El tono de la campaña de las elecciones generales fue ampliamente caracterizado como divisivo, negativo y preocupante. [9] [10] [11] Trump enfrentó controversias por sus puntos de vista sobre la raza y la inmigración , incidentes de violencia contra manifestantes en sus mítines, [12] [13] [14] y numerosas acusaciones de mala conducta sexual , incluida la cinta de Access Hollywood . La popularidad y la imagen pública de Clinton se vieron empañadas por preocupaciones sobre su ética y confiabilidad, [15] y una controversia y posterior investigación del FBI sobre su uso indebido de un servidor de correo electrónico privado mientras se desempeñaba como secretaria de estado, que recibió más cobertura mediática que cualquier otro tema durante la campaña. [16] [17] Clinton lideró en casi todas las encuestas nacionales y de estados clave, con algunos modelos predictivos que le daban a Clinton más del 90 por ciento de posibilidades de ganar. [18] [19]
El día de las elecciones, Trump superó las expectativas de las encuestas, ganando varios estados clave, mientras que perdió el voto popular por 2,87 millones de votos. [20] Trump recibió la mayoría en el Colegio Electoral y obtuvo victorias inesperadas en la región del Cinturón del Óxido . La victoria crucial en esta región, que Trump ganó por menos de 80.000 votos en los tres estados, se consideró el catalizador que le permitió obtener el voto del Colegio Electoral. Se percibió que las victorias sorpresa de Trump fueron ayudadas por la falta de campaña de Clinton en la región y la influencia de los votantes de Sanders-Trump que se negaron a respaldarla después de que Bernie Sanders se retirara. [21] [22] [23] En última instancia, Trump recibió 304 votos electorales y Clinton 227, ya que dos electores infieles desertaron de Trump y cinco de Clinton. Trump fue el primer presidente sin servicio público previo ni experiencia militar . Trump ganó seis estados que habían votado por los demócratas en 2012 : Florida , Iowa , Michigan , Ohio , Pensilvania y Wisconsin , así como el segundo distrito congresional de Maine .
Con acceso a las urnas para todo el electorado nacional, el candidato libertario Gary Johnson recibió casi 4,5 millones de votos (3,27%), la mayor proporción de votos a nivel nacional para un candidato de un tercer partido desde Ross Perot en 1996 , [24] mientras que la candidata del Partido Verde Jill Stein recibió casi 1,45 millones de votos (1,06%). El candidato independiente Evan McMullin recibió el 21,4% de los votos en su estado natal de Utah, la mayor proporción de votos para un candidato que no pertenece a un partido mayoritario en cualquier estado desde 1992. [25]
El 6 de enero de 2017, la Comunidad de Inteligencia de los Estados Unidos concluyó que el gobierno ruso había interferido en las elecciones de 2016 [26] [27] con el fin de "socavar la fe pública en el proceso democrático estadounidense, denigrar a la secretaria Clinton y perjudicar su elegibilidad y su potencial presidencia". [28] Una investigación del Fiscal Especial sobre la presunta colusión entre Rusia y la campaña de Trump comenzó en mayo de 2017 [29] [30] y terminó en marzo de 2019. La investigación concluyó que la interferencia rusa para favorecer la candidatura de Trump ocurrió "de manera generalizada y sistemática", pero "no estableció que los miembros de la campaña de Trump conspiraran o coordinaran con el gobierno ruso". [31] [32]
El artículo dos de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos establece que el presidente y el vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos deben ser ciudadanos por nacimiento de los Estados Unidos, tener al menos 35 años de edad y haber residido en los Estados Unidos durante un período de al menos 14 años. [33] Los candidatos a la presidencia suelen buscar la nominación de uno de los partidos políticos, en cuyo caso cada partido idea un método (como una elección primaria ) para elegir al candidato que el partido considera más adecuado para postularse para el cargo. Tradicionalmente, las elecciones primarias son elecciones indirectas en las que los votantes emiten sus votos para una lista de delegados del partido comprometidos con un candidato en particular. Luego, los delegados del partido nominan oficialmente a un candidato para que se presente en nombre del partido. Las elecciones generales de noviembre también son una elección indirecta, en la que los votantes emiten sus votos para una lista de miembros del Colegio Electoral ; estos electores a su vez eligen directamente al presidente y al vicepresidente. [34]
Tanto el Partido Demócrata como el Republicano, así como terceros partidos como los partidos Verde y Libertario, celebraron una serie de elecciones primarias presidenciales y asambleas partidarias que tuvieron lugar entre febrero y junio de 2016, escalonadas entre los 50 estados, el Distrito de Columbia y territorios estadounidenses . Este proceso de nominación también fue una elección indirecta, donde los votantes emitieron sus votos para una lista de delegados a la convención de nominación de un partido político , quienes a su vez eligieron al candidato presidencial de su partido. Las especulaciones sobre la campaña de 2016 comenzaron casi inmediatamente después de la campaña de 2012, con la revista New York declarando que la carrera había comenzado en un artículo publicado el 8 de noviembre, dos días después de las elecciones de 2012. [37] El mismo día, Politico publicó un artículo que predecía que las elecciones generales de 2016 serían entre Clinton y el exgobernador de Florida Jeb Bush , mientras que un artículo en The New York Times nombró al gobernador de Nueva Jersey Chris Christie y al senador Cory Booker de Nueva Jersey como posibles candidatos. [38] [39]
Nominaciones
Partido Republicano
Primarias
Con diecisiete candidatos principales entrando en la carrera, comenzando con Ted Cruz el 23 de marzo de 2015, esta fue la primaria presidencial más grande para cualquier partido político en la historia de Estados Unidos, [40] antes de ser superada por las primarias presidenciales demócratas de 2020. [41]
Antes de las primarias de Iowa del 1 de febrero de 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham y Pataki se retiraron debido a los bajos números en las encuestas. A pesar de liderar muchas encuestas en Iowa, Trump quedó en segundo lugar detrás de Cruz, después de lo cual Huckabee, Paul y Santorum se retiraron debido a malos resultados en las urnas. Después de una victoria considerable para Trump en las primarias de New Hampshire , Christie, Fiorina y Gilmore abandonaron la carrera. Bush hizo lo mismo después de obtener el cuarto lugar detrás de Trump, Rubio y Cruz en Carolina del Sur . El 1 de marzo de 2016, la primera de las cuatro primarias del " Supermartes ", Rubio ganó su primera contienda en Minnesota, Cruz ganó Alaska, Oklahoma y su estado natal de Texas, y Trump ganó los otros siete estados que votaron. Al no ganar tracción, Carson suspendió su campaña unos días después. [42] El 15 de marzo de 2016, el segundo “supermartes”, Kasich ganó su única contienda en su estado natal de Ohio, y Trump ganó cinco primarias, incluida la de Florida. Rubio suspendió su campaña tras perder en su estado natal. [43]
Entre el 16 de marzo y el 3 de mayo de 2016, solo tres candidatos permanecieron en la carrera: Trump, Cruz y Kasich. Cruz ganó la mayor cantidad de delegados en cuatro contiendas del Oeste y en Wisconsin, manteniendo un camino creíble para negarle a Trump la nominación en la primera votación con 1.237 delegados. Trump luego aumentó su ventaja al anotar victorias aplastantes en Nueva York y cinco estados del noreste en abril, seguidas de una victoria decisiva en Indiana el 3 de mayo de 2016, asegurando los 57 delegados del estado. Sin más posibilidades de forzar una convención disputada , tanto Cruz [44] como Kasich [45] suspendieron sus campañas. Trump siguió siendo el único candidato activo y fue declarado el presunto candidato republicano por el presidente del Comité Nacional Republicano Reince Priebus en la noche del 3 de mayo de 2016. [46]
Un estudio de 2018 concluyó que la cobertura mediática de Trump condujo a un mayor apoyo público hacia él durante las primarias. El estudio mostró que Trump recibió casi 2 mil millones de dólares en medios gratuitos, más del doble que cualquier otro candidato. El politólogo John M. Sides sostuvo que el aumento de las encuestas de Trump se debió "casi con certeza" a la frecuente cobertura mediática de su campaña. Sides concluyó que "Trump está subiendo en las encuestas porque los medios de comunicación se han centrado constantemente en él desde que anunció su candidatura el 16 de junio". [47] Antes de conseguir la nominación republicana, Trump recibió poco apoyo de los republicanos del establishment. [48]
Nominados
Candidatos
Los principales candidatos fueron seleccionados por los distintos medios de comunicación en base a un consenso común. Los siguientes fueron invitados a debates televisados autorizados en base a sus índices de audiencia.
Trump recibió 14.010.177 votos en total en las primarias. Trump, Cruz, Rubio y Kasich ganaron al menos una primaria cada uno, siendo Trump el que recibió la mayor cantidad de votos y Ted Cruz el segundo.
