stringtranslate.com

Illinois

Illinois ( / ˌ ɪ l ɪ ˈ n ɔɪ / IL-en-OY) es unestadoen laregiónMedio OesteEstados Unidos. Limita conel lago Michiganal noreste, elrío Misisipial oeste y losWabashyOhioal sur.[b]De los cincuenta estados de EE. UU., Illinois tiene elquinto producto interno bruto (PIB) más grande, lasexta población más grandey lavigésimo quinta mayor superficie terrestre. Su capital esSpringfield.

El actual estado de Illinois estuvo habitado por culturas indígenas durante miles de años. Los franceses fueron los primeros europeos en llegar, asentándose cerca del río Misisipi e Illinois en el siglo XVII como parte de la extensa colonia de Nueva Francia . Tras la independencia de Estados Unidos en 1783 , los colonos estadounidenses comenzaron a llegar desde Kentucky a través del río Ohio. Illinois era parte del territorio más antiguo de los Estados Unidos, el Territorio del Noroeste , y en 1818 alcanzó la categoría de estado . El canal de Erie aumentó la actividad comercial en los Grandes Lagos, y la invención del arado de acero autolimpiante por parte de John Deere, de Illinois, convirtió la rica pradera del estado en una de las tierras agrícolas más productivas y valiosas del mundo, atrayendo a agricultores inmigrantes de Alemania y Suecia . A mediados del siglo XIX, el canal de Illinois y Michigan y una extensa red ferroviaria facilitaron el comercio y los asentamientos, convirtiendo al estado en un centro de transporte para la nación. [6] En 1900, el crecimiento de los empleos industriales en las ciudades del norte y la minería de carbón en las áreas central y sur atrajeron inmigrantes de Europa del Este y del Sur . Illinois se convirtió en uno de los estados más industrializados de Estados Unidos y sigue siendo un importante centro manufacturero. [7] La ​​Gran Migración desde el Sur estableció una gran comunidad negra, particularmente en Chicago , que se convirtió en un importante centro cultural, económico y de población; su área metropolitana , informalmente conocida como Chicagoland , alberga alrededor del 65% de los 12,8 millones de residentes del estado.

Dos sitios declarados Patrimonio de la Humanidad se encuentran en Illinois, los antiguos montículos de Cahokia y parte del sitio de arquitectura de Wright . Los principales centros de aprendizaje incluyen la Universidad de Chicago , la Universidad de Illinois y la Universidad Northwestern . Una amplia variedad de áreas protegidas buscan conservar los recursos naturales y culturales de Illinois. Tres presidentes de los EE. UU. han sido elegidos mientras residían en Illinois: Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant y Barack Obama ; además, Ronald Reagan nació y creció en el estado. Illinois honra a Lincoln con su lema estatal oficial Land of Lincoln . [8] [9] El estado es el sitio de la Biblioteca y Museo Presidencial Abraham Lincoln en Springfield y el futuro hogar del Centro Presidencial Barack Obama en Chicago.

Illinois tiene una economía muy diversificada , con la ciudad global de Chicago en el noreste, importantes centros industriales y agrícolas en el norte y el centro, y recursos naturales como carbón, madera y petróleo en el sur. Debido a su ubicación central y geografía favorable, el estado es un importante centro de transporte : el puerto de Chicago tiene acceso al océano Atlántico a través de los Grandes Lagos y la vía marítima de San Lorenzo y al golfo de México desde el río Misisipi a través de la vía acuática de Illinois . Chicago ha sido el centro ferroviario de la nación desde la década de 1860, [10] y su Aeropuerto Internacional O'Hare ha estado entre los aeropuertos más activos del mundo durante décadas. Illinois ha sido considerado durante mucho tiempo un microcosmos de los Estados Unidos y un referente en la cultura estadounidense, ejemplificado por la frase ¿Jugará en Peoria? [ 11]

Etimología

"Illinois" es la ortografía moderna del nombre que los primeros misioneros y exploradores católicos franceses dieron a los nativos americanos de Illinois , un nombre que se escribía de muchas maneras diferentes en los primeros registros. [12]

Los académicos estadounidenses pensaban anteriormente que el nombre Illinois significaba 'hombre' u 'hombres' en el idioma miami-illinois , con el iliniwek original transformado a través del francés en Illinois. [13] [14] Esta etimología no está respaldada por el idioma illinois, [ cita requerida ] ya que la palabra para "hombre" es ireniwa , y el plural de "hombre" es ireniwaki . También se ha dicho que el nombre Illiniwek significa 'tribu de hombres superiores', [15] lo cual es una etimología falsa . El nombre Illinois deriva del verbo miami-illinois irenwe·wa 'él habla de la manera regular'. Esto fue tomado en el idioma ojibwa , tal vez en el dialecto de Ottawa , y modificado en ilinwe· (pluralizado como ilinwe·k ). Los franceses tomaron prestadas estas formas, deletreando la terminación /we/ como -ois , una transliteración de ese sonido en el francés de esa época. La forma ortográfica actual, Illinois , comenzó a aparecer a principios de la década de 1670, cuando los colonos franceses se habían establecido en la zona occidental. El nombre que los Illinois se dieron a sí mismos, como consta en los tres diccionarios de Illinois del período misionero francés, era Inoka , de significado desconocido y sin relación con los otros términos. [16] [17]

Historia

Preeuropeo

Placa de cobre del Mississippi hallada en el sitio Saddle en el condado de Union, Illinois

Los indios americanos de culturas sucesivas vivieron a lo largo de las vías fluviales del área de Illinois durante miles de años antes de la llegada de los europeos. El sitio Koster ha sido excavado y demuestra 7000 años de habitación continua. Cahokia , el cacicazgo regional más grande y centro urbano de la cultura precolombina misisipiana , estaba ubicado cerca de la actual Collinsville, Illinois . Construyeron un complejo urbano de más de 100 plataformas y túmulos funerarios , una plaza de 50 acres (20 ha) más grande que 35 campos de fútbol, ​​[18] y un woodhenge de cedro sagrado, todo en un diseño planificado que expresa la cosmología de la cultura. Monks Mound , el centro del sitio, es la estructura precolombina más grande al norte del Valle de México . Tiene 100 pies (30 m) de alto, 951 pies (290 m) de largo, 836 pies (255 m) de ancho y cubre 13,8 acres (5,6 ha). [19] Contiene alrededor de 814.000 yardas cúbicas (622.000 m 3 ) de tierra. [20] Estaba coronado por una estructura que se cree que medía unos 105 pies (32 m) de largo y 48 pies (15 m) de ancho, cubría un área de 5.000 pies cuadrados (460 m 2 ), y tenía hasta 50 pies (15 m) de altura, lo que hace que su pico esté a 150 pies (46 m) sobre el nivel de la plaza. Los adornos y herramientas finamente elaborados recuperados por los arqueólogos en Cahokia incluyen cerámica elaborada, piedra finamente esculpida, láminas de cobre y mica cuidadosamente grabadas y en relieve , y una manta funeraria para un jefe importante hecha de 20.000 cuentas de concha. Estos artefactos indican que Cahokia era realmente un centro urbano, con viviendas agrupadas, mercados y especialistas en fabricación de herramientas, preparación de pieles, alfarería, fabricación de joyas, grabado de conchas, tejido y fabricación de sal. [21]

La civilización desapareció en el siglo XV por razones desconocidas, pero los historiadores y arqueólogos han especulado que la gente agotó los recursos de la zona. Muchas tribus indígenas participaron en guerras constantes. Según Suzanne Austin Alchon, "en un lugar del valle central del río Illinois , un tercio de todos los adultos murieron como resultado de heridas violentas". [22] La siguiente gran potencia en la región fue la Confederación de Illinois o Illini, una alianza política. [23] Alrededor de la época del contacto europeo en 1673, la confederación de Illinois tenía una población estimada de más de 10.000 personas. [24] A medida que los illini declinaron durante la era de las Guerras de los Castores , miembros de los Potawatomi , Miami , Sauk y otras tribus de habla algonquina , incluidos los Fox ( Meskwaki ), Iowa , Kickapoo , Mascouten , Piankeshaw , Shawnee , Wea y Winnebago ( Ho-Chunk ) llegaron al área desde el este y el norte alrededor de los Grandes Lagos. [25] [26]

Exploración y asentamiento europeos antes de 1800

Illinois en 1718, área estatal moderna aproximada resaltada, de Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi de Guillaume de L'Isle [27]

Los exploradores franceses Jacques Marquette y Louis Jolliet exploraron el río Illinois en 1673. Marquette poco después fundó una misión en Grand Village of the Illinois en Illinois Country . En 1680, los exploradores franceses bajo el mando de René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle y Henri de Tonti construyeron un fuerte en el sitio de la actual Peoria , y en 1682, un fuerte en la cima de Starved Rock en el actual Parque Estatal Starved Rock. Los canadienses del Imperio francés llegaron al sur para establecerse particularmente a lo largo del río Misisipi, e Illinois fue parte primero de Nueva Francia , y luego de La Louisiane hasta 1763, cuando pasó a manos de los británicos con su derrota de Francia en la Guerra de los Siete Años . Los pequeños asentamientos franceses continuaron, aunque muchos franceses emigraron al oeste a Ste. Genevieve y St. Louis, Missouri , para evadir el dominio británico. [28]

Algunos soldados británicos fueron destacados en Illinois, pero pocos colonos británicos o estadounidenses se mudaron allí, ya que la Corona lo convirtió en parte del territorio reservado para los indios al oeste de los Apalaches, y luego parte de la provincia británica de Quebec . En 1778, George Rogers Clark reclamó el condado de Illinois para Virginia . En un compromiso, Virginia (y otros estados que hicieron varias reclamaciones) cedieron el área a los nuevos Estados Unidos en la década de 1780 y se convirtió en parte del Territorio del Noroeste , administrado por el gobierno federal y luego organizado como estados. [28]

Siglo XIX

Antes de la condición de Estado

Campana donada por el rey Luis XV en 1741 a la misión francesa de Kaskaskia. Más tarde se la denominó "Campana de la Libertad de Occidente" porque sonó para celebrar la victoria de Estados Unidos en la Revolución.

La Compañía Illinois-Wabash fue una de las primeras en reclamar gran parte de Illinois. El Territorio de Illinois se creó el 3 de febrero de 1809, con capital en Kaskaskia , uno de los primeros asentamientos franceses.

Durante las discusiones que llevaron a la admisión de Illinois a la Unión , el límite norte propuesto del estado se movió dos veces. [29] Las disposiciones originales de la Ordenanza del Noroeste habían especificado un límite que habría sido tangente al extremo sur del lago Michigan. Tal límite habría dejado a Illinois sin costa en el lago Michigan en absoluto. Sin embargo, como a Indiana se le había concedido con éxito una extensión de 10 millas (16 km) al norte de su límite para proporcionarle una costa lacustre utilizable, el proyecto de ley original para la condición de estado de Illinois, presentado al Congreso el 23 de enero de 1818, estipuló una frontera norte en la misma latitud que la de Indiana, que se define como 10 millas al norte del extremo más meridional del lago Michigan. Sin embargo, el delegado de Illinois, Nathaniel Pope , quería más y presionó para que el límite se moviera más al norte. El proyecto de ley final aprobado por el Congreso incluyó una enmienda para cambiar la frontera a 42° 30' norte, que está aproximadamente a 51 millas (82 km) al norte de la frontera norte de Indiana. Este cambio agregó 8.500 millas cuadradas (22.000 km2 ) al estado, incluida la región minera de plomo cerca de Galena . Más importante aún, agregó casi 50 millas de costa al lago Michigan y al río Chicago. Pope y otros imaginaron un canal que conectaría los ríos Chicago e Illinois y, por lo tanto, conectaría los Grandes Lagos con el Mississippi.

