Portal:Medicina

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El portal de la medicina

La medicina es la ciencia y la práctica de cuidar a los pacientes, gestionar el diagnóstico , el pronóstico , la prevención , el tratamiento , la paliación de sus lesiones o enfermedades y promover su salud . La medicina abarca una variedad deprácticas de atención médica desarrolladas para mantener y restaurar la salud mediante la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades . La medicina contemporánea aplica las ciencias biomédicas , la investigación biomédica , la genética y la tecnología médica para diagnosticar , tratar y prevenir lesiones y enfermedades, generalmente a través de productos farmacéuticos o cirugía , pero también a través de terapias tan diversas como la psicoterapia , férulas externas y tracción , dispositivos médicos , productos biológicos y radiación ionizante , entre otros.

La medicina se practica desde tiempos prehistóricos y durante la mayor parte de este tiempo era un arte (un área de creatividad y habilidad) que frecuentemente tenía conexiones con las creencias religiosas y filosóficas de la cultura local. Por ejemplo, un curandero aplicaba hierbas y rezaba oraciones para sanar, o un filósofo y médico antiguo aplicaba sangrías según las teorías del humorismo . En los últimos siglos, desde el advenimiento de la ciencia moderna , la mayor parte de la medicina se ha convertido en una combinación de arte y ciencia (tanto básica como aplicada , bajo el paraguas de la ciencia médica ). Por ejemplo, mientras que la técnica de sutura para suturas es un arte que se aprende a través de la práctica, el conocimiento de lo que sucede a nivel celular y molecular en los tejidos que se suturan surge a través de la ciencia.

Las formas precientíficas de medicina, hoy conocidas como medicina tradicional o medicina popular , siguen utilizándose habitualmente en ausencia de la medicina científica y, por ello, se las denomina medicina alternativa . Los tratamientos alternativos que no forman parte de la medicina científica y que tienen problemas éticos, de seguridad y de eficacia se denominan curanderismo . ( Artículo completo... )

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Virus de la gripe

La influenza , comúnmente conocida como " gripe " o simplemente " gripe ", es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por virus de la influenza . Los síntomas varían de leves a graves y a menudo incluyen fiebre , secreción nasal , dolor de garganta , dolor muscular , dolor de cabeza , tos y fatiga . Estos síntomas comienzan de uno a cuatro (normalmente dos) días después de la exposición al virus y duran aproximadamente de dos a ocho días.Pueden producirse diarrea y vómitos , especialmente en niños. La influenza puede progresar a neumonía por el virus o una infección bacteriana posterior . Otras complicaciones incluyen síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda , meningitis , encefalitis y empeoramiento de problemas de salud preexistentes como asma y enfermedad cardiovascular .

Hay cuatro tipos de virus de la influenza: tipos A, B, C y D. Las aves acuáticas son la fuente principal del virus de la influenza A (IAV), que también está muy extendido en varios mamíferos, incluidos los humanos y los cerdos. El virus de la influenza B (IBV) y el virus de la influenza C (ICV) infectan principalmente a los seres humanos, y el virus de la influenza D (IDV) se encuentra en el ganado vacuno y los cerdos. El virus de la influenza A y el virus de la influenza B circulan en los seres humanos y causan epidemias estacionales , y el virus de la influenza C causa una infección leve, principalmente en los niños. El virus de la influenza D puede infectar a los seres humanos, pero no se sabe que cause enfermedad. En los seres humanos, los virus de la influenza se transmiten principalmente a través de gotitas respiratorias al toser y estornudar. También se produce transmisión a través de aerosoles y superficies contaminadas por el virus. ( Artículo completo... )
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A D. medinensis worm emerges from a wound on a person's foot

Dracunculiasis, also called Guinea-worm disease, is a parasitic infection by the Guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis. A person becomes infected by drinking water contaminated with Guinea-worm larvae that reside inside copepods (a type of small crustacean). Stomach acid digests the copepod and releases the Guinea worm, which penetrates the digestive tract and escapes into the body. Around a year later, the adult female migrates to an exit site – usually the lower leg – and induces an intensely painful blister on the skin. Eventually, the blister bursts, creating a painful wound from which the worm gradually emerges over several weeks. The wound remains painful throughout the worm's emergence, disabling the affected person for the three to ten weeks it takes the worm to emerge.

