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Retirada de monumentos y memoriales confederados

El monumento a Robert E. Lee en Nueva Orleans, Luisiana , es retirado el 19 de mayo de 2017.

Hay más de 160 monumentos y memoriales confederados a los Estados Confederados de América (CSA; la Confederación) y figuras asociadas que han sido retirados de los espacios públicos en los Estados Unidos, todos menos cinco de los cuales lo han sido desde 2015. [1] Algunos han sido retirados por los gobiernos estatales y locales; otros han sido derribados por manifestantes.

Se han creado más de 700 monumentos y memoriales de este tipo en terrenos públicos, la gran mayoría en el sur durante la era de las leyes de Jim Crow de 1877 a 1964. [2] Los esfuerzos para eliminarlos aumentaron después del tiroteo en la iglesia de Charleston , la manifestación Unite the Right y el asesinato de George Floyd . [3] [4] [5]

Los defensores de su eliminación citan un análisis histórico de que los monumentos no se construyeron como memoriales, sino para intimidar a los afroamericanos y reafirmar la supremacía blanca después de la Guerra Civil ; [6] [7] [8] [9] y que conmemoran a un gobierno no reconocido y traidor [10] [11] , la Confederación, cuyo principio fundador fue la perpetuación y expansión de la esclavitud . También argumentan que la presencia de estos monumentos más de cien años después de la derrota de la Confederación continúa privando de derechos y alienando a los afroamericanos . [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

Los opositores consideran que la eliminación de los monumentos es una forma de borrar la historia o una falta de respeto por el patrimonio. Algunos estados del Sur aprobaron leyes estatales que restringen o prohíben la eliminación o alteración de monumentos públicos. [17]

Según The Washington Post , cinco monumentos confederados fueron retirados después de la Guerra Civil, ocho en los dos años posteriores al tiroteo de Charleston, 48 en los tres años posteriores a la manifestación Unite the Right y 110 en los dos años posteriores al asesinato de George Floyd. [1] En 2022, el secretario de Defensa, Lloyd Austin, dijo que ordenaría el cambio de nombre de las bases militares estadounidenses que llevan el nombre de generales confederados, así como otras propiedades del Departamento de Defensa que honraban a los confederados. [18]

La campaña para eliminar monumentos se extendió más allá de Estados Unidos; muchas estatuas y otras obras de arte públicas relacionadas con la trata transatlántica de esclavos y el colonialismo europeo en todo el mundo han sido removidas o destruidas.

Fondo

Cuadro de símbolos públicos de la Confederación y sus líderes según el estudio del Southern Poverty Law Center , por año de creación [nota 1]

La mayoría de los monumentos confederados en terrenos públicos se construyeron en períodos de conflicto racial, como cuando se introdujeron las leyes de Jim Crow a fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX o durante el movimiento por los derechos civiles de las décadas de 1950 y 1960. [nota 2] [nota 3] Estos dos períodos también coincidieron con el quincuagésimo y el centésimo año después del final de la Guerra Civil, incluido el centenario de la Guerra Civil estadounidense . [2] El pico en la construcción de monumentos de la Guerra Civil se produjo entre fines de la década de 1890 y 1920, con un segundo pico más pequeño a fines de la década de 1950 y mediados de la década de 1960. [2]

Comentario académico

En una declaración de agosto de 2017 sobre la controversia de los monumentos, la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense (AHA) dijo que eliminar un monumento "no es borrar la historia, sino más bien alterar o llamar la atención sobre una interpretación previa de la historia". La AHA dijo que la mayoría de los monumentos se erigieron "sin nada que se pareciera a un proceso democrático", y recomendó que era "hora de reconsiderar estas decisiones". La mayoría de los monumentos confederados se erigieron a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, y esta iniciativa fue "parte integral del inicio de la segregación legalmente obligatoria y la privación generalizada de derechos en todo el Sur". Los monumentos a la Confederación erigidos durante este período "tenían la intención, en parte, de ocultar el terrorismo necesario para derrocar la Reconstrucción, e intimidar políticamente a los afroamericanos y aislarlos de la corriente principal de la vida pública". Una ola posterior de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el movimiento por los derechos civiles y, según la AHA, "estos símbolos de la supremacía blanca todavía se invocan con fines similares". [20]