El estado de Illinois antes de la Guerra Civil

En 1818, Illinois se convirtió en el estado número 21 de los EE. UU. La parte sur del Territorio de Illinois fue admitida como el estado de Illinois y el resto se unió al Territorio de Michigan .
Antiguo Capitolio estatal : Abraham Lincoln y otros legisladores de la zona contribuyeron decisivamente a trasladar el capitolio estatal a la céntrica ciudad de Springfield en 1839.

En 1818, Illinois se convirtió en el estado número 21 de los EE. UU. La capital permaneció en Kaskaskia, con sede en un pequeño edificio alquilado por el estado. En 1819, Vandalia se convirtió en la capital y, durante los siguientes 18 años, se construyeron tres edificios separados para servir sucesivamente como el edificio del capitolio. En 1837, los legisladores estatales que representaban al condado de Sangamon , bajo el liderazgo del representante estatal Abraham Lincoln , lograron que la capital se trasladara a Springfield , [30] donde se construyó un quinto edificio del capitolio . Un sexto edificio del capitolio se erigió en 1867, que continúa sirviendo como el capitolio de Illinois en la actualidad.

Aunque en apariencia era un " estado libre ", en Illinois había esclavitud . Los franceses étnicos habían tenido esclavos negros desde la década de 1720, y los colonos estadounidenses ya habían traído esclavos a la zona desde Kentucky . La esclavitud estaba prohibida nominalmente por la Ordenanza del Noroeste, pero no se aplicó para quienes ya tenían esclavos. Cuando Illinois se convirtió en estado en 1818, la Ordenanza ya no se aplicó y alrededor de 900 esclavos estaban retenidos en el estado. Como la parte sur del estado, más tarde conocida como "Egipto" o "Pequeño Egipto", [31] [32] estaba poblada en gran parte por inmigrantes del sur, la sección era hostil a los negros libres. A los colonos se les permitió traer esclavos con ellos para trabajar, pero, en 1822, los residentes del estado votaron en contra de legalizar la esclavitud. Aun así, la mayoría de los residentes se opusieron a permitir que los negros libres fueran residentes permanentes. Algunos colonos trajeron esclavos por temporadas o como sirvientes domésticos. [33] La Constitución de Illinois de 1848 se redactó con una disposición que permitía la aprobación de leyes de exclusión. En 1853, John A. Logan ayudó a aprobar una ley que prohibía a todos los afroamericanos, incluidos los libertos , establecerse en el estado. [34]

El invierno de 1830-1831 se denomina el «invierno de las nieves profundas»; [35] una repentina y profunda nevada cubrió el estado, imposibilitando los viajes durante el resto del invierno y muchos viajeros fallecieron. Siguieron varios inviernos severos, incluido el «invierno de las heladas repentinas». El 20 de diciembre de 1836, un frente frío de rápido movimiento pasó por allí, congelando charcos en minutos y matando a muchos viajeros que no pudieron llegar a un refugio. El clima adverso provocó pérdidas de cosechas en la parte norte del estado. La parte sur del estado envió alimentos al norte, y esto puede haber contribuido a su nombre, « Pequeño Egipto », en honor a la historia bíblica de José en Egipto suministrando grano a sus hermanos. [36]

En 1832, se libró la Guerra del Halcón Negro en Illinois y el actual Wisconsin entre los Estados Unidos y las tribus indígenas sauk , fox (meskwaki) y kickapoo . Representa el fin de la resistencia indígena al asentamiento blanco en la región de Chicago. [37] Los indígenas se habían visto obligados a abandonar sus hogares y mudarse a Iowa en 1831; cuando intentaron regresar, fueron atacados y finalmente derrotados por la milicia estadounidense . Los sobrevivientes fueron obligados a regresar a Iowa. [38] En 1832, cuando las últimas tierras indígenas en Illinois fueron cedidas a los Estados Unidos, la población indígena del estado se había reducido por enfermedades infecciosas, guerras y el traslado forzado hacia el oeste a solo una aldea con menos de 300 habitantes. [24]

En 1839, los Santos de los Últimos Días habían fundado una ciudad utópica llamada Nauvoo , anteriormente llamada Commerce. Ubicada en el condado de Hancock a lo largo del río Misisipi , Nauvoo floreció y, en 1844, superó brevemente a Chicago como la ciudad más grande del estado. [39] [40] Pero en ese mismo año, el fundador del movimiento de los Santos de los Últimos Días , Joseph Smith , fue asesinado en la cárcel de Carthage , a unas 30 millas de Nauvoo. Después de una crisis de sucesión , Brigham Young dirigió a la mayoría de los Santos de los Últimos Días fuera de Illinois en un éxodo masivo hacia el actual Utah ; después de casi seis años de rápido desarrollo, Nauvoo decayó rápidamente.

Después de su fundación en 1833, Chicago ganó prominencia como puerto de los Grandes Lagos , y luego como puerto del Canal de Illinois y Michigan después de 1848, y como centro ferroviario poco después. En 1857, Chicago era la ciudad más grande de Illinois. [28] Con el tremendo crecimiento de las minas y fábricas en el estado en el siglo XIX, Illinois fue la base para la formación de sindicatos en los Estados Unidos .

En 1847, después de la presión ejercida por Dorothea L. Dix , Illinois se convirtió en uno de los primeros estados en establecer un sistema de tratamiento de enfermedades mentales y discapacidades financiado por el estado, en sustitución de los asilos locales . Dix se unió a este esfuerzo después de haber conocido a JO King, un hombre de negocios de Jacksonville, Illinois , que la invitó a Illinois, donde había estado trabajando para construir un asilo para enfermos mentales. Con la experiencia de Dix en el cabildeo, los planes para el Hospital Estatal de Jacksonville (ahora conocido como el Centro de Desarrollo de Jacksonville ) se convirtieron en ley el 1 de marzo de 1847. [41]

Guerra civil y después

Las tropas de la Unión se embarcan en El Cairo el 10 de enero de 1862

Durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense , Illinois ocupó el cuarto lugar en cuanto a soldados que sirvieron (más de 250.000) en el Ejército de la Unión , una cifra superada solo por Nueva York, Pensilvania y Ohio . A partir del primer llamado a tropas del presidente Abraham Lincoln y durante toda la guerra, Illinois reunió 150 regimientos de infantería, que fueron numerados del 7.º al 156.º regimiento. También se reunieron diecisiete regimientos de caballería, así como dos regimientos de artillería ligera. [42] La ciudad de Cairo , en el extremo sur del estado en la confluencia de los ríos Misisipi y Ohio, sirvió como una base de suministro y centro de entrenamiento estratégicamente importante para el ejército de la Unión . Durante varios meses, tanto el general Grant como el almirante Foote tuvieron su cuartel general en Cairo.

Durante la Guerra Civil, y más aún después, la población de Chicago se disparó, lo que aumentó su prominencia. La huelga de Pullman y el motín de Haymarket , en particular, influyeron en gran medida en el desarrollo del movimiento obrero estadounidense . Desde el domingo 8 de octubre de 1871 hasta el martes 10 de octubre de 1871, el Gran Incendio de Chicago ardió en el centro de la ciudad, destruyendo cuatro millas cuadradas (10 km² ) . [43]

Siglo XX

Policía y manifestantes en la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 1968 en Chicago.
Creciente de aguas en Alton en 1993.

A principios del siglo XX, Illinois tenía una población de casi 5 millones de habitantes. Muchas personas de otras partes del país se sintieron atraídas por el estado por el empleo generado por la expansión de la base industrial. Los blancos constituían el 98% de la población del estado. [44] Impulsado por la continua inmigración procedente del sur y el este de Europa y por la Gran Migración Afroamericana procedente del Sur, Illinois creció y emergió como uno de los estados más importantes de la unión. A finales de siglo, la población había alcanzado los 12,4 millones.

La Feria Mundial del Siglo del Progreso se celebró en Chicago en 1933. Los descubrimientos de petróleo en el condado de Marion y el condado de Crawford llevaron a un auge en 1937, y en 1939, Illinois ocupó el cuarto lugar en la producción de petróleo de EE. UU. Illinois fabricó el 6,1 por ciento del total de armamentos militares de los Estados Unidos producidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial , ocupando el séptimo lugar entre los 48 estados. [45] Chicago se convirtió en un puerto oceánico con la apertura de la vía marítima de San Lorenzo en 1959. La vía marítima y la vía acuática de Illinois conectaron a Chicago con el río Misisipi y el océano Atlántico . En 1960, Ray Kroc abrió la primera franquicia de McDonald's en Des Plaines , que fue demolida en 1984. [46] En 1985 se construyó una réplica en el mismo sitio para recrear el aspecto del original. [46] Aunque esta réplica fue demolida en 2017, debido a las repetidas inundaciones del edificio. [47] [48]

Illinois tuvo un papel destacado en el surgimiento de la era nuclear . En 1942, como parte del Proyecto Manhattan , la Universidad de Chicago llevó a cabo la primera reacción nuclear en cadena sostenida . En 1957, el Laboratorio Nacional Argonne , cerca de Chicago , activó el primer sistema experimental de generación de energía nuclear en los Estados Unidos. En 1960, la primera planta nuclear financiada con fondos privados en los Estados Unidos, Dresden 1 , fue inaugurada cerca de Morris . En 1967, Fermilab , una instalación nacional de investigación nuclear cerca de Batavia , inauguró un acelerador de partículas , que fue el más grande del mundo durante más de 40 años. Con once plantas en funcionamiento actualmente, Illinois lidera a todos los estados en la cantidad de electricidad generada a partir de energía nuclear. [49] [50]

En 1961, Illinois se convirtió en el primer estado de la nación en adoptar la recomendación del Instituto de Derecho Americano y aprobar una revisión integral del código penal que derogó la ley contra la sodomía . El código también derogó los delitos de derecho común y estableció una edad de consentimiento de 18 años . [51] La cuarta constitución del estado fue adoptada en 1970, reemplazando el documento de 1870. [52]

El primer concierto de Farm Aid se celebró en Champaign en beneficio de los agricultores estadounidenses en 1985. La peor inundación del alto río Misisipi del siglo, la Gran Inundación de 1993 , inundó muchas ciudades y miles de acres de tierras de cultivo. [28]

Siglo XXI

Un mensaje de seguridad sobre el COVID-19 en el Chicago Loop

Illinois entró en el siglo XXI bajo el gobernador republicano George Ryan . Cerca del final de su mandato en enero de 2003, tras una serie de exoneraciones de alto perfil, Ryan conmutó todas las sentencias de muerte en el estado. [53]

Las elecciones de 2002 llevaron al demócrata Rod Blagojevich a la mansión del gobernador. También llevaron al futuro presidente Barack Obama a una posición de liderazgo de comité en el Senado de Illinois, donde redactó la Ley de Justicia en el Cuidado de Salud , precursora de la Ley de Atención Médica Asequible . [54] La elección de Obama a la presidencia en el segundo mandato de Blagojevich desencadenó una cadena de eventos que culminó con el impeachment, el juicio y la posterior condena penal y encarcelamiento de Blagojevich , lo que convirtió a Blagojevich en el segundo gobernador consecutivo de Illinois en ser condenado por cargos federales de corrupción. [55]

El reemplazo de Blagojevich, Pat Quinn, fue derrotado por el republicano Bruce Rauner en las elecciones de 2014. Los desacuerdos entre el gobernador y la legislatura sobre la política presupuestaria llevaron al Impasse Presupuestario de Illinois , un período de 793 días que se extendió desde 2015 hasta 2018 en el que el estado no tuvo presupuesto y luchó por pagar sus facturas. [56]

El 28 de agosto de 2017, Rauner firmó un proyecto de ley que prohibía a la policía estatal y local arrestar a cualquier persona únicamente debido a su estatus migratorio o debido a detenciones federales. [57] [58] Algunos compañeros republicanos criticaron a Rauner por su acción, alegando que el proyecto de ley convirtió a Illinois en un estado santuario . [59]

En las elecciones de 2018 , Rauner fue reemplazado por J. B. Pritzker , lo que devolvió el gobierno estatal a una trifecta demócrata . [60] En enero de 2020, el estado legalizó la marihuana . [61] El 9 de marzo de 2020, Pritzker emitió una proclamación de desastre debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 . Terminó el estado de emergencia en mayo de 2023. [62]

Geología

Durante la primera parte de la Era Paleozoica , la zona que algún día se convertiría en Illinois estaba sumergida bajo un mar poco profundo y ubicada cerca del Ecuador. En esa época vivía una vida marina diversa, incluidos trilobites , braquiópodos y crinoideos . Las condiciones ambientales cambiantes llevaron a la formación de grandes pantanos de carbón en el Carbonífero .