There is no medication to treat or prevent dracunculiasis. Instead, the mainstay of treatment is the careful wrapping of the emerging worm around a small stick or gauze to encourage and speed up its exit. Each day, a few more centimeters of the worm emerge, and the stick is turned to maintain gentle tension. Too much tension can break and kill the worm in the wound, causing severe pain and swelling. Dracunculiasis is a disease of extreme poverty, occurring in places with poor access to clean drinking water. Prevention efforts center on filtering drinking water to remove copepods, as well as public education campaigns to discourage people from soaking affected limbs in sources of drinking water, as this allows the worms to spread their larvae. (Full article...)
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White in 1989

Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990) was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States after his school barred him from attending classes following a diagnosis of AIDS.

As a hemophiliac, White became infected with HIV from a contaminated factor VIII blood treatment and, when diagnosed in December 1984, was given six months to live. Doctors said he posed no risk to other students, as AIDS is not an airborne disease and spreads solely through bodily fluids, but AIDS was poorly understood by the general public at the time. When White tried to return to school, irate parents and teachers in Howard County rallied against his attendance due to unwarranted concerns of the disease spreading to other students and staff. A lengthy administrative appeal process ensued, and news of the conflict turned White into a popular celebrity and advocate for AIDS research and public education. Surprising his doctors, White lived five years longer than predicted. He died on April 8, 1990, one month before his high school graduation. (Full article...)
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Buruli ulcer lesions. Top-left, an early ulcer. Top-right, a larger ulcer across the lower arm and wrist. Bottom, a large ulcer on the thigh.

Buruli ulcer (/bəˈruːli/) is an infectious disease characterized by the development of painless open wounds. The disease is limited to certain areas of the world, most cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia. The first sign of infection is a small painless nodule or area of swelling, typically on the arms or legs. The nodule grows larger over days to weeks, eventually forming an open ulcer. Deep ulcers can cause scarring of muscles and tendons, resulting in permanent disability.

Buruli ulcer is caused by skin infection with bacteria called Mycobacterium ulcerans. The mechanism by which M. ulcerans is transmitted from the environment to humans is not known, but may involve the bite of an aquatic insect or the infection of open wounds. Once in the skin, M. ulcerans grows and releases the toxin mycolactone, which blocks the normal function of cells, resulting in tissue death and immune suppression at the site of the ulcer. (Full article...)
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Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an embryo. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a median length of 28 days. Menarche (the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years.

Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the follicle stimulating hormone prompts the production and growth of oocytes (immature egg cells). The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining (endometrium) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should fertilization occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides nutrients to a successfully implanted embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels, menstruation (a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred. (Full article...)
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A chest X-ray showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow)

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells gain the ability to multiply unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor. Without treatment, tumors spread throughout the lung, damaging lung function. Eventually lung tumors metastasize, spreading to other parts of the body.

Early lung cancer often has no symptoms and can only be detected by medical imaging. As the cancer progresses, most people experience nonspecific respiratory problems: coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain. Other symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Those suspected of having lung cancer typically undergo a series of imaging tests to determine the location and extent of any tumors. Definitive diagnosis of lung cancer requires a biopsy of the suspected tumor be examined by a pathologist under a microscope. In addition to recognizing cancerous cells, a pathologist can classify the tumor according to the type of cells it originates from. Around 15% of cases are small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and the remaining 85% (the non-small-cell lung cancers or NSCLC) are adenocarcinomas, squamous-cell carcinomas, and large-cell carcinomas. After diagnosis, further imaging and biopsies are done to determine the cancer's stage based on how far it has spread. (Full article...)
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In 1942–43 the UK Government carried out extensive testing for oxygen toxicity in divers. The chamber is pressurised with air to 3.7 bar. The subject in the centre is breathing 100% oxygen from a mask.

Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen (O
₂) at increased partial pressures. Severe cases can result in cell damage and death, with effects most often seen in the central nervous system, lungs, and eyes. Historically, the central nervous system condition was called the Paul Bert effect, and the pulmonary condition the Lorrain Smith effect, after the researchers who pioneered the discoveries and descriptions in the late 19th century. Oxygen toxicity is a concern for underwater divers, those on high concentrations of supplemental oxygen, and those undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

The result of breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen is hyperoxia, an excess of oxygen in body tissues. The body is affected in different ways depending on the type of exposure. Central nervous system toxicity is caused by short exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen at greater than atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary and ocular toxicity result from longer exposure to increased oxygen levels at normal pressure. Symptoms may include disorientation, breathing problems, and vision changes such as myopia. Prolonged exposure to above-normal oxygen partial pressures, or shorter exposures to very high partial pressures, can cause oxidative damage to cell membranes, collapse of the alveoli in the lungs, retinal detachment, and seizures. Oxygen toxicity is managed by reducing the exposure to increased oxygen levels. Studies show that, in the long term, a robust recovery from most types of oxygen toxicity is possible. (Full article...)
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Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria that cause disease, including streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The main uses are infections of the skin and pneumonia although it may be used for a variety of other infections including drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is used either by injection into a vein or by mouth.

