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Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Jacqueline Lee " Jackie " Kennedy Onassis [a] ( née  Bouvier / ˈb v i / ; 28 de julio de 1929 - 19 de mayo de 1994) fue una escritora, editora de libros y socialité estadounidense que se desempeñó como primera dama de los Estados Unidos de 1961 a 1963, como esposa del presidente John F. Kennedy . Una primera dama popular, se ganó el cariño del público estadounidense con su devoción a su familia, dedicación a la preservación histórica de la Casa Blanca , las campañas que dirigió para preservar y restaurar monumentos históricos y arquitectura junto con su interés en la historia, la cultura y las artes estadounidenses. Durante su vida, fue considerada un ícono internacional por sus elecciones de moda únicas, y su trabajo como embajadora cultural de los Estados Unidos la hizo muy popular a nivel mundial. [1]

Después de estudiar historia y arte en el Vassar College y graduarse con una licenciatura en literatura francesa en la Universidad George Washington en 1951, Bouvier comenzó a trabajar para el Washington Times-Herald como fotógrafa investigadora. [2] Al año siguiente, conoció al entonces congresista John F. Kennedy de Massachusetts en una cena en Washington. Fue elegido para el Senado ese mismo año, y la pareja se casó el 12 de septiembre de 1953 en Newport, Rhode Island . Tuvieron cuatro hijos, dos de los cuales murieron en la infancia . Después de la elección de su esposo a la presidencia en 1960 , Kennedy fue conocida por su restauración muy publicitada de la Casa Blanca y su énfasis en las artes y la cultura, así como por su estilo. También viajó a muchos países donde su fluidez en idiomas extranjeros y la historia la hicieron muy popular. [3] [4] A los 33 años, fue nombrada Mujer del Año de la revista Time en 1962.

Después del asesinato y funeral de su marido en 1963, Kennedy y sus hijos se retiraron en gran medida de la vista pública. En 1968, se casó con el magnate naviero griego Aristóteles Onassis , lo que causó controversia. Después de la muerte de Onassis en 1975, tuvo una carrera como editora de libros en la ciudad de Nueva York, primero en Viking Press y luego en Doubleday , y trabajó para restaurar su imagen pública. Incluso después de su muerte, se ubica como una de las primeras damas más populares y reconocibles en la historia estadounidense, y en 1999, fue incluida en la lista de Gallup como uno de los hombres y mujeres más admirados del siglo XX. [5] Murió en 1994 y fue enterrada en el Cementerio Nacional de Arlington junto con el presidente Kennedy y dos de sus hijos, uno nacido muerto y otro que murió poco después del nacimiento. [6] Las encuestas de historiadores realizadas periódicamente por el Siena College Research Institute desde 1982 han encontrado consistentemente que Kennedy Onassis se encuentra entre las primeras damas más respetadas según las evaluaciones de los historiadores.

Vida temprana (1929-1951)

Familia y niñez

Jacqueline Lee Bouvier nació el 28 de julio de 1929 en el Hospital Southampton en Southampton, Nueva York , hija del corredor de bolsa de Wall Street John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III y la socialité Janet Norton Lee . [7] Su madre era de ascendencia irlandesa , [8] y su padre tenía ascendencia francesa , escocesa e inglesa . [9] [b] Bautizada en honor a su padre, fue bautizada en la Iglesia de San Ignacio de Loyola en Manhattan y criada en la fe católica romana . [12] Caroline Lee , su hermana menor, nació cuatro años después, el 3 de marzo de 1933. [13]

Jacqueline Bouvier pasó sus primeros años de infancia en Manhattan y en Lasata , la finca rural de los Bouvier en East Hampton en Long Island . [14] Admiraba a su padre, quien también la favorecía sobre su hermana, llamando a su hija mayor "la hija más hermosa que un hombre haya tenido jamás". [15] La biógrafa Tina Santi Flaherty informa de la temprana confianza de Jacqueline en sí misma, viendo un vínculo con los elogios y la actitud positiva de su padre hacia ella, y su hermana Lee Radziwill afirmó que Jacqueline no habría ganado su "independencia e individualidad" si no hubiera sido por la relación que tenía con su padre y abuelo paterno, John Vernou Bouvier Jr. [16] [17] Desde temprana edad, Jacqueline fue una entusiasta jinete y compitió con éxito en el deporte, y la equitación siguió siendo una pasión de toda la vida. [16] [18] Tomó lecciones de ballet , era una ávida lectora y se destacó en el aprendizaje de idiomas extranjeros, incluidos francés , español e italiano . [19] El francés fue especialmente enfatizado en su educación. [20]

Jacqueline Bouvier, de seis años, con su perro en 1935

En 1935, Jacqueline Bouvier se matriculó en la Escuela Chapin de Manhattan , donde asistió a los grados 1 a 7. [18] [21] Era una estudiante brillante, pero a menudo se portaba mal; uno de sus maestros la describió como "una niña encantadora, la niña más bonita, muy inteligente, muy artística y llena del diablo". [22] Su madre atribuyó este comportamiento a que terminaba sus tareas antes que sus compañeros de clase y luego actuaba por aburrimiento. [23] Su comportamiento mejoró después de que la directora le advirtiera que ninguna de sus cualidades positivas importaría si no se portaba bien. [23]

El matrimonio de los Bouviers se vio afectado por el alcoholismo y las relaciones extramatrimoniales del padre ; la familia también había luchado con dificultades financieras tras el desplome de Wall Street de 1929. [ 14] [24] Se separaron en 1936 y se divorciaron cuatro años después, y la prensa publicó detalles íntimos de la separación. [25] Según su primo John H. Davis , Jacqueline se vio profundamente afectada por el divorcio y posteriormente tuvo una "tendencia a retirarse con frecuencia a un mundo privado propio". [14] Cuando su madre se casó con el heredero de Standard Oil, Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr. , las hermanas Bouvier no asistieron a la ceremonia porque se organizó rápidamente y los viajes estaban restringidos debido a la Segunda Guerra Mundial . [26] Ganaron tres hermanastros de los matrimonios anteriores de Auchincloss, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss y Nina Gore Auchincloss . Jacqueline formó el vínculo más estrecho con Yusha, quien se convirtió en una de sus confidentes más confiables. [26] El matrimonio luego produjo dos hijos más, Janet Jennings Auchincloss en 1945 y James Lee Auchincloss en 1947. [27]

Como regalo de bodas, el Sr. Auchincloss le regaló a su nueva esposa, Janet, un automóvil. Pero, como estábamos en plena Segunda Guerra Mundial , no se producían automóviles nuevos. Por eso, el Sr. Auchincloss le regaló un Ford Deluxe Convertible de 1940 prácticamente nuevo. Jacqueline, que en ese momento tenía 13 años, aprendió a conducir en este Ford de 1940. Continuó usando el automóvil con sus hermanos durante la década de 1940. Poco antes de su graduación de la Universidad George Washington en 1951, la familia Auchincloss vendió el Ford. El automóvil ahora se encuentra en la Colección de la Familia Crumpley en Texas.

