Portal:Historia

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El portal de la historia

A Heródoto (c. 484 a. C. – c. 425 a. C.) se
le considera a menudo el "padre de la historia".

La historia (derivada del griego antiguo ἱστορία ( historía ) 'indagación; conocimiento adquirido mediante la investigación') es el estudio sistemático y la documentación del pasado humano . La historia es una disciplina académica que utiliza una narrativa para describir, examinar, cuestionar y analizar eventos pasados e investigar sus patrones de causa y efecto. Los historiadores debaten qué narrativa explica mejor un evento, así como la importancia de diferentes causas y efectos. Los historiadores debaten la naturaleza de la historia como un fin en sí misma y su utilidad para dar perspectiva a los problemas del presente.

El período de acontecimientos anterior a la invención de los sistemas de escritura se considera prehistoria . "Historia" es un término general que abarca los acontecimientos pasados, así como la memoria, el descubrimiento, la recopilación, la organización, la presentación y la interpretación de estos acontecimientos. Los historiadores buscan el conocimiento del pasado utilizando fuentes históricas como documentos escritos, relatos orales o historias orales tradicionales , arte y artefactos materiales y marcadores ecológicos.

Las historias comunes a una cultura en particular, pero que no están respaldadas por fuentes externas (como los cuentos que rodean al Rey Arturo ), generalmente se clasifican como patrimonio cultural o leyendas . La historia se diferencia del mito en que está respaldada por evidencia verificable . Sin embargo, las influencias culturales antiguas han ayudado a crear interpretaciones variantes de la naturaleza de la historia, que han evolucionado a lo largo de los siglos y continúan cambiando hoy en día. El estudio moderno de la historia es de amplio alcance e incluye el estudio de regiones específicas y ciertos elementos temáticos o tópicos de la investigación histórica. La historia se enseña como parte de la educación primaria y secundaria, y el estudio académico de la historia es una disciplina importante en las universidades.

Heródoto , historiador griego del siglo V a. C. , es considerado a menudo el «padre de la historia», como uno de los primeros historiadores de la tradición occidental, aunque ha sido criticado como el «padre de las mentiras». Junto con su contemporáneo Tucídides , ayudó a sentar las bases para el estudio moderno de los acontecimientos y las sociedades del pasado. Sus obras siguen leyéndose hoy en día, y la brecha entre el Heródoto centrado en la cultura y el Tucídides centrado en lo militar sigue siendo un punto de discordia o enfoque en la escritura histórica moderna. En Asia oriental, una crónica estatal , los Anales de primavera y otoño , se creía que databa de 722 a. C., aunque solo han sobrevivido textos del siglo II a. C. El título de «padre de la historia» también se ha atribuido, en sus respectivas sociedades, a Sima Qian , Ibn Khaldun y Kenneth Dike . ( Artículo completo... )

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Image 1

Trinity fue el nombre en clave de la primera detonación de un arma nuclear , realizada por el Ejército de los Estados Unidos a las 5:29 am MWT (11:29:21 GMT ) el 16 de julio de 1945, como parte del Proyecto Manhattan . La prueba fue de una bomba de plutonio de diseño de implosión , apodada "gadget", del mismo diseño que labomba Fat Man detonada más tarde sobre Nagasaki , Japón, el 9 de agosto de 1945. Las preocupaciones sobre si el complejo diseño de Fat Man funcionaría llevaron a la decisión de realizar la primera prueba nuclear . El nombre en clave "Trinity" fue asignado por J. Robert Oppenheimer , el director del Laboratorio de Los Álamos , posiblemente inspirado en la poesía de John Donne .La prueba, tanto planificada como dirigida por Kenneth Bainbridge , se llevó a cabo en eldesierto de Jornada del Muerto, a unas 35 millas (56 km) al sureste de Socorro, Nuevo México , en lo que era el Campo de Bombardeo y Artillería de Alamogordo (rebautizado como Campo de Pruebas de White Sands justo antes de la prueba). Las únicas estructuras que originalmente estaban en las inmediaciones eran la Casa McDonald Ranch y sus edificios auxiliares, que los científicos usaban como laboratorio para probar los componentes de la bomba. Los temores de un fracaso impulsaron la construcción de "Jumbo", un recipiente de contención de acero que podría contener el plutonio, lo que permitiría recuperarlo; pero finalmente Jumbo no se usó en la prueba. El 7 de mayo de 1945, se llevó a cabo un ensayo, durante el cual se detonaron 108 toneladas cortas (98 t) de alto explosivo enriquecido con isótopos radiactivos. ( Artículo completo... )
Image 2