Selección de vicepresidente
Trump centró su atención en la selección de un compañero de fórmula después de convertirse en el candidato presunto el 4 de mayo de 2016. [84] A mediados de junio, Eli Stokols y Burgess Everett de Politico informaron que la campaña de Trump estaba considerando al gobernador de Nueva Jersey Chris Christie , al expresidente de la Cámara de Representantes Newt Gingrich de Georgia , al senador Jeff Sessions de Alabama y a la gobernadora de Oklahoma Mary Fallin . [85] Un informe del 30 de junio de The Washington Post también incluyó a los senadores Bob Corker de Tennessee, Richard Burr de Carolina del Norte , Tom Cotton de Arkansas, Joni Ernst de Iowa y al gobernador de Indiana Mike Pence como individuos que aún se estaban considerando para la candidatura. [86] Trump también dijo que estaba considerando a dos generales militares para el puesto, incluido el teniente general retirado Michael Flynn . [87]
En julio de 2016, se informó que Trump había reducido su lista de posibles compañeros de fórmula a tres: Christie, Gingrich y Pence. [88]
El 14 de julio de 2016, varios medios de comunicación importantes informaron que Trump había elegido a Pence como su compañero de fórmula. Trump confirmó estos informes en un mensaje de Twitter el 15 de julio de 2016, e hizo el anuncio formalmente al día siguiente en Nueva York. [89] [90] El 19 de julio, la segunda noche de la Convención Nacional Republicana de 2016 , Pence ganó la nominación republicana a la vicepresidencia por aclamación. [91]
Partido Demócrata
Primarias
La exsecretaria de Estado Hillary Clinton , quien también sirvió en el Senado de los Estados Unidos y fue la primera dama de los Estados Unidos , se convirtió en la primera demócrata en el campo en lanzar formalmente una candidatura importante para la presidencia con un anuncio el 12 de abril de 2015, a través de un mensaje de video. [92] Si bien las encuestas de opinión a nivel nacional en 2015 indicaron que Clinton era la favorita para la nominación presidencial demócrata de 2016, enfrentó fuertes desafíos del senador independiente Bernie Sanders de Vermont, [93] quien se convirtió en el segundo candidato importante cuando anunció formalmente el 30 de abril de 2015 que se postulaba para la nominación demócrata. [94] Los números de las encuestas de septiembre de 2015 indicaron una brecha cada vez menor entre Clinton y Sanders. [93] [95] [96] El 30 de mayo de 2015, el exgobernador de Maryland Martin O'Malley fue el tercer candidato importante en ingresar a la carrera primaria demócrata, [97] seguido por el exgobernador independiente y senador republicano de Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee el 3 de junio de 2015, [98] [99] el exsenador de Virginia Jim Webb el 2 de julio de 2015, [100] y el exprofesor de derecho de Harvard Lawrence Lessig el 6 de septiembre de 2015. [101]
El 20 de octubre de 2015, Webb anunció su retirada de las primarias y exploró una posible candidatura independiente. [102] Al día siguiente, el vicepresidente Joe Biden decidió no presentarse, poniendo fin a meses de especulaciones, y declaró: "Si bien no seré candidato, no permaneceré en silencio". [103] [104] El 23 de octubre, Chafee se retiró, declarando que esperaba "el fin de las guerras interminables y el comienzo de una nueva era para los Estados Unidos y la humanidad". [105] El 2 de noviembre, después de no calificar para el segundo debate sancionado por el DNC después de que la adopción de un cambio de reglas anulara las encuestas que antes podrían haber hecho necesaria su inclusión en el debate, Lessig también se retiró, reduciendo el campo a Clinton, O'Malley y Sanders. [106]
El 1 de febrero de 2016, en una contienda extremadamente reñida, Clinton ganó las primarias de Iowa por un margen de 0,2 puntos sobre Sanders. Después de no ganar ningún delegado en Iowa, O'Malley se retiró de la carrera presidencial ese día. El 9 de febrero, Sanders se recuperó para ganar las primarias de Nueva Hampshire con el 60% de los votos. En las dos contiendas restantes de febrero, Clinton ganó las primarias de Nevada con el 53% de los votos y obtuvo una victoria decisiva en las primarias de Carolina del Sur con el 73% de los votos. [107] [108] El 1 de marzo, once estados participaron en la primera de las cuatro primarias del " Supermartes ". Clinton ganó Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Texas y Virginia y 504 delegados comprometidos, mientras que Sanders ganó Colorado , Minnesota, Oklahoma y su estado natal de Vermont y 340 delegados. El fin de semana siguiente, Sanders ganó en Kansas , Nebraska y Maine con márgenes de 15 a 30 puntos, mientras que Clinton ganó las primarias de Luisiana con el 71% de los votos. El 8 de marzo, a pesar de nunca tener una ventaja en las primarias de Michigan , Sanders ganó por un pequeño margen de 1,5 puntos y superando las encuestas por más de 19 puntos, mientras que Clinton ganó el 83% de los votos en Misisipi . [109] El 15 de marzo, el segundo "Supermartes", Clinton ganó en Florida , Illinois , Misuri , Carolina del Norte y Ohio . Entre el 22 de marzo y el 9 de abril, Sanders ganó seis caucus en Idaho , Utah , Alaska , Hawái , Washington y Wyoming , así como las primarias de Wisconsin , mientras que Clinton ganó las primarias de Arizona . El 19 de abril, Clinton ganó las primarias de Nueva York con el 58% de los votos. El 26 de abril, en el tercer "supermartes" conocido como "primaria de Acela", ganó las primarias de Connecticut , Delaware , Maryland y Pensilvania , mientras que Sanders ganó en Rhode Island . En el transcurso de mayo, Sanders logró otra victoria sorpresa en las primarias de Indiana [110] y también ganó en Virginia Occidental y Oregón , mientras que Clinton ganó las primarias de Guam y Kentucky.(y también primarias no vinculantes en Nebraska y Washington).
El 4 y 5 de junio, Clinton obtuvo dos victorias en las primarias de las Islas Vírgenes y Puerto Rico . El 6 de junio de 2016, Associated Press y NBC News informaron que Clinton se había convertido en la candidata presunta después de alcanzar el número requerido de delegados, incluidos los delegados comprometidos y superdelegados , para asegurar la nominación, convirtiéndose en la primera mujer en obtener la nominación presidencial de un partido político importante de EE. UU. [111] El 7 de junio, Clinton aseguró la mayoría de delegados comprometidos después de ganar las primarias en California , Nueva Jersey , Nuevo México y Dakota del Sur , mientras que Sanders ganó solo Montana y Dakota del Norte . Clinton también ganó la primaria final en el Distrito de Columbia el 14 de junio. Al concluir el proceso de primarias, Clinton había ganado 2204 delegados comprometidos (54% del total) otorgados por las elecciones primarias y los caucus, mientras que Sanders había ganado 1847 (46%). De los 714 delegados no comprometidos o "superdelegados" que debían votar en la convención en julio , Clinton recibió el apoyo de 560 (78%), mientras que Sanders recibió 47 (7%). [112]
Aunque Sanders no había abandonado formalmente la carrera, anunció el 16 de junio de 2016 que su principal objetivo en los próximos meses sería trabajar con Clinton para derrotar a Trump en las elecciones generales. [113] El 8 de julio, los designados de la campaña de Clinton, la campaña de Sanders y el Comité Nacional Demócrata negociaron un borrador de la plataforma del partido. [114] El 12 de julio, Sanders respaldó formalmente a Clinton en un mitin en New Hampshire en el que apareció con ella. [115] Sanders luego encabezó 39 mítines de campaña en nombre de Clinton en 13 estados clave. [116]
Nominados
Candidatos
Los siguientes candidatos fueron entrevistados con frecuencia por las principales cadenas de televisión y canales de noticias por cable o figuraron en encuestas nacionales publicadas públicamente. Lessig fue invitado a un foro, pero se retiró cuando se cambiaron las reglas que le impidieron participar en debates oficialmente autorizados.
Clinton recibió 16.849.779 votos en las primarias.
Selección de vicepresidente
En abril de 2016, la campaña de Clinton comenzó a compilar una lista de 15 a 20 personas para examinar para el puesto de compañero de fórmula, a pesar de que Sanders continuó desafiando a Clinton en las primarias demócratas. [122] A mediados de junio, The Wall Street Journal informó que la lista corta de Clinton incluía al representante Xavier Becerra de California, el senador Cory Booker de Nueva Jersey , el senador Sherrod Brown de Ohio , el secretario de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano Julián Castro de Texas , el alcalde de Los Ángeles Eric Garcetti de California , el senador Tim Kaine de Virginia , el secretario de Trabajo Tom Pérez de Maryland , el representante Tim Ryan de Ohio y la senadora Elizabeth Warren de Massachusetts . [123] Informes posteriores indicaron que Clinton también estaba considerando al secretario de Agricultura Tom Vilsack , al almirante retirado James Stavridis y al gobernador John Hickenlooper de Colorado. [124] Al discutir su posible elección de vicepresidente, Clinton dijo que el atributo más importante que buscaba era la capacidad y la experiencia para asumir inmediatamente el papel de presidente. [124]
El 22 de julio, Clinton anunció que había elegido al senador Tim Kaine de Virginia como su compañero de fórmula. [125] Los delegados de la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 2016 , que tuvo lugar del 25 al 28 de julio, nominaron formalmente la candidatura demócrata.
Acceso a la papeleta para 207 votos electorales ( 451 con voto por escrito ): [130] [131] mapa
Como votantes por escrito: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Nueva York, Ohio, Oregón, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia [130] [132] [133] [134] [135]
Sin acceso a las urnas: California, Distrito de Columbia, Massachusetts, Carolina del Norte, Oklahoma [130]
Acceso a la papeleta para 84 votos electorales ( 451 con voto por escrito ): [137] mapa
Como votantes por escrito: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Dakota del Norte, Ohio, Oregón, Pensilvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, Virginia Occidental, Wisconsin [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143]
Sin acceso a las urnas: Distrito de Columbia, Florida, Hawái, Indiana, Misisipi, Nevada, Carolina del Norte, Oklahoma, Dakota del Sur, Wyoming
En algunos estados, el compañero de fórmula de Evan McMullin figuraba como Nathan Johnson en la papeleta en lugar de Mindy Finn, aunque la intención era que Nathan Johnson fuera solo un suplente hasta que se eligiera un compañero de fórmula real. [144]
Partido por el Socialismo y la Liberación
Otras nominaciones
Campaña de elecciones generales
Una boleta de elección general, en la que se enumeran los candidatos a presidente y vicepresidente.
