Didelphimorphia is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South Americanmarsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. They are small to medium-sized marsupials, about the size of a large house cat, with a long snout and prehensile tail.
The armadillos are small mammals with a bony armored shell. They are native to the Americas. There are around 20 extant species. Only the nine-banded armadillo is found in the United States.
Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (99 lb).
The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.
The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.
The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.
The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as opossum D. marsupialis (merged MexicanD. marsupialis and D. virginiana).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Mexican fox squirrel, Sciurus nayaritensis: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - only as Apache fox squirrel S. apache.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Not recognized as a separate species in the Mammal Diversity Database v. 1.10.[8]
^ a b c d e f g hKays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - described as the nominative species and 1 or 2 additional distinct species.
^ a bMammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] and IUCN Red List,[6] also probably North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] - Dipodomys elephantinus merged with D. venustus as D. venustus elephantinus.
^ a b cBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002.[3]
^ a b c d e f g hNorth American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Northern collared lemming, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] - described separately as the nominative species but merged with D. exsul.
^Nelson's collared lemming, Dicrostonyx nelsoni: Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] - mentioned only in the description of D. groenlandicus as possible split (D. exsul).
^ a b c d e f g h i jMammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^ a bMexican vole, Microtus mexicanus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List[6] - M. mexicanus. Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - only M. mogollonensis. North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] - M. mexicanus listed, but only M. mexicanus mogollensis (Arizona and New Mexico) described in "Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus)" chapter. IUCN Red List[6] - M. mexicanus sometimes split in two species: M. mexicanus and M. mogollonensis.[12][13] 12 subspecies are recognized, 4 occur in the USA (1991[14]), Hualapai Mexican vole M. m. hualpaiensis is listed as endangered (E) under the Endangered Species Act.[2][14]
^Baker et al. 2003,[15] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of another species as possible split.
^ a b c d eNorth American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Northern rock mouse, Peromyscus nasutus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of Zacatecan deer mouse, Peromyscus difficilis, that P. difficilis was formerly known as P. nasuts, so range is not clear because these species are merged here.
^ a bBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - described separately as the nominative species but probably merged with another species.
^Long-tailed Shrew Sorex dispar: IUCN Red List.[6]
Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] North American Mammals NMNH SI[4] - as 2 distinct species: longtail/long-tailed shrew S. dispar and Gaspé shrew S. gaspensis.
^Gaspé shrewSorex gaspensis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] North American Mammals NMNH SI[4]
^Southwestern myotis, Myotis auriculus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of long-eared myotis, M. evotis, as possible split, occurring in southern N. Mexico.
^ a b cBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al amBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Baker et al. 2003,[15] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Velvety Free-tailed Bat: North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - it is believed that colonies found in buildings in the Florida Keys were members of Molossidae.
^Lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - mentioned only in the description of L. nivalis under the junior synonym[19]L. sanborni as possible split, so range is not clear here.
^Margay: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[5] Kays & Wilson 2002:[3] last record in Texas from 1852.[3]
^ a bhttps://redwolves.com/newsite/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/rw_biology_status.pdf />
^Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3).[5]
^Red fox, Vulpes vulpes: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as North American V. fulva distinct from the Old World species V. vulpes.
^Brown bear, Ursus arctos: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as 2 distinct species: grizzly bear, U. horribilis and Kodiak bear, U. middendorffi, also distinct from the "worldwide" species U. arctos.
^Wolverine, Gulo gulo: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as North American G. luscus distinct from the Old World species G. gulo.
^Least weasel, Mustela nivalis: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as North American M. rixosa distinct from the Old World species M. nivalis.
^Guadalupe fur seal, Arctocephalus townsendi: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as Guadalupe fur seal A. philippi, formerly A. townsendi.
^American hog-nosed skunk, Conepatus leuconotus: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - as 2 distinct species: eastern hog-nosed skunk C. leuconotus and western hog-nosed skunk C. mesoleucus.
^Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^ a bBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
^Caribou, Rangifer tarandus: Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] North American Mammals NMNH SI,[4] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6] Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - as 3 distinct species: woodland caribou, R. caribou, barren-ground caribou, R. arcticus and Greenland caribou R. tarandus.
^ a b cBurt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - only general range description.
^ a b c dKays & Wilson 2002,[3] IUCN Red List.[6]
^pygmy beaked whale: Kays & Wilson 2002:[3] one record in North America, Division of Mammals Collections NMNH SI:[23] two strandings in California (2001 and 2012).
^Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] IUCN Red List.[6]
^House Mouse: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide),[7] Kays & Wilson 2002,[3] IUCN Red List.[6] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - only general range description.
^Sus scrofa: Burt & Grossenheider 1976 (Peterson Field Guide)[7] - Wild Boar (Swine), Kays & Wilson 2002[3] - Wild Boar, Mammal Species of the World (MSW3)[5] - Wild boar - feral populations, IUCN Red List[6] - Wild boar - introduced (USA), Baker et al. 2003[15] (North America north of Mexico) - feral pig or wild boar.
^ a b c d e fKays & Wilson 2002,[3] Mammal Species of the World (MSW3),[5] IUCN Red List.[6]
Species listed in Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (MSW3) as occurring in the USA, but omitted in this article: Pteronotus pristinus - possibly Florida.