Después del nuevo matrimonio, la finca Merrywood de Auchincloss en McLean, Virginia , se convirtió en la residencia principal de las hermanas Bouvier, aunque también pasaron tiempo en su otra finca, Hammersmith Farm en Newport, Rhode Island , y en las casas de su padre en la ciudad de Nueva York y Long Island. [14] [28] Aunque mantuvo una relación con su padre, Jacqueline Bouvier también consideraba a su padrastro como una figura paternal cercana. [14] Él le dio un entorno estable y la infancia mimada que de otra manera nunca habría experimentado. [29] Mientras se adaptaba al nuevo matrimonio de su madre, a veces se sentía como una extraña en el círculo social WASP de los Auchincloss, atribuyendo el sentimiento a que era católica además de ser hija del divorcio, lo que no era común en ese grupo social en ese momento. [30]

Después de siete años en Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier asistió a la Holton-Arms School en el noroeste de Washington, DC , de 1942 a 1944 y a la Miss Porter's School en Farmington, Connecticut , de 1944 a 1947. [8] Eligió Miss Porter's porque era un internado que le permitía distanciarse de los Auchinclosses y porque la escuela ponía énfasis en las clases preparatorias para la universidad. [31] En el anuario de su último año, Bouvier fue reconocida por "su ingenio, su logro como amazona y su falta de voluntad para convertirse en ama de casa". Más tarde contrató a su amiga de la infancia Nancy Tuckerman para que fuera su secretaria social en la Casa Blanca. [32] Se graduó entre las mejores estudiantes de su clase y recibió el Premio Maria McKinney Memorial a la Excelencia en Literatura. [33]

Universidad y comienzos de carrera

En el otoño de 1947, Jacqueline Bouvier ingresó al Vassar College en Poughkeepsie, Nueva York , en ese momento una institución para mujeres. [34] Ella había querido asistir al Sarah Lawrence College , más cerca de la ciudad de Nueva York, pero sus padres insistieron en que eligiera el más aislado Vassar. [35] Ella era una estudiante consumada que participó en los clubes de arte y teatro de la escuela y escribió para su periódico. [14] [36] Debido a que no le gustaba la ubicación de Vassar en Poughkeepsie, no tomó parte activa en su vida social y en su lugar viajó de regreso a Manhattan los fines de semana. [37] Había hecho su debut en la alta sociedad en el verano antes de ingresar a la universidad y se convirtió en una presencia frecuente en las funciones sociales de Nueva York. El columnista de Hearst Igor Cassini la apodó la " debutante del año". [38] Pasó su tercer año (1949-1950) en Francia, en la Universidad de Grenoble en Grenoble y en la Sorbona en París, en un programa de estudios en el extranjero a través del Smith College . [39] Al regresar a casa, se trasladó a la Universidad George Washington en Washington, DC, graduándose con una licenciatura en literatura francesa en 1951. [27] Durante los primeros años de su matrimonio con John F. Kennedy, tomó clases de educación continua en historia estadounidense en la Universidad de Georgetown en Washington, DC. [27]

Mientras asistía a George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier ganó un puesto de editora junior de doce meses en la revista Vogue ; había sido seleccionada entre varios cientos de otras mujeres en todo el país. [40] El puesto implicaba trabajar durante seis meses en la oficina de la revista en la ciudad de Nueva York y pasar los seis meses restantes en París. [40] Antes de comenzar el trabajo, celebró su graduación universitaria y la graduación de la escuela secundaria de su hermana Lee viajando con ella a Europa durante el verano. [40] El viaje fue el tema de su única autobiografía, One Special Summer , coescrita con Lee; también es la única de sus obras publicadas que presenta los dibujos de Jacqueline Bouvier. [41] En su primer día en Vogue , el editor en jefe le aconsejó que renunciara y regresara a Washington. Según la biógrafa Barbara Leaming , el editor estaba preocupado por las perspectivas de matrimonio de Bouvier; tenía 22 años y se la consideraba demasiado mayor para estar soltera en sus círculos sociales. Siguió el consejo, dejó el trabajo y regresó a Washington después de solo un día de trabajo. [40]

Bouvier regresó a Merrywood y un amigo de la familia la recomendó al Washington Times-Herald , donde el editor Frank Waldrop la contrató como recepcionista a tiempo parcial. [42] Una semana después, solicitó un trabajo más desafiante y Waldrop la envió al editor de la ciudad Sidney Epstein, quien la contrató como "chica de cámara inquisitiva" a pesar de su inexperiencia, pagándole $ 25 por semana. [43] Recordó: "La recuerdo como esta chica muy atractiva y linda como el infierno, y todos los chicos en la sala de redacción le daban una buena mirada". [44] El puesto requería que hiciera preguntas ingeniosas a personas elegidas al azar en la calle y tomara sus fotografías para publicarlas en el periódico junto con citas seleccionadas de sus respuestas. [14] Además de las viñetas aleatorias del " hombre de la calle ", a veces buscaba entrevistas con personas de interés, como Tricia Nixon, de seis años . Bouvier entrevistó a Tricia unos días después de que su padre, Richard Nixon, fuera elegido vicepresidente en las elecciones de 1952. [ 45] Durante este tiempo, Bouvier estuvo comprometida brevemente con un joven corredor de bolsa llamado John Husted. Después de solo un mes de noviazgo, la pareja publicó el anuncio en The New York Times en enero de 1952. [46] Después de tres meses, ella canceló el compromiso porque lo había encontrado "inmaduro y aburrido" una vez que lo conoció mejor. [47] [48]

Matrimonio con John F. Kennedy

El senador John F. Kennedy y Jacqueline Kennedy el día de su boda, el 12 de septiembre de 1953

