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Buque de guerra

El disparo de cañón (1670) de Willem van de Velde el Joven , que muestra un navío de línea holandés de finales del siglo XVII

Un buque de guerra o buque de combate es un barco que se utiliza para la guerra naval . Por lo general, pertenecen a la rama naval de las fuerzas armadas de una nación , [1] aunque también han sido operados por individuos, cooperativas y corporaciones . Además de estar armados, los buques de guerra están diseñados para resistir daños y suelen ser más rápidos y maniobrables que los buques mercantes . A diferencia de un buque mercante, que transporta carga, un buque de guerra normalmente lleva solo armas, municiones y suministros para su tripulación.

En tiempos de guerra, la distinción entre buques de guerra y buques mercantes a menudo es borrosa. Hasta el siglo XVII era común que los buques mercantes fueran obligados a prestar servicio en la marina, y no era inusual que más de la mitad de una flota estuviera compuesta por buques mercantes; no había una gran diferencia en la construcción, a diferencia de la diferencia entre un acorazado fuertemente blindado y un transatlántico. Hasta que la amenaza de la piratería disminuyó en el siglo XIX, era una práctica normal armar a los buques mercantes más grandes, como los galeones . Los buques de guerra también se han utilizado a menudo como transportes de tropas o buques de suministro, como por ejemplo por la Armada francesa en el siglo XVIII o la Armada Imperial Japonesa durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En la guerra desde principios del siglo XX, los buques mercantes a menudo se armaban y se utilizaban como buques de guerra auxiliares , como los buques Q de la Primera Guerra Mundial y los cruceros mercantes armados de la Segunda Guerra Mundial .

Tipos y clases

Los principales tipos de buques de guerra actuales son, en orden decreciente de tamaño: portaavionesbuques de asalto anfibiocrucerosdestructoresfragatascorbetaslanchas de ataque rápido . [2] A continuación, una lista más extensa:

Historia y evolución de los buques de guerra

Primeros buques de guerra

La primera evidencia del uso de barcos para la guerra proviene del Antiguo Egipto , específicamente del norte del río Nilo, muy probablemente para defenderse de los pueblos mediterráneos . El barco de guerra galera probablemente se originó en Creta , una idea que pronto fue copiada y popularizada por los fenicios . En la época de Mesopotamia , la Antigua Persia , Fenicia , la Antigua Grecia y la Antigua Roma , los barcos de guerra siempre fueron galeras (como birremes , trirremes y quinquerremes ): embarcaciones largas y estrechas impulsadas por bancos de remeros y diseñadas para embestir y hundir barcos enemigos, o para atacarlos de proa primero y seguir con grupos de abordaje. El desarrollo de catapultas en el siglo IV a. C. y el posterior refinamiento de esta tecnología permitieron las primeras flotas de barcos de guerra equipados con máquinas de asedio en la época helenística . Durante la Antigüedad tardía , la embestida cayó en desuso y las tácticas de galeras contra otros barcos utilizadas durante la Edad Media hasta finales del siglo XVI se centraron en el abordaje.

La era de la vela

La artillería naval se reconstruyó en el siglo XIV, pero los cañones no se volvieron comunes en el mar hasta que los cañones pudieron recargarse con la suficiente rapidez para ser reutilizados en la misma batalla. El tamaño de un barco que se requería para llevar una gran cantidad de cañones hizo imposible la propulsión a remo, y los buques de guerra pasaron a depender principalmente de velas. El buque de guerra a vela surgió durante el siglo XVI.

A mediados del siglo XVII, los buques de guerra llevaban cada vez más cañones en sus costados y las tácticas evolucionaron para utilizar la potencia de fuego de cada barco en una línea de batalla . El buque de guerra ahora evolucionó hacia el navío de línea . En el siglo XVIII, la fragata y el balandro de guerra  , demasiado pequeños para estar en la línea de batalla, evolucionaron para escoltar el comercio de convoyes , explorar los barcos enemigos y bloquear las costas enemigas. [4]

Acero, vapor y fuego de artillería

Durante el siglo XIX se produjo una revolución en los medios de propulsión marina , el armamento naval y la construcción de buques de guerra . Las máquinas de vapor marinas se introdujeron, al principio como fuerza auxiliar, en el segundo cuarto del siglo XIX. La guerra de Crimea dio un gran estímulo al desarrollo de los cañones. La introducción de proyectiles explosivos pronto condujo a la introducción de blindaje naval de hierro , y más tarde de acero , para los costados y las cubiertas de los buques de guerra más grandes. Los primeros buques de guerra acorazados , el Gloire francés y el Warrior británico , hicieron que los buques de madera quedaran obsoletos. El metal pronto reemplazó por completo a la madera como material principal para la construcción de buques de guerra.