Michael J. McAfee, conservador de historia del Museo de West Point , dijo: "No hay monumentos que mencionen el nombre de Benedict Arnold . ¿Qué tiene esto que ver con los monumentos sureños que honran a los líderes políticos y militares de la Confederación? Ellos, como Arnold, fueron traidores. Le dieron la espalda a su nación, a sus juramentos y a los sacrificios de sus antepasados ​​en la Guerra de la Independencia... Intentaron destruir su nación para defender la esclavitud y por la sensación de que, como hombres blancos, eran innatamente superiores a todas las demás razas. Lucharon por la supremacía racial blanca. Es por eso que los monumentos que los glorifican a ellos y a su causa deben ser eliminados. Dejen monumentos que marquen su participación en los campos de batalla de la guerra, pero derriben aquellos que solo conmemoran la intolerancia, la violencia y el odio que inspiraron su intento de destruir la nación estadounidense". [21]

La historiadora de la Universidad de Chicago, Jane Dailey, escribió que en muchos casos el propósito de los monumentos no era celebrar el pasado sino más bien promover un " futuro de supremacía blanca ". [22] La historiadora de la Guerra Civil Judith Giesberg, profesora de historia en la Universidad de Villanova, está de acuerdo: "La supremacía blanca es realmente lo que estas estatuas representan". [23]

La historiadora Karyn Cox, de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Charlotte, ha escrito que los monumentos son "un legado de la brutalmente racista era de Jim Crow". [24] El historiador James Leloudis, de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill, escribió: "Los patrocinadores y los que financian estos monumentos son muy explícitos al afirmar que exigen una educación política y una legitimación de la era de Jim Crow y del derecho de los hombres blancos a gobernar". [25]

Adam Goodheart , autor de libros sobre la Guerra Civil y director del Starr Center en el Washington College , dijo a National Geographic : "Son artefactos del siglo XX en el sentido de que mucho de esto tenía que ver con una visión de unidad nacional que abarcaba a los sureños y a los norteños, pero que, lo que es más importante, aún excluía a los negros". [12] Goodheart dijo que las estatuas estaban destinadas a ser símbolos de la supremacía blanca y que la movilización en torno a ellas por parte de los supremacistas blancos probablemente acelerará su desaparición. [26] Eleanor Harvey, curadora principal del Museo Smithsonian de Arte Americano y estudiosa de la historia de la Guerra Civil, dijo: "Si los nacionalistas blancos y los neonazis ahora reclaman esto como parte de su herencia, esencialmente han cooptado esas imágenes y esas estatuas más allá de cualquier capacidad para neutralizarlas de nuevo". [12]

Elijah Anderson , profesor de sociología en la Universidad de Yale , dijo que la existencia continua de las estatuas "realmente impacta la psique de la gente negra". [27] Harold Holzer , director del Instituto de Políticas Públicas de Roosevelt House en Hunter College , argumentó que esto fue intencional: las estatuas fueron diseñadas para menospreciar a los afroamericanos. [28] Dell Upton , presidente del Departamento de Historia del Arte de la Universidad de California en Los Ángeles , escribió que "los monumentos no fueron concebidos como arte público", sino que fueron instalados "como afirmaciones de que la política estadounidense era una política blanca", y que debido a su intención explícitamente supremacista blanca, su eliminación de los espacios cívicos era una cuestión "de justicia, equidad y valores cívicos". [8]

El historiador de la Guerra Civil David Blight preguntó: “¿Por qué, en el año [2016], los espacios comunitarios del Sur deben seguir siendo manchados por homenajes a quienes defendieron la esclavitud? ¿Cómo pueden los estadounidenses ignorar el dolor que los ciudadanos negros, en particular, deben sentir cuando pasan por el monumento a [John C.] Calhoun, o cualquier estatua similar, de camino al trabajo, la escuela o el estudio bíblico?” [29]