Jacqueline y el representante estadounidense John F. Kennedy pertenecían al mismo círculo social y fueron presentados formalmente por un amigo en común, el periodista Charles L. Bartlett , en una cena en mayo de 1952. [14] A ella le atraía la apariencia física, el ingenio y la riqueza de Kennedy. La pareja también compartía las similitudes del catolicismo, la escritura, el gusto por la lectura y el haber vivido anteriormente en el extranjero. [49] Kennedy estaba ocupado postulándose para el escaño del Senado de los EE. UU. en Massachusetts ; la relación se volvió más seria y él le propuso matrimonio después de las elecciones de noviembre. Bouvier tardó un tiempo en aceptar, porque había sido asignada para cubrir la coronación de la reina Isabel II en Londres para The Washington Times-Herald . [22]

Después de un mes en Europa, regresó a los Estados Unidos y aceptó la propuesta de matrimonio de Kennedy. Luego renunció a su puesto en el periódico. [50] Su compromiso fue anunciado oficialmente el 25 de junio de 1953. Ella tenía 24 años y él 36. [51] [52] Bouvier y Kennedy se casaron el 12 de septiembre de 1953, en la iglesia de St. Mary en Newport, Rhode Island , en una misa celebrada por el arzobispo de Boston, Richard Cushing . [53] La boda fue considerada el evento social de la temporada con un estimado de 700 invitados en la ceremonia y 1200 en la recepción que siguió en Hammersmith Farm . [54] El vestido de novia fue diseñado por Ann Lowe de la ciudad de Nueva York, y ahora se encuentra en la Biblioteca Presidencial Kennedy en Boston. Los vestidos de sus asistentes también fueron creados por Lowe, quien no fue acreditada por Jacqueline Kennedy. [55]

Los Kennedy después de la cirugía de columna de John, diciembre de 1954

Los recién casados ​​pasaron su luna de miel en Acapulco , México, antes de establecerse en su nuevo hogar, Hickory Hill en McLean, Virginia , un suburbio de Washington, DC . [56] Kennedy desarrolló una cálida relación con sus suegros, Joseph y Rose Kennedy . [57] [58] [59] En los primeros años de su matrimonio, la pareja enfrentó varios reveses personales. John Kennedy sufría la enfermedad de Addison y un dolor de espalda crónico y a veces debilitante, que se había agravado por una herida de guerra; a fines de 1954, se sometió a una operación de columna casi fatal. [60] Además, Jacqueline Kennedy sufrió un aborto espontáneo en 1955 y en agosto de 1956 dio a luz a una hija muerta, Arabella. [61] [62] Posteriormente vendieron su propiedad de Hickory Hill al hermano de Kennedy , Robert , quien la ocupó con su esposa Ethel y su creciente familia, y compraron una casa adosada en N Street en Georgetown . [8] Los Kennedy también residieron en un apartamento en 122 Bowdoin Street en Boston , su residencia permanente en Massachusetts durante la carrera de John en el Congreso. [63] [64]

Kennedy dio a luz a su hija Caroline el 27 de noviembre de 1957. [61] En ese momento, ella y su esposo estaban haciendo campaña en Massachusetts para su reelección al Senado , y posaron con su hija pequeña para la portada de la edición del 21 de abril de 1958 de la revista Life . [65] [c] [ ¿cuál? ] Viajaron juntos durante la campaña como parte de sus esfuerzos por reducir la separación física que había caracterizado los primeros cinco años de su matrimonio. Muy pronto, John Kennedy comenzó a notar el valor que su esposa agregó a su campaña al Congreso. Kenneth O'Donnell recordó que "el tamaño de la multitud era el doble" cuando ella acompañaba a su esposo; también la recordó como "siempre alegre y servicial". La madre de John, Rose, sin embargo, observó que Jacqueline no era "una activista nata" debido a su timidez y se sentía incómoda con demasiada atención. [67] En noviembre de 1958, John fue reelegido para un segundo mandato. Él atribuyó la visibilidad de Jacqueline en los anuncios y en la campaña como activos vitales para asegurar su victoria y la llamó "simplemente invaluable". [68] [69]

En julio de 1959, el historiador Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. visitó el complejo Kennedy en Hyannis Port, Massachusetts , y tuvo su primera conversación con Jacqueline Kennedy; descubrió que ella tenía "una conciencia tremenda, un ojo que todo lo ve y un juicio implacable". [70] Ese año, John Kennedy viajó a 14 estados, pero Jacqueline se tomó largos descansos de los viajes para pasar tiempo con su hija, Caroline. También aconsejó a su esposo sobre cómo mejorar su vestuario en preparación para la campaña presidencial planeada para el año siguiente. [71] En particular, viajó a Luisiana para visitar a Edmund Reggie y ayudar a su esposo a obtener apoyo en el estado para su candidatura presidencial. [72]

Primera dama de los Estados Unidos (1961-1963)

Campaña para la presidencia

Kennedy y su marido votando en la Biblioteca Pública de Boston el día de las elecciones, alrededor  del 8 de noviembre de 1960

El 2 de enero de 1960, John F. Kennedy, entonces senador de los Estados Unidos por Massachusetts, anunció su candidatura a la presidencia en el edificio Russell Senate Office Building y lanzó su campaña a nivel nacional. En los primeros meses del año electoral, Jacqueline Kennedy acompañó a su esposo a eventos de campaña como paradas de servicio y cenas. [73] Poco después de que comenzara la campaña, quedó embarazada. Debido a sus embarazos previos de alto riesgo, decidió quedarse en su casa en Georgetown. [74] [75] Posteriormente, Jacqueline participó en la campaña escribiendo una columna semanal en un periódico, "Campaign Wife", respondiendo correspondencia y dando entrevistas a los medios. [22]

A pesar de no participar en la campaña, Kennedy se convirtió en el tema de una intensa atención de los medios por sus elecciones de moda. [76] Por un lado, era admirada por su estilo personal; aparecía con frecuencia en revistas femeninas junto a estrellas de cine y era nombrada como una de las 12 mujeres mejor vestidas del mundo. [77] Por otro lado, su preferencia por los diseñadores franceses y su gasto en su vestuario le trajeron prensa negativa. [77] Para restar importancia a su origen adinerado, Kennedy destacó la cantidad de trabajo que estaba haciendo para la campaña y se negó a hablar públicamente de sus elecciones de ropa. [77]