Illinois estuvo por encima del nivel del mar durante al menos una parte del Mesozoico , pero hacia el final de éste quedó nuevamente sumergido por la vía marítima interior occidental , que retrocedió durante el Eoceno .

Durante el Pleistoceno , grandes capas de hielo cubrían gran parte de Illinois, y solo quedaba expuesta la zona sin hielo . Estos glaciares tallaron la cuenca del lago Michigan y dejaron rastros de antiguos lagos glaciares y morrenas . [63]

Geografía

Illinois está ubicado en la región del Medio Oeste de los Estados Unidos y es uno de los ocho estados de la región de los Grandes Lagos de América del Norte (que también incluye a Ontario , Canadá).

Límites

La frontera oriental de Illinois con Indiana consiste en una línea norte-sur a 87° 31′ 30″ de longitud oeste en el lago Michigan al norte, hasta el río Wabash en el sur sobre Post Vincennes . El río Wabash continúa como la frontera este/sureste con Indiana hasta que el Wabash ingresa al río Ohio . Esto marca el comienzo de la frontera sur de Illinois con Kentucky , que corre a lo largo de la costa norte del río Ohio. [64] La mayor parte de la frontera occidental con Misuri e Iowa es el río Misisipi ; Kaskaskia es un enclave de Illinois, que se encuentra al oeste del Misisipi y solo se puede llegar desde Misuri. La frontera norte del estado con Wisconsin está fijada en 42° 30′ de latitud norte. La frontera noreste de Illinois se encuentra en el lago Michigan , dentro del cual Illinois comparte un límite de agua con el estado de Michigan , así como con Wisconsin e Indiana. [25]

Topografía

Charles Mound , el punto natural más alto de Illinois a 1.235 pies (376 m) sobre el nivel del mar, se encuentra en el área Driftless en la parte noroeste del estado.

Aunque Illinois se encuentra completamente en las llanuras interiores , presenta algunas variaciones menores en su elevación. En el extremo noroeste de Illinois, la zona sin glaciares , una región de topografía no glaciar y, por lo tanto, más alta y accidentada, ocupa una pequeña parte del estado. El sur de Illinois incluye las áreas montañosas alrededor del bosque nacional Shawnee .

Charles Mound , ubicado en la región Driftless, tiene la elevación natural más alta del estado sobre el nivel del mar a 1235 pies (376 m). Otras tierras altas incluyen Shawnee Hills en el sur, y hay una topografía variada a lo largo de sus ríos; el río Illinois divide el estado de noreste a suroeste. La llanura aluvial del río Mississippi desde Alton hasta el río Kaskaskia se conoce como American Bottom .

Divisiones

A 279 pies (85 m) sobre el nivel del mar, [65] el punto de elevación más bajo del estado se encuentra cerca de Cairo y la confluencia de los ríos Ohio y Mississippi.

Illinois tiene tres divisiones geográficas principales. El norte de Illinois está dominado por el área metropolitana de Chicago , o Chicagoland, que es la ciudad de Chicago y sus suburbios, y el área suburbana adyacente en la que se está expandiendo la metrópolis. Según la definición del gobierno federal, el área metropolitana de Chicago incluye varios condados en Illinois, Indiana y Wisconsin , y tiene una población de más de 9,8 millones. Chicago en sí es una ciudad cosmopolita, densamente poblada, industrializada, el centro de transporte de la nación y poblada por una amplia variedad de grupos étnicos. La ciudad de Rockford , la tercera ciudad más grande de Illinois y centro de la cuarta área metropolitana más grande del estado, se encuentra a lo largo de las carreteras interestatales 39 y 90 a unas 75 millas (121 km) al noroeste de Chicago. La región de Quad Cities , ubicada a lo largo del río Misisipi en el norte de Illinois, tenía una población de 381.342 en 2011.

La sección media de Illinois es la segunda división principal, llamada Illinois central . Históricamente era una pradera , pero ahora es principalmente agrícola y se la conoce como el corazón de Illinois. Se caracteriza por pueblos pequeños y ciudades medianas y pequeñas. La sección occidental (al oeste del río Illinois) fue originalmente parte del Military Tract de 1812 y forma el prominente bulto occidental del estado. La agricultura, en particular el maíz y la soja , así como las instituciones educativas y los centros manufactureros, ocupan un lugar destacado en Illinois central. Las ciudades incluyen Peoria ; Springfield , la capital del estado; Quincy ; Decatur ; Bloomington-Normal ; y Champaign - Urbana . [25]

La tercera división es el sur de Illinois , que comprende el área al sur de la Ruta 50 de EE. UU ., incluido Little Egypt , cerca de la unión del río Misisipi y el río Ohio . El sur de Illinois es el sitio de la antigua ciudad de Cahokia , así como el sitio de la primera capital del estado en Kaskaskia , que hoy está separada del resto del estado por el río Misisipi. [25] [66] Esta región tiene un clima invernal algo más cálido, una variedad diferente de cultivos (incluido algo de cultivo de algodón en el pasado), una topografía más accidentada (debido a que el área permaneció sin glaciares durante la Etapa Illinoiana , a diferencia de la mayor parte del resto del estado), así como depósitos de petróleo a pequeña escala y minería de carbón. Los suburbios de St. Louis en Illinois , como East St. Louis , se encuentran en esta región y, colectivamente, se los conoce como Metro-East . La otra concentración de población algo significativa en el sur de Illinois es el área estadística combinada Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois, centrada en Carbondale y Marion , un área de dos condados que alberga a 123.272 residentes. [25] Una parte del sureste de Illinois es parte del área metropolitana extendida de Evansville, Indiana , conocida localmente como el Tri-State con Indiana y Kentucky. Siete condados de Illinois se encuentran en el área.

Además de estas tres divisiones, definidas en gran medida por latitud, a toda la región fuera del área metropolitana de Chicago se la suele llamar " downstate " de Illinois. Este término es flexible, pero generalmente se entiende que se refiere a todo lo que está fuera de la influencia del área de Chicago. Por lo tanto, algunas ciudades del norte de Illinois, como DeKalb , que está al oeste de Chicago, y Rockford , que en realidad está al norte de Chicago, a veces se consideran incorrectamente como "downstate".

Clima

Tipos climáticos de Köppen en Illinois

El clima de Illinois varía considerablemente a lo largo del año. Debido a la distancia de casi 400 millas entre sus extremos más septentrional y meridional, así como a su situación continental media, la mayor parte de Illinois tiene un clima continental húmedo ( clasificación climática de Köppen Dfa ), con veranos cálidos y húmedos e inviernos fríos. La parte sur del estado, desde Carbondale hacia el sur, tiene un clima subtropical húmedo (Koppen Cfa ), con inviernos más moderados. La precipitación media anual en Illinois varía desde poco más de 48 pulgadas (1219 mm) en el extremo sur hasta alrededor de 35 pulgadas (889 mm) en la parte norte del estado. La nevada anual normal supera las 38 pulgadas (965 mm) en el área de Chicago, mientras que la parte sur del estado normalmente recibe menos de 14 pulgadas (356 mm). [67] La ​​temperatura máxima histórica fue de 117 °F (47 °C), registrada el 14 de julio de 1954 en East St. Louis , y la temperatura mínima histórica fue de −38 °F (−39 °C), registrada el 31 de enero de 2019, durante la ola de frío de enero de 2019 en América del Norte en una estación meteorológica cerca de Mount Carroll , [68] [69] y confirmada el 5 de marzo de 2019. [70] Esto siguió al récord anterior de −36 °F (−38 °C) registrado el 5 de enero de 1999, cerca de Congerville . [70] Antes del récord de Mount Carroll, se registró una temperatura de −37 °F (−38 °C) el 15 de enero de 2009 en Rochelle , pero en una estación meteorológica que no estaba sujeta al mismo control de calidad que los registros oficiales. [71] [72]

Illinois tiene un promedio de aproximadamente 51 días de actividad de tormentas eléctricas al año, lo que lo ubica un poco por encima del promedio en cuanto a cantidad de días de tormentas eléctricas en los Estados Unidos. Illinois es vulnerable a los tornados, con un promedio de 35 que ocurren anualmente, lo que coloca a gran parte del estado en alrededor de cinco tornados por cada 10,000 millas cuadradas (30,000 km 2 ) al año. [73] Si bien los tornados no son más poderosos en Illinois que en otros estados, algunos de los tornados más letales registrados en Tornado Alley han ocurrido en el estado. El tornado triestatal de 1925 mató a 695 personas en tres estados; 613 de las víctimas murieron en Illinois. [74]

Áreas urbanas

Chicago es la ciudad más grande del estado y la tercera ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos, con una población de 2.746.388 en 2020. Además, más de 7 millones de residentes del área metropolitana de Chicago residen en Illinois. La Oficina del Censo de los EE. UU. enumera actualmente otras siete ciudades con poblaciones de más de 100.000 dentro del estado. Esto incluye las ciudades satélite de Chicago de Aurora , Joliet , Naperville y Elgin , así como las ciudades de Rockford , la ciudad más poblada del estado fuera del área de Chicago; Springfield , la capital del estado; y Peoria .

La ciudad más poblada del estado al sur de Springfield es Belleville , con 42.000 habitantes. Está situada en la región Metro East de Greater St. Louis , la segunda área urbana más poblada de Illinois con más de 700.000 habitantes. Otras áreas urbanas importantes incluyen el área metropolitana de Peoria , el área metropolitana de Rockford , el área metropolitana de Champaign-Urbana (sede de la Universidad de Illinois ), el área metropolitana de Springfield , la parte de Illinois del área de Quad Cities y el área metropolitana de Bloomington-Normal .

