cumbre sobre abuso sexual del clero en Roma del 21 al 24 de febrero de 2019. [233] Como seguimiento de esa cumbre, el 9 de mayo de 2019 Francisco promulgó el motu proprio Vos estis lux mundi que especificaba responsabilidades, incluyendo informar directamente a la Santa Sede sobre los obispos y sobre el superior de uno, involucrando simultáneamente a otro obispo en la archidiócesis del obispo acusado. [234]

El 30 de septiembre de 2020 publicó la carta apostólica Scripturae sacrae affectus para celebrar el XVI centenario de la muerte de Jerónimo . [235] [236]

El 4 de octubre de 2020, en la fiesta de san Francisco de Asís, Francisco publicó la encíclica Fratelli tutti sobre la fraternidad y la amistad social, utilizando las propias palabras de san Francisco para describir nuestra hermandad universal. [237]

El 8 de diciembre de 2020, en la festividad de la Inmaculada Concepción , el Papa Francisco publicó la carta apostólica Patris corde («Con corazón de padre»). [238] Para conmemorar la ocasión, el Papa proclamó un «Año de San José» del 8 de diciembre de 2020 al 8 de diciembre de 2021, en el 150º aniversario de la proclamación de San José como Patrono de la Iglesia universal . [239]

El 1 de junio de 2021, Francisco publicó la constitución apostólica Pascite gregem Dei . El documento reformó la ley penal vaticana endureciendo las penas por abusos sexuales y delitos financieros; además, castigó con más dureza la ordenación de mujeres. [240]

El 16 de julio de 2021, Francisco emitió el motu proprio Traditionis custodes. El documento derogó los permisos para la celebración de la Misa Tridentina previamente establecidos por Benedicto XVI en el Summorum Pontificum de 2007 , y Traditionis custodes instituyó mayores restricciones al uso del Misal Romano de 1962. El Papa Francisco declaró en una carta que acompañaba al motu proprio que enfatizar la Misa de Pablo VI traería "la unidad que pretendo restablecer en toda la Iglesia del Rito Romano". [241] El 11 de febrero, el Papa Francisco se reunió con dos sacerdotes de la Fraternidad Sacerdotal de San Pedro (FSSP) y les aseguró que Traditionis Custodes no afectaba a su comunidad y les dio permiso, por escrito, para usar todos los libros litúrgicos de 1962. También dio a entender que Traditionis Custodes no se aplicaba a todas las comunidades católicas tradicionales, no solo a la FSSP. [242]

Ecumenismo y diálogo interreligioso

El sello está dedicado a la visita pastoral de Francisco a Azerbaiyán el 2 de octubre de 2016.

El Papa Francisco mantuvo la tradición del Concilio Vaticano Segundo al promover el ecumenismo con otras denominaciones cristianas , alentar el diálogo con otras religiones y apoyar la paz con individuos seculares.

Títulos clericales

En enero de 2014, Francisco dijo que nombraría menos monseñores y que solo asignaría a aquellos honrados con el rango más bajo de los tres rangos supervivientes de monseñor, capellán de Su Santidad . Se otorgaría solo a sacerdotes diocesanos de al menos 65 años de edad. Durante sus 15 años como arzobispo de Buenos Aires, Francisco nunca solicitó el título para ninguno de sus sacerdotes. Se cree que lo asocia con el arribismo clerical y la jerarquía, aunque no aplicó esta restricción al clero que trabaja en la Curia romana o el cuerpo diplomático, donde el arribismo es una preocupación aún mayor. [243]

Canonizaciones y beatificaciones

Francisco con motivo de la canonización de Juan XXIII y Juan Pablo II el 27 de abril de 2014

Francisco presidió las primeras canonizaciones de su pontificado el 12 de mayo de 2013, en las que canonizó a los mártires de Otranto , Antonio Primaldo y sus 812 compañeros que habían sido ejecutados por los otomanos en 1480, [244] así como a las hermanas religiosas Laura de Santa Catalina de Siena y María Guadalupe García Zavala –en esta primera canonización superó el récord del Papa Juan Pablo II en canonizar al mayor número de santos en un pontificado–. [204] Francisco aprobó la canonización equipolente de Ángela de Foligno el 9 de octubre siguiente y luego la del jesuita Pedro Fabro el 17 de diciembre siguiente. [245] [246]

El Papa aprobó otras canonizaciones equipolentes el 3 de abril de 2014 para el jesuita José de Anchieta , así como para la monja ursulina María de la Encarnación y el obispo François de Laval . [247] Francisco canonizó a sus dos predecesores Juan XXIII y Juan Pablo II el 27 de abril de 2014 y canonizó a seis santos adicionales el 23 de noviembre siguiente. [248] [249] El Papa canonizó a Joseph Vaz en su visita a Sri Lanka el 14 de enero de 2015 y canonizó a otros cuatro santos el 17 de mayo siguiente; canonizó a Junípero Serra el 23 de septiembre durante su visita a los Estados Unidos y luego canonizó a cuatro santos el 18 de octubre, incluida la primera pareja casada en ser nombrada santa. [250] [251] [252] [253] Francisco canonizó a María Isabel Hesselblad y a Estanislao Papczyński el 5 de junio de 2016 y luego canonizó a Teresa de Calcuta el 4 de septiembre; canonizó a siete santos adicionales el 16 de octubre. [254] [255] [256] El papa canonizó a los dos niños videntes Francisco y Jacinta Marto durante su visita a Fátima a mediados de 2017 y canonizó a 35 santos adicionales el 15 de octubre. [257] [258] Francisco reconoció a siete santos, incluido su predecesor, el papa Pablo VI y Óscar Romero , el 14 de octubre de 2018. [259] Francisco confirmó más tarde la canonización equipolente de Bartolomé de Braga a mediados de 2019. [260] El 13 de octubre de 2019, Francisco canonizó a cinco nuevos santos, incluido el cardenal John Henry Newman . [261] El Papa confirmó la canonización equipollente de Margherita della Metola el 24 de abril de 2021. [262]

El Papa también ha continuado la práctica de celebrar beatificaciones en el lugar de origen del individuo, aunque ha presidido beatificaciones él mismo en tres ocasiones: para Paul Yun Ji-Chung y 123 compañeros el 16 de agosto de 2014, su predecesor, el Papa Pablo VI, el 19 de octubre de 2014, y dos mártires colombianos el 8 de septiembre de 2017. [263] [264] [265] El Papa ha aprobado beatificaciones para una variedad de hombres y mujeres, incluidos Álvaro del Portillo del Opus Dei (27 de septiembre de 2014), el arzobispo mártir Óscar Romero (23 de mayo de 2015), el destacado cardenal polaco Stefan Wyszyński (12 de septiembre de 2021) y varios grandes grupos de mártires españoles . [266]

Francisco también confirmó a su predecesor Juan Pablo I como Venerable el 8 de noviembre de 2017, [267] y Beato el 4 de septiembre de 2022. [268]

Doctores de la Iglesia

Francisco declaró a dos nuevos Doctores de la Iglesia : san Gregorio de Narek como el 36º Doctor de la Iglesia (conferido en 2015 con la presencia de delegaciones de la Iglesia católica armenia y de la Iglesia apostólica armenia ), [269] y san Ireneo de Lyon como el 37º Doctor de la Iglesia (conferido en 2022). [270] Francisco también confirió a Ireneo el título suplementario de Doctor unitatis ("Doctor de la Unidad"). [270]

Consistorios

En marzo de 2024, Francisco había, a lo largo de los 11 años de su papado, creado 142 cardenales de 70 naciones en nueve consistorios . [271] Celebró su primer consistorio en febrero de 2014, una rara ocasión en la que apareció públicamente con su predecesor, Benedicto XVI. [272] [273] A principios de 2023, de los cardenales creados por Francisco, 113 tenían menos de ochenta años y, por lo tanto, eran elegibles para votar por el Papa en un cónclave papal . [271] En ese momento había 94 cardenales electores creados por Francisco, 27 creados por Benedicto XVI y ocho creados por Juan Pablo II. [271]