Creencias y políticas de los candidatos
Hillary Clinton centró su candidatura en varios temas, entre ellos el aumento de los ingresos de la clase media, la expansión de los derechos de las mujeres, la instauración de una reforma de la financiación de las campañas y la mejora de la Ley de Atención Sanitaria Asequible . En marzo de 2016, presentó un plan económico detallado que basaba su filosofía económica en el capitalismo inclusivo , que proponía una "recuperación" que anulaba los recortes de impuestos y otros beneficios para las empresas que trasladaban puestos de trabajo al extranjero; con la provisión de incentivos para las empresas que compartieran las ganancias con los empleados, las comunidades y el medio ambiente, en lugar de centrarse en las ganancias a corto plazo para aumentar el valor de las acciones y recompensar a los accionistas; así como aumentar los derechos de negociación colectiva ; y aplicar un "impuesto de salida" a las empresas que trasladaran sus sedes fuera de los EE. UU. para pagar una tasa impositiva más baja en el extranjero. [162] Clinton promovió la igualdad de remuneración por el mismo trabajo para abordar las supuestas deficiencias actuales en lo que se paga a las mujeres por hacer los mismos trabajos que hacen los hombres, [163] promovió explícitamente un enfoque en cuestiones familiares y el apoyo a la educación preescolar universal , [164] expresó su apoyo al derecho al matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo , [164] y propuso permitir que los inmigrantes indocumentados tengan un camino hacia la ciudadanía afirmando que "[e]s en el fondo una cuestión familiar". [165]
La campaña de Donald Trump se basó en gran medida en su imagen personal, realzada por su exposición mediática previa. [166] El lema principal de la campaña de Trump, ampliamente utilizado en la mercancía de campaña, fue Make America Great Again . La gorra de béisbol roja con el lema estampado en el frente se convirtió en un símbolo de la campaña y ha sido usada con frecuencia por Trump y sus partidarios. [167] Las posiciones populistas de derecha de Trump (según The New Yorker , son nativistas , proteccionistas y semiaislacionistas ) difieren en muchos aspectos del conservadurismo estadounidense tradicional . [168] Se opuso a muchos acuerdos de libre comercio y políticas militares intervencionistas que los conservadores generalmente apoyan, y se opuso a los recortes en los beneficios de Medicare y Seguridad Social . Además, ha insistido en que Washington está "roto" y que solo puede ser arreglado por un extraño. [169] [170] [171] El apoyo a Trump fue alto entre los votantes varones blancos de clase trabajadora y media con ingresos anuales de menos de $50,000 y sin título universitario . [172] Este grupo, particularmente aquellos sin un diploma de escuela secundaria , sufrió una disminución en sus ingresos en los últimos años. [173] Según The Washington Post , el apoyo a Trump es mayor en áreas con una tasa de mortalidad más alta para las personas blancas de mediana edad. [174] Una muestra de entrevistas con más de 11.000 encuestados con tendencia republicana de agosto a diciembre de 2015 encontró que Trump en ese momento encontró su apoyo más fuerte entre los republicanos en Virginia Occidental , seguido de Nueva York , y luego seguido por seis estados del sur. [175]
Cobertura mediática
Clinton tuvo una relación incómoda -y, a veces, conflictiva- con la prensa a lo largo de su vida en el servicio público. [176] Semanas antes de su ingreso oficial como candidata presidencial, Clinton asistió a un evento del cuerpo de prensa política, prometiendo comenzar de nuevo en lo que ella describió como una relación "complicada" con los periodistas políticos. [177] Clinton fue inicialmente criticada por la prensa por evitar responder a sus preguntas, [178] [179] después de lo cual proporcionó más entrevistas.
En contraste, Trump se benefició de los medios libres más que cualquier otro candidato. Desde el comienzo de su campaña hasta febrero de 2016, Trump recibió casi $2 mil millones en atención mediática gratuita, el doble de la cantidad que recibió Clinton. [180] Según datos del Tyndall Report , que rastrea el contenido de las noticias nocturnas, hasta febrero de 2016, Trump solo representó más de una cuarta parte de toda la cobertura electoral de 2016 en los noticieros nocturnos de NBC , CBS y ABC , más que todas las campañas demócratas juntas. [181] [182] [183] Los observadores notaron la capacidad de Trump para obtener una cobertura constante de los medios tradicionales "casi a voluntad". [184] Sin embargo, Trump criticó con frecuencia a los medios por escribir lo que él alegaba que eran historias falsas sobre él [185] y ha llamado a sus partidarios a ser "la mayoría silenciosa ". [186] Trump también dijo que los medios "ponen un significado falso en las palabras que digo", y dice que no le importa ser criticado por los medios siempre que sean honestos al respecto. [187] [188]
Controversias
Según una amplia gama de encuestas representativas, tanto Clinton como Trump tenían índices de desfavorabilidad neta significativos, y sus reputaciones controvertidas marcaron el tono de la campaña. [189]
La práctica de Clinton durante su tiempo como Secretaria de Estado de usar una dirección de correo electrónico y un servidor privados , en lugar de los servidores del Departamento de Estado, ganó amplia atención pública en marzo de 2015. [190] Se plantearon preocupaciones sobre la seguridad y la preservación de los correos electrónicos, y la posibilidad de que se hayan violado las leyes. [191] Después de que se plantearan acusaciones de que algunos de los correos electrónicos en cuestión caían en esta categoría llamada "clasificada por nacimiento", se inició una investigación del FBI sobre cómo se manejaba la información clasificada en el servidor de Clinton. [192] [193] [194] [195]
La investigación del FBI concluyó el 5 de julio de 2016, con una recomendación de no presentar cargos, una recomendación que fue seguida por el Departamento de Justicia.
Además, el 9 de septiembre de 2016, Clinton dijo: “Saben, para ser groseramente generalista, se podría poner a la mitad de los partidarios de Trump en lo que yo llamo la canasta de los deplorables . Son racistas, sexistas, homofóbicos, xenófobos, islamófobos, lo que sea”, [196] y agregó: “Pero esa ‘otra’ canasta de personas son personas que sienten que el gobierno los ha decepcionado, que la economía los ha decepcionado, que nadie se preocupa por ellos, a nadie le preocupa lo que sucede con sus vidas y su futuro; y simplemente están desesperados por un cambio... Esas son personas a las que también tenemos que comprender y empatizar”. [197]
Donald Trump criticó su comentario por insultar a sus partidarios. [198] [199] Al día siguiente, Clinton expresó su pesar por haber dicho "a medias", al tiempo que insistió en que Trump había amplificado deplorablemente "opiniones y voces odiosas". [200] Previamente, el 25 de agosto de 2016, Clinton dio un discurso criticando la campaña de Trump por usar "mentiras racistas" y permitir que la extrema derecha ganara prominencia. [201]
El 11 de septiembre de 2016, Clinton abandonó un evento conmemorativo del 11 de septiembre antes de tiempo debido a una enfermedad. [202] Las imágenes de video de la salida de Clinton mostraron que Clinton se tambaleaba y la ayudaban a subir a una camioneta. [203] Más tarde esa noche, Clinton aseguró a los periodistas que se "sentía muy bien". [204] Después de afirmar inicialmente que Clinton se había acalorado en el evento, su campaña agregó más tarde que le habían diagnosticado neumonía dos días antes. [203] Los medios criticaron a la campaña de Clinton por la falta de transparencia con respecto a la enfermedad de Clinton. [203] Clinton canceló un viaje planeado a California debido a su enfermedad. El episodio atrajo renovada atención pública a las preguntas sobre la salud de Clinton. [204]
Por otro lado, el 7 de octubre de 2016, The Washington Post publicó un video y un audio que lo acompañaba en el que Trump se refería obscenamente a las mujeres en una conversación de 2005 con Billy Bush mientras se preparaban para filmar un episodio de Access Hollywood . En la grabación, Trump describió sus intentos de iniciar una relación sexual con una mujer casada y agregó que las mujeres permitirían que las celebridades masculinas manosearan sus genitales (Trump usó la frase "agarrarlas por el coño"). El audio fue recibido con una reacción de incredulidad y disgusto por parte de los medios. [205] [206] [207] Después de la revelación, la campaña de Trump emitió una disculpa, afirmando que el video era de una conversación privada de "hace muchos años". [208] El incidente fue condenado por numerosos republicanos prominentes como Reince Priebus , Mitt Romney , John Kasich , Jeb Bush [209] y el presidente de la Cámara de Representantes Paul Ryan . [210] Muchos creían que el vídeo había condenado las posibilidades de Trump de ganar las elecciones. El 8 de octubre, varias docenas de republicanos habían pedido a Trump que se retirara de la campaña y dejara que Pence y Condoleezza Rice encabezaran la lista. [211] Trump insistió en que nunca se retiraría, pero se disculpó por sus comentarios. [212] [213]