Demografía

La Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos determinó que la población de Illinois era de 12.812.508 en el censo de los Estados Unidos de 2020 , pasando del quinto estado más grande al sexto estado más grande (perdiendo ante Pensilvania). La población de Illinois disminuyó ligeramente en 2020 con respecto al censo de los Estados Unidos de 2010 en poco más de 18.000 residentes y la población general fue bastante más alta que las estimaciones del censo reciente. [83]

Mapa de densidad de población de Illinois 2020

Illinois es el estado más poblado de la región del Medio Oeste . Chicago, la tercera ciudad más poblada de los Estados Unidos , es el centro del área metropolitana de Chicago o Chicagoland, como se apoda a esta área. Aunque el área metropolitana de Chicago comprende solo el 9% de la superficie terrestre del estado, contiene el 65% de los residentes del estado, y el 21,4% de la población de Illinois vive en la propia ciudad de Chicago en 2020. [84] Las pérdidas de población anticipadas a partir de los resultados del censo de 2020 no surgen del área metropolitana de Chicago; más bien, las disminuciones son de los condados del Downstate. [85] A partir del censo de 2020, el centro geográfico medio de población del estado se encuentra en 41° 18′ 43″N 88° 22 23″O en el condado de Grundy , a unas seis millas al noroeste de Coal City . [86]

Illinois es el estado con mayor diversidad racial y étnica del Medio Oeste. Según varios parámetros, como el origen racial y étnico, la afiliación religiosa y el porcentaje de división rural y urbana, Illinois es el más representativo de la demografía general de los Estados Unidos . [87]

Raza y etnicidad

Censo 2020

Orígenes étnicos en Illinois
Mapa de condados de Illinois por pluralidad racial, según el censo de EE. UU. de 2020
Blanco no hispano

Encuesta sobre la comunidad estadounidense de 2022

Según las estimaciones de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. de 2022, la población de Illinois era 61,1% blanca , 13,4% negra o afroamericana , 0,1% nativa americana o nativa de Alaska , 6,0% asiática , 0,1% isleña del Pacífico , 7,9% de alguna otra raza y 10,9% de dos o más razas . [98] La población blanca sigue siendo la categoría racial más grande en Illinois. Los hispanos se distribuyen entre los diversos grupos raciales y se identifican principalmente como de alguna otra raza (41,2%) o multirraciales (39,5%) y el resto se identifica como blanco (14,2%), negro (1,3%), indio americano y nativo de Alaska (3,3), asiático (0,3%) y hawaiano e isleño del Pacífico (0,2%). [98] Por origen étnico, el 18,3% de la población total es hispano-latina (de cualquier raza) y el 81,7% es no hispano (de cualquier raza). Si se los trata como una categoría separada, los hispanos son el grupo minoritario más grande en Illinois. [98]

A partir de 2022 , el 50% de la población de Illinois menor de 4 años pertenecía a minorías (Nota: los niños nacidos de hispanos blancos o de un solo padre total o parcialmente perteneciente a una minoría se cuentan como minorías). [99]

El grupo étnico más numeroso del estado, los blancos no hispanos, ha disminuido del 83,5 % en 1970 [100] al 58,5 % en 2022. [98] Casi el 60 % de la población minoritaria de Illinois, incluido más del 67 % de la población negra, vive en el condado de Cook , mientras que el condado incluye alrededor del 40 % de la población total del estado. [101] El condado de Cook, que alberga a Chicago , es el único condado de mayoría minoritaria dentro de Illinois, con blancos no hispanos que representan una pluralidad del 40,4 % de la población. [102] En 2020, 96 498 se identificaron como nativos americanos únicamente, mientras que 184 487 lo hicieron en combinación con una o más razas diferentes. Más de la mitad de este grupo demográfico también se identificó como hispano o latino. [103]

Ascendencia

Según estimaciones de 2022 de la Encuesta sobre la comunidad estadounidense, el 16 % de la población tenía ascendencia alemana , el 14 % tenía ascendencia mexicana , el 10,4 % tenía ascendencia irlandesa , el 7,1 % tenía ascendencia inglesa , el 6,2 % tenía ascendencia polaca , el 5,2 % tenía ascendencia italiana , el 3,4 % se declaraba estadounidense , el 2,3 % tenía ascendencia india , el 1,7 % tenía ascendencia puertorriqueña , el 1,7 % tenía ascendencia sueca , el 1,4 % tenía ascendencia filipina , el 1,4 % tenía ascendencia francesa y el 1,2 % tenía ascendencia china . El estado también tiene una gran población de afroamericanos , que representan el 15,3 % de la población sola o en combinación. [104] [105] [106] [107] Esta tabla muestra todas las ascendencias autoinformadas con más de 50.000 miembros en Illinois, solas o en combinación, según las estimaciones de la Encuesta sobre la comunidad estadounidense de 2022. Los grupos hispanos no se distinguen entre ascendencia total y parcial:

Inmigración

Según las estimaciones de 2022 de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU ., había 1.810.100 habitantes nacidos en el extranjero en el estado o el 14,4% de la población, con un 37,8% de México o Centroamérica, un 31% de Asia, un 20,2% de Europa, un 4,3% de Sudamérica, un 4,2% de África, un 1% de Canadá y un 0,2% de Oceanía. [113] [114] De la población nacida en el extranjero, el 53,5% eran ciudadanos estadounidenses naturalizados y el 46,5% no eran ciudadanos estadounidenses. [115] Los principales países de origen de los inmigrantes en Illinois fueron México , India , Polonia , Filipinas y China en 2018. [116]

Edad y sexo

En 2022, el 11,2% de la población de Illinois tenía menos de 9 años, el 12,9% tenía entre 10 y 19 años, el 13,4% tenía entre 20 y 29 años, el 13,6% tenía entre 30 y 39 años, el 12,6% tenía entre 40 y 49 años, el 12,7% tenía entre 50 y 59 años, el 11,9% tenía entre 60 y 69 años, el 7,7% tenía entre 70 y 79 años y el 4% tenía más de 80 años . [119] La edad media en Illinois es de 39,1 años. Las mujeres constituían aproximadamente el 50,5% de la población, mientras que los hombres representaban el 49,5%. [120] Según un estudio de 2022 del Instituto Williams , se estima que el 0,44 % de los adultos en Illinois se identifican como transgénero , una tasa ligeramente inferior a la estimación nacional del 0,52 %. [121] Según una encuesta de Gallup de 2019, el 4,3 % de los adultos en Illinois se identifican como LGBTQ . [122]

Socioeconomía

A partir de 2022, el ingreso per cápita en Illinois es de $43,317 y el ingreso medio de un hogar en el estado es de $76,708, ligeramente más alto que el promedio nacional. El 11,9% de la población vive por debajo del umbral de pobreza , incluido el 16% de los niños menores de 18 años y el 10% de los mayores de 65 años. Hay 5,056,360 hogares en Illinois, con un tamaño promedio de 2,4 personas por hogar. El 90,4% de la población adulta tiene un diploma de escuela secundaria y el 37,7% de la población mayor de 25 años tiene una licenciatura o un título superior, en comparación con un promedio nacional del 35,7%. [119]

En 2021, Illinois obtuvo una puntuación de 0,929 en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano de las Naciones Unidas , lo que lo sitúa en la categoría de Desarrollo Humano "muy alto" y ligeramente superior al promedio de EE. UU. de 0,921. [123]

Según el Informe Anual de Evaluación de Personas sin Hogar de 2022 de HUD , se estima que había 9212 personas sin hogar en Illinois . [124] [125]

Datos de nacimiento por raza/etnia

Los nacimientos no cuadran porque los hispanos se cuentan tanto por etnia como por raza.

Languages

The official language of Illinois is English,[136] although between 1923 and 1969, state law gave official status to "the American language". Nearly 80% of people in Illinois speak English natively, and most of the rest speak it fluently as a second language.[137] A number of dialects of American English are spoken, ranging from Inland Northern American English and African-American English around Chicago, to Midland American English in Central Illinois, to Southern American English in the far south.

Over 23% of Illinoians speak a language other than English at home, of which Spanish is by far the most widespread, at more than 13% of the total population.[138] A sizeable number of Polish speakers is present in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Illinois Country French has mostly gone extinct in Illinois, although it is still celebrated in the French Colonial Historic District.

Religion

Religion in Illinois (2014)[140][141]

  Protestantism (43%)
  No religion (22%)
  Judaism (2%)
  Islam (1%)
  Buddhism (1%)
  Hinduism (1%)
  Other religion (1%)
  No response given/Unknown (1%)

Christianity

Roman Catholics constitute the single largest religious denomination in Illinois; they are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago and account for nearly 30% of the state's population.[142] However, taken together as a group, the various Protestant denominations comprise a greater percentage of the state's population than do Catholics. In 2010, Catholics in Illinois numbered 3,648,907. The largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 314,461 members and the Southern Baptist Convention with 283,519. Illinois has one of the largest concentrations of Missouri Synod Lutherans in the United States.

Illinois played an important role in the early Latter Day Saint movement, with Nauvoo becoming a gathering place for Mormons in the early 1840s. Nauvoo was the location of the succession crisis, which led to the separation of the Mormon movement into several Latter Day Saint sects. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest of the sects to emerge from the Mormon schism, has more than 55,000 adherents in Illinois today.[143]

Other Abrahamic religious communities

The Baháʼí House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois

A significant number of adherents of other Abrahamic faiths can be found in Illinois. Largely concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, followers of the Muslim, Baháʼí, and Jewish religions all call the state home.[144] Muslims constituted the largest non-Christian group, with 359,264 adherents.[145] Illinois has the largest concentration of Muslims by state in the country, with 2,800 Muslims per 100,000 citizens.[146]

The largest and oldest surviving Baháʼí House of Worship in the world is located on the shores of Lake Michigan in Wilmette, Illinois, one of eight continental Baháʼí House of Worship.[147] It serves as a space for people of all backgrounds and religions to gather, meditate, reflect, and pray, expressing the Baháʼí principle of the oneness of religions.[148] The Chicago area has a very large Jewish community, particularly in the suburbs of Skokie, Buffalo Grove, Highland Park, and surrounding suburbs. Former Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel was the Windy City's first Jewish mayor.

Other religions

Chicago is also home to a very large population of Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists.[144]

Economy

Illinois counties by GDP (2021)

As of 2022, the gross state product for Illinois reached US$1.0 trillion.[149]

As of February 2019, the unemployment rate in Illinois reached 4.2%.[150]

Illinois's minimum wage will rise to $15 per hour by 2025, making it one of the highest in the nation.[151]

Agriculture

A John Deere combine harvester on an Illinois farm; the company is headquartered in Moline, Illinois.

Illinois's major agricultural outputs are corn, soybeans, hogs, cattle, dairy products, and wheat. In most years, Illinois is either the first or second state for the highest production of soybeans, with a harvest of 427.7 million bushels (11.64 million metric tons) in 2008, after Iowa's production of 444.82 million bushels (12.11 million metric tons).[152] Illinois ranks second in U.S. corn production with more than 1.5 billion bushels produced annually.[153] With a production capacity of 1.5 billion gallons per year, Illinois is a top producer of ethanol, ranking third in the United States in 2011.[154] Illinois is a leader in food manufacturing and meat processing.[155] Although Chicago may no longer be "Hog Butcher for the World", the Chicago area remains a global center for food manufacture and meat processing,[155] with many plants, processing houses, and distribution facilities concentrated in the area of the former Union Stock Yards.[156] Illinois also produces wine, and the state is home to two American viticultural areas. In the area of The Meeting of the Great Rivers Scenic Byway, peaches and apples are grown. The German immigrants from agricultural backgrounds who settled in Illinois in the mid- to late 19th century are in part responsible for the profusion of fruit orchards in that area of Illinois.[157] Illinois's universities are actively researching alternative agricultural products as alternative crops.

Manufacturing

Illinois is one of the nation's manufacturing leaders, boasting annual value added productivity by manufacturing of over $107 billion in 2006. As of 2011, Illinois is ranked as the 4th-most productive manufacturing state in the country, behind California, Texas, and Ohio.[158] About three-quarters of the state's manufacturers are located in the Northeastern Opportunity Return Region, with 38 percent of Illinois's approximately 18,900 manufacturing plants located in Cook County. As of 2006, the leading manufacturing industries in Illinois, based upon value-added, were chemical manufacturing ($18.3 billion), machinery manufacturing ($13.4 billion), food manufacturing ($12.9 billion), fabricated metal products ($11.5 billion), transportation equipment ($7.4 billion), plastics and rubber products ($7.0 billion), and computer and electronic products ($6.1 billion).[159]

Services

The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, one of twelve Federal Reserve Banks, at the heart of Chicago's financial center.