When given for short periods, linezolid is a relatively safe antibiotic. It can be used in people of all ages and in people with liver disease or poor kidney function. Common side effects with short-term use include headache, diarrhea, rash, and nausea. Serious side effects may include serotonin syndrome, bone marrow suppression, and high blood lactate levels, particularly when used for more than two weeks. If used for longer periods it may cause nerve damage, including optic nerve damage, which may be irreversible. (Full article...)
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Diagram showing the position of the pancreas, behind the stomach (which is transparent in this schematic).

Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. A number of types of pancreatic cancer are known.

The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90% of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is sometimes used to refer only to that type. These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas that makes digestive enzymes. Several other types of cancer, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinomas, can also arise from these cells. (Full article...)
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Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion

A virus is a tiny infectious agent that reproduces inside the cells of living hosts. When infected, the host cell is forced to rapidly produce thousands of identical copies of the original virus. Unlike most living things, viruses do not have cells that divide; new viruses assemble in the infected host cell. But unlike simpler infectious agents like prions, they contain genes, which allow them to mutate and evolve. Over 4,800 species of viruses have been described in detail out of the millions in the environment. Their origin is unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.

Viruses are made of either two or three parts. All include genes. These genes contain the encoded biological information of the virus and are built from either DNA or RNA. All viruses are also covered with a protein coat to protect the genes. Some viruses may also have an envelope of fat-like substance that covers the protein coat, and makes them vulnerable to soap. A virus with this "viral envelope" uses it—along with specific receptors—to enter a new host cell. Viruses vary in shape from the simple helical and icosahedral to more complex structures. Viruses range in size from 20 to 300 nanometres; it would take 33,000 to 500,000 of them, side by side, to stretch to 1 centimetre (0.4 in). (Full article...)
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The 1966 New York City smog was a major air-pollution episode and environmental disaster, coinciding with that year's Thanksgiving holiday weekend. Smog covered the city and its surrounding area from November 23 to 26, filling the city's air with damaging levels of several toxic pollutants. It was the third major smog in New York City, following events of similar scale in 1953 and 1963.

On November 23, a large mass of stagnant air over the East Coast trapped pollutants in the city's air. For three days, New York City was engulfed in dangerously high levels of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, smoke, and haze. Pockets of air pollution pervaded the greater New York metropolitan area, including parts of New Jersey and Connecticut. By November 25, the smog became severe enough that regional leaders announced a "first-stage alert". During the alert, leaders of local and state governments asked residents and industry to take voluntary steps to minimize emissions. Health officials advised people with respiratory or heart conditions to remain indoors. The city shut off garbage incinerators, requiring massive hauling of garbage to landfills. A cold front dispersed the smog on November 26, and the alert ended. (Full article...)
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Computer–aided reconstruction of a rotavirus based on several electron micrographs

Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhoeal disease among infants and young children. Nearly every child in the world is infected with a rotavirus at least once by the age of five. Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less severe. Adults are rarely affected. Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae. There are nine species of the genus, referred to as A, B, C, D, F, G, H, I and J. Rotavirus A is the most common species, and these rotaviruses cause more than 90% of rotavirus infections in humans.

The virus is transmitted by the faecal–oral route. It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and causes gastroenteritis (which is often called "stomach flu" despite having no relation to influenza). Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for approximately one third of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its importance has historically been underestimated within the public health community, particularly in developing countries. In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects other animals, and is a pathogen of livestock. (Full article...)
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A large flap lesion in the femur head typical of late stage Osteochondritis dissecans. In this case, the lesion was caused by avascular necrosis of the bone just under the cartilage.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD or OD) is a joint disorder primarily of the subchondral bone in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD usually causes pain during and after sports. In later stages of the disorder there will be swelling of the affected joint that catches and locks during movement. Physical examination in the early stages does only show pain as symptom, in later stages there could be an effusion, tenderness, and a crackling sound with joint movement.