Trump también hizo declaraciones fuertes y controvertidas hacia los musulmanes y el Islam durante la campaña electoral, diciendo: "Creo que el Islam nos odia". [214] Fue criticado y también apoyado por su declaración en un mitin declarando: "Donald J. Trump está pidiendo un cierre total y completo de los musulmanes que entran a los Estados Unidos hasta que los representantes de nuestro país puedan averiguar qué está pasando". [215] Además, Trump anunció que "investigaría" la vigilancia de las mezquitas, y mencionó la posibilidad de perseguir a las familias de los terroristas nacionales a raíz del tiroteo de San Bernardino . [216] Su fuerte retórica hacia los musulmanes dio lugar a que los líderes de ambos partidos condenaran sus declaraciones. Sin embargo, muchos de sus partidarios compartieron su apoyo a su propuesta de prohibición de viajes , a pesar de la reacción negativa. [215]
A lo largo de la campaña, Trump indicó en entrevistas, discursos y publicaciones de Twitter que se negaría a reconocer el resultado de las elecciones si era derrotado. [217] [218] Trump declaró falsamente que las elecciones estarían amañadas en su contra. [219] [220] Durante el debate presidencial final de 2016, Trump se negó a decirle al presentador de Fox News Chris Wallace si aceptaría o no los resultados de las elecciones. [221] El rechazo de los resultados electorales por parte de un candidato importante habría sido sin precedentes en ese momento , ya que ningún candidato presidencial importante se había negado nunca a aceptar el resultado de una elección hasta que Trump lo hizo él mismo en las siguientes elecciones presidenciales de 2020. [222] [223]
La controversia en curso de la elección hizo que terceros partidos atrajeran la atención de los votantes. El 3 de marzo de 2016, el libertario Gary Johnson se dirigió a la Conferencia de Acción Política Conservadora en Washington, DC, promocionándose como la opción de tercer partido para los republicanos anti-Trump. [224] [225] A principios de mayo, algunos comentaristas opinaron que Johnson era lo suficientemente moderado como para quitarle votos tanto a Hillary Clinton como a Donald Trump, quienes eran muy desagradables y polarizadores. [226] Johnson también comenzó a tener tiempo en la televisión nacional, siendo invitado a ABC News , NBC News , CBS News , CNN , Fox News , MSNBC , Bloomberg y muchas otras redes. [227] En septiembre y octubre de 2016, Johnson sufrió una "serie de tropiezos dañinos cuando respondió preguntas sobre asuntos exteriores". [228] [229] El 8 de septiembre, Johnson, cuando apareció en Morning Joe de MSNBC , fue preguntado por el panelista Mike Barnicle : "¿Qué haría, si fuera elegido, sobre Alepo ?" (refiriéndose a una ciudad devastada por la guerra en Siria ). Johnson respondió: "¿Y qué es Alepo?" [230] Su respuesta provocó una amplia atención, gran parte de ella negativa. [230] [231] Más tarde ese día, Johnson dijo que se había "quedado en blanco" y que sí "entendía la dinámica del conflicto sirio ; hablo de ellos todos los días". [231]
Por otra parte, la candidata del Partido Verde Jill Stein dijo que los partidos Demócrata y Republicano son "dos partidos corporativos" que han convergido en uno solo. [232] Preocupada por el ascenso de la extrema derecha a nivel internacional y la tendencia hacia el neoliberalismo dentro del Partido Demócrata, ha dicho: "La respuesta al neofascismo es detener el neoliberalismo. Poner a otra Clinton en la Casa Blanca avivará las llamas de este extremismo de derecha". [233] [234]
En respuesta a los crecientes números de Johnson en las encuestas, la campaña de Clinton y los aliados demócratas aumentaron sus críticas a Johnson en septiembre de 2016, advirtiendo que "un voto por un tercer partido es un voto por Donald Trump" y desplegando al senador Bernie Sanders (ex rival de Clinton en las primarias, que la apoyó en las elecciones generales) para ganar a los votantes que podrían estar considerando votar por Johnson o por Stein. [235]
El 28 de octubre, once días antes de las elecciones, el director del FBI, James Comey, informó al Congreso que el FBI estaba analizando correos electrónicos adicionales de Clinton obtenidos durante su investigación de un caso no relacionado . [236] [237] El 6 de noviembre, notificó al Congreso que los nuevos correos electrónicos no cambiaban la conclusión anterior del FBI. [238] [239] En la semana siguiente a la "Carta de Comey" del 28 de octubre, la ventaja de Clinton cayó en 3 puntos porcentuales, lo que llevó a algunos comentaristas -incluida la propia Clinton- a concluir que esta carta le costó la elección, [240] [241] [242] aunque hay opiniones disidentes. [241]
Acceso a las urnas
Los candidatos en negrita estaban en las papeletas que representaban 270 votos electorales, sin necesidad de estados con votos por escrito.
Todos los demás candidatos estaban en las papeletas de menos de 25 estados, pero tenían más de 270 accesos por escrito.
Mapa de las ubicaciones de las convenciones partidarias para las nominaciones de candidaturas presidenciales y vicepresidenciales.
Partido Demócrata
Partido Republicano
Partido Libertario
Partido Verde
Partido de la Constitución
Partido Republicano
Del 18 al 21 de julio de 2016: se celebró la Convención Nacional Republicana en Cleveland , Ohio. [244] [245]
Partido Demócrata
25 al 28 de julio de 2016: La Convención Nacional Demócrata se celebró en Filadelfia , Pensilvania. [246]
Partido Libertario
26 al 30 de mayo de 2016: Se celebró la Convención Nacional Libertaria en Orlando , Florida. [247] [248]
Partido Verde
Del 4 al 7 de agosto de 2016: se celebró la Convención Nacional Verde en Houston , Texas. [249] [250]
Partido de la Constitución
13 al 16 de abril de 2016: La Convención Nacional del Partido de la Constitución se celebró en Salt Lake City , Utah. [251]
Financiación de campañas
Wall Street gastó una cifra récord de 2.000 millones de dólares intentando influir en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2016. [252] [253]
La siguiente tabla es una descripción general del dinero utilizado en la campaña tal como se informa a la Comisión Federal Electoral (FEC) y se publica en septiembre de 2016. Los grupos externos son comités independientes de solo gastos , también llamados PAC y SuperPAC . Las fuentes de los números son la FEC y OpenSecrets . [254] Algunos totales de gastos no están disponibles, debido a retiros antes de la fecha límite de la FEC. A septiembre de 2016 [update], diez candidatos con acceso a la boleta han presentado informes financieros a la FEC.
^ Deuda contraída con el comité
Derechos de voto
Las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 fueron las primeras en 50 años sin todas las protecciones de la Ley de Derechos Electorales original . [269] Catorce estados tenían nuevas restricciones electorales en vigor , incluidos estados clave como Virginia y Wisconsin. [270] [271] [272] [273] [274]
Administración electoral
Entre los estados que ofrecieron la votación anticipada en persona a todos los votantes en 2016, el 27 por ciento de todos los votos se emitieron anticipadamente en persona. En los estados donde el voto por correo estaba disponible para todos los votantes, el 34 por ciento de todos los votos se emitieron por correo. A nivel nacional, un total del 40 por ciento de los votos se emitieron antes del día de las elecciones en las elecciones generales de 2016. [275]
Trump, que criticó con frecuencia a los medios de comunicación tradicionales , no recibió el apoyo de la gran mayoría de los periódicos. [287] [288] The Las Vegas Review-Journal , [289] The Florida Times-Union , [290] y el tabloide National Enquirer fueron sus partidarios de más alto perfil. [291] USA Today , que no había respaldado a ningún candidato desde su fundación en 1982, rompió la tradición al dar un anti-apoyo contra Trump, declarándolo "no apto para la presidencia". [292] [293]
Gary Johnson recibió el respaldo de varios diarios importantes, incluido el Chicago Tribune , [294] y el Richmond Times-Dispatch . [295] Otros periódicos tradicionalmente republicanos, incluido el New Hampshire Union Leader , que había respaldado al candidato republicano en todas las elecciones durante los últimos 100 años, [296] y The Detroit News , que no había respaldado a un no republicano en sus 143 años, [297] respaldaron a Gary Johnson.