By the early 2000s, Illinois's economy had moved toward a dependence on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, law, logistics, and medicine. In some cases, these services clustered around institutions that hearkened back to Illinois's earlier economies. For example, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, a trading exchange for global derivatives, had begun its life as an agricultural futures market. Other important non-manufacturing industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and distribution.

Investments

Venture capitalists funded a total of approximately $62 billion in the U.S. economy in 2016. Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $1.1 billion. Similarly, in FY 2016, the federal government spent $461 billion on contracts in the U.S. Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $8.7 billion.[citation needed]

Energy

Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal resources and some minor oil production. Illinois exports electricity, ranking fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption.[160]

Coal

Location of the Illinois Basin

The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as Jacob Loose discovered coal in locations such as Sangamon County. Jacob Bunn contributed to the development of the Illinois coal industry and was a founder and owner of the Western Coal & Mining Company of Illinois. About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula.[161] However, this coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain, unless special equipment is used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions.[25][28][66] Many Illinois power plants are not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal. In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois. Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states and countries. In 2008, Illinois exported three million tons of coal and was projected to export nine million in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places such as China, India, and elsewhere in Asia and Europe.[162] As of 2010, Illinois was ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the nation.[154] Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming.[160]

Mattoon was chosen as the site for the Department of Energy's FutureGen project, a 275-megawatt experimental zero emission coal-burning power plant that the DOE just gave a second round of funding. In 2010, after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon backed out of the project.[163]

Petroleum

Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the American Midwest, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 900,000 bbl/d (140,000 m3/d). However, Illinois has very limited crude oil proved reserves that account for less than 1% of the U.S. total reserves. Residential heating is 81% natural gas compared to less than 1% heating oil. Illinois is ranked 14th in oil production among states, with a daily output of approximately 28,000 bbl (4,500 m3) in 2005.[164][165]

Nuclear power

Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Ogle County

Nuclear power arguably began in Illinois with the Chicago Pile-1, the world's first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the world's first nuclear reactor, built on the University of Chicago campus. There are six operating nuclear power plants in Illinois: Braidwood, Byron, Clinton, Dresden, LaSalle, and Quad Cities.[166] With the exception of the single-unit Clinton plant, each of these facilities has two reactors. Three reactors have been permanently shut down and are in various stages of decommissioning: Dresden-1 and Zion-1 and 2. Illinois ranked first in the nation in 2010 in both nuclear capacity and nuclear generation. Generation from its nuclear power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation's total.[154] In 2007, 48% of Illinois's electricity was generated using nuclear power.[167] The Morris Operation is the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States.

Wind power

Average annual wind power distribution for Illinois, 50 m (160 ft) height above ground (2009)

Illinois has seen growing interest in the use of wind power for electrical generation.[168] Most of Illinois was rated in 2009 as "marginal or fair" for wind energy production by the U.S. Department of Energy, with some western sections rated "good" and parts of the south rated "poor".[169] These ratings are for wind turbines with 50 m (160 ft) hub heights; newer wind turbines are taller, enabling them to reach stronger winds farther from the ground. As a result, more areas of Illinois have become prospective wind farm sites. As of September 2009, Illinois had 1116.06 MW of installed wind power nameplate capacity with another 741.9 MW under construction.[170] Illinois ranked ninth among U.S. states in installed wind power capacity and sixteenth by potential capacity.[170] Large wind farms in Illinois include Twin Groves, Rail Splitter, EcoGrove, and Mendota Hills.[170]

As of 2007, wind energy represented only 1.7% of Illinois's energy production, and it was estimated that wind power could provide 5–10% of the state's energy needs.[171][172] Also, the Illinois General Assembly mandated in 2007 that by 2025, 25% of all electricity generated in Illinois is to come from renewable resources.[173]

Biofuels

Illinois is ranked second in corn production among U.S. states, and Illinois corn is used to produce 40% of the ethanol consumed in the United States.[153] The Archer Daniels Midland corporation in Decatur, Illinois, is the world's leading producer of ethanol from corn.

The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center (NCERC), the world's only facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn (maize) to ethanol is located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.[174][175]

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is one of the partners in the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a $500 million biofuels research project funded by petroleum giant BP.[176][177]

Taxes

Tax is collected by the Illinois Department of Revenue. State income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by a flat rate. In 1990, that rate was set at 3%, but in 2010, the General Assembly voted for a temporary increase in the rate to 5%; the new rate went into effect on January 1, 2011; the personal income rate partially sunset on January 1, 2015, to 3.75%, while the corporate income tax fell to 5.25%.[178][179] Illinois failed to pass a budget from 2015 to 2017, after the 736-day budget impasse, a budget was passed in Illinois after lawmakers overturned Governor Bruce Rauner's veto; this budget raised the personal income rate to 4.95% and the corporate rate to 7%.[180] There are two rates for state sales tax: 6.25% for general merchandise and 1% for qualifying food, drugs, and medical appliances.[181] The property tax is a major source of tax revenue for local government taxing districts. The property tax is a local—not state—tax imposed by local government taxing districts, which include counties, townships, municipalities, school districts, and special taxation districts. The property tax in Illinois is imposed only on real property.[25][28][66]

On May 1, 2019, the Illinois Senate voted to approve a constitutional amendment that would have stricken language from the Illinois Constitution requiring a flat state income tax, in a 73–44 vote. If approved, the amendment would have allowed the state legislature to impose a graduated income tax based on annual income. The governor, J. B. Pritzker, approved the bill on May 27, 2019. It was scheduled for a 2020 general election ballot vote[182][183] and required 60 percent voter approval to effectively amend the state constitution.[184] The amendment was not approved by Illinoisans, with 55.1% of voters voting "No" on approval and 44.9% voting "Yes".[185]

As of 2017 Chicago had the highest state and local sales tax rate for a U.S. city with a populations above 200,000, at 10.250%.[186] The state of Illinois has the second highest rate of real estate tax: 2.31%, which is second only to New Jersey at 2.44%.[187]

Toll roads are a de facto user tax on the citizens and visitors to the state of Illinois. Illinois ranks seventh out of the 11 states with the most miles of toll roads, at 282.1 miles. Chicago ranks fourth in most expensive toll roads in America by the mile, with the Chicago Skyway charging 51.2 cents per mile.[188] Illinois also has the 11th highest gasoline tax by state, at 37.5 cents per gallon.[189]

Culture

Museums

Illinois has numerous museums; the greatest concentration of these are in Chicago. Several museums in Chicago are ranked as some of the best in the world. These include the John G. Shedd Aquarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Adler Planetarium, and the Museum of Science and Industry.

The modern Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in the country. The Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of 13.5 million objects that tell the story of Illinois life, land, people, and art. The ISM is among only 5% of the nation's museums that are accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Other historical museums in the state include the Polish Museum of America in Chicago; Magnolia Manor in Cairo; Easley Pioneer Museum in Ipava; the Elihu Benjamin Washburne; Ulysses S. Grant Homes, both in Galena; and the Chanute Air Museum, located on the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul.

The Chicago metropolitan area also hosts two zoos: The Brookfield Zoo, located about ten miles west of the city center in suburban Brookfield, contains more than 2,300 animals and covers 216 acres (87 ha). The Lincoln Park Zoo is located in Lincoln Park on Chicago's North Side, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the Loop. The zoo accounts for more than 35 acres (14 ha) of the park.

Music

Illinois is a leader in music education, having hosted the Midwest Clinic International Band and Orchestra Conference since 1946, as well being home to the Illinois Music Educators Association (ILMEA, formerly IMEA), one of the largest professional music educator's organizations in the country. Each summer since 2004, Southern Illinois University Carbondale has played host to the Southern Illinois Music Festival, which presents dozens of performances throughout the region. Past featured artists include the Eroica Trio and violinist David Kim.

Chicago, in the northeast corner of the state, is a major center for music[190] in the midwestern United States where distinctive forms of blues (greatly responsible for the future creation of rock and roll), and house music, a genre of electronic dance music, were developed.

The Great Migration of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities brought traditional jazz and blues music to the city, resulting in Chicago blues and "Chicago-style" Dixieland jazz. Notable blues artists included Muddy Waters, Junior Wells, Howlin' Wolf and both Sonny Boy Williamsons; jazz greats included Nat King Cole, Gene Ammons, Benny Goodman, and Bud Freeman. Chicago is also well known for its soul music.

In the early 1930s, Gospel music began to gain popularity in Chicago due to Thomas A. Dorsey's contributions at Pilgrim Baptist Church.

In the 1980s and 1990s, heavy rock, punk, and hip hop also became popular in Chicago. Orchestras in Chicago include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and the Chicago Sinfonietta.[191]

Movies

John Hughes, who moved from Grosse Pointe to Northbrook, based many films of his in Chicago, and its suburbs. Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Home Alone, The Breakfast Club, and all his films take place in the fictional Shermer, Illinois (the original name of Northbrook was Shermerville, and Hughes's High School, Glenbrook North High School, is on Shermer Road). Most locations in his films include Glenbrook North, the former Maine North High School, the Ben Rose House in Highland Park, and the famous Home Alone house in Winnetka, Illinois.

Sports

Soldier Field is home to the National Football League's Chicago Bears
Wrigley Field is home to Major League Baseball's Chicago Cubs

Major league sports

As one of the United States' major metropolises, all major sports leagues have teams headquartered in Chicago.

Minor league sports

Many minor league teams also call Illinois their home. They include:

College sports

The state features 13 athletic programs that compete in NCAA Division I, the highest level of U.S. college sports.

The two most prominent are the Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats, both members of the Big Ten Conference and the only ones competing in one of the so-called "Power Five conferences". The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships and three Rose Bowl Games, whereas the men's basketball team has won 17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours. Meanwhile, the Wildcats have won eight football conference championships and one Rose Bowl Game.

The Northern Illinois Huskies from DeKalb, Illinois, compete in the Mid-American Conference, having won four conference championships and earning a bid in the Orange Bowl along with producing Heisman candidate Jordan Lynch at quarterback. The Huskies are the state's only other team competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the top level of NCAA football.

Four schools have football programs that compete in the second level of Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The Illinois State Redbirds (Normal, adjacent to Bloomington) and Southern Illinois Salukis (representing Southern Illinois University's main campus in Carbondale) are members of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) for non-football sports and the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC). The Eastern Illinois Panthers (Charleston) and Western Illinois Leathernecks (Macomb) are members of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC).

The city of Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not sponsor football. The DePaul Blue Demons, with main campuses in Lincoln Park and the Loop, are members of the Big East Conference. The Loyola Ramblers, with their main campus straddling the Edgewater and Rogers Park community areas on the city's far north side, compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The UIC Flames, from the Near West Side next to the Loop, are in the MVC. The Chicago State Cougars, from the city's south side, compete in the Northeast Conference.

Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located downstate. The Bradley Braves (Peoria) are MVC members, and the SIU Edwardsville Cougars (in the Metro East region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis) compete in the OVC.

Motor racing

The inaugural Enjoy Illinois 300 at Gateway Motorsports Park in Madison

Motor racing oval tracks at the Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet, the Chicago Motor Speedway in Cicero and the Gateway Motorsports Park in Madison, near St. Louis, have hosted NASCAR, CART, and IRL races, whereas the Sports Car Club of America, among other national and regional road racing clubs, have visited the Autobahn Country Club in Joliet, the Blackhawk Farms Raceway in South Beloit and the former Meadowdale International Raceway in Carpentersville. Illinois also has several short tracks and dragstrips. The dragstrip at Gateway International Raceway and the Route 66 Raceway, which sits on the same property as the Chicagoland Speedway, both host NHRA drag races.