Los nombramientos de Francisco hicieron que el Colegio Cardenalicio estuviera menos dominado por los europeos. [274] De los cardenales nombrados por Francisco, 22 tenían su base en países que nunca antes habían tenido un cardenal. [271] En 2023, Europa representó el 39% de los cardenales en edad de votar (frente al 52% en 2013) y América del Norte representó el 10% de los cardenales en edad de votar (frente al 12% en 2013). [274] Otras regiones del mundo aumentaron: Asia-Pacífico y América Latina y el Caribe representaron el 18% de los cardenales en edad de votar (frente al 9% y 16%, respectivamente, en 2013). [274] Francisco nombró a muchos cardenales de países en desarrollo , incluidos algunos de los más pobres del mundo, y de países de las periferias de la iglesia. [275] Elevó al cardenalato a Chibly Langlois de Haití y a Philippe Nakellentuba Ouedraogo de Burkina Faso (en 2014), [272] a Charles Maung Bo de Myanmar y a Soane Patita Paini Mafi de Tonga (en 2015), [276] a Patrick D'Rozario de Bangladesh y a Dieudonné Nzapalainga de la República Centroafricana (en 2018). [277] En un consistorio de 2020, [278] el Papa nombró a los primeros cardenales de Brunei y Ruanda , así como al primer cardenal afroamericano ( Wilton Daniel Gregory ), al primer franciscano conventual en casi 160 años ( Mauro Gambetti ), y al primer cardenal de Siena desde 1801 ( Augusto Paolo Lojudice ). [279]

En comparación con sus predecesores, Francisco hizo menos nombramientos de funcionarios de la Curia romana para el cardenalato. En el cónclave de 2013 que eligió a Francisco como Papa, el 35% de los cardenales eran de la Curia; a fines de 2023, los funcionarios de la Curia representaban poco menos del 23% de los cardenales electores. [275] Esto fue parte de una tendencia general bajo Francisco hacia una iglesia más descentralizada. [280] En comparación con su predecesor Benedicto, quien prefería nombrar a clérigos con inclinaciones académicas como cardenales, Francisco favoreció a cardenales con un enfoque más pastoral, [275] especialmente aquellos conocidos por su enfoque en los pobres y marginados, como los refugiados y las personas sin hogar. [281] Francisco abandonó la costumbre tradicional de nombrar siempre a los arzobispos de ciertas sedes históricamente prominentes (como el Patriarca de Venecia y el Arzobispo de Milán ) como cardenales. [275]

Año de la Misericordia

Francisco abre la Puerta Santa , marcando el inicio del Jubileo Extraordinario de la Misericordia .

Con su bula papal de invocación de abril de 2015, Misericordiae Vultus ( en latín : "El rostro de la misericordia "), Francisco inauguró un Año Jubilar Especial de la Misericordia, que se extenderá desde el 8 de diciembre de 2015, solemnidad de la Inmaculada Concepción de la Bienaventurada Virgen María , hasta el último domingo antes de Adviento y la solemnidad de la fiesta de Cristo Rey del Universo, el 20 de noviembre de 2016.

Se abrieron las Puertas Santas de las basílicas mayores de Roma (incluida la Puerta Grande de San Pedro), y se abrieron "Puertas de la Misericordia" especiales en las catedrales y otras iglesias importantes de todo el mundo, donde los fieles pueden ganar indulgencias cumpliendo las condiciones habituales de oración por las intenciones del Papa, confesión, desapego del pecado y comunión. [282] [283] Durante la Cuaresma de ese año, se celebrarán servicios especiales de penitencia de 24 horas, y durante el año, sacerdotes especiales calificados y con experiencia llamados "Misioneros de la Misericordia" estarán disponibles en cada diócesis para perdonar incluso los pecados graves y especiales normalmente reservados a la Penitenciaría Apostólica de la Santa Sede . [284] [285]

Francisco instituyó la Jornada Mundial de los Pobres en su Carta Apostólica Misericordia et Misera , publicada el 20 de noviembre de 2016 para celebrar la conclusión del Jubileo Extraordinario de la Misericordia. [286] [287]

Pandemia de COVID-19

Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 , Francisco canceló sus audiencias generales habituales en la Plaza de San Pedro para evitar que las multitudes se reunieran y propagaran el virus, que afectó gravemente a Italia . [288] Animó a los sacerdotes a visitar a los pacientes y a los trabajadores de la salud; [289] instó a los fieles a no olvidar a los pobres durante el tiempo de crisis; [290] ofreció oraciones por las personas con el virus en China; [291] e invocó a la Santísima Virgen María bajo su título Salus Populi Romani , mientras la Diócesis de Roma observaba un período de oración y ayuno en reconocimiento a las víctimas. [292] El pontífice reaccionó con disgusto el 13 de marzo de 2020, ante la noticia de que el Vicario General había cerrado todas las iglesias de la Diócesis de Roma. A pesar de que Italia estaba bajo un bloqueo de cuarentena , Francisco suplicó "no dejar a la ... gente sola" y trabajó para revertir parcialmente los cierres.

El 20 de marzo de 2020, Francisco pidió al Dicasterio para el Servicio del Desarrollo Humano Integral (DPSIH) que creara una Comisión Vaticana COVID-19 para expresar la preocupación de la Iglesia por la crisis generada por la pandemia de COVID-19 y proponer respuestas a los potenciales desafíos socioeconómicos que se derivan de ella. [293] [294]

El 27 de marzo, Francisco dio la bendición extraordinaria Urbi et Orbi . [295] En su homilía sobre la calma de la tempestad en el Evangelio de Marcos , Francisco describió el contexto: «Una densa oscuridad se ha apoderado de nuestras plazas, calles y ciudades; se cierne sobre nuestras vidas llenando todo de un silencio ensordecedor y de un vacío desolador que paraliza todo a su paso: se siente en el aire, se siente en los gestos. (...) Frente al sufrimiento, donde se mide el verdadero desarrollo de nuestros pueblos, descubrimos y experimentamos la oración sacerdotal de Jesús: “que todos sean uno”». [296]

Francisco sostiene que vacunarse contra el COVID es una obligación moral. Francisco afirmó que las personas tienen la responsabilidad de cuidarse a sí mismas, "y esto se traduce en respeto por la salud de quienes nos rodean. El cuidado de la salud es una obligación moral". [297]

En respuesta al daño económico creado por la pandemia de COVID-19, Francisco afirmó que ahora es el momento de considerar la implementación de un salario básico universal . [298]

Pena de muerte

Francisco ha comprometido a la Iglesia católica con la abolición mundial de la pena de muerte en cualquier circunstancia. [299] En 2018, Francisco revisó el Catecismo de la Iglesia Católica para leer que "a la luz del Evangelio " la pena de muerte es "inadmisible porque es un ataque a la inviolabilidad y dignidad de la persona " y que la Iglesia católica "trabaja con determinación por su abolición en todo el mundo". [299] [300]

En su encíclica Fratelli tutti de 2020 , Francisco repitió que la pena de muerte es “inadmisible” y que “no se puede dar marcha atrás en esta posición”. [301]

El 9 de enero de 2022, el Papa Francisco afirmó en su discurso anual a los embajadores del Vaticano: «La pena de muerte no puede emplearse para una pretendida justicia de Estado, ya que no constituye un elemento disuasorio ni hace justicia a las víctimas, sino que solo alimenta la sed de venganza». [10]