Participación de otros países
Participación rusa
El 9 de diciembre de 2016, la Agencia Central de Inteligencia emitió una evaluación a los legisladores del Senado de los Estados Unidos, afirmando que una entidad rusa hackeó los correos electrónicos del DNC y John Podesta para ayudar a Donald Trump. La Oficina Federal de Investigaciones estuvo de acuerdo. [298] El presidente Barack Obama ordenó una "revisión completa" de tal posible intervención. [299] El director de Inteligencia Nacional, James R. Clapper, a principios de enero de 2017, testificó ante un comité del Senado que la intromisión de Rusia en la campaña presidencial de 2016 fue más allá del hackeo, e incluyó desinformación y la difusión de noticias falsas , a menudo promovidas en las redes sociales. [300] Facebook reveló que durante las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2016, una empresa rusa financiada por Yevgeny Prigozhin , un empresario ruso con vínculos con Vladimir Putin , [301] había comprado anuncios en el sitio web por US$100.000, [302] el 25% de los cuales estaban geográficamente dirigidos a los EE. UU. [303]
El presidente electo Trump originalmente dijo que el informe era inventado. [304] Julian Assange dijo que el gobierno ruso no era la fuente de los documentos. [305] Días después, Trump dijo que podría convencerse del hackeo ruso "si hay una presentación unificada de evidencia del FBI y otras agencias". [306]
El primer método detallado en el informe final fue el uso de la Agencia de Investigación de Internet , que llevó a cabo "una campaña en las redes sociales que favorecía al candidato presidencial Donald J. Trump y menospreciaba a la candidata presidencial Hillary Clinton". [315] La Agencia de Investigación de Internet también buscó "provocar y amplificar la discordia política y social en los Estados Unidos". [316]
El segundo método de interferencia rusa fue el de que el servicio de inteligencia ruso, el GRU , pirateara cuentas de correo electrónico propiedad de voluntarios y empleados de la campaña presidencial de Clinton, incluida la del presidente de la campaña, John Podesta, y también pirateara "las redes informáticas del Comité de Campaña Demócrata del Congreso (DCCC) y el Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC)". [317] Como resultado, el GRU obtuvo cientos de miles de documentos pirateados, y procedió a organizar la divulgación de material pirateado dañino a través de la organización WikiLeaks y también de las personas del GRU " DCLeaks " y " Guccifer 2.0 ". [318] [319]
Para establecer si los miembros de la campaña de Trump cometieron un delito con respecto a la interferencia rusa, los investigadores del fiscal especial "aplicaron el marco de la ley de conspiración ", y no el concepto de "colusión", porque la colusión "no es un delito específico o una teoría de responsabilidad que se encuentre en el Código de los Estados Unidos, ni es un término técnico en el derecho penal federal". [320] [321] También investigaron si los miembros de la campaña de Trump se “coordinaron” con Rusia, utilizando la definición de “coordinación” como “un acuerdo, tácito o expreso, entre la campaña de Trump y el gobierno ruso sobre interferencia electoral”. Los investigadores explicaron además que el mero hecho de que “dos partes tomaran medidas que estuvieran informadas por las acciones o intereses de la otra o respondieran a ellos” no era suficiente para establecer una coordinación. [322]
El informe de Mueller señala que la investigación “identificó numerosos vínculos entre el gobierno ruso y la campaña de Trump”, concluyó que Rusia “percibía que se beneficiaría de una presidencia de Trump” y que la campaña presidencial de Trump de 2016 “esperaba que se beneficiaría electoralmente” de los esfuerzos de piratería informática rusos. En definitiva, “la investigación no estableció que miembros de la campaña de Trump conspiraran o coordinaran con el gobierno ruso en sus actividades de interferencia electoral”. [323] [324]
However, investigators had an incomplete picture of what had really occurred during the 2016 campaign, due to some associates of Trump campaign providing either false, incomplete or declined testimony, as well as having deleted, unsaved or encrypted communications. As such, the Mueller report "cannot rule out the possibility" that information then unavailable to investigators would have presented different findings.[325][326] In March 2020, the US Justice Department dropped its prosecution of two Russian firms linked to interference in the 2016 election.[327][301]
Other countries
Special Council Robert Mueller also investigated the Trump campaign's alleged ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.[328][329] According to The Times of Israel, Trump's longtime confidant Roger Stone "was in contact with one or more apparently well-connected Israelis at the height of the 2016 US presidential campaign, one of whom warned Stone that Trump was 'going to be defeated unless we intervene' and promised 'we have critical intell[sic].'"[330][331]
The Justice Department accused George Nader of providing $3.5 million in illicit campaign donations to Hillary Clinton before the elections and to Trump after he won the elections. According to The New York Times, this was an attempt by the government of United Arab Emirates to influence the election.[332]
In December 2018, a Ukrainian court ruled that prosecutors in Ukraine had meddled in the 2016 election by releasing damaging information on Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort.[333]
Voice of America reported in April 2020 that "U.S. intelligence agencies concluded the Chinese hackers meddled in both the 2016 and 2018 elections."[334]
In July 2021, the US federal prosecutors accused Trump's former adviser Tom Barrack for being an unregistered foreign lobbying agent for the United Arab Emirates during the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump.[335] In 2022, Barrack was found not guilty on all charges.[336]
Notable expressions, phrases, and statements
By Trump and Republicans:
"Because you'd be in jail": Off-the-cuff quip by Donald Trump during the second presidential debate, in rebuttal to Clinton stating it was "awfully good someone with the temperament of Donald Trump is not in charge of the law in our country."[337]
"Big-league": A word used by Donald Trump most notably during the first presidential debate, misheard by many as bigly, when he said, "I'm going to cut taxes big-league, and you're going to raise taxes big-league."[338][339]
"Build the wall": A chant used at many Trump campaign rallies, and Donald Trump's corresponding promise of the Mexican Border Wall.[338]
"Drain the swamp": A phrase Donald Trump invoked late in the campaign to describe what needs to be done to fix problems in the federal government. Trump acknowledged that the phrase was suggested to him, and he was initially skeptical about using it.[340]
"Grab 'em by the pussy" and "when you're a star, they let you do it": A remark made by Trump during a 2005 behind-the-scenes interview with presenter Billy Bush on NBCUniversal's Access Hollywood, which was released during the campaign.
"Lock her up": A chant first used at the Republican convention to claim that Hillary Clinton was guilty of a crime. The chant was later used at many Trump campaign rallies and even against other politicians critical of Trump, such as Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer[343][344] and (as "lock him up") against President Joe Biden.[345] The phrase would also see use in the 2024 United States presidential election by opponents of Trump in reference to his indictments.
"Russia, if you're listening": Used by Donald Trump to invite Russia to "find the 30,000 emails that are missing" (from Hillary Clinton) during a July 2016 news conference.[348]
"Such a nasty woman": Donald Trump's response to Hillary Clinton after her saying that her proposed rise in Social Security contributions would also include Trump's Social Security contributions, "assuming he can't figure out how to get out of it."[338] Later reappropriated by supporters of Clinton[349][350][351] and liberal feminists.[352][353][354]
"They're not sending their best...They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people": Donald Trump's controversial description of those crossing the Mexico–United States border during the June 2015 launch of his campaign.[355]
"What the hell do you have to lose?": Said by Donald Trump to inner-city African Americans at rallies starting on August 19, 2016.[356][357]
By Clinton and Democrats:
"Basket of deplorables": A controversial phrase coined by Hillary Clinton to describe half of those who support Trump.
"I'm with her": Clinton's unofficial campaign slogan ("Stronger Together" was the official slogan).[358]
"What, like with a cloth or something?": Said by Hillary Clinton in response to being asked whether she "wiped" her emails during an August 2015 press conference.[341]
"Why aren't I 50 points ahead?": Rhetorical question asked by Hillary Clinton during a video address to the Laborers' International Union of North America on September 21, 2016, which was then turned into an opposition ad by the Trump campaign.[359][360]
The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a non-profit organization, hosted debates between qualifying presidential and vice-presidential candidates. According to the commission's website, to be eligible to opt to participate in the anticipated debates, "in addition to being Constitutionally eligible, candidates must appear on a sufficient number of state ballots to have a mathematical chance of winning a majority vote in the Electoral College, and have a level of support of at least 15 percent of the national electorate as determined by five selected national public opinion polling organizations, using the average of those organizations' most recently publicly-reported results at the time of the determination."[364]
On August 19, Kellyanne Conway, Trump's campaign manager confirmed that Trump would participate in a series of three debates.[366][367][368][369] Trump had complained two of the scheduled debates, one on September 26 and the other October 9, would have to compete for viewers with National Football League games, referencing the similar complaints made regarding the dates with low expected ratings during the Democratic Party presidential debates.[370]
There were also debates between independent candidates.
The news media and election experts were surprised at Trump's winning of the Electoral College. On the eve of the vote, spread betting firm Spreadex had Clinton at an Electoral College spread of 307–322 against Trump's 216–231.[372] The final polls showed a lead by Clinton and in the end she did receive more votes.[373] Trump himself expected, based on polling, to lose the election, and rented a small hotel ballroom to make a brief concession speech, later remarking: "I said if we're going to lose I don't want a big ballroom."[374] Trump performed surprisingly well in all battleground states, especially Florida, Iowa, Ohio, and North Carolina. Even the Democratic-leaning Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin were narrowly won by Trump.[375]
According to the authors of Shattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign, the White House had concluded by late Tuesday night that Trump would win the election. Obama's political director David Simas called Clinton campaign manager Robby Mook to persuade Clinton to concede the election, with no success. Obama then called Clinton directly, citing the importance of continuity of government, to ask her to publicly acknowledge that Trump had won.[376] Believing that Clinton was still unwilling to concede, the president then called her campaign chair John Podesta, but the call to Clinton had likely already persuaded her.[377]
The Associated Press called Pennsylvania for Trump at 1:35 AM EST, putting Trump at 267 electoral votes. By 2:01 AM EST, they had called both Maine and Nebraska's second congressional districts for Trump, putting him at 269 electoral votes, making it impossible for Clinton to reach 270. One minute after this, John Podesta told Hillary Clinton's victory party in New York that the election was too close to call. At 2:29 AM EST, the Associated Press called Wisconsin, and the election, for Trump, giving him 279 electoral votes. By 2:37 AM EST, Clinton had called Trump to concede the election.[378][379]
On Wednesday morning at 2:30 AM EST, it was reported that Trump had secured Wisconsin's 10 electoral votes, giving him a majority of the 538 electors in the Electoral College, enough to make him the president-elect of the United States,[380] and Trump gave his victory speech at 2:50 AM EST.[380]
Later that day, Clinton asked her supporters to accept the result and hoped that Trump would be "a successful president for all Americans."[381] In his speech, Trump appealed for unity, saying "it is time for us to come together as one united people", and praised Clinton as someone who was owed "a major debt of gratitude for her service to our country."[382]
Statistical analysis
The 2016 election was the fifth and most recent presidential election in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote.[2][4] Six states plus a portion of Maine that Obama won in 2012 switched to Trump (Electoral College votes in parentheses): Florida (29), Pennsylvania (20), Ohio (18), Michigan (16), Wisconsin (10), Iowa (6), and Maine's second congressional district (1). Initially, Trump won exactly 100 more Electoral College votes than Mitt Romney had in 2012, with two lost to faithless electors in the final tally. Thirty-nine states swung more Republican compared to the previous presidential election, while eleven states and the District of Columbia swung more Democratic.[243] Based on United States Census Bureau estimates of the voting age population (VAP), turnout of voters casting a vote for president was nearly 1% higher than in 2012. Examining overall turnout in the 2016 election, the University of Florida's Michael McDonald estimated that 138.8 million Americans cast a ballot. Considering a VAP of 250.6 million people and a voting-eligible population (VEP) of 230.6 million people, this is a turnout rate of 55.4% VAP and 60.2% VEP.[383] Based on this estimate, voter turnout was up compared to 2012 (54.1% VAP) but down compared to 2008 (57.4% VAP). An FEC report of the election recorded an official total of 136.7 million votes cast for president—more than any prior election.[1]
By losing New York, Trump became the fourth and most recent victorious candidate to lose his home state, which also occurred in 1844, 1916, and 1968. And along with James Polk in 1844, Trump is one of two victorious presidential nominees to win without either their home state or birth state (in this case, both were New York). Data scientist Hamdan Azhar noted the paradoxes of the 2016 outcome, saying that "chief among them [was] the discrepancy between the popular vote, which Hillary Clinton won by 2.8 million votes, and the electoral college, where Trump won 304–227." He said Trump outperformed Mitt Romney's 2012 results, while Clinton only just matched Barack Obama's 2012 totals. Hamdan also said Trump was "the highest vote earner of any Republican candidate ever", exceeding George W. Bush's 62.04 million votes in 2004, though neither reached Clinton's 65.9 million, nor Obama's 69.5 million votes in 2008. He concluded, with help from The Cook Political Report, that the election hinged not on Clinton's large 2.8 million overall vote margin over Trump, but rather on about 78,000 votes from only three counties in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.[384] Clinton was the first former Secretary of State to be nominated by a major political party since James G. Blaine in 1884.