Golf

Illinois features several golf courses, such as Olympia Fields, Medinah, Midlothian, Cog Hill, and Conway Farms, which have often hosted the BMW Championship, Western Open, and Women's Western Open.

Also, the state has hosted 13 editions of the U.S. Open (latest at Olympia Fields in 2003), six editions of the PGA Championship (latest at Medinah in 2006), three editions of the U.S. Women's Open (latest at The Merit Club), the 2009 Solheim Cup (at Rich Harvest Farms), and the 2012 Ryder Cup (at Medinah).

The John Deere Classic is a regular PGA Tour event played in the Quad Cities since 1971, whereas the Encompass Championship is a Champions Tour event since 2013. Previously, the LPGA State Farm Classic was an LPGA Tour event from 1976 to 2011.

Parks and recreation

Sunset on the Garden of the Gods Wilderness, part of the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois.

The Illinois state parks system began in 1908 with what is now Fort Massac State Park, becoming the first park in a system encompassing more than 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas.

Areas under the protection of the National Park Service include: the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor near Lockport,[194] the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, the American Discovery Trail,[195] the Pullman National Monument, and New Philadelphia Town Site. The federal government also manages the Shawnee National Forest and the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie.

Law and politics

In a 2020 study, Illinois was ranked as the 4th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[196]

State government

The Illinois State Capitol in Springfield

The government of Illinois, under the Constitution of Illinois, has three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with the governor as chief executive. Legislative functions are granted to the Illinois General Assembly. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and lower courts.

The executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their offices as well as numerous other departments.[197] The six elected officers are:[197] Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer. The government of Illinois has numerous departments, agencies, boards and commissions, but the so-called code departments provide most of the state's services.[197][198]

Illinois House of Representatives

The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, composed of the 118-member Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois Senate. The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year. The Illinois Compiled Statutes (ILCS) are the codified statutes of a general and permanent nature.[199][200]

The Judiciary of Illinois is the unified court system of Illinois. It consists of the Supreme Court, Appellate Court, and Circuit Courts. The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system.

The administrative divisions of Illinois are counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose districts.[201] The basic subdivision of Illinois are the 102 counties.[202] Eighty-five of the 102 counties are in turn divided into townships and precincts.[202][203] Municipal governments are the cities, villages, and incorporated towns.[202] Some localities possess home rule, which allows them to govern themselves to a certain extent.[204]

Party balance

Governor J. B. Pritzker (D)

In modern national and state politics, Illinois is a Democratic stronghold.[205] Historically, Illinois was a political swing state, with near-parity existing between the Republican and the Democratic parties. However, in recent elections, the Democratic Party has gained ground, and Illinois has come to be seen as a solid "blue" state in both presidential and congressional campaigns.[206][207] Illinois's Democratic tendencies are mostly attributable to Cook County and Chicago, by far the state's largest county and city, respectively, which have long been strongly Democratic. The collar counties, affluent suburban counties that surround Cook County, were ancestrally Republican and helped keep the state competitive; however, they have swung toward the left in recent elections as the national Republican Party has become increasingly conservative, which has cemented Democratic dominance in state politics.[208] Outside of the Chicago metropolitan area, the state's rural areas are heavily Republican. The dominance of the Chicago area in state elections is so overwhelming that it has influenced a secessionist movement in the downstate region.[209]

Illinois was long seen as a national bellwether,[210] supporting the winner in every election in the 20th century, except for 1916 and 1976. Since the 1992 election, however, Illinois has trended more toward the Democratic Party and is part of the "blue wall" of states that have consistently voted Democratic in the last six presidential elections. In 2000, George W. Bush became the first Republican to win the presidency without carrying either Illinois or Vermont, with Donald Trump repeating the feat in 2016. Illinois has not elected a Republican to the Senate since Mark Kirk won in 2010; the last Republicans to hold statewide office were Governor Bruce Rauner and Lieutenant Governor Evelyn Sanguinetti, who both left office in 2019.

History of corruption

Politics in the state have been infamous for highly visible corruption cases, as well as for crusading reformers, such as governors Adlai Stevenson and James R. Thompson. In 2006, former governor George Ryan was convicted of racketeering and bribery, leading to a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence. On December 7, 2011, former governor Rod Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison for allegations that he conspired to sell the vacated Senate seat left by President Barack Obama to the highest bidder. Blagojevich had earlier been impeached and convicted by the legislature, resulting in his removal from office. In the late 20th century, Congressman Dan Rostenkowski was imprisoned for mail fraud; former governor and federal judge Otto Kerner, Jr. was imprisoned for bribery; Secretary of State Paul Powell was investigated and found to have gained great wealth through bribes, and State Auditor of Public Accounts (Comptroller) Orville Hodge was imprisoned for embezzlement. In 1912, William Lorimer, the GOP boss of Chicago, was expelled from the U.S. Senate for bribery, and in 1921, Governor Len Small was found to have defrauded the state of a million dollars.[28][66][211]

U.S. presidential elections

Illinois has shown a strong presence in presidential elections. Three presidents have claimed Illinois as their political base when running for president: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and most recently Barack Obama. Lincoln was born in Kentucky, but he moved to Illinois at age 21. He served in the General Assembly and represented the 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives before his election to the presidency in 1860. Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio and had a military career that precluded settling down, but on the eve of the Civil War and approaching middle age, he moved to Illinois and thus utilized the state as his home and political base when running for president. Barack Obama was born in Hawaii and made Illinois his home after graduating from law school, and later represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate. He then became president in 2008, running as a candidate from his Illinois base.

Ronald Reagan was born in Illinois, in the city of Tampico, raised in Dixon, Illinois, and educated at Eureka College, outside Peoria. Reagan later moved to California during his young adulthood. He then became an actor, and later became California's Governor before being elected president.

Hillary Clinton was born and raised in the suburbs of Chicago and became the first woman to represent a major political party in the general election of the U.S. presidency. Clinton ran from a platform based in New York State.

African-American U.S. senators

Twelve African-Americans have served as members of the United States Senate. Of which three have represented Illinois, the most of any single state: Carol Moseley-Braun,[212] Barack Obama,[213] and Roland Burris, who was appointed to replace Obama after his election to the presidency. Moseley-Braun was the first African-American woman to become a U.S. Senator.

Political families

Three families from Illinois have played particularly prominent roles in the Democratic Party, gaining both statewide and national fame.

Stevenson

The Stevenson family, initially rooted in central Illinois and later based in the Chicago metropolitan area, has provided four generations of Illinois officeholders.

Daley

The Daley family's powerbase was in Chicago.

Pritzker

The Pritzker family is based in Chicago and have played important roles in both the private and the public sectors.

Education

The Illini Union at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Campus of the University of Chicago

Illinois State Board of education

The Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) is autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, and administers public education in the state. Local municipalities and their respective school districts operate individual public schools, but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with the Illinois School Report Card. The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies.

Primary and secondary schools

Education is compulsory for ages 7–17 in Illinois. Schools are commonly, but not exclusively, divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school, and high school. District territories are often complex in structure. Many areas in the state are actually located in two school districts—one for high school and the other for elementary and middle schools. And such districts do not necessarily share boundaries. A given high school may have several elementary districts that feed into it, yet some of those feeder districts may themselves feed into multiple high school districts.

Colleges and universities

Using the criterion established by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, there are eleven "National Universities" in the state.

As of 19 August 2010, six of these rank in the "first tier" among the top 500 National Universities in the nation, as determined by the U.S. News & World Report rankings: the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Loyola University Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Technology, DePaul University, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois State University, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, and Northern Illinois University.[214] The University of Chicago is continuously ranked as one of the world's top ten universities on various independent university rankings, and its Booth School of Business, along with Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management consistently rank within the top five graduate business schools in the country and top ten globally. The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is often ranked among the best engineering schools in the world and United States.

Illinois also has more than twenty additional accredited four-year universities, both public and private, and dozens of small liberal arts colleges across the state. Additionally, Illinois supports 49 public community colleges in the Illinois Community College System.

School financing

Schools in Illinois are funded primarily by property taxes, based on state assessment of property values, rather than direct state contributions. Scholar Tracy Steffes has described Illinois public education as historically "inequitable", a system where one of "the wealthiest of states" is "the stingiest in its support for education". There have been several attempts to reform school funding in Illinois. The most notable attempt came in 1973 with the adoption of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula, a measure through which it was hoped funding could be collected and distributed to Illinois schools more equitably. However, opposition from affluent Illinois communities who objected to having to pay for the less well-off school districts (many of them Black majority communities, produced by redlining, white flight, and other "soft" segregation methods) resulted in the formula's abolition in the late 1980s.[215]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Because of its central location and its proximity to the Rust Belt and Grain Belt, Illinois is a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and truck traffic.

Airports

Concourse B inside O'Hare International Airport, one of the world's busiest airports

From 1962 until 1998, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) was the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total flights and passengers. While it was surpassed by Atlanta's Hartsfield in 1998 (as Chicago splits its air traffic between O'Hare and Midway airports, while Atlanta uses only one airport), with 59.3 million domestic passengers annually, along with 11.4 million international passengers in 2008,[216] O'Hare consistently remains one of the two or three busiest airports globally, and in some years still ranks number one in total flights. It is a major hub for both United Airlines and American Airlines, and a major airport expansion project is currently underway. Midway Airport (MDW), which had been the busiest airport in the world at one point until it was supplanted by O'Hare as the busiest airport in 1962, is now the secondary airport in the Chicago metropolitan area and still ranks as one of the nation's busiest airports. Midway is a major hub for Southwest Airlines and services many other carriers as well. Midway served 17.3 million domestic and international passengers in 2008.[217]

Rail

Illinois major rail network

Illinois has an extensive passenger and freight rail transportation network. Chicago is a national Amtrak hub and in-state passengers are served by Amtrak's Illinois Service, featuring the Chicago to Carbondale Illini and Saluki, the Chicago to Quincy Carl Sandburg and Illinois Zephyr, and the Chicago to St. Louis Lincoln Service. Currently there is trackwork on the Chicago–St. Louis line to bring the maximum speed up to 110 mph (180 km/h), which would reduce the trip time by an hour and a half. Nearly every North American railway meets at Chicago, making it the largest and most active rail hub in the country. Extensive heavy rail service is provided in the city proper and some immediate suburbs by the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system. One of the largest suburban commuter rail system in the United States, operated by Metra, uses existing rail lines to provide direct commuter rail access for hundreds of suburbs to the city and beyond.

Waterways

In addition to the state's rail lines, the Mississippi River and Illinois River provide major transportation routes for the state's agricultural interests. Lake Michigan gives Illinois access to the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.

Interstate highway system

The Interstate Highways in Illinois are all segments of the Interstate Highway System that are owned and maintained by the state.[218]

Illinois has the distinction of having the most primary (two-digit) interstates pass through it among all the 50 states with 13. Illinois also ranks third among the fifty states with the most interstate mileage, coming in after California and Texas, which are much bigger states in area.[219]

Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include: Interstate 24 (I-24), I-39, I-41, I-55, I-57, I-64, I-70, I-72, I-74, I-80, I-88, I-90, and I-94.

U.S. highway system

An Illinois welcome sign along U.S. Route 67 in Rock Island

The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) is responsible for maintaining the U.S Highways in Illinois. The system in Illinois consists of 21 primary highways.

Among the U.S. highways that pass through the state, the primary ones are: US 6, US 12, US 14, US 20, US 24, US 30, US 34, US 36, US 40, US 41, US 45, US 50, US 51, US 52, US 54, US 60, US 62, and US 67.