OCD is caused by blood deprivation of the secondary physes around the bone core of the femoral condyle. This happens to the epiphyseal vessels under the influence of repetitive overloading of the joint during running and jumping sports. During growth such chondronecrotic areas grow into the subchondral bone. There it will show as bone defect area under articular cartilage. The bone will then possibly heal to the surrounding condylar bone in 50% of the cases. Or it will develop into a pseudarthrosis between condylar bone core and osteochondritis flake leaving the articular cartilage it supports prone to damage. The damage is executed by ongoing sport overload. The result is fragmentation (dissection) of both cartilage and bone, and the free movement of these bone and cartilage fragments within the joint space, causing pain, blockage and further damage. OCD has a typical anamnesis with pain during and after sports without any history of trauma. Some symptoms of late stages of osteochondritis dissecans are found with other diseases like rheumatoid disease of children and meniscal ruptures. The disease can be confirmed by X-rays, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (Full article...)
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Brigadier Neil Hamilton Fairley

Brigadier Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley, KBE, CStJ, FRACP, FRCP, FRCPE, FRS (15 July 1891 – 19 April 1966) was an Australian physician, medical scientist, and army officer who was instrumental in saving thousands of Allied lives from malaria and other diseases.

A graduate of the University of Melbourne, where he was resident of Ormond College, Fairley joined the Australian Army Medical Corps in 1915. He investigated an epidemic of meningitis that was occurring in Army camps in Australia. While with the 14th General Hospital in Cairo, he investigated schistosomiasis (then known as bilharzia) and developed tests and treatments for the disease. In the inter-war period he became renowned as an expert on tropical medicine. (Full article...)
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Dark Archives: A Librarian's Investigation into the Science and History of Books Bound in Human Skin is a 2020 non-fiction book by the medical librarian and death-positive advocate Megan Rosenbloom. Dealing with anthropodermic bibliopegy, the binding of books in human skin, it expounds upon Rosenbloom's research on such books and their historical, ethical, and cultural implications.

The book focuses on the relationship between anthropodermic bibliopegy and the history of medicine; most confirmed cases of such books were created or owned by medical professionals, in contrast to common stereotypes that they were associated with Nazi Germany, serial killers, or the French Revolution. Rosenbloom discusses how the practice reflects the changing attitudes towards consent, ownership, and disposal of human bodies, and how the history of anthropodermic books intertwines with the history of medical ethics as a field. She interviews librarians, archivists, collectors, and experts on the topic, and examines notable examples of such books and their origins. Though Rosenbloom supports the preservation and maintenance of anthropodermic books, Dark Archives also covers arguments to the contrary, such as those espoused by Princeton University Library senior librarian Paul Needham. (Full article...)

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La queratosis pilaris es un trastorno genético muy comúndel folículo piloso que se manifiesta por la aparición de protuberancias ásperas en la piel y por eso se la conoce coloquialmente como "piel de pollo".

Crédito de la fotografía: Irja de San Francisco (cc-by-sa-2.0)

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Image 1
Anna Elisabeth Johansson Bågenholm (nacida en 1970) es una radióloga suecade Vänersborg que sobrevivió a un accidente de esquí en 1999 que la dejó atrapada bajo una capa de hielo durante 80 minutos en agua helada. Durante este tiempo, experimentó una hipotermia extrema y su temperatura corporal disminuyó a 13,7 °C (56,7 °F), una de las temperaturas corporales más bajas registradas en un ser humano con hipotermia accidental. Bågenholm pudo encontrar una bolsa de aire debajo del hielo, pero experimentó un paro circulatorio después de 40 minutos en el agua.

Después del rescate, Bågenholm fue transportada en helicóptero al Hospital Universitario de Tromsø , donde un equipo de más de cien médicos y enfermeras trabajaron en turnos durante nueve horas para salvarle la vida. Bågenholm se despertó diez días después del accidente, paralizada del cuello para abajo y, posteriormente, pasó dos meses recuperándose en una unidad de cuidados intensivos . Aunque se ha recuperado casi por completo del incidente, a finales de 2009 todavía tenía síntomas menores en las manos y los pies relacionados con la lesión nerviosa . El caso de Bågenholm ha sido analizado en la importante revista médica británica The Lancet y en libros de texto médicos. ( Artículo completo... )
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Molecular structure of thyroxine, which is deficient in hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, depression, and weight gain. Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goitre. Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby or congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.

Worldwide, too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with sufficient dietary iodine. Less common causes include previous treatment with radioactive iodine, injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, or previous thyroid surgery. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism, when suspected, can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels. (Full article...)
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The human heart

The heart is a muscular organ found in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs. In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.

In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly, the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart. Fish, in contrast, have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while most reptiles have three chambers. In a healthy heart, blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. In all vertebrates, the heart has an asymmetric orientation, almost always on the left side. According to one theory, this is caused by a developmental axial twist in the early embryo. (Full article...)
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Nessa Carey at Eastbourne Sceptics in the Pub in February 2015 after her Epigenetics talk.

Nessa Carey is a British biologist working in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology. She is International Director of the technology transfer organization PraxisUnico and a visiting professor at Imperial College London.