El 13 de julio, en la Convención Nacional Demócrata de 1960 en Los Ángeles, el partido nominó a John F. Kennedy para presidente. Jacqueline no asistió a la nominación debido a su embarazo, que había sido anunciado públicamente diez días antes. [78] Estaba en Hyannis Port cuando vio el debate del 26 de septiembre de 1960 , que fue el primer debate presidencial televisado del país, entre su esposo y el candidato republicano Richard Nixon , quien era el vicepresidente en ejercicio. Marian Cannon, la esposa de Arthur Schlesinger, vio el debate con ella. Días después de los debates, Jacqueline Kennedy se puso en contacto con Schlesinger y le informó que John quería su ayuda junto con la de John Kenneth Galbraith para prepararse para el tercer debate el 13 de octubre; deseaba que le dieran a su esposo nuevas ideas y discursos. [79] [ ¿cuál? ] El 29 de septiembre de 1960, los Kennedy aparecieron juntos para una entrevista conjunta en Person to Person , entrevistados por Charles Collingwood . [78]

Como primera dama

Jacqueline y John F. Kennedy, André y Marie-Madeleine Malraux, Lyndon B. y Lady Bird Johnson antes de una cena, mayo de 1962. Jacqueline Kennedy lleva un vestido diseñado por Oleg Cassini . [80]
Con el presidente tunecino Habib Bourguiba

El 8 de noviembre de 1960, John F. Kennedy derrotó por un estrecho margen a su oponente republicano Richard Nixon en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos . [22] Poco más de dos semanas después, el 25 de noviembre, Jacqueline Kennedy dio a luz al primer hijo de la pareja, John F. Kennedy Jr. [22] Pasó dos semanas recuperándose en el hospital, durante las cuales los medios informaron los detalles más minuciosos de las condiciones de ella y de su hijo en lo que se ha considerado el primer caso de interés nacional en la familia Kennedy. [81]

El marido de Kennedy juró como presidente el 20 de enero de 1961. A los 31 años, Kennedy fue la tercera mujer más joven en ocupar el cargo de primera dama, así como la primera primera dama de la Generación Silenciosa . [22] Insistió en que también mantuvieron una casa familiar alejada de la vista del público y alquilaron Glen Ora en Middleburg . [82] Como pareja presidencial, los Kennedy se diferenciaban de los Eisenhower por su afiliación política, juventud y su relación con los medios de comunicación. El historiador Gil Troy ha señalado que, en particular, "enfatizaban las apariencias vagas en lugar de logros específicos o compromisos apasionados" y, por lo tanto, encajaban bien en la "cultura cool y orientada a la televisión" de principios de la década de 1960. [83] La discusión sobre las elecciones de moda de Kennedy continuó durante sus años en la Casa Blanca, y se convirtió en una creadora de tendencias, contratando al diseñador estadounidense Oleg Cassini para diseñar su vestuario. [84] Fue la primera esposa presidencial en contratar a una secretaria de prensa , Pamela Turnure , y manejó cuidadosamente su contacto con los medios, generalmente evitando hacer declaraciones públicas y controlando estrictamente el grado en que sus hijos eran fotografiados. [85] [86] Los medios retrataron a Kennedy como la mujer ideal, lo que llevó a la académica Maurine Beasley a observar que ella "creó una expectativa mediática poco realista para las primeras damas que desafiaría a sus sucesoras". [86] Sin embargo, atrajo la atención pública positiva mundial y ganó aliados para la Casa Blanca y apoyo internacional para la administración Kennedy y sus políticas de la Guerra Fría . [87]

Aunque Kennedy declaró que su prioridad como primera dama era cuidar del presidente y sus hijos, también dedicó su tiempo a la promoción de las artes estadounidenses y la preservación de su historia. [88] [89] La restauración de la Casa Blanca fue su principal contribución, pero también impulsó la causa organizando eventos sociales que reunieron a figuras de élite de la política y las artes. [88] [89] Uno de sus objetivos no realizados fue fundar un Departamento de las Artes, pero contribuyó al establecimiento del Fondo Nacional para las Artes y el Fondo Nacional para las Humanidades , establecidos durante el mandato de Johnson. [89]

Restauración de la Casa Blanca

Kennedy con Charles Collingwood de CBS News durante su recorrido televisado por la restaurada Casa Blanca en 1962

Kennedy había visitado la Casa Blanca en dos ocasiones antes de convertirse en primera dama: la primera vez como turista de escuela primaria en 1941 y nuevamente como invitada de la primera dama saliente Mamie Eisenhower poco antes de la investidura de su esposo. [88] Se sintió consternada al descubrir que las habitaciones de la mansión estaban amuebladas con piezas poco distinguibles que mostraban poco significado histórico [88] y convirtió en su primer proyecto importante como primera dama restaurar su carácter histórico. En su primer día en la residencia, comenzó sus esfuerzos con la ayuda de la decoradora de interiores Sister Parish . Decidió hacer que las habitaciones familiares fueran atractivas y adecuadas para la vida familiar agregando una cocina en el piso familiar y nuevas habitaciones para sus hijos. Los $ 50,000 que se habían asignado para este esfuerzo se agotaron casi de inmediato. Continuando con el proyecto, estableció un comité de bellas artes para supervisar y financiar el proceso de restauración y solicitó el asesoramiento del experto en muebles estadounidenses Henry du Pont . [88] Para resolver el problema de financiación, se publicó una guía de la Casa Blanca, cuyas ventas se utilizaron para la restauración. [88] Trabajando con Rachel Lambert Mellon , Jacqueline Kennedy también supervisó el rediseño y la replantación del Jardín de rosas y el Jardín Este, que pasó a llamarse Jardín Jacqueline Kennedy después del asesinato de su marido. Además, Kennedy ayudó a detener la destrucción de casas históricas en Lafayette Square en Washington, DC, porque sentía que estos edificios eran una parte importante de la capital de la nación y desempeñaban un papel esencial en su historia. Ayudó a detener la destrucción de edificios históricos a lo largo de la plaza, incluido el Edificio Renwick, ahora parte del Instituto Smithsoniano, y su apoyo a la preservación histórica también llegó más allá de los Estados Unidos, ya que atrajo la atención internacional hacia los templos del siglo XIII a. C. de Abu Simbel que estaban en peligro de ser inundados por la presa de Asuán en Egipto. [88]

John y Jacqueline Kennedy en Navidad de 1961

Antes de los años de Kennedy como primera dama, los presidentes y sus familias se habían llevado muebles y otros objetos de la Casa Blanca cuando se iban; esto provocó la falta de piezas históricas originales en la mansión. Ella personalmente escribió a posibles donantes para rastrear estos muebles faltantes y otras piezas históricas de interés. [90] Jacqueline Kennedy inició un proyecto de ley del Congreso que establecía que los muebles de la Casa Blanca serían propiedad del Instituto Smithsoniano en lugar de estar disponibles para que los expresidentes salientes los reclamaran como propios. También fundó la Asociación Histórica de la Casa Blanca , el Comité para la Preservación de la Casa Blanca , el puesto de Curador permanente de la Casa Blanca , el Fideicomiso de Dotación de la Casa Blanca y el Fideicomiso de Adquisiciones de la Casa Blanca . [91] Fue la primera esposa presidencial en contratar a un curador de la Casa Blanca. [85]