Preussen in 1907

The Braunschweig-class battleships were a group of five pre-dreadnought battleships of the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) built in the early 1900s. They were the first class of battleships authorized under the Second Naval Law, a major naval expansion program. The class comprised five ships—Braunschweig, Elsass, Hessen, Preussen, and Lothringen—and they were an improvement over the preceding Wittelsbach class. The Braunschweigs mounted a more powerful armament of 28 cm (11 in) and 17 cm (6.7 in) guns (compared to 24 cm (9.4 in) and 15 cm (5.9 in) guns of the Wittelsbachs). Less than two years after the first members of the class entered service, the ships were rendered obsolescent by the British all-big-gun battleship Dreadnought, which curtailed their careers.

During their early careers, the five ships served in II Battle Squadron, with Preussen its flagship. The fleet was occupied primarily with routine peacetime training and foreign visits. In 1912, Braunschweig was placed in reserve and she was joined the following year by Elsass. Lothringen and Hessen were slated to be decommissioned in 1914, but the outbreak of World War I in July prevented this and they remained in service with the High Seas Fleet. They and Preussen took part in the fleet operations in the first two years of the war, while Braunschweig and Elsass went to the Baltic with IV Battle Squadron, where they eventually saw combat with the Russian battleship Slava during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915. Hessen took part in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and saw limited combat with British battlecruisers late in the battle. All five of the ships were withdrawn from service starting in 1916, thereafter being used in subsidiary roles, including as barracks and training ships. (Full article...)
Image 3

Three of the proposed designs: Germania's is on top, followed by Blohm & Voss' and Vickers'.

A Dutch proposal to build new battleships was originally tendered in 1912, after years of concern over the expansion of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the withdrawal of allied British warships from the China Station. Only four coastal defense ships were planned, but naval experts and the Tweede Kamer (lower house of the parliament) believed that acquiring dreadnoughts would provide a stronger defense for the Nederlands-Indië (Netherlands East Indies, abbr. NEI), so a Royal Commission was formed in June 1912.

The Royal Commission reported in August 1913. It recommended that the Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy) acquire nine dreadnought-type battleships to protect the NEI from attack and help guarantee the country's neutrality in Europe. Five of these would be based in the colony, while the other four would operate out of the Netherlands. Seven foreign companies submitted designs for the contract; naval historians believe that a 26,850-long-ton (27,280 tonne) ship, whose design was submitted by the German firm Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, would have been eventually selected. (Full article...)
Image 4

The English assault on Caen, from Froissart's Chronicles

English offensives in 1345–1347, during the Hundred Years' War, resulted in repeated defeats of the French, the loss or devastation of much French territory and the capture by the English of the port of Calais. The war had broken out in 1337 and flared up in 1340 when the king of England, Edward III, laid claim to the French crown and campaigned in northern France. There was then a lull in the major hostilities, although much small-scale fighting continued.

Edward determined early in 1345 to renew full-scale war and personally led the main English army to northern France. Edward delayed its disembarkation, and his fleet was scattered by a storm, ruining this offensive. He also despatched a small force to Gascony in south-west France under Henry, Earl of Derby, which was spectacularly successful. The following spring a large French army, led by the heir to the French throne, John, Duke of Normandy, counter-attacked Derby's forces. (Full article...)
Image 5
George Washington (John Trumbull, 1780), with William Lee, Washington's enslaved personal servant

The history of George Washington and slavery reflects Washington's changing attitude toward the ownership of human beings. The preeminent Founding Father of the United States and a hereditary slaveowner, Washington became increasingly uneasy with it. Slavery was then a longstanding institution dating back over a century in Virginia where he lived; it was also longstanding in other American colonies and in world history. Washington's will immediately freed one of his slaves, and required his remaining 123 slaves to serve his wife and be freed no later than her death, so they ultimately became free one year after his own death.