Intercity buses

Due to its central location, Illinois sees numerous intercity bus services primarily connecting east and west. The Chicago Bus Station is the busiest intercity bus station in the state. The following carriers provide scheduled service: Amtrak Thruway, Barons Bus Lines, Burlington Trailways, Flixbus, Greyhound Lines, Indian Trails, Miller Transportation (Hoosier Ride), Peoria Charter Coach Company, Van Galder Bus Company, and Wisconsin Coach Lines.

Local buses

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ Illinois borders the state of Wisconsin to its north, Iowa to its northwest, Missouri to its southwest, Kentucky to its south, Indiana to its east, and has a water border with Michigan to the northeast in Lake Michigan.
  3. ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

References

  1. ^ "Charles". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  3. ^ "2020 Census Apportionment Results". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  4. ^ Bureau, US Census. "U.S. Median Household Income Up in 2018 From 2017". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ "(5 ILCS 460/20) (from Ch. 1, par. 2901‑20) State Designations Act". Illinois Compiled Statutes. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois General Assembly. September 4, 1991. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Sec. 20. Official language. The official language of the State of Illinois is English.
  6. ^ Ryburn-LaMonte, Terri (1999). "The Historical Development of Transportation in Illinois". Illinois Periodicals Online. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017.
  7. ^ "2021 Illinois Manufacturing Facts". NAM. April 26, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  8. ^ "The History of Illinois License Plates". Cyberdriveillinois.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  9. ^ "Slogan". Illinois State Museum. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  10. ^ "Freight Railroad Chronology". Association of American Railroads. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  11. ^ Ohlemacher, Stephen (May 17, 2007). "Analysis ranks Illinois most average state". Carbondale, Illinois: The Southern Illinoisan. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
  12. ^ Fay, Jim (May 11, 2010). "Ilinois, Illini and Liniouek". The Illinois Prairie Information Page. Archived from the original on June 23, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  13. ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1911). Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico, Volume 1. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. p. 597. ISBN 9781404740303. OCLC 26478613. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  14. ^ Stewart, George R. (1967) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Sentry (3rd) ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
  15. ^ "Illinois Symbols". State of Illinois. Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2006.
  16. ^ Callary, Edward (2008). Place Names of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-252-03356-8. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  17. ^ Costa, David J. (January 2007). "Three American Placenames: Illinois" (PDF). Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter. 25 (4): 9–12. ISSN 1046-4476. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  18. ^ Pauketat, Timothy R. (2009). Cahokia: Ancient America's Great City on the Mississippi. Penguin library of American Indian history. Viking Press. pp. 23–34. ISBN 978-0-670-02090-4. OCLC 276819729. Cahokia was so large—covering three to five square miles—that archaeologists have yet to probe many portions of it. Its centerpiece was an open fifty-acre Grand Plaza, surrounded by packed-clay pyramids. The size of thirty-five football fields, the Grand Plaza was at the time the biggest public space ever conceived and executed north of Mexico ... a flat public square 1,600-plus feet in length and 900-plus feet in width.
  19. ^ Skele, Mikels (1988). The Great Knob: Interpretations of Monks Mound. Studies in Illinois Archaeology. Springfield, IL: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. ISBN 978-0-942579-03-1. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  20. ^ Snow, Dean R. (2010). Archaeology of Native North Americas. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 201–203. ISBN 9780136156864. OCLC 223933566.
  21. ^ Nash, Gary B. (2015). Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early North America (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 6. ISBN 9780205887590.
  22. ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  23. ^ Hoxie, E. (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. pp. 266–267, 506.
  24. ^ a b "Native Americans:Historic:The Illinois:History:The Illinois Decline". www.museum.state.il.us. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g Nelson, Ronald E., ed. (1978). Illinois: Land and Life in the Prairie State. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 978-0-8403-1831-2. OCLC 4499416.
  26. ^ "Native Americans:American Indian Tribes of Illinois". Illinois State Museum. October 2, 2002. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  27. ^ de L'Isle, Guillaume (1718). "Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi. 1718". An Exhibition of Maps and Navigational Instruments on View. Tracy W. McGregor Room, Alderman Library: University of Virginia. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Biles, Roger (2005). Illinois: A History of the Land and its People. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-349-4.
  29. ^ "Full Remarks from Dave M". Sancohis.org. March 16, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2011.[dead link]
  30. ^ "Abraham Lincoln and Springfield". Abraham Lincoln's Classroom. Archived from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  31. ^ Simon, John Y. (June 24, 2001). "The other Illinois: How Egypt lost its clout". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  32. ^ Davis, Rich. "Southern Illinois Backroads Tourism: In Little Egypt it means bluffs, Superman, even scuba diving". Evansville Courier & Press. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  33. ^ Finkelman, Paul (2001). Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jefferson (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. p. 78. ISBN 9780765604385.
  34. ^ Jones, James Pickett (1995) [1967]. Black Jack: John A. Logan and Southern Illinois in the Civil War Era. SIU Press. ISBN 0-8093-2002-9. OCLC 31435846.
  35. ^ "1830-1831: The Winter of the Deep Snow". State Journal-Register. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  36. ^ Duff, Andrew D. "Egypt". Springhouse Magazine. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  37. ^ "Black Hawk War". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  38. ^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832". Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  39. ^ Easton Black, Susan (1995). "How Large Was the Population of Nauvoo?". BYU Studies Quarterly. 35 (2): 91–94. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
  40. ^ "Early Chicago, 1833–1871". ilsos.gov. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  41. ^ Norbury, Frank (Spring 1999). "Dorothea Dix and the Founding of Illinois's First Mental Hospital". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 92 (1): 13–29. JSTOR 40193299.
  42. ^ "Illinois Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery Units". Archived from the original on August 18, 2018.
  43. ^ Tweet, Roland (1997). Miss Gale's Books: The Beginnings of the Rock Island Public Library. Rock Island, IL: Rock Island Public Library. p. 15.
  44. ^ "Illinois—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
  45. ^ Peck, Merton J.; Scherer, Frederic M. (1962). The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis. Harvard Business School. p. 111.
  46. ^ a b "McDonald's Store No. 1 (Gone), Des Plaines, Illinois". RoadsideAmerica.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  47. ^ "Des Plaines blames Mt. Prospect, Prospect Hts. for heightened flooding - DailyHerald.com". February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  48. ^ Placek, Christopher (November 20, 2017). "McDonald's plans to tear down Des Plaines replica restaurant". Daily Herald. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
  49. ^ "ComEd and Electricity Related Messages for Economic Development" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  50. ^ "Home | ComEd—An Exelon Company" (PDF). ComEd. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  51. ^ Painter, George (August 10, 2004). "The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States: Illinois". The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers. Gay & Lesbian Archives of the Pacific Northwest. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  52. ^ Hillard, James (October 2008). "The Illinois Constitution: A Primer". Illinois Bar Journal. 96 (10): 494. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  53. ^ Garcia, Evan (September 24, 2020). "Former Illinois Gov. George Ryan: 'We Gotta Do Away with the Death Penalty'". WTTW. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  54. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Connolly, Ceci (September 9, 2009). "In Illinois, a Similar Fight Tested a Future President". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012.
  55. ^ "4 Illinois governors have served time in prison". ABC 7 Chicago. February 19, 2020. Archived from the original on September 9, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  56. ^ Vinicky, Amanda (January 14, 2019). "J.B. Pritzker Takes Oath as Illinois' 43rd Governor". WTTW. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  57. ^ Bernal, Rafael (August 28, 2017). "Illinois Governor Signs Immigration, Automatic Voter Registration Measures". The Hill. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  58. ^ Tareen, Sophia (August 28, 2017). "Governor Signs Law Limiting Illinois Police on Immigration". ABC News (from the Associated Press). Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  59. ^ Singman, Brooke (August 28, 2017). "GOP Gov. Rauner Accused of Making Illinois a 'Sanctuary State' with New Law". Fox News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  60. ^ Lieb, David A. (November 7, 2018). "GOP, Democrats splitting governor's races in key states". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023 – via Virgin Islands Daily News.
  61. ^ Squires, Acacia (January 1, 2020). "6 New State Laws You Should Know About In 2020". Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  62. ^ Pathieu, Diane (May 11, 2023). "COVID-19 public health emergency ends Thursday in US, Illinois". ABC 7 Chicago. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  63. ^ Willman, Harold Bowen; Atherton, Elwood; Buschbach, T. C.; Collinson, Charles William; Frye, John Chapman; Hopkins, M. E.; Lineback, Jerry Alvin; Simon, Jack A. (1975). "Handbook of Illinois stratigraphy". Bulletin - Illinois State Geological Survey. 95. Urbana, IL. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  64. ^ Wikisource. Illinois Constitution of 1818.
  65. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. "Elevations and Distances in the United States". egsc.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  66. ^ a b c d Horsley, A. Doyne (1986). Illinois: A Geography. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-522-8.
  67. ^ Illinois State Climatologist Office. "Climate Maps". Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2006.
  68. ^ "US National Weather Service Central Illinois". Facebook. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
  69. ^ "State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC)". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  70. ^ a b "Illinois State Record Minimum Temperature at Mt. Carroll" (PDF). National Centers for Environmental Information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. March 5, 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 8, 2019. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  71. ^ Hilyard, Scott (February 28, 2019). "Congerville about to lose its extreme cold state record". PJStar.com. Peoria, Illinois. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  72. ^ Weather Underground (January 15, 2009). "Weather History for Rochelle, IL". Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  73. ^ "Annual average number of tornadoes, 1953–2004 Archived October 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine", NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved October 24, 2006.
  74. ^ PAH Webmaster (November 2, 2005). "NWS Paducah, KY: NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Web Site—General Information". Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2006.
  75. ^ "Average Weather for Cairo, IL". weather.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014.
  76. ^ "Chicago Weather Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", ustravelweather.com
  77. ^ "Average Weather for Edwardsville, IL—Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  78. ^ "Moline Weather Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", ustravelweather.com
  79. ^ "Peoria Weather Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", ustravelweather.com
  80. ^ "Rockford Weather Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", ustravelweather.com
  81. ^ "Springfield Weather Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine", ustravelweather.com
  82. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts". United States Census Buteau. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  83. ^ Schulte, Sarah (April 28, 2021). "2020 census results: Illinois loses population, but not from where you'd think". ABC7 Chicago. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  84. ^ "Total Population of Illinois, Chicago and Illinois Counties: April 1,1950 to April 1, 2020" (PDF). Illinois Department of Public Health.
  85. ^ Vinicky, Amanda (December 23, 2020). "Illinois Exodus: Census Data Finds People Continue to Leave State". WTTW. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021. [Demographer] Paral says Chicago and the collar counties aren't to blame. He says from Lake to Will to DeKalb counties are growing – not by a lot – but growing at least. Outside of the Chicago metropolitan area is largely declines.
  86. ^ "The 'center' of Illinois is likely a spot you've never visited". WGN-TV. November 28, 2023. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  87. ^ "Illinois ranks as 'most normal state' in U.S. according to Washington Post data analysis". Illinois. WMAQ-TV. May 14, 2024. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  88. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  89. ^ "P004HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE [73] - Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  90. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  91. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  92. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  93. ^ a b c d "US Census Bureau- Illinois Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800-1990" (PDF). Wayback Machine. October 8, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2010.
  94. ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. July 25, 2008. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  95. ^ "Population of Illinois: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts".[permanent dead link]
  96. ^ "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  97. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  98. ^ a b c d e f g "B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE—Illinois—2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  99. ^ "IECAM". db.iecam.illinois.edu. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  100. ^ "Illinois QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 1, 2009.
  101. ^ "Census profile: Cook County, IL". Census Reporter. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  102. ^ "Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  103. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census".