En un libro de 1993 sobre el tema en Georgia, el autor Frank McKenney argumentó lo contrario: "Estos monumentos eran esfuerzos comunitarios, arte público e historia social", escribió. [30] Los ex soldados y políticos tuvieron dificultades para recaudar fondos para erigir monumentos, por lo que la tarea recayó principalmente en las mujeres, las "madres, viudas y huérfanas, las prometidas y hermanas en duelo" de los soldados que habían muerto. [31] Muchas asociaciones conmemorativas de mujeres se formaron en las décadas posteriores al final de la Guerra Civil, la mayoría de ellas se unieron a las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación después de su creación en 1894. Se les aconsejó a las mujeres que "recordaran que estaban comprando arte, no metal y piedra". [32]

Cheryl Benard , presidenta de la Alianza para la Restauración del Patrimonio Cultural, [33] argumentó en contra de la eliminación de los monumentos de guerra confederados en un artículo de opinión escrito para The National Interest : "Desde mi punto de vista, la idea de que la forma de lidiar con la historia es destruir cualquier reliquia que te recuerde algo que no te gusta, es altamente alarmante". [34]

El historiador de la Guerra Civil, James I. Robertson Jr., dijo que los monumentos no eran una "señal de desafío a las leyes de Jim Crow". Calificó el clima actual de desmantelamiento o destrucción de monumentos confederados como una "época de idiotez", motivada por "elementos empeñados en destrozar la unidad que generaciones de estadounidenses han construido con tanto esfuerzo". [35]

Pero Upton sostiene que los monumentos celebraban sólo una parte de la historia, una que era "abiertamente pro-confederada". Los monumentos se erigieron sin el consentimiento o incluso la participación de los afroamericanos del sur, que recordaban la Guerra Civil de manera muy diferente y que no tenían ningún interés en honrar a quienes lucharon para mantenerlos esclavizados. [8] Robert Seigler, que documentó más de 170 monumentos confederados en Carolina del Sur, encontró sólo cinco dedicados a los afroamericanos que habían sido utilizados por la Confederación para construir fortificaciones o "habían servido como músicos, carreteros, cocineros, sirvientes y en otras funciones". Cuatro de ellos eran para esclavos y uno para un músico, Henry Brown. [36]

Alfred Brophy , profesor de derecho en la Universidad de Alabama, sostuvo que la eliminación de las estatuas confederadas "facilita el olvido", aunque estas estatuas eran "imágenes reescritas de la supremacía blanca". Brophy dijo que la estatua de Lee en Charlottesville debería ser removida. [27]

Julian Hayter, historiador de la Universidad de Richmond, apoya un enfoque diferente para las estatuas: la recontextualización. Apoya la adición de una "nota a pie de página de proporciones épicas", como un letrero o marcador histórico destacado que explique el contexto en el que se construyeron para ayudar a la gente a ver los monumentos antiguos bajo una nueva luz. "Sugiero que usemos la escala y la grandeza de esos monumentos en contra de sí mismos. Creo que nos falta imaginación cuando hablamos de monumentos conmemorativos. Es todo o nada... Como si no hubiera nada intermedio que pudiéramos hacer para contar una historia más enriquecedora sobre la historia estadounidense". [37] [38]

Historia

La retirada planificada de la escultura de Robert Edward Lee en Charlottesville, Virginia, provocó protestas y contraprotestas que resultaron en tres muertes. [39]

En el siglo y medio posterior a la Guerra Civil, solo se retiraron cinco monumentos confederados. El esfuerzo moderno por eliminarlos se desencadenó a raíz del tiroteo en la iglesia de Charleston en 2015. En los dos años siguientes, se retiraron ocho monumentos. En la ciudad de Nueva Orleans, se tuvo que traer una grúa de una empresa no identificada de fuera del estado, ya que ninguna empresa local quería el negocio. [40]

El movimiento de remoción se galvanizó aún más por la manifestación Unite the Right de agosto de 2017 , que se reunió en Charlottesville , Virginia, para protestar contra la propuesta de retirar su estatua de Robert Edward Lee . [41] La manifestación vio violencia mortal y la exhibición pública de símbolos de supremacía blanca. En cuestión de días, otras ciudades se movilizaron para retirar monumentos similares. En Baltimore, por ejemplo, las estatuas confederadas de la ciudad fueron retiradas la noche del 15 al 16 de agosto de 2017. La alcaldesa Catherine Pugh dijo que ordenó las remociones durante la noche para preservar la seguridad pública. [42] [43] De manera similar, en Lexington, Kentucky , el alcalde Jim Gray pidió al ayuntamiento el 16 de agosto de 2017 que aprobara la remoción de dos estatuas de un palacio de justicia. [44] [45]