El papel de la mujer

Francisco ha rechazado categóricamente la ordenación de mujeres como sacerdotes. [15] Al principio de su papado, inició un diálogo sobre la posibilidad de diaconisas , creando en 2016 una Comisión de Estudio sobre el Diaconado de la Mujer para investigar el papel de las diáconas en el cristianismo primitivo. [302] Su informe no se hizo público, [303] pero Francisco dijo en 2019 que la comisión emitió un informe dividido y no pudo llegar a un consenso. [304] En abril de 2020, Francisco formó una nueva comisión, dirigida por el cardenal Giuseppe Petrocchi y con una membresía completamente nueva, para estudiar el tema. [305] Francisco retrasó una decisión sobre el tema durante varios años. [15] En entrevistas a fines de 2023 y 2024, pareció rechazar la idea de las mujeres diáconas, diciendo que " las órdenes sagradas están reservadas para los hombres". [306] [303] Francisco dijo que «el hecho de que la mujer no acceda a la vida ministerial no es una privación, porque su lugar es mucho más importante» [306] y que la mujer tenía un carisma separado del «camino ministerial». [303]

En enero de 2021, Francisco emitió un Spiritus Domini , que permite a los obispos instituir mujeres en los ministerios de acólito y lector . Si bien estos ministerios instituidos anteriormente estaban reservados a los hombres, las mujeres católicas ya llevaban a cabo estos deberes sin institución en la mayor parte del mundo. Francisco escribió que estos ministerios son fundamentalmente distintos de los reservados al clero ordenado. [307] [308] [309] El mes siguiente, Francisco nombró a mujeres para varios puestos que anteriormente solo ocupaban hombres: una miembro francesa de las Hermanas Misioneras Xavierianas , Nathalie Becquart , fue nombrada cosubsecretaria del Sínodo de los Obispos , y la magistrada italiana Catia Summaria se convirtió en la primera mujer Promotora de Justicia en el Tribunal de Apelaciones del Vaticano. [310]

En abril de 2023, Francisco anunció que 35 mujeres podrían votar en la Decimosexta Asamblea General Ordinaria del Sínodo de los Obispos (lo que representa "un poco más del 10 por ciento" de todos los votantes), [311] lo que marca la primera vez que se permite a las mujeres votar en un Sínodo de Obispos católico. [312]

Corrupción financiera

Los cardenales electos le encomendaron a Francisco que ordenara las finanzas del Vaticano tras los escándalos que se produjeron durante los papados de Benedicto XVI y Juan Pablo II. Afirmó que está decidido a acabar con la corrupción en la Iglesia católica, pero no es muy optimista porque se trata de un problema humano que se remonta a siglos atrás. [313]

Disculpas por los abusos de la Iglesia hacia los pueblos indígenas

A principios de 2022, Francisco expresó "vergüenza y dolor" por el papel de la Iglesia católica en los abusos contra los pueblos indígenas en Canadá y "la falta de respeto" hacia las culturas indígenas. [314] A finales de julio de 2022, Francisco realizó un viaje apostólico a Canadá , donde expresó su dolor, indignación y vergüenza por el abuso de la Iglesia a los niños indígenas canadienses en las escuelas residenciales . [315] Francisco describió el papel de la Iglesia católica canadiense como un compromiso de " genocidio cultural ". [14] Se disculpó por el papel de la Iglesia en "proyectos de destrucción cultural" y asimilación forzada . [315] Cerca de la antigua Escuela Residencial Indígena Ermineskin, el sitio de varias tumbas sin marcar , Francisco dijo: "Humildemente pido perdón por el mal cometido por tantos cristianos contra los pueblos indígenas". [314] Visitó el cementerio de la Nación Cree Ermineskin en su reserva Maskwacis al sur de Edmonton . [314] Francisco prometió una investigación seria sobre la historia de los abusos. [315]

Respuesta al abuso sexual

En 2010, el entonces cardenal Bergoglio encargó un estudio que concluyó que el padre Julio César Grassi , un sacerdote condenado por abuso sexual infantil, era inocente, que sus víctimas estaban mintiendo y que el caso en su contra nunca debería haber llegado a juicio. [316] Sin embargo, la Corte Suprema de Argentina confirmó la condena y la sentencia de 15 años de prisión contra Grassi en marzo de 2017. [316]

Al principio de su papado, Francisco eligió una sentencia más indulgente para Mauro Inzoli, un sacerdote italiano acusado de abuso sexual infantil. [317] Un tribunal eclesiástico había dictaminado que Inzoli debía ser laicizado (despojado de su condición de sacerdote), [318] y fue despojado de su condición de sacerdote en 2012 por el predecesor de Francisco, Benedicto XVI. [317] Sin embargo, Francisco revirtió esta decisión en 2014; Francisco acordó con el obispo de Crema que Inzoli debía seguir siendo sacerdote, pero ser apartado del ministerio público y se le ordenó retirarse a "una vida de oración y humilde discreción". [317] [318] Izoli fue declarado culpable de abusar sexualmente de niños en un tribunal civil italiano en 2016 y sentenciado a prisión. [317] En declaraciones improvisadas a la Comisión Pontificia para la Protección de Menores en septiembre de 2017, Francisco admitió que manejó mal el caso Inzoli, diciendo que como nuevo Papa, "no entendí bien estas cosas y elegí la más benévola de las dos sentencias, pero después de dos años el sacerdote tuvo una recaída. Aprendí de esto". [318] En las mismas declaraciones, dijo que la iglesia "llegó tarde" al lidiar con los casos de abuso sexual. [318]

En 2015, Francisco fue criticado por apoyar al obispo chileno Juan Barros , quien fue acusado de encubrir casos de abuso sexual de la Iglesia Católica en Chile , incluidos crímenes cometidos contra menores. [319] En 2018, Francisco reconoció que había cometido "graves errores" en el juicio sobre Barros, se disculpó con las víctimas y lanzó una investigación del Vaticano que resultó en la renuncia de tres obispos chilenos: Barros, Gonzalo Duarte y Cristián Caro . [320]

En 2019, Francisco despojó a Theodore McCarrick , un ex arzobispo de Washington , que mantuvo una posición prominente en la iglesia durante décadas a pesar de los repetidos informes de conducta sexual inapropiada en su contra que se remontan a la década de 1980. En 2017, después de renovadas acusaciones contra McCarrick, Francisco encargó una investigación del Vaticano, que encontró que McCarrick había abusado sexualmente tanto de adultos como de menores. [321] En julio de 2018, McCarrick renunció al Colegio Cardenalicio ; en octubre de 2018, Francisco ordenó una revisión del "conocimiento institucional y la toma de decisiones" de la Iglesia relacionados con McCarrick. [322] Francisco autorizó la publicación, en noviembre de 2020, del informe de 449 páginas de la investigación de dos años del Vaticano sobre la carrera de McCarrick, basado en una revisión de documentos y entrevistas con más de 90 personas. [322] [321] El informe criticó en gran medida al Papa Juan Pablo II , quien nombró a McCarrick como arzobispo en 2000 y aceptó las negaciones del clérigo sobre abuso sexual, a pesar de múltiples informes. [321] El informe también encontró que el Papa Benedicto XVI impuso restricciones informales a McCarrick, pero estas nunca se hicieron cumplir, y Benedicto no investigó ni sancionó formalmente a McCarrick incluso después de que ignoró esas restricciones informales. [321] El informe concluyó que Francisco, antes de 2017, "solo había escuchado que había habido acusaciones y rumores relacionados con conducta inmoral con adultos que ocurrieron antes del nombramiento de McCarrick en Washington" y continuó el enfoque de sus predecesores Juan Pablo y Benedicto. [321]

En febrero de 2019, Francisco convocó una cumbre de cuatro días sobre el abuso sexual, organizada por Hans Zollner ; algunos sobrevivientes de abusos expresaron su decepción porque la cumbre no dio como resultado reglas concretas sobre la prevención del abuso, las respuestas al abuso y la cooperación de la Iglesia con las autoridades encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley. [323] En diciembre de 2019, Francisco abolió el privilegio del " secreto pontificio " en los casos de abuso sexual, aclarando que los obispos no necesitan autorización del Vaticano para entregar materiales de juicios canónicos a pedido de las autoridades encargadas de hacer cumplir la ley civil. [240] [324] El levantamiento de la regla de confidencialidad fue elogiado por los defensores de las víctimas, pero no requirió que la Iglesia entregara afirmativamente documentos canónicos a las autoridades civiles. [240] [324]