With expertise in the field of epigenetics and in technology transfer, she promotes the movement of scientists between academia and industry, lecturing often to school students and early career scientists. Carey writes books and articles for a scientifically interested general audience. She is the author of The Epigenetics Revolution and Junk DNA: A Journey Through the Dark Matter of the Genome which explore advances in the field of epigenetics and their implications for medicine. She edited Epigenetics for Drug Discovery for the Royal Society of Chemistry's Drug Discovery Series. (Full article...)
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The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is an American nonprofit organization that provides reproductive and sexual healthcare and sexual education in the United States and globally. It is a member of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF).

PPFA has its roots in Brooklyn, New York, where Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, in 1916. Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, and 14 years after her exit as its president, ABCL's successor organization became Planned Parenthood in 1942. (Full article...)
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Dorothy P. Rice (June 11, 1922 – February 25, 2017) was an American health statistician whose work contributed to the creation of Medicare in the United States. Rice graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and began working with the US government soon after, but left the workforce to begin raising a child. Just over a decade later, she returned to government work with a position at the Social Security Administration, where she was one of the first scientists to study the economic cost of illness and exposed a lack of health insurance among the elderly.

Rice was later the director of the National Center for Health Statistics from 1976 to 1982, where she helped create the National Death Index. She finished her career at the University of California, San Francisco, where she was a Regents' lecturer and professor emeritus. During her time at the university, she co-authored a paper on the costs of smoking, which impacted ongoing legal negotiations between the US government and the US tobacco industry and contributed to the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement. (Full article...)
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"Thou hell o' a' diseases" – William Hole's illustration for Robert Burns' poem "Address to the Toothache" (1897, poem c. 1786).

Toothache, also known as dental pain or tooth pain, is pain in the teeth or their supporting structures, caused by dental diseases or pain referred to the teeth by non-dental diseases. When severe it may impact sleep, eating, and other daily activities.

Common causes include inflammation of the pulp, (usually in response to tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors), dentin hypersensitivity, apical periodontitis (inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone around the root apex), dental abscesses (localized collections of pus), alveolar osteitis ("dry socket", a possible complication of tooth extraction), acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (a gum infection), and temporomandibular disorder. (Full article...)
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The ovulatory shift hypothesis holds that women experience evolutionarily adaptive changes in subconscious thoughts and behaviors related to mating during different parts of the ovulatory cycle. It suggests that what women want, in terms of men, changes throughout the menstrual cycle. Two meta-analyses published in 2014 reached opposing conclusions on whether the existing evidence was robust enough to support the prediction that women's mate preferences change across the cycle. A newer 2018 review does not show women changing the type of men they desire at different times in their fertility cycle. (Full article...)
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Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is a protein encoded by the HNMT gene in humans. It belongs to the methyltransferases superfamily of enzymes and plays a role in the inactivation of histamine, a biomolecule that is involved in various physiological processes. Methyltransferases are present in every life form including archaeans, with 230 families of methyltransferases found across species.

Specifically, HNMT transfers a methyl (-CH₃) group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM-e) to histamine, forming an inactive metabolite called N^τ-methylhistamine, in a chemical reaction called N^τ-methylation. In mammals, HNMT operates alongside diamine oxidase (DAO) as the only two enzymes responsible for histamine metabolism; however, what sets HNMT apart is its unique presence within the central nervous system (CNS), where it governs histaminergic neurotransmission, that is a process where histamine acts as a messenger molecule between the neurons—nerve cells—in the brain. By degrading and regulating levels of histamine specifically within the CNS, HNMT ensures the proper functioning of neural pathways related to arousal, appetite regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and other essential brain functions. (Full article...)
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Aseptic prepatellar bursitis

Prepatellar bursitis is an inflammation of the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee. It is marked by swelling at the knee, which can be tender to the touch and which generally does not restrict the knee's range of motion. It can be extremely painful and disabling as long as the underlying condition persists.

Prepatellar bursitis is most commonly caused by trauma to the knee, either by a single acute instance or by chronic trauma over time. As such, the condition commonly occurs among individuals whose professions require frequent kneeling. (Full article...)
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A 1776 textbook drawing of a tobacco smoke enema device, consisting of a nozzle, a fumigator and a bellows

The tobacco smoke enema, an insufflation of tobacco smoke into the rectum by enema, was a medical treatment employed by European physicians for a range of ailments.