In the Colony of Virginia where Washington grew up, he became a third generation slave-owner at 11 years of age upon the death of his father in 1743, when he inherited his first ten slaves. In adulthood his personal slaveholding grew through inheritance, purchase and the natural increase of children born into slavery. In 1759, he also gained control of dower slaves belonging to the Custis estate on his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis. Washington's early attitudes about slavery reflected the prevailing Virginia planter views of the day, which included few moral qualms, if any. In 1774, Washington publicly denounced the slave trade on moral grounds in the Fairfax Resolves. After the war, he continued to own slaves, but supported the abolition of slavery by a gradual legislative process, a view he shared widely though always in private. (Full article...)
Image 6

1763 portrait

Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until his death in 1786. He was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled King in Prussia, declaring himself King of Prussia after annexing Royal Prussia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Silesian wars, his reorganisation of the Prussian Army, the First Partition of Poland, and his patronage of the arts and the Enlightenment. Prussia greatly increased its territories and became a major military power in Europe under his rule. He became known as Frederick the Great (German: Friedrich der Große) and was nicknamed "Old Fritz" (German: der Alte Fritz).

In his youth, Frederick was more interested in music and philosophy than war, which led to clashes with his authoritarian father, Frederick William I of Prussia. However, upon ascending to the throne, he attacked and annexed the rich Austrian province of Silesia in 1742, winning military acclaim. He became an influential military theorist, whose analyses emerged from his extensive personal battlefield experience and covered issues of strategy, tactics, mobility and logistics. (Full article...)
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Major General Rupert Major Downes, CMG, KStJ, VD, FRACS (10 February 1885 – 5 March 1945) was an Australian soldier, surgeon and historian.

The son of British Army officer Major Francis Downes, Downes joined the Army as a trumpeter while he was still at school. He attended the University of Melbourne, graduating with his medical degrees in 1907 and a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1911. He was commissioned as a captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps in 1908, and after the outbreak of the First World War he joined the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in 1914 as its youngest lieutenant colonel. He served in the Gallipoli campaign, and was appointed Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS) of the newly formed Anzac Mounted Division in 1916, which he combined with the post of ADMS AIF Egypt. In 1917, he became Deputy Director of Medical Services (DDMS) of the Desert Mounted Corps. After the war, he wrote articles on medical aspects of the Sinai and Palestine campaign, and the section on the campaign for the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. (Full article...)
Image 8

Colonel John Wilton in Morotai, September 1945

General Sir John Gordon Noel Wilton, KBE, CB, DSO (22 November 1910 – 10 May 1981) was a senior commander in the Australian Army. He served as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the Army's professional head, from 1963 until 1966, and as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CCOSC), forerunner of the role of Australia's Chief of the Defence Force, from 1966 until 1970. His eight-year tenure as senior officer of first the Army and then the Australian military spanned almost the entire period of the nation's involvement in the Vietnam War.

Born in Sydney, Wilton entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1927. Owing to lack of opportunity in the Australian military at the time, he took a commission in the British Army following his graduation in 1930. He spent most of the remainder of the decade with the Royal Artillery in India. Wilton returned to Australia on the eve of World War II and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Artillery. He saw action with the 7th Division in Syria and the 3rd Division in New Guinea, earning a mention in despatches in the former campaign and the Distinguished Service Order in the latter. Finishing the war a temporary colonel, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1947. Wilton was posted to Korea in 1953 to take command of the 28th Commonwealth Brigade, leading it in its final action of the war in July. He was raised to Commander of the Order of the British Empire and awarded the US Legion of Merit for his performance in Korea. (Full article...)
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Al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi (Arabic: الْمُخْتَار ٱبْن أَبِي عُبَيْد الثَّقَفِيّ, romanized: al-Mukhtār ibn Abī ʿUbayd al-Thaqafī; c. 622 – 3 April 687) was a pro-Alid revolutionary based in Kufa, who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 685 and ruled over most of Iraq for eighteen months during the Second Fitna.