This is the first and only election since 1988 in which the Republican nominee won the states of Michigan and Pennsylvania, and the first since 1984 in which they won Wisconsin. It was the first time since 1988 that the Republicans won Maine's second congressional district and the first time since George W. Bush's victory in New Hampshire in 2000 that they won any electoral votes in the Northeast. This marked the first time that Maine split its electoral votes since it began awarding them based on congressional districts in 1972, and the first time the state split its electoral vote since 1828. The 2016 election marked the eighth consecutive presidential election where the victorious major party nominee did not receive a popular vote majority by a double-digit margin over the losing major party nominee(s), with the sequence of presidential elections from 1988 through 2016 surpassing the sequence from 1876 through 1900 to become the longest sequence of such presidential elections in U.S. history.[385][386] It was also the sixth presidential election in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state; the others have been in 1860, 1904, 1920, 1940, and 1944. It was also the first election since 1928 that the Republicans won without having either Richard Nixon or one of the Bushes on the ticket.
Trump was the first president with neither prior public service nor military experience. This election was the first since 1908 where neither candidate was currently serving in public office. This was the first election since 1980 where a Republican was elected without carrying every former Confederate state in the process, as Trump lost Virginia in this election.[b] Trump became the only Republican to earn more than 300 electoral votes since the 1988 election and the only Republican to win a Northeastern state since George W. Bush won New Hampshire in 2000. This was the first time since 1976 that a Republican presidential candidate lost a pledged vote via a faithless elector and additionally, this was the first time since 1972 that the winning presidential candidate lost an electoral vote. With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.27%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996, while Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%), the most for a Green nominee since Ralph Nader in 2000. Johnson received the highest ever share of the vote for a Libertarian nominee, surpassing Ed Clark's 1980 result.[387]
Independent candidate Evan McMullin, who appeared on the ballot in eleven states, received over 732,000 votes (0.53%). He won 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a third-party candidate in any state since 1992. Despite dropping out of the election following his defeat in the Democratic primary, Senator Bernie Sanders received 5.7% of the vote in his home state of Vermont, the highest write-in draft campaign percentage for a presidential candidate in American history. Johnson and McMullin were the first third-party candidates since Nader to receive at least 5% of the vote in one or more states, with Johnson crossing the mark in nine states and McMullin crossing it in two.[387] Trump became the oldest non-incumbent candidate elected president, besting Ronald Reagan in 1980, although this would be surpassed by Joe Biden in the next election.
Of the 3,153 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Trump won the most popular votes in 2,649 (84.02%) while Clinton carried 504 (15.98%).[388]
Electoral results
Notes:
^ a bIn state-by-state tallies, Trump earned 306 pledged electors, Clinton 232. They lost respectively two and five votes to faithless electors. Vice presidential candidates Pence and Kaine lost one and five votes, respectively. Three other votes by electors were invalidated and recast.
^In 1980, Democrat Jimmy Carter carried his home state of Georgia despite losing the election.
^Pence received 305 electoral votes for vice president, but only 304 as part of the Trump–Pence ticket; one faithless elector from Texas voted for Ron Paul as president instead of Trump, and is recorded separately below.[1]
^ a b c d e f g h i j kReceived electoral vote(s) from a faithless elector
^ a b c d e f g hCandidate received votes as a write-in. The exact numbers of write-in votes have been published for three states: California, New Hampshire, and Vermont.[390]
^ a b cTwo faithless electors from Texas cast their presidential votes for Ron Paul and John Kasich, respectively. Chris Suprun said he cast his presidential vote for John Kasich and his vice presidential vote for Carly Fiorina. The other faithless elector in Texas, Bill Greene, cast his presidential vote for Ron Paul but cast his vice presidential vote for Mike Pence, as pledged. John Kasich received recorded write-in votes in Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
Results by state
The table below displays the official vote tallies by each state's Electoral College voting method. The source for the results of all states is the official Federal Election Commission report.[2] The column labeled "Margin" shows Trump's margin of victory over Clinton (the margin is negative for every state that Clinton won). A total of 29 third party and independent presidential candidates appeared on the ballot in at least one state. Former Governor of New MexicoGary Johnson and physician Jill Stein repeated their 2012 roles as the nominees for the Libertarian Party and the Green Party, respectively.[391]
Aside from Florida and North Carolina, the states that secured Trump's victory are situated in the Great Lakes/Rust Belt region. Wisconsin went Republican for the first time since 1984, while Pennsylvania and Michigan went Republican for the first time since 1988.[392][393][394] Stein petitioned for a recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. The Clinton campaign pledged to participate in the Green Party recount efforts, while Trump backers challenged them in court.[395][396][397] Meanwhile, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente petitioned for and was granted a partial recount in Nevada.[398] According to a 2021 study in Science Advances, conversion of voters who voted for Obama in 2012 to Trump in 2016 contributed to Republican flips in Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.[399]
Two states (Maine[a] and Nebraska) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates by congressional districts. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes.[456][457] Results are from The New York Times.[458]
States and EV districts that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Vote margin swing by state 2012 to 2016. Only eleven states (as well as the District of Columbia and Nebraska's 2nd congressional district) shifted more Democratic. The large swing in Utah is mostly due to the votes for third-party candidate Evan McMullin and the 2012 candidacy of Mitt Romney.
Most media outlets announced the beginning of the presidential race about twenty months prior to Election Day. Soon after the first contestants declared their candidacy, Larry Sabato listed Virginia, Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire, Florida, Nevada, and Ohio as the seven states most likely to be contested in the general election. After Donald Trump clinched the Republican presidential nomination, many pundits felt that the major campaign locations might be different from what had originally been expected.[459]
Rust Belt states such as Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and even Michigan were thought to be in play with Trump as the nominee, while states with large minority populations, such as Colorado and Virginia, were expected to shift towards Clinton.[460] By the conventions period and the debates, however, it did not seem as though the Rust Belt states could deliver a victory to Trump, as many of them were considered to be part of the "blue wall" of Democratic-leaning states. Trump's courting of the Polish-American vote, a sizable number of whom were Reagan Democrats, has been cited as the cause for the loss of the Rust Belt by the Democratic nominee.[461] According to Politico[462] and FiveThirtyEight, his path to victory went through states such as Florida, North Carolina, Nevada, New Hampshire, and possibly Colorado.[463][464][465][466]
A consensus among political pundits developed throughout the primary election season regarding swing states.[470] From the results of presidential elections from 2004 through to 2012, the Democratic and Republican parties would generally start with a safe electoral vote count of about 150 to 200.[471][472] However, the margins required to constitute a swing state are vague, and can vary between groups of analysts.[473][474] It was thought that left-leaning states in the Rust Belt could become more conservative, as Trump had strong appeal among many blue-collar workers.[475] They represent a large portion of the American populace and were a major factor in Trump's eventual nomination. Trump's primary campaign was propelled by victories in Democratic states, and his supporters often did not identify as Republican.[476]
Media reports indicated that both candidates planned to concentrate on Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio and North Carolina.[477][478] Among the Republican-leaning states, potential Democratic targets included Nebraska's second congressional district, Georgia, and Arizona.[479] Trump's relatively poor polling in some traditionally Republican states, such as Utah, raised the possibility that they could vote for Clinton, despite easy wins there by recent Republican nominees.[480] However, many analysts asserted that these states were not yet viable Democratic destinations.[481][482] Several sites and individuals publish electoral predictions. These generally rate the race by the likelihood for each party to win a state.[483] The "tossup" label is usually used to indicate that neither party has an advantage, "lean" to indicate a party has a slight edge, "likely" to indicate a party has a clear but not overwhelming advantage, and "safe" to indicate a party has an advantage that cannot be overcome.[484]
As the parameters of the race established themselves, analysts converged on a narrower list of contested states, which were relatively similar to those of recent elections. On November 7, the Cook Political Report categorized Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin as states with close races. Additionally, a district from each of Maine and Nebraska were considered to be coin flips.[485] Meanwhile, FiveThirtyEight listed twenty-two states as potentially competitive about a month before the election—Maine's two at-large electoral votes, New Mexico, Minnesota, Michigan, Colorado, Virginia, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Nevada, Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa, Arizona, Georgia, Alaska, South Carolina, Texas, Indiana, Missouri, and Utah—as well as Maine's second and Nebraska's second congressional districts.[486]Nate Silver, the publication's editor-in-chief, subsequently removed Texas, South Carolina, Missouri, and Indiana from the list after the race tightened significantly.[487] These conclusions were supported by models such as the Princeton Elections Consortium, the New York Times Upshot, and punditry evaluations from Sabato's Crystal Ball and the Cook Political Report.[488][489][490][491]
Hillary Clinton won states like New Mexico by less than 10 percentage points.[492] Among the states where the candidates finished at a margin of within seven percent, Clinton won Virginia (13 electoral votes), Colorado (9), Maine (2), Minnesota (10), and New Hampshire (4). On the other hand, Trump won Michigan (16), Pennsylvania (20), Wisconsin (10), Florida (29), North Carolina (15), Arizona (11), Nebraska's second district (1), and Georgia (16). States won by Obama in the 2012, such as Ohio (18), Iowa (6), and Maine's second district (1), were also won by Trump. The close result in Maine was not expected by most commentators, nor were Trump's victory of over 10 points in the second district and their disparities.[493][494][495] The dramatic shift of Midwestern states towards Trump were contrasted in the media against the relative movement of Southern states towards the Democrats.[496] For example, former Democratic strongholds such as Minnesota and Maine leaned towards the GOP while still voting Democratic, albeit by smaller margins. Meanwhile, Iowa voted more Republican than Texas did, Georgia was more Democratic than Ohio, and the margin of victory for Trump was greater in North Carolina than Arizona.[497][498] Trump's smaller victories in Alaska and Utah also took some experts by surprise.[499]
Close states
States where the margin of victory was under 1% (50 electoral votes; 46 won by Trump, 4 by Clinton):
Results by state, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Results by vote distribution among states. The size of each state's pie chart is proportional to its number of electoral votes.