En noviembre de 2021, Francisco agradeció a los periodistas por su trabajo para descubrir los escándalos de abuso sexual infantil en la Iglesia, y agradeció también a los periodistas por "ayudarnos a no esconderlo bajo la alfombra y por la voz que han dado a las víctimas de abuso". [325]

En noviembre de 2022, el cardenal francés Jean-Pierre Ricard admitió haber abusado sexualmente de una niña de 14 años en la década de 1980 en Marsella . Ricard (que fue nombrado cardenal por Benedicto XVI en 2006 [326] ) dijo que cometió actos "reprobables" con la niña mientras era sacerdote. Las autoridades francesas abrieron una investigación sobre el caso mientras que Francisco comentó que ahora que "todo está más claro [...] más casos como este no deberían sorprender [a nadie]", y agregó la condena por abuso sexual, diciendo que es "contra la naturaleza sacerdotal, y también contra la naturaleza social". [327] [328]

Francisco visitó Irlanda en 2018 , lo que marcó la primera gira papal al país desde el histórico viaje de Juan Pablo II en 1979. [329] Se disculpó por los abusos sexuales cometidos por el clero en Estados Unidos e Irlanda. [ 330]

G7

Durante su intervención en el foro del G7 en Italia , destacó que la humanidad está en gran peligro, debido a las guerras que se están dando como la guerra en Ucrania , en Gaza , el uso excesivo de la inteligencia artificial que está poniendo en riesgo los puestos de trabajo en el mundo, y las prácticas reproductivas sin mencionar el aborto . El papa Francisco hizo historia al ser el primer pontífice en participar en el G7, una reunión de líderes de las mayores economías del mundo. [331] [332] [333] [334]

Énfasis y enseñanzas teológicas

En la Evangelii gaudium Francisco reveló cuáles serían los énfasis de su pontificado: un impulso misionero entre todos los católicos, compartiendo más activamente la fe, evitando la mundanidad y viviendo más visiblemente el evangelio de la misericordia de Dios, y ayudando a los pobres y trabajando por la justicia social . [335]

Desde 2016, las críticas contra Francisco por parte de los conservadores teológicos se han intensificado. [336] [337] [338] [339] [340] Un comentarista ha descrito la resistencia conservadora contra Francisco como "única en su visibilidad" en la historia reciente de la iglesia. [341] Algunos han explicado el nivel de desacuerdo como debido a que él va más allá de los principios teóricos hacia el discernimiento pastoral. [342]

Evangelización

From his first major letter Evangelii gaudium (Joy to the World), Francis called for "a missionary and pastoral conversion" whereby the laity would fully share in the missionary task of the church.[225][343] Then in his letter on the call of all to the same holiness, Gaudete et exsultate, Francis describes holiness as "an impulse to evangelize and to leave a mark in this world".[344]

Church governance

A Carnival float of Francis and Germany's prelate Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst, Düsseldorf, 2014

Francis called for decentralization of governance away from Rome, and for a synodal manner of decision making in dialogue with the people.[345] He strongly opposed clericalism[346] and made women full members of the church's dicasteries in Rome.[347]

Environment and climate change

Francis's naming of himself after Francis of Assisi was an early indication of how he shared Francis's care for all of creation. This was followed in May 2015 with his major encyclical on the environment, Laudato si' (Praise be to you).[348] In October 2023, in advance to the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), Francis issued the apostolic exhortation Laudate Deum (Praise god), in which he called for decisive action to against the climate crisis and condemned climate change denial.[349][350] Francis also argued that the United Arab Emirates, which hosted COP28, had a "conflict of interest" because "although it has made significant investments in renewable energy sources" it was still "a great exporter of fossil fuels."[351] Francis planned to attend the conference, which would have been the first time for a pope to personally visit the a UN climate change conference,[352] but cancelled the trip after developing flu-like symptoms.[353]

In a May 2017 meeting with U.S. President Donald Trump, the Vatican's secretary of state, Pietro Parolin, raised the issue of climate change and encouraged Trump not to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.[354] At the 2017 World Food Day ceremony, Francis highlighted the daily impacts of climate change and the solutions provided by scientific knowledge. He pointed out that while the international community has established legal frameworks like the Paris Agreement, some nations are withdrawing. He expressed concern over a renewed indifference to ecosystem balance, the belief in controlling limited resources, and a greed for profit.[355]

In 2024, Francis organized a climate summit that issued a Planetary Protocol for Climate Change Resilience including three main pillars: reducing greenhouse gas emissions (while prioritizing nature-based solutions), climate change adaptation and societal transformation.[356]

Option for the poor

Francis visits a favela in Brazil during World Youth Day 2013.

Francis has highly extolled "popular movements", which demonstrate the "strength of us", serve as a remedy to the "culture of the self", and are based on solidarity with the poor and the common good.[357] He has praised liberation theology founder Gustavo Gutierrez.[358] In 2024, while meeting with representatives of the Dialop group, a discussion group between Christians and Marxists, Pope Francis encouraged them to fight together, and stated that marxists and Christians have a common mission.[359]

Morality

Cardinal Walter Kasper has called mercy "the key word of his pontificate".[360]: 31–32  His papal motto Miserando atque eligendo ("by having mercy and by choosing") contains a central theme of his papacy, God's mercy,[361][362] While maintaining the Catholic Church's traditional teaching against abortion, Francis, has referred to the "obsession" of some Catholics with a few issues like "abortion, gay marriage and the use of contraceptive methods" which "do not show the heart of the message of Jesus Christ".[363]

Sex

Pope Francis has described sexual pleasure as "a gift from God" that should be "disciplined with patience".[364] On 17 January 2024, he discussed sex at his weekly general audience saying that it was undermined by pornography, which provides "satisfaction without relationship that can generate forms of addiction".[365] He added that "in Christianity, there is no condemnation of the sexual instinct" and that the human experience of falling in love is "one of the purest feelings."[365]

LGBT

Francis has marked a significantly more accommodative tone on LGBT topics than his predecessors.[366] In July 2013, his televised "Who am I to judge?" statement was widely reported in the international press, becoming one of his most famous statements on LGBT people.[367][368][369] In other public statements, Francis has emphasised the need to accept, welcome, and accompany LGBT people,[370][371][372] including LGBT children.[373][374] In a January 2023 interview with the Associated Press, Francis denounced the criminalization of homosexuality (which he called "unjust"); he called on the Catholic Church to "distinguish between a sin and crime" and asked bishops supporting such laws to reverse their position.[375][368][376] Francis repeated this stance the following month.[368] Francis reiterated traditional Catholic teaching that marriage is between a man and a woman,[377][378] he has supported same-sex civil unions as legal protections for same-sex couples.[374][379] Under his pontificate, the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith has confirmed that transgender people can be baptised,[380][381] and allowed the blessing of same-sex couples in the document Fiducia supplicans.[382] Francis has privately met many LGBT people and activists. In 2013, Francis was named as Person of the Year by The Advocate, an American LGBT magazine.[383]

Relative to LGBT topics, Francis has been less accommodative on transgender topics.[366] He described gender theory and children's education on gender-affirming surgery as "ideological colonisation".[384][367] In September 2015, Francis met with Kim Davis, a county clerk who was jailed for six days for contempt of court for refusing to marriage licences for same-sex couples,[385][386] and in August 2018, Francis was criticized for suggesting that gay children seek psychiatric treatment.[387] As Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Bergoglio led public opposition to the parliamentary bill on legalizing same-sex marriage in Argentina, which was approved by the Argentine Senate in 2010.[388] A letter he wrote in that campaign was criticized for using "mediaeval" and "obscurantist" language.[389][390][391] A church source quoted in the Argentine newspaper La Nación called the letter a strategic error that contributed to the bill's success.[392]