References
^ a b"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
^ a b"Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries, § 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife". US Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab acKays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u"North American Mammals". Smithsonian Institution. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved April 1, 2014. This site is based on The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals, by Don E. Wilson and Sue Ruff (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999) and Mammals of North America, by Roland W. Kays and Don E. Wilson (Princeton University Press, 2002). Downloaded on March 25, 2014
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa* Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah"Search Results: Mammalia USA 2014-03-29". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. IUCN. 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014. Search terms Search by taxonomy: MAMMALIA, Search by location: United States, (Native, Introduced, Vagrant, Uncertain), Refinements : [X] Show regional assessments:, Taxa to show: Species, Subspecies and varieties, Stocks and subpopulation). Downloaded on 29 March 2014
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af agBurt, William Henry (Text and Maps); Grossenheider, Richard Philip (Illustrations) (1976). A Field Guide to the Mammals. North America north of Mexico. Peterson Field Guides (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-91098-6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p* Mammal Diversity Database (2022). "Mammal Diversity Database. (2022). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.10) [Data set]. Zenodo". doi:10.5281/zenodo.7394529. Retrieved January 16, 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p qMammal Diversity Database (2020). "Mammal Diversity Database. (2020). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.2) [Data set]. Zenodo". doi:10.5281/zenodo.4139818. Retrieved December 2, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus nancyae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T116989724A116989738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T116989724A116989738.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^Yensen, E. (2019). "Urocitellus mollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T116989381A116989399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T116989381A116989399.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ a bU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1991). Hualpai Mexican Vole Recovery Plan (PDF). Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 28 pp. Retrieved April 2, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b cRobert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice; Clyde Jones (December 1, 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers (229). Museum of Texas Tech University. ISSN 0149-175X. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
^Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T., Lacher, T. & Vázquez, E. (2017). "Neotoma bryanti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T117189944A22371413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T117189944A22371413.en.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Whitaker, John O.; Hamilton, William John (June 28, 1998). Mammals of the Eastern United States (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801434754. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
^Hutterer, R. (2005). "Sorex (Otisorex) cinereus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 220–311. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Leptonycteris yerbabuenae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^Corkeron, P.; Reeves, R.; Rosel, P. (2017). "Balaenoptera edeni (Gulf of Mexico subpopulation)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T117636167A117636174.
^Taylor, B.L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S.M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J.G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; Pitman, R.L. (2008). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T40635A10345818. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40635A10345818.en.
^"Search the Division of Mammals Collections". Keywords: Mesoplodon peruvianus: STR 13453 Stranding, Skull, Salinas State Beach, Monterey Bay, California, 2001, STR 18334: Stranding, Photograph, Arcata, Humboldt County, California, 2012
^Williams, J. Morgan (1973). "The Ecology of Rattus exulans (Peale) Reviewed" (PDF). Pacific Science. 27 (2). University of Hawaii Press: 120–127. ISSN 0030-8870.
^Bloggs, Fred (2011). "The history of mammal eradications in Hawai`i and the United States associated islands of the Central Pacific". In Veitch, C. R; Clout, M. N; Towns, D. R (eds.). Island invasives: eradication and management (PDF). Study authors S. C. Hess and J. D. Jacobi. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 67–73. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ a bThe Illustrated Encyclopedia Of North American Mammals: A Comprehensive Guide To Mammals Of North America. Mobi Reference. MobileReference. January 7, 2010. ISBN 9781605012797. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
^ a b c dEXOTICS IN TEXAS by: Max Traweek and Roy Welch. April 1992. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Reproduced From PWD-BK-W7000-206 5/92
^Timmins, R.; Duckworth , J.W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B.; Maxwell, A. (2015). "Axis porcinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41784A22157664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T41784A22157664.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ a b c d e fBowers, Nora; Bowers, Rick; Kaufmann, Kenn (2004). Mammals of North America. Kaufman focus guides. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 168. ISBN 0-618-15313-6. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
^Whitford, Walter G. (April 2002). Ecology of Desert Systems (1st ed.). Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780127472614. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
^ a b cDeal, Kevin (2010). Wildlife and Natural Resource Management (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4354-5401-9. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^Fedosenko, A. K.; Blank, D. A. (December 26, 2001). "Capra sibirica". Mammalian Species (675): 1–13. doi:10.2307/0.675.1.
^Ale, S.B.; Sathyakumar, S.; Forsyth, D.M.; Lingyun, X. & Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2020). "Hemitragus jemlahicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T9919A22152905.
^"Blackbuck - North America Introduced". Big Game Hunting Records - Safari Club International Online Record Book. Safari Club International. 2007–2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Further reading
Kays, Roland W.; Wilson, Don E. (2002). Mammals of North America. Illustrated by Sandra Doyle, Nancy Halliday, Ron Klingner, Elizabeth McClelland, Consie Powell, Wendy Smith, Todd Zalewski, Diane Gibbons, Susan C. Morse, Jesse Guertin. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07012-1.
Burt, William Henry (Text and Maps); Grossenheider, Richard Philip (Illustrations) (1976). A Field Guide to the Mammals. North America north of Mexico. Peterson Field Guides (Third ed.). Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-91098-6.
Robert J. Baker; Lisa C. Bradley; Robert D. Bradley; Jerry W. Dragoo; Mark D. Engstrom; Robert S. Hoffmann; Cheri A. Jones; Fiona Reid; Dale W. Rice; Clyde Jones (December 1, 2003). "Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers (229). Museum of Texas Tech University. ISSN 0149-175X. Retrieved March 9, 2014.
External links
American Society of Mammalogists
Databases: Division of Mammals: Department of Vertebrate Zoology: NMNH - i.e. printable Field Guide to mammals of North America
Search the Division of Mammals Collections - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition (MSW3) - database of mammalian taxonomy
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Search results: mammalia, USA, 2014-03-29)
Endangered Species Program - US Fish & Wildlife Service
Species Search - US Fish & Wildlife Service
Endangered Species Act - National Marine Fisheries Service - NOAA
List of Endangered and threatened wildlife - US Government Printing Office