A partir de la década de 1850, los navíos de línea a vela fueron sustituidos por acorazados a vapor , mientras que las fragatas a vela fueron sustituidas por cruceros a vapor . El armamento de los buques de guerra también cambió con la invención de las barbetas y torretas giratorias , que permitían apuntar los cañones independientemente de la dirección del barco y permitían llevar un menor número de cañones de mayor tamaño.

La última innovación del siglo XIX fue el desarrollo del torpedo y del barco torpedero . Los barcos torpederos pequeños y rápidos parecían ofrecer una alternativa a la costosa construcción de flotas de acorazados.

Era anterior al acorazado

Pre-dreadnought battleships were sea-going battleships built between the mid- to late- 1880s and 1905, before the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906. The pre-dreadnought ships replaced the ironclad battleships of the 1870s and 1880s. Built from steel, protected by case-hardened steel armour, and powered by coal-fired triple-expansion steam engines, pre-dreadnought battleships carried a main battery of very heavy guns in fully-enclosed rotating turrets supported by one or more secondary batteries of lighter weapons. The role of corvettes, sloops and frigates were taken by new types of ships like destroyers, protected cruisers and armoured cruisers.

Since 1906

The dreadnought era

Another revolution in capital warship design began shortly after the start of the 20th century, when Britain launched the Royal Navy's all-big-gun battleship Dreadnought in 1906. Powered by steam turbines, it was bigger, faster and more heavily gunned than any existing battleships, which it immediately rendered obsolete. It was rapidly followed by similar ships in other countries. The Royal Navy also developed the first battlecruisers. Mounting the same heavy guns as the dreadnoughts on an even larger hull, battlecruisers sacrificed armour protection for speed. Battlecruisers were faster and more powerful than all existing cruisers, but much more vulnerable to shellfire than contemporary battleships. The torpedo-boat destroyer was developed at the same time as the dreadnoughts. Bigger, faster and more heavily gunned than the torpedo boat, the destroyer evolved to protect the capital ships from the menace of the torpedo boat.

At this time, Britain also introduced the use of fuel oil to power steam warships, instead of coal. Oil produced twice as much power per unit weight as coal, and was much easier to handle.[5][6] Tests were conducted by the Royal Navy in 1904 involving the torpedo-boat destroyer Spiteful, the first warship powered solely by fuel oil.[7][8] These proved its superiority, and all warships procured for the Royal Navy from 1912 were designed to burn fuel oil.[9][10]

Obsolescence of battleships

During the lead-up to the Second World War, Germany and the United Kingdom once again emerged as the two dominant Atlantic sea powers. The German navy, under the Treaty of Versailles, was limited to only a few minor surface ships. But the clever use of deceptive terminology, such as Panzerschiffe deceived the British and French commands. They were surprised when ships such as Admiral Graf Spee, Scharnhorst, and Gneisenau raided Allied supply lines. The greatest threat however, was the introduction of the Kriegsmarine's largest vessels, Bismarck and Tirpitz. Bismarck was heavily damaged and sunk/scuttled after a series of sea battles in the north Atlantic in 1941, while Tirpitz was destroyed by the Royal Air Force in 1944. The British Royal Navy gained dominance of the European theatre by 1943.

Japanese battleship Yamato under air attack off Kure on 19 March 1945

The Second World War brought massive changes in the design and role of several types of warships. For the first time, the aircraft carrier became the clear choice to serve as the main capital ship within a naval task force. World War II was the only war in history in which battles occurred between groups of carriers. World War II saw the first use of radar in combat. It brought the first naval battle in which the ships of both sides never engaged in direct combat, instead sending aircraft to make the attacks, as in the Battle of the Coral Sea.