En los tres años posteriores al tiroteo de Charleston, al menos 114 monumentos confederados fueron retirados de los espacios públicos , según el Southern Poverty Law Center , que publicó un extenso informe en 2016 sobre los monumentos confederados en espacios públicos [2] y mantiene una lista actualizada en línea. [46] [47] Texas eliminó 31, más que cualquier otro estado. [48]

Una encuesta de Reuters de 2017 encontró que el 54% de los adultos estadounidenses afirmó que los monumentos deberían permanecer en todos los espacios públicos, y el 27% dijo que deberían eliminarse, mientras que el 19% dijo que no estaba seguro. Según Reuters, "sin embargo, las respuestas a la encuesta estuvieron marcadamente divididas según líneas raciales y partidarias, con los blancos y los republicanos apoyando en gran medida la preservación. Los demócratas y las minorías eran más propensos a apoyar la eliminación". [49] [50] Otra encuesta de 2017, realizada por HuffPost / YouGov , encontró que el 48% de los encuestados favorecía la opción de "permanecer", el 33% favorecía la eliminación y el 18% no estaba seguro. [51] [52] Una encuesta de NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist publicada en 2017 encontró que la mayoría de los estadounidenses, incluido el 44% de los afroamericanos, creen que las estatuas en honor a los líderes de la Confederación deberían permanecer en su lugar. [53]

En 2017, Jason Spencer , un miembro blanco de la legislatura de Georgia, le dijo a una colega afroamericana que si continuaba pidiendo la eliminación de los monumentos confederados, no se encontraría "con antorchas sino con algo mucho más definitivo", y que las personas que quieren que se eliminen las estatuas "desaparecerán en Okefenokee ... No digas que no te advertí". [54] [55]

Varios grupos de defensores se reunieron del 22 al 24 de marzo de 2018 en Nueva Orleans "para conmemorar, celebrar y alinear estratégicamente los esfuerzos de Take 'Em Down". Una segunda conferencia de este tipo se celebró del 22 al 24 de marzo de 2019 en Jacksonville, Florida . [56]

En abril de 2020, un estudio encontró que los monumentos confederados tenían más probabilidades de ser eliminados en localidades que tenían una gran población negra y demócrata, un capítulo de la NAACP y legislaturas estatales del sur que tienen el poder de decretar la eliminación. [57] El apoyo público a la eliminación aumentó durante las protestas de George Floyd , con un 52% a favor de la eliminación y un 44% en contra. [58] [59]

La mayoría de las remociones han sido realizadas por los gobiernos estatales y locales, mientras que unos pocos monumentos fueron derribados por manifestantes. Por ejemplo, el busto de Robert E. Lee en Fort Myers, Florida , fue derribado por desconocidos durante la noche del 11 al 12 de marzo de 2019. Al menos tres fueron demolidos por manifestantes en estados que habían aprobado leyes para dificultar su remoción legal: Silent Sam , en Chapel Hill, Carolina del Norte ; el Monumento a los Soldados Confederados en Durham, Carolina del Norte ; y el Monumento a los Muertos Confederados del Condado de Screven , en Sylvania, Georgia . Los dos últimos resultaron dañados sin posibilidad de reparación, mientras que Silent Sam , que no sufrió daños graves, fue almacenado, a la espera de una decisión política sobre su destino. El "Monumento a los Muertos Confederados" fue reemplazado a través de fondos recaudados por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados y las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación . [60]

Obedimentos legales

Siete estados han aprobado leyes que impiden o prohíben la remoción o alteración de monumentos públicos confederados. Las leyes de Georgia (principios del siglo XX), [64] Carolina del Norte (2015), [65] y Alabama (2017) [66] prohíben la remoción o alteración. [67] Las leyes de Carolina del Sur (2000), Mississippi (2004) y Tennessee (2013, actualizadas en 2016) impiden tales acciones.

Una ley de 1902 en Virginia fue derogada en 2020; otros intentos de derogar leyes estatales no han tenido éxito.