  104. ^ "Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  105. ^ "Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  106. ^ "Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  107. ^ "Grid View: Table B02009 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  108. ^ "Grid View: Table B04004 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  109. ^ "Grid View: Table B02015 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  110. ^ "Grid View: Table B03001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  111. ^ "Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  112. ^ "Grid View: Table B02018 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  113. ^ "Grid View: Table B05012 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  114. ^ "Grid View: Table B05006 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  115. ^ "Grid View: Table B05002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  116. ^ "Immigrants in Illinois" (PDF). American Immigration Council. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2023.
  117. ^ "Grid View: Table B05002 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  118. ^ "Grid View: Table B05006 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  119. ^ a b "Census profile: Illinois". Census Reporter. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  120. ^ "Grid View: Table B01001 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  121. ^ "How Many Adults and Youth Identify as Transgender in the United States?" (PDF). UCLA School of Law: Williams Institute. June 2022.
  122. ^ "Movement Advancement Project | State Profiles". www.lgbtmap.org. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  123. ^ "Subnational HDI". Global Data Lab.
  124. ^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State". Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  125. ^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  126. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (January 15, 2015). "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (1). CDC: 1–65. PMID 25603115. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  127. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Curtin, Sally C.; Mathews, T.J. (December 23, 2015). "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (12). CDC: 1–64. PMID 26727629. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  128. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Mathews, T.J. (January 5, 2017). "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 66 (1). CDC: 1. PMID 28135188. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  129. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Drake, Patrick (January 31, 2018). "Births: Final Data for 2016" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (1). CDC: 1–55. PMID 29775434. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  130. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Drake, Patrick (November 7, 2018). "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 67 (8). CDC: 1–50. PMID 30707672. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  131. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (November 27, 2019). "Births: Final Data for 2018" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 68 (13). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–47. PMID 32501202. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  132. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K. (March 23, 2021). "Births: Final Data for 2019" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 70 (2). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–51. PMID 33814033. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  133. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Valenzuela, Claudia P. (February 7, 2022). "Births: Final Data for 2020" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 70 (17). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  134. ^ Martin, Joyce A.; Hamilton, Brady E.; Osterman, Michelle J.K.; Driscoll, Anne K.; Valenzuela, Claudia P. (January 31, 2023). "Births: Final Data for 2021" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 72 (1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–53. PMID 36723449. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  135. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  136. ^ "5 ILCS 460/ State Designations Act, Illinois Compiled Statutes". Illinois General Assembly. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  137. ^ Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: American Community Survey Reports" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  138. ^ "Grid View: Table B16007 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  139. ^ "Grid View: Table B16007 - Census Reporter". censusreporter.org. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  140. ^ "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  141. ^ "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  142. ^ "Roman Catholicism percentage of Catholics statistics—states compared—People data on StateMaster". Statemaster. May 15, 2012. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  143. ^ "Illinois - Statistics and Church Facts". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  144. ^ a b "The Association of Religion Data Archives | County Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  145. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  146. ^ Barooah, Jahnabi (June 27, 2012). "PHOTOS: Most And Least Muslim States In America". Huffington Post.
  147. ^ "The Baháʼí House of Worship". Baháʼís of the United States. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  148. ^ Ave, Linden; IL 60091, Sheridan Rd Wilmette. "Baha'i House Of Worship". Enjoy Illinois. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  149. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by State and Personal Income by State, 3rd Quarter 2022". Archived from the original on February 14, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  150. ^ "Moody's sees reason for optimism over Illinois economy". Crain's Chicago Business. February 18, 2019. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  151. ^ Petrella, Dan. "Gov. J.B. Pritzker signs law raising Illinois's minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  152. ^ "Soybean Production by State 2008". Soy Stats. The American Soybean Association. 2009. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  153. ^ a b "Ethanol Fact Sheet". Illinois Corn Growers Association. 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
  154. ^ a b c "Illinois—State Energy Profile Overview—U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Eia.gov. March 19, 2015. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  155. ^ a b Facts About Illinois Agriculture Archived July 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Illinois Department of Agriculture. Accessed online April 16, 2012
  156. ^ "Meatpacking in Illinois History Archived June 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine by Wilson J. Warren, Illinois History Teacher, 3:2, 2006. Access online April 16, 2012.
  157. ^ Kathleen Walls. "Agri Trails". Americanroads.net. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  158. ^ "DCEO: Home" (PDF). Ildceo.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  159. ^ "Manufacturing in Illinois" (PDF). Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  160. ^ a b "Illinois in the Global Energy Marketplace" Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Robert Finley, 2001. Illinois State Geological Survey publication.
  161. ^ Illinois State Geological Survey. Coal in Illinois Archived February 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  162. ^ "DCEO: Home" (PDF). Ildceo.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  163. ^ "Illinois Town Gives Up on Futurgen". Permianbasin360.com. August 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  164. ^ United States Department of Energy. Petroleum Profile: Illinois Archived October 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 4, 2006.
  165. ^ "Illinois—U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Eia.gov. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  166. ^ "Nuclear State Profiles". Eia.gov. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  167. ^ "Illinois Nuclear Industry". U.S. Energy Information Administration. November 6, 2009. Archived from the original on November 9, 2004. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  168. ^ "Illinois Wind". Illinois Institute for Rural Affairs, Western Illinois University Illinoiswind.com Archived June 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  169. ^ "Illinois Wind Activities". EERE. U.S. Department of Energy. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  170. ^ a b c "U.S. Wind Energy Projects—Illinois". American Wind Energy Association. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  171. ^ "Wind Power on the Illinois Horizon" Archived January 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Rob Kanter, September 14, 2006. University of Illinois Environmental Council.
  172. ^ "Illinois Renewable Electricity Profile". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2007. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
  173. ^ Olbert, Lori (December 13, 2007). "Wind Farm Conference Tackles Complicated Issue". CIProud.com. WYZZ-TV/WMBD-TV. Retrieved January 15, 2010.[dead link]
  174. ^ "ILFRA". Illinoisrfa.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  175. ^ "Ready for Research" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  176. ^ "BP Pledges $500 Million for Energy Biosciences Institute and Plans New Business to Exploit Research". Bp.com. June 14, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  177. ^ "Gov. Blagojevich joins Gov. Schwarzenegger, top BP executives to celebrate launch of $500 million biosciences energy research partnership with University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UC-Berkeley". Illinois.gov. February 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  178. ^ Pierog, Karen (January 12, 2011). "Illinois lawmakers pass big tax hike to aid budget". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  179. ^ Illinois Department of Revenue. Individual Income Tax Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  180. ^ Mendoza, Susana (September 18, 2018). "Consequences of Illinois's 2015–2016 Budget Impasse and Fiscal Outlook". Illinois Comptroller. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  181. ^ Illinois Department of Revenue. Illinois Sales Tax Reference Manual (PDF) Archived May 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. p133. January 1, 2006.
  182. ^ Sfondeles, Tina (May 27, 2019). "Graduated income tax question heads to ballot as House OKs constitutional amendment". www.chicagosuntimes.com. Chicago Sun Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  183. ^ Kapos, Shia (May 28, 2019). "PRITZKER's BIG WIN—BRADY, MUNOZ stake in video gambling—ABORTION BILL fate uncertain". Politico. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  184. ^ Wall, Craig (May 27, 2019). "Illinois graduated income tax plan will go to voters after Governor JB Pritzker's bill passes the State House". abc7chicago.com. ABC 7. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  185. ^ Wheeler, Kayla (November 4, 2020). "Fair Tax Amendment fails in Illinois". ksdk.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  186. ^ Walczak, Jared. "Sales Tax Rates in Major Cities, Midyear 2017". Taxfoundation.org. Tax Foundation. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
  187. ^ Kiernan, John S. "2019's Property Taxes by State". wallethub. Evolution Finance, Inc. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
  188. ^ "Most Expensive Toll Roads in the United States". ezfreightfactoring.com. EZ Freight Factoring. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
  189. ^ Stebbins, Samuel. "How much gas tax adds to cost of filling up your car in every state". usatoday. 24/7 Wall Street. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
  190. ^ Centerstage Chicago Archived July 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on September 18, 2008
  191. ^ Chicago Sinfonietta Website Archived January 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on November 7, 2008
  192. ^ Mark McGuire Commentary (June 12, 2010). "Long look at Top 10 title droughts". Times Union. Archived from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  193. ^ "The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports". Bleacher Report. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  194. ^ "Illinois & Michigan Canal". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  195. ^ "Illinois". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
  196. ^ J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. ISSN 1533-1296. S2CID 225139517.
  197. ^ a b c Uphoff, Judy Lee (2012). "The Governor and the Executive Branch" (PDF). In Lind, Nancy S.; Rankin, Erik (eds.). Governing Illinois: Your Connection to State and Local Government (4th ed.). Center Publications, Center for State Policy and Leadership, University of Illinois Springfield. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-938943-28-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2013.
  198. ^ 20 ILCS 5
  199. ^ Decker, John F.; Kopacz, Christopher (2012). Illinois Criminal Law: A Survey of Crimes and Defenses (5th ed.). LexisNexis. § 1.01. ISBN 978-0-7698-5284-3.
  200. ^ Smith, Lori L.; Barkley, Daniel C.; Cornwall, Daniel C.; Johnson, Eric W.; Malcomb, J. Louise (2003). Tapping State Government Information Sources. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-57356-387-1. LCCN 2002044846.
  201. ^ Individual State Descriptions: 2007 (PDF), 2007 Census of Governments, United States Census Bureau, November 2012, pp. 89–97, archived (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2015, retrieved March 11, 2014
  202. ^ a b c Census 2007, p. 89.
  203. ^ Illinois Regional Archives Depository System. "Name Index to Illinois Local Governments". Illinois State Archives. Illinois Secretary of State. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  204. ^ Gove, Samuel Kimball; Nowlan, James Dunlap (1996). Illinois Politics & Government: The Expanding Metropolitan Frontier. Politics and Governments of the American States. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0-8032-7014-5. LCCN 95046017.
  205. ^ McClelland, Edward (August 4, 2011). "Illinois: The Most Democratic State". NBC Chicago. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  206. ^ "Suburb shift turns state blue / The Christian Science Monitor". CSMonitor.com. July 16, 2004. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  207. ^ Working, Russell (November 8, 2004). "Illinois a blue island in red sea". Chicago Tribune. pp. 1-1, 1-15 – via Newspapers.com.
  208. ^ "Illinois primary live results". CNN. March 17, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2024.
  209. ^ McClelland, Edward (October 15, 2020). "If Downstate Illinois Seceded". Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  210. ^ Everson, David H. (February 1990). "Illinois as a bellwether: So what?". Illinois Issues. Illinois Periodicals Online at Northern Illinois University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  211. ^ Merriner, James L. (2004). Grafters and Goo Goos: corruption and reform in Chicago, 1833–2003. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2571-9. OCLC 52720998.
  212. ^ "Moseley Braun, Carol". History, Art & Archives. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  213. ^ "U.S. Senate: Art & History Home". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  214. ^ "Best Colleges 2010—National Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  215. ^ Steffes, Tracy L. (February 2020). "Assessment Matters: The Rise and Fall of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula". History of Education Quarterly. 60 (1): 24–57. doi:10.1017/heq.2020.7. S2CID 216496825.
  216. ^ "O'Hare International Airport Activity Statistics" (PDF). City of Chicago: FlyChicago.com. March 27, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 1, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
  217. ^ "Midway Airport Activity Statistics" (PDF). FlyChicago.com. City of Chicago. January 30, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 1, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
  218. ^ "Interstate Frequently Asked Questions—50th Anniversary—Interstate System—Highway History—Federal Highway Administration". Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  219. ^ "Interstates by State". Interstate-Guide. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.

Further reading

External links

40°N 89°W / 40°N 89°W / 40; -89 (State of Illinois)