Results by county. Red denotes counties that went to Trump; blue denotes counties that went to Clinton.
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
A discontinuous cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election
A continuous cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election
A discretized cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election using squares
A discretized cartogram of the 2016 United States presidential election using hexagons
Results of election by congressional district, shaded by winning candidate's percentage of the vote
County swing from 2012 to 2016
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Gary Johnson
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Jill Stein
Results by county, shaded according to percentage of the vote for Evan McMullin
Results by state, shaded according to margin of victory
Voter demographics
Voter demographic data for 2016 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, CBS News, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News, and the Associated Press. The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 24,537 voters leaving 350 voting places throughout the United States on Election Day, in addition to 4,398 telephone interviews with early and absentee voters.[501] Trump's crucial victories in the Midwest were aided in large part by his strong margins among non-collegewhites—while Obama lost those voters by a margin of 10 points in 2012, Clinton lost this group by 20 percent. The election also represented the first time that Republicans performed better among lower-income whites than among affluent white voters.[502] Clinton however had the majority amongst lower-income Americans overall.
However, "more convincing data"[505] from the polling firm Latino Decisions indicates that Clinton received a higher share of the Hispanic vote, and Trump a lower share, than the Edison exit polls showed. Using wider, more geographically and linguistically representative sampling, Latino Decisions concluded that Clinton won 79% of Hispanic voters (also an improvement over Obama's share in 2008 and 2012), while Trump won only 18% (lower than previous Republicans such as Romney and McCain).[506] Additionally, the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study found that Clinton's share of the Hispanic vote was one percentage point higher than Obama's in 2012, while Trump's was seven percentage points lower than Romney's.[507]
Similarly, a large, multi-lingual study by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund found that Clinton won 79% of Asian-American voters, higher than the Edison exit poll showed, while Trump won only 18%, a decrease from McCain's and Romney's numbers.[508] Furthermore, according to the AALDEF's report, Trump received merely 2% of the Muslim-American vote, whereas Clinton received 97%.[509]The low percentage of Muslim votes for Trump may have been influenced by much of his rhetoric during the campaign regarding Muslims and Islam. The issue of islamophobia was demonstrated to be an important political issue for Muslim voters; an ISPU study done in 2016 found that, "...outside the issues of discrimination and Islamophobia there aren't, like, one or two big issues that unite all Muslims."[510]
Viewership
The 2016 election was highly-viewed, setting viewership records on CNN and Fox News. Over 28 million people watched the election on cable television, with 63.99 million viewers including broadcast television. While more highly-viewed than 2012 (60.86 million viewers), it was less viewed than 2008 (71.5 million viewers).[511]
Predictions
Final polling averages for the 2016 election by state. Polls from lightly shaded states are older than September 1, 2016.
Various methods were used to forecast the outcome of the 2016 election.[512] There were many competing election forecast approaches including Nate Silver's FiveThirtyEight, The Upshot at The New York Times, Daily Kos, Princeton Election Consortium, Cook Political Report, Rothenberg and Gonzales, PollyVote, Sabato's Crystal Ball and Electoral-Vote. These models mostly showed a Democratic advantage since the nominees were confirmed, and were supported by pundits and statisticians, including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight, Nate Cohn at The New York Times, and Larry Sabato from the Crystal Ball newsletter, who predicted a Democratic victory in competitive presidential races and projected consistent leads in several battleground states around the country.[513] However, FiveThirtyEight's model pointed to the possibility of an Electoral College-popular vote split widening in the final weeks based on Trump's improvement in swing states like Florida or Pennsylvania. This was due to the demographics targeted by Trump's campaign which lived in big numbers there, in addition to Clinton's poor performance in several of those swing states in comparison with Obama's performance in 2012, as well as having a big number of her potential voters in very populated traditionally 'blue' states, but also in some very populated states traditionally 'red', like Texas, which were projected safe for Trump.[514]
Early exit polls generally favored Clinton.[515] After the polls closed and some of the results came in, the forecasts were found to be inaccurate, as Trump performed better in the competitive Midwestern states, such as Iowa, Ohio, and Minnesota, than expected. Three states (Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Michigan) which were considered to be part of Clinton's firewall, were won by Trump.[515] Of the states in the Great Lakes region, Clinton won the swing state of Minnesota by one point, as well as traditional Democratic strongholds such as New York and Illinois with populous urban centers. This result stands in contrast to that of 2012, when President Barack Obama won all but Indiana, which he carried in 2008. This table displays the final polling average published by Real Clear Politics on November 7, the actual electoral margin, and the over-performance by either candidate relative to the polls.
Many pollsters were puzzled by the failure of mainstream forecasting models to predict the outcome of the 2016 election.[532][533] Some journalists compared the 2016 election to the failure of prognosticator Arthur Henning in the "Dewey Defeats Truman" incident from the 1948 presidential election.[534][535]Sean Trende, writing for RealClearPolitics, wrote that many of the polls were accurate, but that the pundits' interpretation of these polls neglected polling error.[536]Nate Silver found that the high number of undecided and third-party voters in the election was neglected in many of these models, and that many of these voters decided to vote for Trump.[537] According to a February 2018 study by Public Opinion Quarterly, the main sources of polling error were "a late swing in vote preference toward Trump and a pervasive failure to adjust for over-representation of college graduates (who favored Clinton)", whereas the share of "shy" Trump voters (who declined to admit their support for Trump to the pollsters) proved to be negligible.[538]Political scientist Lloyd Gruber said, "One of the major casualties of the 2016 election season has been the reputation of political science, a discipline whose practitioners had largely dismissed Donald Trump's chances of gaining the Republican nomination."[539] Trump said that he was surprised, and added "I always used to believe in [polls]. I don't believe them anymore."[374]
FiveThirtyEight's final polls-plus forecast predicted 18 states, plus the second congressional districts of Maine and Nebraska, with an interval of confidence lower than 90%.[540][541] However, every major forecaster, including FiveThirtyEight, The New York Times Upshot, prediction markets aggregator PredictWise, ElectionBettingOdds from Maxim Lott and John Stossel, the DailyKos, the Princeton Election Consortium, the Huffington Post, the Cook Political Report, Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball, and the Rothenberg and Gonzales Report, called every state the same way (although Cook and Rothenberg-Gonzales left two and five states as toss-ups, respectively). The lone exception was Maine's 2nd congressional district. Of the forecasters who published results on the district, the Times gave Trump a 64% chance of winning and PredictWise a 52% chance, FiveThirtyEight gave Clinton a 51% chance of winning in polls-only and 54% in polls-plus, Princeton gave her a 60% chance, Cook labelled it a toss-up, and Sabato leaned it towards Trump.[112] The following table displays the final winning probabilities given by each outlet, along with the final electoral result. The states shown have been identified by Politico,[542]WhipBoard,[543]The New York Times,[544] and the Crystal Ball as battlegrounds.