En 2023, el republicano de Florida Dean Black presentó una legislación que castigaría a cualquier legislador que vote para eliminar "monumentos y memoriales históricos". [68] Según este proyecto de ley, si los legisladores locales votan a favor de la eliminación de las estatuas confederadas, el gobernador puede multarlos o destituirlos de su cargo .

Ley de Tennessee

En 2016, Tennessee aprobó su Ley de Protección del Patrimonio de Tennessee , que requiere una mayoría de dos tercios de la Comisión Histórica de Tennessee para cambiar el nombre, eliminar o mover cualquier estatua, monumento o memorial público. [69] Una enmienda de 2018 aprobada en respuesta a los eventos en Memphis (ver más abajo) prohíbe a los municipios vender o transferir la propiedad de los monumentos sin una exención, y "permite a cualquier entidad, grupo o individuo con un interés en un monumento confederado solicitar una orden judicial para preservar el monumento en cuestión". [70] El New York Times escribió en 2018 que la ley de Tennessee muestra "una intención expresa de evitar que los municipios de Tennessee derriben los monumentos confederados". [71]

Hasta 2022, la Comisión Histórica de Tennessee ha considerado siete peticiones para eliminar un monumento confederado y aprobó solo una: la del busto de Forrest en el capitolio estatal. [72]

Ley de Carolina del Sur

La eliminación de la bandera confederada del capitolio de Carolina del Sur requirió una votación de dos tercios de ambas cámaras de la legislatura, al igual que la eliminación de cualquier otro monumento confederado en Carolina del Sur. [73]

Ley de Carolina del Norte

Una ley estatal, la Ley de Gestión de Artefactos Históricos Culturales y Patriotismo de 2015 , [74] [75] impide a los gobiernos locales retirar monumentos de la propiedad pública y pone límites a su movimiento dentro de la propiedad. [76] En agosto de 2017, el gobernador Roy Cooper pidió a la Legislatura de Carolina del Norte que derogara la ley, escribiendo: "No pretendo saber lo que es para una persona de color pasar por uno de estos monumentos y considerar que aquellos conmemorados en piedra y metal no valoraron mi libertad o humanidad. A diferencia de un padre afroamericano, nunca tendré que explicarles a mis hijas por qué existe un monumento exaltado para aquellos que deseaban mantenerla a ella y a sus antepasados ​​​​encadenados ... No podemos seguir glorificando una guerra contra los Estados Unidos de América que se libró en defensa de la esclavitud. Estos monumentos deberían ser derribados ". También pidió al Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Culturales que "determine el costo y la logística de retirar los monumentos confederados de la propiedad estatal". [77] [78] [79] [80] Posteriormente Cooper retiró, por razones de seguridad pública, tres monumentos confederados del Capitolio de Carolina del Norte cuya eliminación había sido prohibida por la legislatura.

Después de que la Universidad de Carolina del Norte cambiara el nombre de Saunders Hall en 2014 (ver más abajo), su Junta Directiva prohibió futuros cambios de nombre durante 16 años. [81]

En 2019, la ley de Carolina del Norte que prohíbe la remoción de monumentos fue impugnada indirectamente. El monumento a los soldados confederados en Winston-Salem fue retirado por considerarlo una molestia pública , y un monumento similar en Pittsboro fue retirado después de que un tribunal dictaminara que nunca había llegado a ser propiedad del condado, por lo que el estatuto no se aplicaba. [82]

Ley de Virginia

El 8 de marzo de 2020, la legislatura de Virginia "aprobó medidas que anularían una ley estatal existente que protege los monumentos y, en su lugar, dejarían que los gobiernos locales decidieran su destino". [83] El 11 de abril de 2020, el gobernador Ralph Northam firmó el proyecto de ley, [84] que entró en vigor el 1 de julio. Anteriormente, la ley estatal había prohibido a los gobiernos locales derribar los monumentos, moverlos o incluso agregar carteles que explicaran por qué se erigieron. [85]