Tobacco was recognised as a medicine soon after it was first imported from the New World, and tobacco smoke was used by Western medical practitioners as a tool against cold and drowsiness, but applying it by enema was a technique learned from the North American indigenous peoples. The procedure was used to treat gut pain, and attempts were often made to resuscitate victims of near drowning. Liquid tobacco enemas were often given to ease the symptoms of a hernia. (Full article...)
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Boroline is an over-the-counter antiseptic cream sold in India by G. D. Pharmaceuticals. The cream is marketed as a natural and ayurvedic solution for various skin issues such as cuts, cracked lips, rough skin, and infections.

The product traces its origins to the Swadeshi movement prevalent in India in the 1920s. First produced in 1929 by Gour Mohan Dutta, the product gained popularity since it was one of the first antiseptic creams to be made in India. Dutta strategically marketed Boroline as a reflection of Bengali culture, tapping into nationalistic sentiments. The packaging of the cream in green tubes featuring an elephant logo allowed it to be easily identified by consumers, especially those in rural areas. Post-independence, the company faced competition but adapted through branding and marketing efforts, including event sponsorship. Despite challenges such as production halts, Boroline is still in circulation as of 2024^[update], and the brand accounted for over 60% of the parent company's revenue in 2016. It maintains a significant presence in Bengali culture and is known to evoke a sense of nostalgia amongst members of the community. (Full article...)
Image 13

Rennotte ca. 1900–1910

Marie Rennotte (11 February 1852 – 21 November 1942) was a Belgian-born Brazilian physician, teacher, and women's rights activist. She was active in the fight for women's rights. After earning her teaching credentials in Belgium and France, Rennotte taught for three years in Germany before moving to Brazil as a governess. Giving private lessons and teaching at a girls' school, she lived in Rio de Janeiro from 1878 to 1882. Hired to teach in the State of São Paulo, she moved to Piracicaba where from 1882 to 1889 she taught science, developed the curriculum, and enhanced the reputation of the Colégio Piracicabano [pt]. The co-educational school was an innovative institution offering equal education to girls and boys.

In 1889, on a scholarship provided by the State of São Paulo, Rennotte enrolled in medical school at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. That year, she was granted citizenship when a legal change allowed all foreigners permanently living in Brazil to become naturalized. Graduating in 1892, she studied at the Paris Hôtel-Dieu Hospital between 1893 and 1895, completing a specialization in obstetrics and gynaecology. Upon her return to Brazil, she defended her thesis to a jury from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Rio de Janeiro, validating her degree and allowing her to practice medicine in the country. From 1895 to 1899, Rennotte directed the obstetrics and maternity unit of the Maternity Hospital of São Paulo [pt]. She attended patients in the hospital as well as in private homes where she helped to deliver babies. Opening her own practice after she resigned from the Maternity Hospital, she operated a dispensary for the poor and immigrant communities, while continuing to see paying patients. (Full article...)
Image 14
Robert White (1688 – 1752) was an early American physician, military officer, pioneer, and planter in the Colony of Virginia.

White was born in Scotland, the son of John White, a physician practicing in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and later served as a surgeon with the rank of captain in the Royal Navy of the Kingdom of Great Britain. He relocated to the Thirteen Colonies between 1720 and 1730, first to Delaware, then Pennsylvania, and finally as a "pioneer settler" in present-day Frederick County, Virginia between 1732 and 1735. White was one of two physicians practicing in Frederick County, and conducted his practice from his residence near Great North Mountain. White was part of a larger wave of Scottish physicians who settled in Virginia prior to the American Revolutionary War. (Full article...)
Image 15

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound primarily used in the manufacturing of various plastics. It is a colourless solid which is soluble in most common organic solvents, but has very poor solubility in water. BPA is produced on an industrial scale by the condensation reaction of phenol and acetone. Global production in 2022 was estimated to be in the region of 10 million tonnes.

BPA's largest single application is as a co-monomer in the production of polycarbonates, which accounts for 65–70% of all BPA production. The manufacturing of epoxy resins and vinyl ester resins account for 25–30% of BPA use. The remaining 5% is used as a major component of several high-performance plastics, and as a minor additive in PVC, polyurethane, thermal paper, and several other materials. It is not a plasticizer, although it is often wrongly labelled as such. (Full article...)

Sabías -mostrar diferentes entradas

... que la causa más común del síndrome coronario agudo es la rotura de la placa aterosclerótica en una arteria coronaria ?

... que el polymeal es un enfoque dietético para combatir las enfermedades cardíacas, propuesto en diciembre de 2004 por Oscar Franco?
... que un mammotomo es un dispositivo que utiliza una sonda guiada por computadora para realizar biopsias de mama , y que puede realizarse de forma ambulatoria con anestesia local ?