International policy

Francis with Cuban leader Raúl Castro in September 2015

Francis has regularly been accused by conservatives of having a "soft spot" for leftist populist movements.[393] After Francis's visit to Cuba in 2015, Catholic Yale historian Carlos Eire said Francis had a "preferential option for the oppressors" in Cuba.[394] Francis is hostile to right-wing populism.[395] Since 2016, Francis has been contrasted with US President Donald Trump,[396] elected that year, with some conservative critics drawing comparisons between the two.[397][398] During the 2016 United States presidential election, Francis said of Trump, "A person who only thinks about building walls, wherever they may be, and not building bridges, is not Christian. That is not the gospel." Trump responded, "For a religious leader to question a person's faith is disgraceful."[13] Federico Lombardi said that Francis's comments were not "a personal attack, nor an indication of who to vote for".[399]

Francis with U.S. President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania in 2017

In response to criticism from Venezuela's bishops, President Nicolás Maduro said in 2017 that he had the support of Francis.[400][401] Francis met with the country's bishops in June 2017, and the Venezuelan bishops' conference president stated, "There is no distance between the episcopal conference and the Holy See."[402] In January 2019, 20 former presidents in Latin America wrote a letter to Francis criticizing his Christmas address regarding the ongoing Venezuelan crisis for being too simplistic and for not acknowledging what they believed to be the causes of the suffering of the victims of the crisis.[403] Francis has sought peace in the crisis without picking a side.[404]

Position toward China

Francis took a more conciliatory approach toward the People's Republic of China than any previous pope.[405] He continued the Vatican's longstanding diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China (Taiwan), rather than the People's Republic of China; the Vatican City State is the only country in Europe to formally recognize Taiwan, and one of just 12 countries worldwide to do so.[406][407] In 2018, however, Francis approved a provisional Vatican-China agreement, intended to normalize the situation of China's Catholics, who numbered approximately 10 million as of 2024.[405] The Chinese government claims the authority to appoint bishops, without papal approval, through the state-controlled Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, in contravention of longstanding church doctrine.[405] Under the 2018 agreement, the Vatican consults with the Chinese government on the appointment of bishops, and pledged not to appoint any bishop in China without Beijing's approval;[405] in return, the Chinese government recognized the pope as the supreme head of the Catholic Church.[408] The agreement was renewed for an additional two years in 2020,[409] and again in 2022.[408][409]

Francis' efforts toward rapprochement with China, were highly controversial; a leading critic, Cardinal Joseph Zen, said the 2018 agreement was a step toward the "annihilation" of the Catholic Church in China.[405][410][411] Critics said that the 2018 agreement "sold out" Chinese Catholics by accepting infringements on religious freedom, thereby undermining the Vatican's spiritual authority.[408][405] In September 2020, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, a critic of the agreement, urged Francis to stand against China's human rights violations.[412][413]

The Chinese government repeatedly violated the 2018 deal with the Vatican.[408][414] Francis has defended the Vatican's dialogue with China on the appointment of new bishops, saying in 2021 that uneasy dialogue was better than no dialogue at all, and that improving strained ties with the Chinese government was important.[415] From the signing of the agreement until 2022, only six Catholic bishops in China were appointed.[408] In November 2022, the Vatican publicly accused China of violating the agreement by installing John Peng Weizhao as an auxiliary bishop in Jiangxi without Vatican approval.[408] In April 2023, the Chinese government also installed Joseph Shen Bin as bishop of Shanghai without Vatican approval in violation of the agreement; three months later, Francis recognized Shen Bin's appointment; the Vatican secretary of state, Pietro Parolin, said that the pope had done so "remedy the canonical irregularity created in Shanghai, in view of the greater good of the diocese and the fruitful exercise of the bishop's pastoral ministry."[409]

In November 2020, Francis named China's Uyghur minority among a list of the world's persecuted peoples. He wrote: "I think often of persecuted peoples: the Rohingya [Muslims in Myanmar], the poor Uighurs, the Yazidi—what ISIS did to them was truly cruel—or Christians in Egypt and Pakistan killed by bombs that went off while they prayed in church." Zhao Lijian, the spokesman of the Foreign Ministry of China, said Francis's remarks had "no factual basis at all".[416]

In 2019, during the Hong Kong pro-democracy protests, Francis was criticized by Zen and other Catholic clergy in Hong Kong for failing to taking a stand against China's repression and instead being quoted as saying "I would like to go to China. I love China." Francis compared the protests in Hong Kong to those seen in Chile and in France.[417]

Theological disagreements

Amoris laetitia and the communion to the divorced and civilly remarried

On a theological level, controversy arose after the publication of the apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia, especially regarding whether the exhortation had changed the Catholic Church's sacramental discipline concerning access to the sacraments of Penance and the Eucharist for divorced couples who have civilly remarried.[418] Francis had written: "It is important that the divorced who have entered a new union should be made to feel part of the Church." He called not for "a new set of general rules, canonical in nature and applicable to all cases", but "a responsible personal and pastoral discernment of particular cases". He went on to say: "It is true that general rules set forth a good which can never be disregarded or neglected, but in their formulation they cannot provide absolutely for all particular situations."[419]

Four cardinals (Raymond Leo Burke, Carlo Caffarra, Walter Brandmüller, and Joachim Meisner) formally asked Francis for clarifications, particularly on the issue of giving communion to divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.[420] They submitted five "dubia" (doubts), and requested a yes or no answer. Francis has not publicly replied.[421] The exhortation has been implemented in different ways by various bishops around the world.[422]

Cardinal Gerhard Müller, former prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, maintained that Amoris Laetitia should only be interpreted in line with previous doctrine. Therefore, according to Cardinal Müller, divorced and civilly remarried can have access to the Sacraments of Reconciliation and the Eucharist only if they take on the duty of living in complete continence.[423][424] Francis subsequently announced that dicastery prefects would be appointed for a single five-year term, and replaced Müller at the end of his term in 2017 with Luis Ladaria Ferrer.[425] Cardinal Carlo Caffarra, one of the authors of the dubia, maintains that after Amoris laetitia "only a blind man could deny there's great confusion, uncertainty and insecurity in the Church".[426]

In July 2017, a group of conservative clergy, academics and laymen signed a document labelled as a "Filial Correction" of Francis.[427] The 25-page document, which was made public in September after it received no reply, criticized the pope for promoting what it described as seven heretical propositions through various words, actions and omissions during his pontificate.[428] Capuchin Father Thomas Weinandy, ex-doctrine chief of US Bishops, wrote a letter to Francis on 31 July 2017, which he subsequently made public, in which he charged that Francis is fostering "chronic confusion", "demeaning" the importance of doctrine, appointing bishops who "scandalize" believers with dubious "teaching and pastoral practice", giving prelates who object the impression they will be "marginalized or worse" if they speak out, and causing faithful Catholics to "lose confidence in their supreme shepherd".[429]

A defence of Amoris Laetitia came from philosopher Rocco Buttiglione who accused its critics of "ethical objectivism". He said that the critics cannot deny that "there are mitigating circumstances in which a mortal sin (a sin that would otherwise be mortal) becomes a lighter sin, a venial sin. There are therefore some cases in which remarried divorcees can (through their confessor and after an adequate spiritual discernment) be considered in God's grace and therefore deserving of receiving the sacraments".[430]

Document on Human Fraternity

The Document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together is a joint statement signed by Francis and Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, on 4 February 2019 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. This joint statement is concerned with how different faiths can live peaceably in the same world and areas and later inspired the International Day of Human Fraternity, as acknowledged by the UN Secretary-General, António Guterres, in different occasions.[431][432] Criticisms focused particularly on the passage about God's will with regard to the diversity of religions, claiming that the "pluralism and the diversity of religions, colour, sex, race and language are willed by God in His wisdom, through which He created human beings".[433][434] Catholic theologian Chad Pecknold wrote that this sentence was "puzzling, and potentially problematic".[435] Some Catholic observers tried to understand it as an allusion to the "permissive will" of God, allowing evil on earth.[434] Pecknold wrote that the diversity of religions might also be "evidence of our natural desire to know God".[435] Bishop Athanasius Schneider claims that Pope Francis clarified to him that he was referring to "the permissive will of God".[436]