Ley de Alabama

La ley de Alabama, Alabama Memorial Preservation Act , se aprobó en mayo de 2017. El 14 de enero de 2019, un juez de circuito dictaminó que la ley es una infracción inconstitucional del derecho de la ciudad de Birmingham a la libertad de expresión y no se puede hacer cumplir. [86] [87] El 27 de noviembre de 2019, la Corte Suprema de Alabama revocó esa decisión por una votación de nueve a cero. En su decisión, el tribunal declaró que "un municipio no tiene derechos constitucionales individuales y sustantivos y que el tribunal de primera instancia cometió un error al sostener que la ciudad tiene derechos constitucionales a la libertad de expresión". [88] [89]

Legislación federal fallida

El 22 de julio de 2020, en medio de las protestas por George Floyd , la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos votó 305 a 113 para retirar un busto del presidente de la Corte Suprema Roger B. Taney de la antigua sala de vestimentas junto a la antigua Cámara de la Corte Suprema en el Capitolio . El proyecto de ley (HR 7573 [90] ) también habría eliminado las estatuas que honran a figuras confederadas y creado un "proceso para obtener un busto de [el juez Thurgood] Marshall ... y colocarlo allí en un mínimo de dos años". [91] El proyecto de ley llegó al Senado liderado por los republicanos el 30 de julio de 2020 (S.4382) y fue remitido al Comité de Reglas y Administración , que no tomó ninguna otra medida al respecto. [92]

Pedestales vestigiales

Los pedestales o plintos vacíos que quedan después de la remoción del monumento han corrido diversos destinos.

En Baltimore, uno de los cuatro pedestales vacíos se utilizó en 2017 para una estatua de una mujer negra embarazada, desnuda de cintura para arriba, sosteniendo un bebé en un portabebés cubierto de colores brillantes sobre su espalda, con un puño dorado en alto: Madre Luz . La estatua se colocó primero frente al monumento antes de su remoción, luego se elevó al pedestal. El artista Pablo Machioli dijo que "su idea original era construir una madre embarazada como símbolo de vida. 'Siento que la gente entendería y respetaría eso'". La estatua fue vandalizada varias veces antes de que la ciudad la retirara. [93] [94]

Para el monumento derribado Silent Sam en la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill , dos académicos propusieron dejar el "pedestal vacío, despojado de todas las imágenes e inscripciones originales, [lo que] elimina el tributo ofensivo mientras que aún preserva un registro de lo que estas comunidades hicieron y dónde lo hicieron... La forma más efectiva de conmemorar el ascenso y la caída de la construcción de monumentos de la supremacía blanca es preservar los pedestales desocupados como las ruinas que son: tributos rotos a una causa moralmente en bancarrota". [95] En cambio, el pedestal y sus placas fueron retirados el 14 de enero de 2019, por orden de la rectora de la universidad, Carol Folt .

Los pedestales de las estatuas de Richmond, Virginia, fueron retirados en 2022. [96] En algunas de las intersecciones de Monument Avenue en Richmond, los focos permanecen, apuntando hacia el espacio ahora vacío.

Lista de mudanzas

Nacional

En 2000, el ejército de los EE. UU. rebautizó Forrest Road (en honor al general confederado y líder del Ku Klux Klan Nathan Bedford Forrest ) en Fort Bliss tras recibir quejas. La carretera pasó a llamarse Cassidy Road en honor al teniente general Richard T. Cassidy, excomandante del puesto. [97]

En febrero de 2020, el comandante del Cuerpo de Marines , general David H. Berger , ordenó "la eliminación de toda la parafernalia relacionada con la Confederación de las instalaciones del Cuerpo de Marines", incluidas banderas confederadas, calcomanías para parachoques y "artículos similares". [98]

La Marina de los EE. UU. también ha prohibido la exhibición de la bandera confederada , incluso en calcomanías para el parachoques de los automóviles privados en la base; también se ha producido una ola de cambios de marca de productos corporativos.