Imágenes generales –cargar nuevo lote

Las siguientes son imágenes de varios artículos relacionados con la medicina en Wikipedia.

Image 1Representación de la viruela en la Historia de la conquista de México del franciscano Bernardino de Sahagún , Libro XII del Códice Florentino , desde el punto de vista de los aztecas derrotados (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 2Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926), fundador de la psiquiatría científica moderna, la psicofarmacología y la genética psiquiátrica. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 3Un manuscrito bizantino del siglo XII del juramento hipocrático (de Ética médica )
Image 4Gasto en salud por país . Porcentaje del PIB ( producto interno bruto ). Por ejemplo: 11,2 % para Canadá en 2022. 16,6 % para Estados Unidos en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 5Un manuscrito del siglo XII del Juramento Hipocrático en griego, uno de los aspectos más famosos de la medicina clásica que se mantuvo en épocas posteriores (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 6Zhang Zhongjing , farmacólogo, médico, inventor y escritor chino de la dinastía Han del Este . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 7La atención primaria puede brindarse en centros de salud comunitarios. (de Atención de salud )
Image 8Hipócrates ( c. 460–370 a. C.). Conocido como el "padre de la medicina". (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 9Un empleado de facturación estadounidense prepara una factura detallada. (1992) (de Facturación médica )
Image 10Mandrágora (escrita en griego ΜΑΝΔΡΑΓΟΡΑ). Dioscúrides de Nápoles , siglo VII (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 11Esperanza de vida frente al gasto sanitario en los países ricos de la OCDE . El promedio en EE. UU. fue de 10 447 dólares en 2018. (tomado de Health care )
Image 12Hospital de la Guerra Civil estadounidense en Gettysburg , 1863 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 13Curandera realizando una limpieza en Cuenca, Ecuador (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 14La medicina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial - El transporte sanitario. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 15Gasto en salud per cápita (en dólares estadounidenses ajustados según la paridad de poder adquisitivo ) entre varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de los datos: Biblioteca electrónica de la OCDE (de Seguros de salud )
Image 16Paciente del asilo para lunáticos del condado de Surrey , c. 1850-58 . La población de asilos en Inglaterra y Gales aumentó de 1.027 en 1827 a 74.004 en 1900. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 17Galeno (129-216 d. C.), conocido por sus amplios conocimientos sobre anatomía. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 18Réplica del microscopio de Antonie van Leeuwenhoek de la década de 1670 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 19Símbolo taoísta del Yin y el Yang (de la Ética Médica )
Image 20Costo total de atención médica por persona . Gasto público y privado. Dólares estadounidenses PPP . Por ejemplo: $6,319 para Canadá en 2022. $12,555 para EE. UU. en 2022. (de Atención médica )
Image 21Esperanza de vida de la población total al nacer en varios países miembros de la OCDE. Fuente de datos: Biblioteca electrónica de la OCDE (de Seguros de salud )
Image 22La sala de emergencias es a menudo un lugar de primera línea para la prestación de atención médica primaria. (de Atención de salud )
Image 23A veces, las medicinas tradicionales incluyen partes de especies en peligro de extinción, como el loris lento del sudeste asiático. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 24Un médico controla el pulso de un paciente en el Japón de la era Meiji. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 25Tablilla de terracota cuneiforme que describe una receta medicinal para envenenar ( siglo XVIII a . C. aproximadamente ). Descubierta en Nippur , Irak.
Image 26Estela mágica o cipo de Horus con inscripciones con encantamientos curativos (c. 332 a 280 a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 27La mayoría de los países han experimentado un enorme aumento de la esperanza de vida desde 1945. Sin embargo, en el sur de África, la epidemia del VIH que comenzó alrededor de 1990 ha erosionado la salud nacional. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 28Siete médicos y botánicos del mundo clásico de Viena . Dioscórides. En el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde arriba en el centro: Galeno , Dioscórides , Nicandro , Rufo de Éfeso , Andrés de Caristo , Apolonio Mus o de Pérgamo , Crateuas (de la Historia de la medicina ).
Image 29 Anuncio de cigarrillos Camel "Más médicos fuman Camel que cualquier otro cigarrillo" de la década de 1940 (de Ética médica )
Image 30Boceto del médico musulmán Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 31Fragmento de una tablilla cuneiforme neoasiria que describe un texto médico (c. siglo IX al VII a. C. ). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 32Gasto sanitario en Japón por grupo de edad (según el seguro de salud )
Image 33Oración ética por la sabiduría médica por el Dr. Edmond Fernandes (de Ética médica )