El 14 de febrero de 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, acompañada por Charles Collingwood de CBS News , llevó a los televidentes estadounidenses a un recorrido por la Casa Blanca . En el recorrido, declaró: "Creo firmemente que la Casa Blanca debería tener la mejor colección de imágenes estadounidenses posible. Es muy importante... el escenario en el que se presenta la presidencia al mundo, a los visitantes extranjeros. El pueblo estadounidense debería estar orgulloso de ello. Tenemos una gran civilización. Muchos extranjeros no se dan cuenta. Creo que esta casa debería ser el lugar donde los veamos mejor". [91] La película fue vista por 56 millones de televidentes en los Estados Unidos, [88] y luego se distribuyó a 106 países. Kennedy ganó un premio especial de la Academia de Artes y Ciencias de la Televisión por ella en los Premios Emmy en 1962, que fue aceptado en su nombre por Lady Bird Johnson . Kennedy fue la única primera dama en ganar un Emmy. [85]

Viajes al extranjero

Jacqueline Kennedy en Vijay Chowk en Nueva Delhi en marzo de 1962

Jackie Kennedy fue embajadora cultural de los Estados Unidos, conocida por su labor cultural y diplomática a nivel mundial, y a veces viajaba sin el presidente Kennedy a diferentes países para promover el intercambio cultural y las relaciones diplomáticas. Fue muy apreciada por los dignatarios extranjeros, ya que utilizó su fluidez en idiomas extranjeros como el francés, el español y el italiano, así como su conocimiento cultural, para establecer relaciones sólidas con líderes extranjeros y pronunciar discursos. Fue galardonada con la Legión de Honor francesa, el máximo galardón civil otorgado por el gobierno francés, convirtiéndose en la primera primera dama y la primera mujer estadounidense en recibir tal distinción. Su papel como embajadora cultural tuvo un impacto significativo en la diplomacia cultural y ayudó a fortalecer los lazos entre los Estados Unidos y otros países.

Los conocimientos lingüísticos y culturales de Jacqueline eran muy respetados por el pueblo francés, y su visita a Francia con el presidente Kennedy en 1961 fue considerada un gran éxito. Durante la visita, pronunció un discurso en francés en la Universidad Americana de París, que fue ampliamente elogiado por su elocuencia. En su discurso, Jacqueline Kennedy habló sobre la importancia del intercambio cultural entre Francia y los Estados Unidos, y destacó los valores y la historia compartidos por las dos naciones.

Durante la presidencia de su marido y más que ninguna de las primeras damas anteriores, Kennedy hizo muchas visitas oficiales a otros países, sola o con el presidente. [27] A pesar de la preocupación inicial de que no tuviera "atractivo político", demostró ser popular entre los dignatarios internacionales. [83] Antes de la primera visita oficial de los Kennedy a Francia en 1961, se filmó un especial de televisión en francés con la Primera Dama en el césped de la Casa Blanca. Después de llegar al país, impresionó al público con su capacidad para hablar francés, así como con su amplio conocimiento de la historia francesa. [92] Al concluir la visita, la revista Time parecía encantada con la Primera Dama y señaló: "También estaba ese tipo que vino con ella". Incluso el presidente Kennedy bromeó: "Soy el hombre que acompañó a Jacqueline Kennedy a París, ¡y lo he disfrutado!". [93] [94]

Desde Francia, los Kennedy viajaron a Viena, Austria, donde le pidieron al primer ministro soviético Nikita Khrushchev que estrechara la mano del presidente para una foto. Él respondió: "Me gustaría estrecharle la mano a ella primero". [95] Khrushchev luego le envió un cachorro, Pushinka ; el animal era significativo por ser el descendiente de Strelka , el perro que había ido al espacio durante una misión espacial soviética. [96]

Kennedy en el Taj Mahal , Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India , marzo de 1962

A instancias del embajador de Estados Unidos en la India, John Kenneth Galbraith , Kennedy emprendió una gira por la India y Pakistán con su hermana Lee Radziwill en 1962. La gira fue ampliamente documentada en fotoperiodismo, así como en los diarios y memorias de Galbraith. El presidente de Pakistán, Ayub Khan , le había regalado un caballo llamado Sardar . Había descubierto en su visita a la Casa Blanca que él y la Primera Dama tenían un interés común en los caballos. [97] La ​​corresponsal de la revista Life , Anne Chamberlin, escribió que Kennedy "se comportó magníficamente", aunque señaló que sus multitudes eran más pequeñas que las que atrajeron el presidente Dwight Eisenhower y la reina Isabel II cuando habían visitado previamente estos países. [98] Además de estos viajes bien publicitados durante los tres años de la administración Kennedy, viajó a países como Afganistán , Austria, Canadá, [99] Colombia , Reino Unido, Grecia , Italia , México, [100] Marruecos , Turquía y Venezuela . [27] A diferencia de su marido, Kennedy hablaba español con fluidez, idioma que utilizaba para dirigirse al público latinoamericano. [101]

Muerte de hijo infante

A principios de 1963, Kennedy estaba nuevamente embarazada, lo que la llevó a reducir sus deberes oficiales. Pasó la mayor parte del verano en una casa que ella y el presidente habían alquilado en Squaw Island, que estaba cerca del complejo de Kennedy en Cape Cod, Massachusetts . El 7 de agosto (cinco semanas antes de su fecha prevista de parto), se puso de parto y dio a luz a un niño, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy , mediante una cesárea de emergencia en la cercana Base de la Fuerza Aérea de Otis . Los pulmones del bebé no estaban completamente desarrollados y fue trasladado de Cape Cod al Hospital Infantil de Boston , donde murió de enfermedad de la membrana hialina dos días después del nacimiento. [102] [103] Kennedy había permanecido en la Base de la Fuerza Aérea de Otis para recuperarse después del parto por cesárea; su esposo fue a Boston para estar con su hijo pequeño y estuvo presente cuando murió. El 14 de agosto, el presidente regresó a Otis para llevarla a casa y pronunció un discurso improvisado para agradecer a las enfermeras y aviadores que se habían reunido en su suite. En agradecimiento, obsequió al personal del hospital litografías enmarcadas y firmadas de la Casa Blanca. [104]