En 2021, el Congreso ordenó al Departamento de Defensa que estableciera una comisión para considerar si se debía cambiar el nombre de varias bases, barcos, edificios, calles y otras cosas que llevaban el nombre de figuras confederadas. En 2022, esta Comisión de Nombres recomendó cambiar los nombres de nueve bases del Ejército, dos barcos de la Armada y otros elementos. [99] El secretario de Defensa, Lloyd Austin, se comprometió a seguir las recomendaciones de la comisión. [18]

En mayo de 2022, la primera parte del informe de la Comisión de Nombres recomendó cambiar los nombres de nueve bases del Ejército:

El último de estos cambios se finalizó en octubre de 2023. [104]

Para diciembre de 2022, la Comisión de Nombres también había ordenado a la Academia Naval de los Estados Unidos en Annapolis, Maryland , y a la Academia Militar de los Estados Unidos en West Point, Nueva York , que cambiaran el nombre de los edificios, carreteras y otras instalaciones. West Point también eliminó varias exhibiciones relacionadas con el ex superintendente Robert E. Lee, incluido un retrato, un busto, una cita y paneles de bronce que lo representaban a él y a miembros del Ku Klux Klan . [105]

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

En 2017, la Legislatura de Arkansas votó para dejar de honrar el cumpleaños de Robert E. Lee. [122]

En 2019, la Legislatura de Arkansas votó para reemplazar las dos estatuas de Arkansas en la Colección Nacional de Estatuas . Uriah Milton Rose , abogado y fundador del bufete de abogados Rose , desaconsejó la secesión, pero respaldó a la Confederación durante la guerra; aunque no fue soldado ni funcionario electo, sirvió a la Confederación como canciller del condado de Pulaski, y luego fue designado historiador estatal de la Confederación. [123] También se eliminó una estatua del gobernador progresista de la supremacía blanca James Paul Clarke . [124] Serán reemplazadas por estatuas de Johnny Cash y la periodista y presidenta estatal de la NAACP Daisy L. Gatson Bates , quien jugó un papel clave en la integración de la Central High School de Little Rock en 1957. [125]

California

Postes en el antiguo sitio del marcador de la autopista Jefferson Davis en Horton Plaza , San Diego , el 16 de agosto de 2017

Distrito de Columbia

El pedestal vacío y vandalizado del monumento a Albert Pike en Washington, DC, el 2 de julio de 2020, después de que los manifestantes derribaran la estatua.

Florida

Una reunión de agosto de 2017 de la Liga de Alcaldes de Florida se dedicó al tema de qué hacer con los monumentos de la Guerra Civil. [150]

Memoria In Aeterna , ahora en el cementerio de la familia Brandon, Brandon, Florida

Georgia

Indiana

Kansas

Kentucky

Luisiana

Monumento a Jefferson Davis en Nueva Orleans , Luisiana ; izquierda : el monumento se inauguró el 22 de febrero de 1911; derecha : después de la remoción de la estatua y el pedestal el 11 de mayo de 2017.

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Misisipí

Misuri

Montana

Fuente conmemorativa confederada en Helena, Montana, antes de su remoción

Nevada

Nuevo Méjico

Nueva York

Carolina del Norte

Antiguo juzgado del condado de Chatham, Pittsboro, Carolina del Norte (1908)

Ohio

Oklahoma

Pensilvania

Carolina del Sur

Tennesse

La Ley de Protección del Patrimonio de Tennessee de 2016 “frena la capacidad de las ciudades y los condados de eliminar monumentos o cambiar los nombres de calles y parques”. [394]

Estatua retirada de Nathan Bedford Forrest, Health Sciences Park (anteriormente Forrest Park), Memphis
Confederate Memorial Hall, ahora conocido como Memorial Hall, Universidad de Vanderbilt

Texas

Losa vacía después de que se retirara el monumento conmemorativo de la Guerra Confederada en 2020

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Old Isle of Wight County Courthouse, with former Confederate memorial statue
The removed statues on Monument Avenue, Richmond, clockwise from top left: Stonewall Jackson, Matthew Fontaine Maury, J. E. B. Stuart and Jefferson Davis.
Defaced Lee Monument, Richmond, before removal in 2021

Washington (state)

Jefferson Davis Highway marker from Blaine

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Brazil

Canada

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[2]
  2. ^ Graham (2016) "Many of the treasured monuments that seem to offer a connection to the post-bellum South are actually much later, anachronistic constructions, and they tend to correlate closely with periods of fraught racial relations".[19]
  3. ^ Graham (2016) "A timeline of the genesis of the Confederate sites shows two notable spikes. One comes around the turn of the 20th century, just after Plessy v. Ferguson, and just as many Southern states were establishing repressive race laws. The second runs from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s—the peak of the civil-rights movement."[12][19]

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Further reading (arranged by date)

Videos

External links