Image 34Un implante coclear es un tipo común de prótesis neural , un dispositivo que reemplaza parte del sistema nervioso humano . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 35Pruebas de detección de COVID-19 en Ruanda (2021) (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 36Epidemia en la Ciudad de México de 1737, con las élites invocando a la Virgen de Guadalupe (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 37Estatua de Robert Koch , padre de la bacteriología médica, en la Robert-Koch-Platz (plaza Robert Koch) de Berlín (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 38Concentración mundial de recursos de atención de la salud, representada por el número de médicos por cada 10.000 personas, por país. Los datos proceden de Estadísticas sanitarias mundiales 2010, un informe de la OMS . ^{[ Necesita actualización ]} (de Atención de la salud )
Image 39Infografía que muestra cómo fluyen los datos de atención médica dentro del proceso de facturación (de Facturación médica )
Image 40El Hospital de Guy en 1820 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 41" Diagrama de las causas de mortalidad en el ejército en Oriente " de Florence Nightingale. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 42Hospital Jackson Memorial de Miami , el principal hospital docente de la Facultad de Medicina Miller de la Universidad de Miami y el hospital más grande de los Estados Unidos con 1.547 camas (de atención médica )
Image 43El Hospital Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía de Londres , Reino Unido , es un hospital neurológico especializado. (de Atención sanitaria )
Image 44El York Retreat , fundado en 1796 y dirigido por cuáqueros , adquirió notoriedad internacional como centro de tratamiento moral y modelo de reforma del asilo tras la publicación de la Descripción del retiro de Samuel Tuke (1813). (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 45Hospital ambulatorio "Terapeuta Matvei Mudrov" en Khabarovsk , Rusia (desde Atención sanitaria )
Image 46Louis Pasteur experimentando con bacterias, c. 1870 (de Historia de la medicina )
$Imagen 47El plinthios brochos, tal como lo describió el médico griego Heraclas, un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada. Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasio. (de Historia de la medicina)$
Image 47El plinthios brochos, tal como lo describió el médico griego Heraclas , era un cabestrillo para vendar una mandíbula fracturada . Estos escritos se conservaron en una de las colecciones de Oribasio . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 48Cirugía de combate estadounidense durante la Guerra del Pacífico , 1943 (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 49El papiro quirúrgico de Edwin Smith , escrito en el siglo XVII a. C. , contiene la referencia registrada más antigua al cerebro. Academia de Medicina de Nueva York . (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 50Un monumento ucraniano a la pandemia del VIH. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 51Código de Ética Médica de la AMA (de Ética Médica )
Image 52Botánicas como ésta en Jamaica Plain , Boston , atienden a la comunidad latina y venden medicina popular junto con estatuas de santos , velas decoradas con oraciones , bambú de la suerte y otros artículos. (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 53El personal médico coloca cubiertas esterilizadas en los brazos del sistema quirúrgico daVinci Xi , un sistema de cirugía robótica mínimamente invasiva, en el Centro Médico del Ejército William Beaumont. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 54Remedios médicos del siglo XVIII recopilados por una familia de la nobleza británica (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 55Número de estadounidenses que carecen de seguro médico y tasa de personas sin seguro entre 1987 y 2008 (tomado de Seguro médico )
Image 56La Caridad en Berlín (de la Historia de la Medicina )
Image 57Vacunación contra la viruela en Níger, 1969. Una década después, ésta fue la primera enfermedad infecciosa en ser erradicada. (de Historia de la medicina )
Image 58Medicina tradicional en un mercado de Antananarivo , Madagascar (de Medicina tradicional )
Image 59Milenrama , planta medicinal que se encuentra en cuevas ocupadas por humanos en el Paleolítico superior . (de Historia de la medicina )

Más ¿Sabías qué?(generado automáticamente)

... que la falta de pruebas de detección de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas en África subsahariana está asociada con un aumento de la mortalidad infantil?
... ¿que a Constance Fozzard le dijeron durante su formación quirúrgica que las mujeres con hijos no podían convertirse en consultoras ?
... que Margaret C. Roberts fue alentada a estudiar medicina por el líder de la Iglesia SUD Brigham Young para reducir las tasas de mortalidad durante el parto?
... ¿que el monje budista del siglo XIV Tuệ Tĩnh sea considerado el padre fundador de la medicina tradicional vietnamita ?
... que el ginecólogo indio y pionero de la medicina reproductiva Baidyanath Chakrabarty , que realizó más de 4.000 procedimientos de FIV, era un aficionado al cricket que pensaba que Virat Kohli y Ashwin eran "tan buenos chicos"?
... que Tang Zonghai fue uno de los primeros defensores de la integración de la medicina china y occidental?

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