La Primera Dama se vio profundamente afectada por la muerte de Patrick [105] y procedió a entrar en un estado de depresión . [106] Sin embargo, la pérdida de su hijo tuvo un impacto positivo en el matrimonio y acercó a la pareja en su dolor compartido. [105] Arthur Schlesinger escribió que, si bien John Kennedy siempre "consideró a Jackie con genuino afecto y orgullo", su matrimonio "nunca pareció más sólido que en los últimos meses de 1963". [107] [ ¿Cuál? ] El amigo de Jacqueline Kennedy, Aristóteles Onassis, estaba al tanto de su depresión y la invitó a su yate para recuperarse. El presidente Kennedy inicialmente tenía reservas, pero cedió porque creía que sería "bueno para ella". El viaje fue ampliamente desaprobado dentro de la administración Kennedy, por gran parte del público en general y en el Congreso. La Primera Dama regresó a los Estados Unidos el 17 de octubre de 1963. Más tarde diría que lamentaba haber estado fuera tanto tiempo, pero que había estado "melancólica después de la muerte de mi bebé". [106]

Asesinato y funeral de John F. Kennedy

El Presidente y la Primera Dama en el asiento trasero de la limusina presidencial minutos antes del asesinato.

El 21 de noviembre de 1963, la Primera Dama y el Presidente se embarcaron en un viaje político a Texas con varios objetivos en mente; esta fue la primera vez que ella se unió a su esposo en un viaje de este tipo en los EE. UU. [ 108] Después de un desayuno el 22 de noviembre, tomaron un vuelo muy corto en el Air Force One desde la Base Aérea Carswell de Fort Worth hasta el Love Field de Dallas , acompañados por el gobernador de Texas John Connally y su esposa Nellie . [109] La Primera Dama vestía un traje Chanel rosa brillante y un sombrero pastillero , [1] [110] que había sido seleccionado personalmente por el presidente Kennedy. [111] Una caravana de 9,5 millas (15,3 km) los llevaría al Trade Mart , donde estaba previsto que el presidente hablara en un almuerzo. La Primera Dama estaba sentada a la izquierda de su esposo en la tercera fila de asientos de la limusina presidencial , con el Gobernador y su esposa sentados frente a ellos. El vicepresidente Lyndon B. Johnson y su esposa lo siguieron en otro automóvil en la caravana. [ cita requerida ]

Después de que la caravana doblara la esquina de Elm Street en Dealey Plaza , la Primera Dama escuchó lo que pensó que era el petardeo de una motocicleta . No se dio cuenta de que era un disparo hasta que escuchó al gobernador Connally gritar. En 8,4 segundos, sonaron dos disparos más, y uno de ellos alcanzó a su marido en la cabeza. Casi inmediatamente, empezó a subirse a la parte trasera de la limusina; el agente del Servicio Secreto Clint Hill dijo más tarde a la Comisión Warren que pensó que había estado alcanzando el maletero para coger algo que se desprendía del parachoques trasero derecho del coche. [112] Hill corrió hacia el coche y saltó sobre él, dirigiéndola de nuevo a su asiento. Mientras Hill estaba de pie en el parachoques trasero, el fotógrafo de Associated Press Ike Altgens tomó una fotografía que apareció en las portadas de los periódicos de todo el mundo. [113] Más tarde testificaría que vio fotos "de mí saliendo por la parte trasera. Pero no recuerdo nada de eso". [114]

Kennedy, todavía vistiendo su traje Chanel rosa manchado de sangre , se encuentra junto a Lyndon B. Johnson mientras toma el juramento presidencial administrado por Sarah Hughes a bordo del Air Force One .

El presidente fue trasladado de urgencia para el viaje de 3,8 millas (6,1 km) al Hospital Parkland . A pedido de la Primera Dama, se le permitió estar presente en la sala de operaciones. [115] [ página requerida ] El presidente Kennedy nunca recuperó la conciencia. Murió poco después, a los 46 años. Después de que su esposo fuera declarado muerto, Kennedy se negó a quitarse la ropa manchada de sangre y, según se informa, lamentó haberse lavado la sangre de la cara y las manos, explicando a Lady Bird Johnson que quería "que vieran lo que le han hecho a Jack". [116] Continuó usando el traje rosa manchado de sangre cuando subió al Air Force One y estuvo junto a Johnson cuando tomó juramento como presidente. El traje sin lavar se convirtió en un símbolo del asesinato de su marido y fue donado a la Administración Nacional de Archivos y Registros en 1964. Según los términos de un acuerdo con su hija, Caroline, el traje no se exhibirá públicamente antes de 2103. [117] [118] El biógrafo de Johnson, Robert Caro, escribió que Johnson quería que Jacqueline Kennedy estuviera presente en su juramentación para demostrar la legitimidad de su presidencia a los leales a JFK y al mundo en general. [119]

Los familiares abandonan el Capitolio de los EE. UU. después de un servicio fúnebre para el presidente, el 24 de noviembre de 1963.

Kennedy desempeñó un papel activo en la planificación del funeral de estado de su marido , inspirándose en el servicio de Abraham Lincoln . [120] Pidió un ataúd cerrado, ignorando los deseos de su cuñado, Robert. [121] El servicio fúnebre se celebró en la Catedral de San Mateo Apóstol en Washington DC, y el entierro tuvo lugar en el cercano Cementerio Nacional de Arlington . Kennedy encabezó la procesión a pie y encendió la llama eterna (creada a petición suya) en la tumba. Lady Jeanne Campbell informó al London Evening Standard : "Jacqueline Kennedy le ha dado al pueblo estadounidense... una cosa de la que siempre ha carecido: Majestad". [120]

Una semana después del asesinato, [122] el nuevo presidente Lyndon B. Johnson emitió una orden ejecutiva que estableció la Comisión Warren —dirigida por el presidente de la Corte Suprema Earl Warren— para investigar el asesinato. Diez meses después, la Comisión emitió su informe en el que se concluyó que Lee Harvey Oswald había actuado solo cuando asesinó al presidente Kennedy. [123] En privado, a su viuda le importaba poco la investigación, afirmando que incluso si tuvieran al sospechoso correcto, no traería de vuelta a su marido. [124] Sin embargo, dio una declaración a la Comisión Warren. [d] Después del asesinato y la cobertura mediática que se había centrado intensamente en ella durante y después del entierro, Kennedy se retiró de la vista pública oficial, aparte de una breve aparición en Washington para honrar al agente del Servicio Secreto, Clint Hill , que había subido a bordo de la limusina en Dallas para tratar de protegerla a ella y al presidente.