Russian Typhoon-class submarine

Cold War-era

Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories, which are: aircraft carriers, cruisers,[a] destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines, and amphibious warfare ships. Battleships comprise an eighth category, but are not in current service with any navy in the world. Only the deactivated American Iowa-class battleships still exist as potential combatants, and battleships in general are unlikely to re-emerge as a ship class without redefinition. The destroyer is generally regarded as the dominant surface-combat vessel of most modern blue-water navies. However, the once distinct roles and appearances of cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes have blurred. Most vessels have come to be armed with a mix of anti-surface, anti-submarine and anti-aircraft weapons. Class designations no longer reliably indicate a displacement hierarchy, and the size of all vessel types has grown beyond the definitions used earlier in the 20th century. Another key difference between older and modern vessels is that all modern warships are "soft", without the thick armor and bulging anti-torpedo protection of World War II and older designs.

Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessels, such as minesweepers, patrol boats and offshore patrol vessels.

By 1982 the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) treaty negotiations had produced a legal definition of what was then generally accepted as a late-twentieth century warship. The UNCLOS definition was : "A warship means a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State bearing the external marks distinguishing such ships of its nationality, under the command of an officer duly commissioned by the government of the State and whose name appears in the appropriate service list or its equivalent, and manned by a crew which is under regular armed forces discipline."[1]

Development of the submarine
American submarine USS Plunger

The first practical submarines were developed in the late 19th century, but it was only after the development of the torpedo that submarines became truly dangerous (and hence useful). By the end of the First World War submarines had proved their potential. During the Second World War Nazi Germany's fleet of U-boats (submarines) almost starved Britain into submission and inflicted huge losses on US coastal shipping. The success of submarines led to the development of new anti-submarine convoy escorts during the First and Second World Wars, such as the destroyer escort. Confusingly, many of these new types adopted the names of the smaller warships from the age of sail, such as corvette, sloop and frigate.

Development of the aircraft carrier

A seaplane tender is a ship that supports the operation of seaplanes. Some of these vessels, known as seaplane carriers, could not only carry seaplanes but also provided all the facilities needed for their operation; these ships are regarded by some as the first aircraft carriers and appeared just before the First World War.

A major shift in naval warfare occurred with the introduction of the aircraft carrier. First at Taranto and then at Pearl Harbor, the aircraft carrier demonstrated its ability to strike decisively at enemy ships out of sight and range of surface vessels. By the end of the Second World War, the carrier had become the dominant warship.

Development of the amphibious assault ship

Shinshū Maru was a ship of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. She was the world's first purpose-built landing craft carrier ship, and a pioneer of modern-day amphibious assault ships. During some of her operations, she was known to have used at least four cover names, R1, GL, MT, and Ryujo Maru.[citation needed]

An amphibious warfare ship is an amphibious vehicle warship employed to land and support ground forces, such as marines, on enemy territory during an amphibious assault. Specialized shipping can be divided into two types, most crudely described as ships and craft. In general, the ships carry the troops from the port of embarkation to the drop point for the assault and the craft carry the troops from the ship to the shore. Amphibious assaults taking place over short distances can also involve the shore-to-shore technique, where landing craft go directly from the port of embarkation to the assault point. Amphibious assault ships have a well deck with landing craft which can carry tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles and also have a deck like a helicopter carrier for helicopters and V/STOL aircraft.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Kirov-class battlecruiser is a guided missile cruiser that straddles the line between a heavy cruiser and a battlecruiser. They are often called battlecruiser by Western defense commentators.[11]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Part II, Subsection C". United Nations. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  2. ^ Brook, Henry (2012). Warships. Usborne. pp. 4 to 7. ISBN 9781474915854.
  3. ^ "Corvette | Fast, Maneuverable & Deadly". Britannica.
  4. ^ Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen S. (2017-10-30). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626–1786. Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781473893535.
  5. ^ Bacon 1901, p. 246.
  6. ^ Dahl 2001, p. 51.
  7. ^ Anon. 1904b, p. 27.
  8. ^ Lyon 2005, p. 80.
  9. ^ Lyon 2005, p. 97.
  10. ^ Siegel 2002, p. 181.
  11. ^ Armi da guerra, De Agostini, Novara, 1985.

Bibliography