Traditionis custodes and the restriction of the Tridentine Mass

In July 2021, Francis issued, motu proprio, the apostolic letter titled Traditionis custodes, which reversed the decision of his immediate predecessor Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum and imposed new restrictions on the use of the Traditional Latin Mass. The letter returned to the bishops the power to grant or suppress the Latin Mass in their particular dioceses, and requires newly ordained priests to first request permission before performing the old rite, among other changes.[437][438] Traditionis custodes, which Pope Francis published and came into immediate effect on 16 July, has been criticized by prelates such as Cardinals Raymond Burke, Gerhard Müller and Joseph Zen, as well as many lay faithful who attend the traditional Latin Mass. The National Catholic Register' reported that "The most general criticism is that the restrictions are unnecessary, needlessly harsh, and implemented in an unjustifiably swift fashion."[439] The motu proprio was later confirmed by Francis through the apostolic letter Desiderio desideravi.[440]

Fiducia supplicans and the blessing of couples in irregular situations

In December 2023, the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a declaration, Fiducia supplicans, approved by Francis.[441] Fiducia supplicans intended to provide clarification and reforms on the Catholic Church's treatment of "irregular relationships", defined as those who establish a monogamous and emotional bond that lasts over time and have not contracted a Catholic marriage. Notably, it allows Catholic priests to perform "spontaneous blessings" of same-sex couples, as well as opposite-sex couples who are not married, and civilly married couples at least one party of which was previously divorced but has not received an annulment.[442]

Fiducia supplicans sparked considerable controversy and criticism among Catholics, including from several conservative commentators, clerical congregations, and high-profile cardinals, bishops, priests, and lay people.[443][444][445] Cardinal Gerhard Müller called it "sacrilegious and blasphemous" and "self-contradictory".[446] Cardinal Robert Sarah described the blessing of couples in irregular situations as "a heresy that seriously undermines the Church".[447] On 11 January 2024, Cardinal Fridolin Ambongo Besungu announced that all episcopal conferences in Africa, represented in SECAM, would reject blessings for same-sex couples, stating that "the extra-liturgical blessings proposed in the declaration...cannot be carried out in Africa without exposing themselves to scandals".[448][449]

International diplomatic role

Map indicating countries visited by Francis as pope
Pope Francis with Italian President Sergio Mattarella in 2022

Cuba

Francis played a key role in the talks toward restoring full diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Cuba. The restoration was jointly announced by U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro on 17 December 2014. The headline in the Los Angeles Times on 19 December was "Bridge to Cuba via Vatican", with the further lead "In a rare and crucial role, Francis helped keep U.S. talks with Havana on track and guided final deal."[450] The pope, along with the Government of Canada, was a behind-the-scenes broker of the agreement, taking the role following President Obama's request during his visit to the pope in March 2014.[451] The success of the negotiations was credited to Francis because "as a religious leader with the confidence of both sides, he was able to convince the Obama and Castro administrations that the other side would live up to the deal".[450] En route to the United States for a visit in September 2015, the pope stopped in Cuba. "The plan comes amid a breakthrough for which Francis has received much credit."[452] The Cuba visit "seals that accomplishment, in which he served as a bridge between two erstwhile enemies".[452] According to one expert on religion in Latin America, Mario Paredes, the pope's visit to Cuba was consistent with his aim to promote an understanding of the role of the Cuban Revolution and that of the Catholic Church. When Francis was archbishop of Buenos Aires, he authored a text entitled "Dialogues Between John Paul II and Fidel Castro".[452] John Paul was the first pope to visit Cuba. In May 2015, Francis met with Cuban leader Raúl Castro. After the meeting in Vatican City on 10 May 2015, Castro said that he was considering returning to the Catholic Church.[453] He said in a televised news conference, "I read all the speeches of the pope, his commentaries, and if the pope continues this way, I will go back to praying and go back to the [Catholic] church. I am not joking."[454] Castro said that, when the pope came, "I promise to go to all his Masses and with satisfaction".[454]

Arab-Israeli conflict

Francis in Bethlehem in May 2014

In May 2014, Francis visited Israel and the Palestinian territories.[455][456] Francis offered symbolic gestures to both sides in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[456] In addition to visiting the Western Wall, Yad Vashem, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he became the first pope to visit the grave of Theodor Herzl, entered the West Bank from Jordan rather than Israel, and invited Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli President Shimon Peres to a prayer summit at the Vatican (both accepted).[456] He visited Bethlehem, where he gave a speech alongside Abbas, and celebrated Mass at the Church of the Nativity.[456] At the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, he visited the Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial; at the invitation of Palestinian authorities, he prayed at a portion of the Israeli West Bank barrier.[456] In addition to meetings with Peres and Netanyahu, Francis met Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Muhammad Ahmad Hussein, Chief Rabbis Yitzhak Yosef and David Lau, and Rabbi of the Western Wall and the Holy Places Shmuel Rabinowitz.[456]

In May 2015, Francis welcomed Abbas to the Vatican and said that: "The angel of peace destroys the evil spirit of war. I thought about you: may you be an angel of peace."[457] The Vatican signed a treaty recognizing the state of Palestine.[458] The Vatican issued statements concerning the hope that the peace talks could resume between Israel and Palestine. Abbas's visit was on the occasion of the canonization of two Palestinian nuns.[459]

In May 2021, amid clashes in Jerusalem, Francis reiterated calls for peace between Israel and Palestinians during his Regina caeli address.[460][461]

Francis condemned Hamas's October 2023 attack on Israel. He also criticized Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, saying that "terror should not justify terror".[462] He condemned the killing of two Palestinian Christian women by an IDF sniper in Gaza, calling it "terrorism."[463] Throughout the war, Francis has called for an immediate ceasefire, the release of all hostages,[464] and the establishment of a two-state solution.[465]

Migrant and refugee issues

Francis with South Korean President Park Geun-hye, 14 August 2014

Francis made the plight of refugees and migrants "a core component of his pastoral work" and has defended their rights in dialogue both with Europe and with the United States. In 2019, he placed a statue in St. Peter's Square to bring attention to the Christian imperative involved in their situation (Hebrews 13:2).[466][467][468] In line with this policy, Francis has criticized neo-nationalists and populists who reject the acceptance of refugees.[469][470]

In April 2016, Francis, along with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Archbishop Ieronimos II of Athens, visited the Moria refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesbos, to call the attention of the world to the 2015 European migrant crisis. There the three Christian leaders signed a joint declaration.[471]

Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Francis with Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki and his family, Vatican City, June 2018

In January 2017, Francis demanded the resignation of Matthew Festing, the 79th Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Pope's demand came as a response to Festing and Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke firing Baron Albrecht von Boeselager from his position in the Order of Malta. The Order, in May 2017, appointed a new leader in the person of Fra' Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto.[472]

Afghanistan

After the Taliban takeover and U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, Francis deemed the troop withdrawal "legitimate" but criticized it as "not well thought out" and the war's failure in nation-building. The Vatican, through Cardinal Pietro Parolin, was in talks with the Taliban to discourage reprisals against civilians.[473][474]

Russia and Ukraine

Francis shaking hands with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, in front of Russian President Vladimir Putin, in June 2015
Francis and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, in 2023

Following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Francis visited the Russian embassy in Rome, an unprecedented action.[475] He called Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to express "sorrow" as the Vatican worked to find "room for negotiation" to end the war.[476] The day after the invasion began in February 2023, Francis assured Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the major archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, that "he would do everything he can to help end the Ukraine conflict".[477] During the 27 February 2023 Angelus address, Francis called for peace, saying, "Silence the weapons!"[478]