La vida después del asesinato (1963-1975)

Periodo de duelo y posteriores apariciones públicas

No olvidemos que una vez hubo un lugar, por un breve y brillante momento, conocido como Camelot.

Habrá grandes presidentes nuevamente... pero nunca habrá otro Camelot. [127]

—Kennedy describe los años de la presidencia de su esposo para Life

On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine.[128] In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retreating to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.[129] The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."[130]

Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.[131] Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie", President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.[132]

Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination, and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.[133] She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.[134][135][136]

In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.[e] She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.[140] Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.[141]

Despite having commissioned William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President, Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block its publication.[142][143][144] They sued publishers Harper & Row in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.[citation needed]

During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk.[145][146] According to historian Milton Osborne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".[147] She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.[148]

Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy

After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.[149] He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.[150] In the aftermath of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.[133] He credited her with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States senator from New York.[151]

The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".[152][153] She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him not to follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.[154] She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.[152] Despite her concerns, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,[155] and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.[152]

Just after midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, an enraged Jordanian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.[156] Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted, and the other Kennedy family members at his bedside in Good Samaritan Hospital. Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.[157]

Marriage to Aristotle Onassis

After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.[158] She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country."[159]

On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.[159] The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea.[160] After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing, as "nonsense".[161] She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",[162] and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".[163]

In 1968, billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation. Onassis publicly championed the foundation.[164][165]

During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey,[166] his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.[167] She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.[168]

Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973.[169] He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.[170]

Later years (1975–1990s)

Onassis in 1985 with the president and first lady, Ronald and Nancy Reagan
Onassis with Hillary Clinton in 1993

After the death of her second husband, Onassis returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at Viking Press, a position that she held for two years.[f]

After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Onassis attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery.[172][173] She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of The New York Times stated that she held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him.[174][175] Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president.[176] She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful.[177]

Following her resignation from Viking Press, Onassis was hired by Doubleday, where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, John Turner Sargent, Sr. Among the books she edited for the company are Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe,[178] the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy (with Martha Levin),[179] and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland,[180] singer-songwriter Carly Simon,[181] and fashion icon Diana Vreeland.[180] She also encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and one of the last surviving members of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete the novel The Wedding (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S. The book was later adapted as a miniseries in 1998, starring Halle Berry and Lynn Whitfield and produced by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions.

In addition to her work as an editor, Onassis participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan.[182] A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have cast large shadows on Central Park;[182] the project was canceled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the Time Warner Center, was completed in 2003. Her historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in upstate New York. She was awarded the Fine Arts Federation medal for her devotion to the cause of historic preservation in New York City.[183]

Onassis remained the subject of considerable press attention,[184] especially from the paparazzi photographer Ron Galella, who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission.[185][186] She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography.[187][g] From 1980 until her death, Onassis maintained a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser.[190]

In 1988, Onassis became a first-time grandmother when her daughter Caroline – married to designer Edwin Schlossberg – gave birth to daughter Rose,[191] followed by Tatiana Celia (b. 1990) and John Bouvier (b. 1993).[191] Caroline would later recall: "I have never seen her so happy as when she's around the kids."[191]

In the early 1990s, Onassis supported Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign.[192] Following the election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and advised her on raising a child in the White House.[193] In her memoir Living History, Clinton wrote that Onassis was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".[192] Democratic consultant Ann Lewis observed that Onassis had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past".[194]

Illness, death, and funeral

Onassis's grave at Arlington National Cemetery

In November 1993, Onassis was thrown from her horse while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg, Virginia, and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin, which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection.[195] The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months.[196] In December, Onassis developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with non-Hodgkins lymphoma.[195][197] She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis, stating that the initial prognosis was good.[195] She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord, brain and liver and by May it was deemed terminal.[195][197]

Onassis made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994.[195][197] The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64, with her children by her side.[197] In the morning, her son, John F. Kennedy, Jr., announced his mother's death to the press stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "she did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."[198]

On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola—the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager—and asked for no cameras to film the event, for privacy.[199][200] She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella.[14][195] President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service.[201][202]

She left an estate that its executors valued at US$43.7 million (equivalent to $89.8 million in 2023).[203]

Legacy

Popularity

Official portrait of Kennedy at the White House. Her pleated linen dress was designed by Irish fashion designer Sybil Connolly.[204]

Jacqueline Kennedy's marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president.[205][206] Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis's "trophy wife",[207] in contrast to "the shy, selfless, and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect" as First Lady,[208] led the press to portray her as "a spendthrift and a reckless woman".[209]

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis took conscious control of her public image and, by the time of her death, succeeded in rehabilitating it.[210] By moving back to New York City after Onassis's death, working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday, focusing on her children and grandchildren, and participating in charitable causes, she reversed her "reckless spendthrift" image.[211] She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.[212]

Onassis remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is surpassed by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. president.[213]

Both Tina Turner[214] and Jackie Joyner-Kersee[215] have cited Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as an influence.

Style icon

Kennedy wearing her pink Chanel suit

Jacqueline Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president.[216]

Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of Chanel, Balenciaga, and Givenchy, but was aware that in her role as first lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work.[217] After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look.[217] After considering the letter, which expressed her dislike of prints and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended Norman Norell, who was considered America's first designer and known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested Ben Zuckerman, another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the sportswear designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies.[217] Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower.[217]

In her role as first lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and pillbox hats.[216] Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.[27] Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Mr. Kenneth, who worked for her from 1954 until 1986.[218][219] Her tastes in eyewear were also influential, the most famous of which were the bespoke pairs designed for her by French designer, François Pinton. The coinage 'Jackie O glasses' is still used today to refer to this style of oversized, oval-lensed sunglasses.[220]

After leaving the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change. Her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk Hermès headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses.[221] She began wearing jeans in public as part of a casualization of her look.[222]

Kennedy at a State dinner on May 22, 1962

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand pearl necklace, designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane, became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch", the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961.[223] She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s,[224] 1960s[224] and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.