Post-election events and controversies
Trump's victory, considered unlikely by most forecasts,[545][546][547][548][549] was characterized as an "upset" and as "shocking" by the media.[550][551][552][553] Trump himself thought he would lose even as the polls were closing.[554]
Protests
News report about the protests in Los Angeles on November 12 from Voice of America
Following the announcement of Trump's election, large protests broke out across the United States with some continuing for several days.[555][556][557][558]
Protesters held up a number of different signs and chanted various shouts including "Not my president" and "We don't accept the president-elect."[559][555] The movement organized on Twitter under the hashtags #Antitrump and #NotMyPresident.[560][561]
High school and college students walked out of classes to protest.[562] At a few protests fires were lit, flags and other items were burned and people yelled derogatory remarks about Trump. Rioters also broke glass at certain locations.[563][564]Celebrities such as Madonna, Cher, and Lady Gaga took part in New York.[565][566][567]Kendrick Lamar's song "Alright" was used repeatedly by protestors, despite the movement receiving no endorsement from Lamar himself.[568][569][570] Some protesters took to blocking freeways in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Portland, Oregon, and were dispersed by police in the early hours of the morning.[571][572] In a number of cities, protesters were dispersed with rubber bullets, pepper spray and bean-bags fired by police.[573][574][575]In New York City, calls were made to continue the protests over the coming days after the election.[576] Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti expressed understanding of the protests and praised those who peacefully wanted to make their voices heard.[577]
Vote tampering concerns
"How Hard Is It to Hack the US Election" video report from Voice of America, November5, 2016 (three days before the election)
After the election, computer scientists, including J. Alex Halderman, the director of the University of Michigan Center for Computer Security and Society, urged the Clinton campaign to request an election recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania (three swing states where Trump had won narrowly) for the purpose of excluding the possibility that the hacking of electronic voting machines had influenced the recorded outcome.[578][579][580] However, statistician Nate Silver performed a regression analysis which demonstrated that the alleged discrepancy between paper ballots and electronic voting machines "completely disappears once you control for race and education level."[581] On November 25, 2016, the Obama administration said the results from November8 "accurately reflect the will of the American people."[582] The following day, the White House released another statement, saying: "the federal government did not observe any increased level of malicious cyberactivity aimed at disrupting our electoral process on Election Day."[583][584]
In the years following the election, Hillary Clinton has alleged that official maleficence contributed to and may have caused her electoral loss, saying in 2022, "Literally within hours of the polls closing in 2016, we had so much evidence pouring in about voters being turned away in Milwaukee and not being able to vote in Detroit. These states were run by Republicans so there was no way to find out the truth about any of them."[585]
Donald Trump and New Hampshire governor Chris Sununu both complained that liberal voters from Massachusetts were illegally bused into New Hampshire for the 2016 election, and Scott Brown blamed the same phenomenon for losing his senate race in 2014.[586] The New Hampshire Secretary of State and New Hampshire Department of Justice issued a report in 2018 regarding complaints of voters being bused in from Vermont, Maine, and Massachusetts for the 2016 election. They found that in every case, field inspectors were able to determine that the voters were from New Hampshire, though they were riding a bus operated by an out-of-state company (which has its name and address written on the outside of the bus, presumably the source of the confusion).[586] Out of 743,000 votes cast, four were determined to be cast illegally, either because the voters were told to go to the wrong location, or because the voter believed they were able to vote in each town in which they owned property.[586] Out of about 6,000 same-day voter registrations in the state, the report says only 66 voters could not have their residency confirmed (though fraud is not the only explanation for such a failure).[586]
Recount petitions
On November 23, Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein launched a public fundraiser to pay for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, asserting that the election's outcome had been affected by hacking in those states; Stein did not provide evidence for her claims.[587][588] Changing the outcome of these three states would make Clinton the winner, and this would require showing that fewer than 60,000 votes had been counted for Trump which should have been counted for Clinton. Stein filed for a recount in Wisconsin on November 25,[589] after which Clinton campaign general counsel Marc Elias said their campaign would join Stein's recount efforts in that state and possibly others "in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides."[396][590] Stein subsequently filed for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28,[591] and in Michigan on November 30.[592] Concurrently, American Delta Party/Reform Party presidential candidate Rocky De La Fuente sought and was granted a partial recount in Nevada that was unrelated to Stein's efforts.[398]
President-elect Donald Trump issued a statement denouncing Stein's Wisconsin recount request saying, "The people have spoken and the election is over." Trump further commented that the recount "is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded."[593] The Trump campaign and Republican Party officials moved to block Stein's three recount efforts through state and federal courts.[594][595]
U.S. District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered a halt to the recount in Michigan on December 7, dissolving a previous temporary restraining order against the Michigan Board of Elections that allowed the recount to continue, stating in his order: "Plaintiffs have not presented evidence of tampering or mistake. Instead, they present speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery—but not actual injury."[596] On December 12, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond rejected an appeal by the Green Party and Jill Stein to force a recount in Pennsylvania, stating that suspicion of a hacked Pennsylvania election "borders on the irrational" and that granting the Green Party's recount bid could "ensure that no Pennsylvania vote counts" given the December 13, 2016, federal deadline to certify the vote for the Electoral College.[597] Meanwhile, the Wisconsin recount was allowed to continue as it was nearing completion and had uncovered no significant irregularities.[598]
The recounts in Wisconsin and Nevada were completed on schedule, resulting in only minor changes to vote tallies.[599][600] A partial recount of Michigan ballot found some precinct imbalances in Detroit, which were corrected. A subsequent state audit found no evidence of voter fraud and concluded that the mistakes, which were "almost entirely" caused by poll-worker mistakes attributed to poor training, did not impair "the ability of Detroit residents to cast a ballot and have their vote counted."[601] The overall outcome of the election remained unchanged by the recount efforts.[599][600][602]
Electoral College lobbying
Intense lobbying (in one case involving claims of harassment and death threats)[603] and grass-roots campaigns were directed at various GOP electors of the United States Electoral College[604] to convince a sufficient number of them (37) to not vote for Trump, thus precluding a Trump presidency.[605] Members of the Electoral College themselves started a campaign for other members to "vote their conscience for the good of America" in accordance with Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Paper No. 68.[606][607][608][609] Former candidate Lawrence Lessig and attorney Laurence Tribe established The Electors Trust on December 5 under the aegis of Equal Citizens to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for members of the Electoral College who were considering a vote of conscience against Trump.[610]
On December 6, Colorado Secretary of StateWayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[611]
On December 10, ten electors, in an open letter headed by Christine Pelosi to the Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, demanded an intelligence briefing[612][613] in light of Russian interference in the election to help Trump win the presidency.[614] Fifty-eight additional electors subsequently added their names to the letter,[613] bringing the total to 68 electors from 17 different states.[615] On December 16, the briefing request was denied.[616]
On December 19, several electors voted against their pledged candidates: two against Trump and five against Clinton. A further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. The 115th United States Congress officially certified the results on January 6, 2017.[617][618]
Faithless electors
In the Electoral College vote on December 19, for the first time since the ratification of the 12th Amendment, multiple faithless electors voted against their pledged qualified presidential candidate.[b] Five Democrats rebelled in Washington and Hawaii, while two Republicans rebelled in Texas.[619] Two Democratic electors, one in Minnesota and one in Colorado, were replaced after voting for Bernie Sanders and John Kasich, respectively.[620][621] Electors in Maine conducted a second vote after one of its members voted for Sanders; the elector then voted for Clinton.[622] Likewise, for the first time since 1896,[c] multiple faithless electors voted against the pledged qualified vice presidential candidate.
One Clinton elector in Colorado attempted to vote for John Kasich.[623] The single vote was ruled invalid by Colorado state law, the elector was dismissed, and an alternative elector was sworn in who voted for Clinton.[624][621]
One Clinton elector in Minnesota voted for Bernie Sanders as president and Tulsi Gabbard as vice president; his votes were discarded and he was replaced by an alternate who voted for Clinton.[624]
One Clinton elector in Maine voted for Bernie Sanders; this vote was invalidated as "improper" and the elector subsequently voted for Clinton.[624]
Four Clinton electors in Washington did not vote for Clinton (three votes went to Colin Powell, and one to Faith Spotted Eagle).[625]
One Trump elector in Georgia resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[626]
Two Trump electors in Texas did not vote for Trump (one vote went to John Kasich, one to Ron Paul); one elector did not vote for Pence and instead voted for Carly Fiorina for vice president; a third resigned before the vote rather than vote for Trump and was replaced by an alternate.[625]
One Clinton elector in Hawaii voted for Bernie Sanders.[627]
Of the faithless votes, Colin Powell and Elizabeth Warren were the only two to receive more than one; Powell received three electoral votes for president and Warren received two for vice president. Receiving one valid electoral vote each were Sanders, John Kasich, Ron Paul and Faith Spotted Eagle for president, and Carly Fiorina, Susan Collins, Winona LaDuke and Maria Cantwell for vice president. Sanders is the first Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for president. LaDuke is the first Green Party member to receive an electoral vote, and Paul is the third member of the Libertarian Party to do so, following the party's presidential and vice-presidential nominees each getting one vote in 1972. It is the first election with faithless electors from more than one political party.
Critics alleged racial bias after comparing the different sentences handed down to two white people and one black person who were convicted of attempting to vote illegally in the 2016 presidential election.[639]
^Maine split its electoral votes for the first time since 1828.[455]
^The 1872 presidential election also saw multiple electors vote for a different candidate than that pledged, due to the death of Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley, after the popular vote, yet before the meeting of the Electoral College. Greeley still garnered three posthumous electoral votes which Congress subsequently dismissed.
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^Opinion: Would a woman have been sentenced to prison for illegal voting if she were White? Unlikely.
Further reading
Berman, Ari (November–December 2017). "Rigged: How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018.
Lauck, Jon K. "Trump and The Midwest: The 2016 Presidential Election and The Avenues of Midwestern Historiography" Studies in Midwestern History (2017) vol 3#1 online
Ott, Brian L. (2017). "The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 34 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686.
Patterson, Thomas E. (July 11, 2016). "News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: Horse Race Reporting Has Consequences". Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018.
Ross, Andrew S.; Rivers, Damian J. (April 2017). "Digital cultures of political participation: Internet memes and the discursive delegitimization of the 2016 U.S Presidential candidates". Discourse, Context & Media. 16: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2017.01.001.
Rozell, Mark J., ed. (2017). God at the Grassroots 2016: The Christian Right in American Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 978-1538108918
Sabato, Larry; Kondik, Kyle; Shelley, Geoffrey, eds. (2017). Trumped: The 2016 Election That Broke All the Rules. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-7940-7.
Schaffner, Brian; Clark, John A., eds. (2017). Making Sense of the 2016 Elections: A CQ Press Guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-5063-8418-4.
Visser, Beth A.; Book, Angela S.; Volk, Anthony A. (2017). "Is Hillary dishonest and Donald narcissistic? A HEXACO analysis of the presidential candidates' public personas". Personality and Individual Differences. 106: 281–286. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.053.
West, Darrell M. (2017). Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952–2016. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. ISBN 9781506329833.
External links
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