Throughout the war, Francis has called for an end to armed conflict.[479] Initially, he avoided specific criticism of Russia and President Putin, frustrating many Ukrainians.[480] Later, he described Ukraine as "martyred" and prayed for the victims of Russian aggression, but still did not directly criticize Putin or the Russian government.[480] but still avoided direct criticism of Putin or the Russian government.[481][481] His statements aligned more with countries like Brazil, India, and China,[481] rather than the U.S. and Europe, a stance some attribute to his distrust of America.[482]

Francis's blanket denunciations of arms transfers and the weapons industry[480][483] seemed to condemn Western military aid provided to Ukraine to defend itself.[481] In a September 2022 press conference, seven months into the war, Francis said that it was "licit" and justified for Ukraine to defend itself but called for a negotiated settlement (saying that there must be "dialogue with any power that is at war, even if it is with the aggressor" and even when "it stinks").[484][485][486] He also suggested that arms transfers to Ukraine were "a political decision which it can be moral, morally acceptable, if it is done under conditions of morality."[484] He later said that Ukrainians were a "noble" people and recounted Cardinal Konrad Krajewski's reports of the "savage acts, the monstrosity, the tortured bodies" inflicted upon Ukraine.[486]

Francis' stances were rooted in part in his hope that the Vatican could broker a peace deal between Ukraine and Russia, a possibility that analysts viewed as extremely unlikely.[480] He dispatched two high-ranking Vatican officials—Cardinals Krajewski and Michael Czerny—as envoys on several trips to Ukraine in 2022.[487][488][489] which was considered a highly unusual move of Vatican diplomacy.[490] In March 2022, Francis consecrated both Russia and Ukraine to the Immaculate Heart of Mary).[491] Francis said in April 2023, during a trip to Budapest, that he was working on a secret "mission" to bring peace and return Ukrainian children abducted by Russia.[492][493] Francis's efforts to position the Vatican as a mediator continuously failed.[481][494]

In April 2022, a delegation of Ukrainian officials, including Melitopol mayor Ivan Fedorov and MP Maria Mezentseva, attended the Vatican Easter vigil with Francis, who said he was prater for an end to the "darkness of war" and "all the suffering." Addressing the group, he also spoke the words "Christ is risen" in Ukrainian.[495]

In May 2022, Francis described Russia's invasion of Ukraine as "perhaps somehow either provoked or not prevent" and suggested that "NATO barking at Russia's gate" contributed to the war.[494][496] These statements alarmed Ukrainians and echoed false Russian narratives about the war, which portray the conflict as being instigated by the West.[494] Francis said he was not "pro-Putin" but instead was "simply against reducing complexity to the distinction between good guys and bad guys."[496]

In August 2022, Francis described the killing of Darya Dugina as a case of the death of innocents in the war. Ukraine's ambassador envoy to the Holy See raised a protest, saying that Dugina was "one of ideologists of (Russian) imperialism" and not an innocent victim.[497]

In early October 2022, Francis for the first time directly appealed to Putin to halt the stop the "spiral of violence and death" in Ukraine.[498] He said that a nuclear escalation would bring "uncontrollable global consequences."[499] In the same speech, Francis asked Ukrainian president Zelenskyy to be open about "serious peace proposals" while recognizing that Ukraine had suffered an "aggression" and saying that he was "pained about the suffering of the Ukrainian people".[499] Later that month, Francis denounced Russia's bombing of Ukrainian cities and the "hurricane of violence" against Ukrainian civilians.[498]

In a November 2022 interview with America magazine, Francis was asked about his "seeming unwillingness to directly criticize Russia" and his preference "instead to speak more generally of the need for an end to war, an end to mercenary activity rather than Russian attacks, and to the traffic in arms"; the pope responded that "Generally, the cruelest are perhaps those who are of Russia but are not of the Russian tradition, such as the Chechens and Buryats and so on..."[500] Russian foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova condemned the comments as "perversion on a level I can't even name" and others remarked that his statement was "racist" and that there was no data supporting this claim concerning Russian soldiers who are non-ethnic Russians.[501] Francis also stated during the interview: "Certainly, the one who invades is the Russian state. This is very clear."[500]

In August 2023, Francis infuriated Ukraine by making off-the-cuff remarks to a group of young Russian Catholics praising the Russian Empire as "great" and urging them not to "forget your heritage" as descendants "the great Russia of saints, rulers, the great Russia of Peter I, Catherine II."[479] The pope's remarks echoed Vladimir Putin's rhetoric valorizing Russian imperialism, and was praised by the Kremlin; Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the leader of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (an Eastern rite church in communion with Rome) said the pope's statement had caused "great pain and worry" because it reflected the "neo-colonial ambitions of the aggressor country."[479][502] Peter the Great and Catherine the Great suppressed Ukrainian and Polish national movements.[502] Following the criticism, the pope's spokesman said the pontiff's intent was to promote positive aspects of Russia's "cultural and spiritual heritage, and certainly not to extol imperialistic logics and governmental personalities."[479]

In a February 2024 interview with Swiss television station RSI, broadcast the following month, Francis suggested that Ukraine should have the "courage of the white flag, and to negotiate"; the statement was interpreted as a call for Ukraine to negotiate terms of surrender.[480][502] Ukraine was angered by Francis's suggestion that it should yield to Russian aggression, and the statement was criticized by Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock.[480][502] After the broadcast, a Vatican spokesperson said that Francis meant "cease-fire and negotiation" rather than capitulation.[480][502] The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church criticized Pope Francis's remarks, saying: "Ukrainians cannot surrender because surrender means death. The intentions of Putin and Russia are clear and explicit. In Putin’s mind, there is no such thing as Ukraine, Ukrainian history, language, and independent Ukrainian church life."[502]

In the Muslim world

Francis condemned the persecution of Christians by ISIL, and supported the use of force to stop Islamic militants from attacking religious minorities in Iraq.[503] In January 2018, Francis met Yazidi refugees in Europe, expressed his support for their right to religious freedom, and called upon the international community "not to remain a silent and unresponsive spectator" to the Yazidi genocide.[504]

In February 2019, Francis visited Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on the invitation of Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Francis became the first pope to celebrate Mass on the Arabian Peninsula, attended by more than 120,000 attendees at the Zayed Sports City Stadium.[505]

In March 2021, Francis held a historic meeting with Iraq's top Shi'ite cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, and visited Ur, a site traditionally identified as the birthplace of the prophet Abraham. He and the Iraqi cleric urged the Muslim and Christian communities to work together for peaceful coexistence.[506][507]

In September 2024, Francis visited Indonesia, a country with the largest Muslim population,[508] where he attended inter-religious dialogue in Istiqlal Mosque in Jakarta, and was welcomed by the Grand Imam, Dr. Nasaruddin Umar.[509] The mosque, the largest in Southeast Asia, and the ninth largest in the world,[510] is right across the Catholic Cathedral, and connected by an underpass known as "tunnel of friendship", where Francis attended the mosque from. Francis also listened to Islamic prayers being recited by a young blind girl named Syakila, the winner of a national Quran recitation competition.[511] Francis and the Grand Imam also signed the Joint Declaration of Istiqlal 2024, underscoring that the values common to all religious traditions be effectively promoted to “defeat the culture of violence and indifference” and promote reconciliation and peace.[509] The declaration also read and attended by representatives from other religions, including Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists, Confucianisms, and Folk religions.[512]

Elsewhere

Crowd at the Koševo City Stadium in Sarajevo, celebrating a Mass with Francis, June 2015

On 6 June 2015, Francis visited Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, urging peace in the religiously diverse city.[513]

In September 2015, Francis visited the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, where he addressed the UN General Assembly; following his speech, he visited the National September 11 Memorial and Museum.[514] In June 2023, Francis issued an address to the UN Security Council while recovering from abdominal surgery; the statement was read by Vatican official Paul Gallagher on the pope's behalf.[515][516]