Kennedy, a Catholic, was known for wearing a mantilla at Mass and in the presence of the Pope.[225]

Mary Tyler Moore's Dick Van Dyke Show character Laura Petrie, who symbolized the "feel-good nature" of the Kennedy White House, often dressed like Kennedy.[226]

Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965.[227][228] Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years", the exhibition focused on her time as a first lady.[229]

In 2012, Time magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.[230] In 2016, Forbes included her on the list "10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous".[231]

Historical assessments

In 2020, Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.[232]

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as being customary in her role as first lady,[233][234] though Frank N. Magill argued that her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way that first ladies are evaluated historically.[235] Hamish Bowles, curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing".[236] After her death, Kelly Barber referred to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes.[237] Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former first lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate".[213] Since the late 2000s, Onassis's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses.[238][239] A wide variety of commentators have positively credited the work of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in restoring the White House, including Hugh Sidey,[213][240] Letitia Baldrige,[241] Laura Bush,[242] Kathleen P. Galop,[243] and Carl Anthony.[244]

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. Consistently, Onassis has ranked among the three-eight highly regarded first ladies in these surveys.[245] In terms of cumulative assessment, Onassis has been ranked:

In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey, Onassis was ranked in the top-five of all criteria, ranking the 2nd-highest in background, 4th-highest in intelligence, 2nd-highest in value to the country, 4th-highest in being her "own woman", 4th-highest in integrity, 5th-highest in her accomplishments, 2nd-highest in courage, 4th-highest in leadership, 1st in public image, and 3rd-highest in her value to the president.[246] In the 2003 survey, Onassis made the top-five in half of the categories, being ranked 1st-highest in background, 5th-highest in intelligence, 4th-highest in courage, 4th-highest in value to the country, and 1st-highest in public image.[247] In the 2014 Siena Research Institute survey, in the rankings of 20th and 21st century American first ladies in additional survey questions, Onassis was ranked 2nd-highest for management of family life, 4th-highest for advancement of women's issues, 3rd-greatest as a political asset, 4th-strongest public communicator, and 2nd-highest for creation of a lasting legacy.[245] In the 2014 survey, Onassis and her first husband were also ranked the 6th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".[248]

In the 1982 Siena College Research Institute survey, Onassis had been ranked the lowest in the criteria of integrity. In subsequent iterations of the survey, historians' regard for her integrity markedly improved. The initial disapproving view of her integrity may have been due to sentiments towards her marriage to Aristotle Onassis. Historians' overall opinions towards Onassis as a whole appear to have become more favorable in the subsequent years as she, in her second widowhood, demonstrated her independence with her career in publishing.[249]

Honors and memorials

Portrayals

Jaclyn Smith portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1981 television film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, depicting her life until the end of the JFK presidency.[263] The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of The New York Times as erasing any chances of critique toward her.[264] Though Smith received praise for her performance,[265] with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role",[266] Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag".[267]

Blair Brown portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy, set during the Kennedy presidency.[268] Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Kennedy and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband."[269] Jason Bailey praised her performance,[270] while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness.[271] Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as Best Actress and a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film.[272]

Marianna Bishop, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Roma Downey portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1991 miniseries A Woman Named Jackie, covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis.[273] Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish."[274] Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov[275] and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood.[276] Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role",[277] while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality".[278] Ability credited the role with raising Downey's profile.[279] In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries.[280]

Rhoda Griffis portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1992 film Love Field, set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination.[281] It was Griffis's feature film debut.[282] Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role.[283]

Sally Taylor-Isherwood, Emily VanCamp, and Joanne Whalley portray Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 2000 television miniseries Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, covering chronologically her entire life.[284] Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to her.[285] Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right[286] while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as Forrest Gump in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching – or being touched by – very much."[287]

Stephanie Romanov portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis.[288] Philip French of The Guardian noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties".[289] Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role.[290]

Jill Hennessy portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2001 television film Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot.[291][292] Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Kennedy and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie".[293] Reviewers Anita Gates[294] and Terry Kelleher[295] believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that [sic] it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing."[296]

Jacqueline Bisset portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2003 film America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story.[297] Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in The Greek Tycoon.[298] Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role[299] while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Kennedy as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films".[300]

Jeanne Tripplehorn portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2009 film Grey Gardens for a single scene.[301][302] Tripplehorn said questions she had about Edith Bouvier Beale that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unresolved.[303] Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance[304][305][306] while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Kennedy and small role.[307]

Katie Holmes portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel The Kennedys: After Camelot, focusing on her life after 1968.[308][309] Mary McNamara[310] and Hank Stuever[311] regarded Holmes's performance with neutrality in their reviews of The Kennedys while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role.[312] Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life.[313] When asked of the concurrent Jackie film, Holmes said, "I think its [sic] really exciting. It's [sic] just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country."[314] Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie's life.[315] In The Kennedys: After Camelot, Holmes's performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg[316] and Allison Keane[317] while Kristi Turnquist panned her.[318]

Minka Kelly portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2013 film The Butler, giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination.[319][320] Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role.[321] Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role.[320]

Ginnifer Goodwin portrays her in the 2013 television film Killing Kennedy.[322][323] Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jacqueline Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her".[324] Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering."[325] Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably"[326] while Bruce Miller called her a miscast[327] and Robert Lloyd[328] and Brian Lowry[329] panned her performance.

Kim Allen portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film LBJ.[330] Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role.[331]

Natalie Portman portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2016 film Jackie, set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination.[332][333] Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming.[334] Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career".[335] Manohla Dargis,[336] David Edelstein,[337] and Peter Bradshaw[338] praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by Academy Awards,[339] AACTA Awards,[340] AWFJ,[341] AFCA,[342] and BSFC,[343] and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society.[344]

Jodi Balfour portrays Jacqueline Kennedy in the 2017 eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's drama series, The Crown, titled "Dear Mrs. Kennedy", set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to Buckingham Palace and the immediate reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[345]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nicknamed "Jackie O" following her second marriage.
  2. ^ Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of Pont-Saint-Esprit and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century.[10] Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class, her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier Jr., fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book, Our Forebears, later disproved by the research by her cousin John Hagy Davis.[11]
  3. ^ At first she had opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but she had changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that John would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her.[66]
  4. ^ There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, Earl Warren in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while John J. McCloy outright opposed such an inquiry. Future president Gerald Ford, who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate.[125] With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Kennedy at her apartment.[125][126]
  5. ^ In May 1965, she, Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at Runnymede, England, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to JFK. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where King John had signed Magna Carta in 1215.[137] In 1967, she attended the christening of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)[138] in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near New Ross, Ireland. She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic.[139]
  6. ^ Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was John F. Kennedy, President, by Hugh Sidey, which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped Ted Sorensen with his book Kennedy. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Onassis the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful, and she provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir Counselor, as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me".[171]
  7. ^ In the mid-1970s, photos of Onassis sunbathing in the nude had been published without her permission in the pornographic magazines Playmen, Screw, and Hustler.[188][189]

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Bibliography

External links