On All Souls' Day, on 1 November 2021, Francis visited a war cemetery in Rome and paid tribute to fallen soldiers during the Battle of Anzio in World War II as well as at the Piave River, in Italy, during World War I. Francis also praised military casualties for "fighting for their homeland and values" and called for global peace.[517][518]

Public image

Francis has frequently been depicted as a progressive or liberal moderate.[519] Commentator William Saletan described Francis' comments by Francis in his first long interview in 2013 (particularly Francis's statement that "God is to be encountered in the world of today" and "God manifests himself in historical revelation, in history") as liberal and fundamentally anti-conservative.[520] Other have contested descriptions of Francis as liberal.[521] In 2014, the Vatican criticized some Italian news agencies, as well as the Agence France-Presse, for reporting on certain remarks Francis has made as suggestive of an opening toward acceptance of same-sex marriage or civil unions; a Vatican spokesperson said the pope's remark had been taken out of context.[522]

Important aspects of Francis's public image include "his recognizable humanity" and gestures of humility, as well as his efforts to preserve his autonomy amid Roman Curia bureaucracy.[523] He is a frequent user of landline telephones; he reportedly has never owned a computer or mobile phone.[523]

During Francis's 2015 trip to Cuba, American-based AP and British-based Reuters highlighted the religious aspect of the pope's journey while Prensa Latina, the Cuban state media agency, depicted it as a diplomatic visit. American and British media were also more likely during this trip to show Francis interacting with regular Cubans compared to the official Cuban media, which showed Francis interacting with elites most often.[524]

In December 2013, both Time and The Advocate magazines named the Pontiff as their "Person of the Year"; Esquire magazine named him as the "Best-dressed man" for 2013, citing his simpler vestments.[525] Rolling Stone magazine followed in January 2014 by making the Pontiff their featured front cover.[526][527] Fortune magazine also ranked Francis as number one in their list of 50 greatest leaders.[528] He was included in Forbes lists of most powerful people in the world in 2014[529] and 2016.[530]

In March 2013, a new song was dedicated to Francis and released in Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, and Italian, titled Come Puoi ("How You Can").[146] A street in La Plata, Argentina, was renamed Papa Francisco in his honor.[531] The Argentine Chamber of Deputies passed legislation to mint a commemorative coin as a tribute to Francis in 2013.[532][533] As of 2013, sales of papal souvenirs, a sign of popularity, were up.[534]

Francis presided over his first joint public wedding ceremony in a Nuptial Mass for 20 couples from the Archdiocese of Rome on 14 September 2014, a few weeks before the start of the 5–19 October Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops (the Synod on the Family).[535][e]

In 2016, Francis became the first pope to create an Instagram account.[537] He broke records after having gained over one million followers in under twelve hours of the account being up.[538] In 2019 Francis held a conference on the World Day of Social Communications highlighting the pros and cons of social media and urging users to use it as a source that liberates rather than enslaves.[539] On 26 November 2020 Francis became the first pope to write an op-ed for The New York Times; in the article, he addressing issues such as COVID-19 restrictions on public gatherings and the need for global solidarity.[540][541]

The role of the church in society

Pope Francis is interested in and involved in the role the Church can play in society. Pope Francis criticized both U.S. presidential candidate Trump's anti-immigration policies and Harris's abortion policies as "against life." [542][543] He said both are against life and encouraged people of conscience to choose the lesser of two evils.[544][545][546] He said voters with a conscience should think about who is more evil and who they should elect. He said that the policy of deporting immigrants, the policy of borders, is inhumane. And the policy of killing children in their mother's womb, artificially, is evil.[544][545]

Health

In 2021, the pope's health problems prompted rumors that he might resign,[547] which Francis dismissed.[548] In June 2022, after undergoing treatment to the knee, Francis canceled planned trips to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan on the advice of his doctors.[549] In an interview with Reuters that month, Francis said that he had not considered resigning but would do so if his health made it impossible for him to run the church.[550] During his trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in February 2023, Francis said papal resignations should not become a "fashion" and that resignation was "not in his agenda at the moment".[551] Nearly one million people came for Pope Francis's Mass in Kinshasa in the DRC. He addressed people to be in peace and leave weapons. He told people to "put down your arms and embrace mercy".[552]

Pope Francis celebrating Holy Mass in Kossuth tér, Budapest

In March 2023, Francis was hospitalized in Rome with a respiratory infection.[553] He returned to celebrate public Mass at the Easter Vigil Mass on Holy Saturday, for the first time since recovering from bronchitis.[554]

In June 2023, Pope Francis underwent abdominal surgery after suffering from a hernia. The Pope received the surgery at Gemelli Hospital, and spent several days in the hospital while recovering.[555]

Distinctions

Titles and styles

The official form of address of the pope in English is His Holiness Pope Francis; in Latin, Franciscus, Episcopus Romae. Holy Father is among the other honorifics used for popes.[556]

Foreign orders

Awards

Honorific eponyms and dedications

Francis and Philippine President Benigno Aquino III in Manila, 16 January 2015

Appreciation

In the oratorio Laudato si' by Peter Reulein (music) written on a libretto by Helmut Schlegel OFM, the figure of Francis appears next to Mary, Francis of Assisi, and Clare of Assisi. In the oratorio, Pope Franziskus suggests a bridge from the crucifixion scene on Golgotha to the suffering of the present. He emphasizes the female talent and the importance of the charism of women for church and society. The texts of the encyclicals Laudato si' and Evangelii gaudium were used. The motto of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy also plays a central role.[575] The oratorio was premiered on 6 November 2016 in the Limburg Cathedral.[576]

Coat of arms

Writings

Pope Francis has written a variety of books, encyclicals, and other writings.

Music album

Wake Up! was released on 27 November 2015 by the label Believe Digital and contains speeches by Francis and accompanying music, including rock music.[580][581][582]

Films

Documentary film

By 2015, there were two biographical films about Francis: Call Me Francesco (Italy, 2015), starring Rodrigo de la Serna, and Francis: Pray for me (Argentina, 2015), starring Darío Grandinetti.[583]

Pope Francis: A Man of His Word is a documentary film with Swiss-Italian-French-German co-production, co-written and directed by Wim Wenders.[584] It premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival and was released in the United States on 18 May 2018.[585] It includes extensive sections of interviews as well as stock footage from archives.[586]

On 21 October 2020, the documentary Francesco directed by film producer Evgeny Afineevsky premiered.[587][588]

On 4 October 2022, the documentary The Letter: A Message for our Earth premiered on YouTube Originals, directed by Nicolas Brown and produced by Off The Fence in partnership with Laudato Si' Movement.[589]

Portrayal in film

Francis is played by Jonathan Pryce in the biographical drama film The Two Popes (2019), costarring with Anthony Hopkins who plays Pope Benedict XVI.[590]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Press reports have provided a variety of translations for the phrase. According to Vatican Radio: "Pope Francis has chosen the motto Miserando atque eligendo, meaning lowly but chosen; literally in Latin by having mercy, by choosing him. The motto is one Francis used as bishop. It is taken from the homilies of the Venerable Bede on Saint Matthew's Gospel relating to his vocation: 'Jesus saw the tax collector and by having mercy chose him as an apostle saying to him: Follow me.'"[1]
  2. ^ Pronounced [ˈxoɾxe ˈmaɾjo βeɾˈɣoɣljo] in Spanish, and [berˈɡɔʎʎo] in Italian
  3. ^ This devotion has since spread to Brazil; it "attracts people with small problems".[56] Bergoglio had an image of Mary Untier of Knots inscribed on a chalice he presented to Pope Benedict XVI in 2005.[57]
  4. ^ John Paul I, elected in 1978, took a new combination of already used names, in honour of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI.[179]
  5. ^ Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI did not do this during his eight-year reign from 2005 to 2013; his predecessor, Pope John Paul II, married a group of couples from all over the world in 2000, as part of the Jubilee for Families, and before that in 1994 during the church's Year of the Family, as well as presiding over a number of private marriages as pope.[536]

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Further reading

External links