Born in Ta'if, Mukhtar moved to Iraq at a young age and grew up in Kufa. Following the death of Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at the hands of the Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala in 680, he allied with the rival caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca, but the alliance was short-lived. Mukhtar returned to Kufa where he declared Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of caliph Ali (r. 656–661) and brother of Husayn, the mahdi and the imam, and called for the establishment of an Alid caliphate and retaliation for Husayn's killing. He took over Kufa in October 685, after expelling its Zubayrid governor, and later ordered the execution of those involved in the killing of Husayn. Hostile relations with Ibn al-Zubayr ultimately led to Mukhtar's death by the forces of the Zubayrid governor of Basra, Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, following a four-month siege. (Full article...)
Image 10

Map of Lajjun Sanjak, the territory governed by the Turabay dynasty for most of the 16th and 17th centuries

The Turabay dynasty (Arabic: آل طرباي, romanized: Āl Ṭurabāy) was a family of Bedouin emirs in northern Palestine who served as the multazims (tax farmers) and sanjak-beys (district governors) of Lajjun Sanjak during Ottoman rule in the 16th–17th centuries. The sanjak (district) spanned the towns of Lajjun, Jenin and Haifa, and the surrounding countryside. The progenitors of the family had served as chiefs of Marj ibn Amir (the Plain of Esdraelon or Jezreel Valley) under the Egypt-based Mamluks in the late 15th century.

During the conquest of the Levant and Egypt by the Ottoman Empire in 1516–1517, the Turabay chief Qaraja and his son Turabay aided the forces of Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The Ottomans kept them in their Mamluk-era role as guardians of the strategic Via Maris and Damascus–Jerusalem highways and rewarded them with tax farms in northern Palestine. Their territory became a sanjak in 1559 and Turabay's son Ali became its first governor. His brother Assaf was appointed in 1573, serving for ten years before being dismissed and exiled to Rhodes for involvement in a rebellion. His nephew Turabay was appointed in 1589 and remained in office until his death in 1601. His son and successor Ahmad, the most prominent chief of the dynasty, ruled Lajjun for nearly a half-century and repulsed attempts by the powerful Druze chief and Ottoman governor of Sidon-Beirut and Safed, Fakhr al-Din Ma'n, to take over Lajjun and Nablus in the 1620s. He consolidated the family's alliance with the Ridwan and Farrukh governing dynasties of Gaza and Nablus, which remained intact until the dynasties' demise toward the end of the century. (Full article...)
Image 11

The Battle of Ueno, Yoshimori Utagawa, 1869

The Boshin War (戊辰戦争, Boshin Sensō), sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a coalition seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperial Court.

The war stemmed from dissatisfaction among many nobles and young samurai with the shogunate's handling of foreigners following the opening of Japan during the prior decade. Increasing Western influence in the economy led to a decline similar to that of other Asian countries at the time. An alliance of western samurai, particularly the domains of Chōshū, Satsuma, and Tosa, and court officials secured control of the Imperial Court and influenced the young Emperor Meiji. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the sitting shōgun, realizing the futility of his situation, abdicated and handed over political power to the emperor. Yoshinobu had hoped that by doing this the House of Tokugawa could be preserved and participate in the future government. (Full article...)
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Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ ^ⓘ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə; Greek: Μακεδονία), also called Macedon (/ˈmæsɪdɒn/ MASS-ih-don), was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was founded and initially ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, and bordered by Epirus to the southwest, Illyria to the northwest, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.

Before the 4th century BC, Macedonia was a small kingdom outside of the area dominated by the great city-states of Athens, Sparta and Thebes, and briefly subordinate to Achaemenid Persia. During the reign of the Argead king Philip II (359–336 BC), Macedonia subdued mainland Greece and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom through conquest and diplomacy. With a reformed army containing phalanxes wielding the sarissa pike, Philip II defeated the old powers of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC. Philip II's son Alexander the Great, leading a federation of Greek states, accomplished his father's objective of commanding the whole of Greece when he destroyed Thebes after the city revolted. During Alexander's subsequent campaign of conquest, he overthrew the Achaemenid Empire and conquered territory that stretched as far as the Indus River. For a brief period, his Macedonian Empire was the most powerful in the world – the definitive Hellenistic state, inaugurating the transition to a new period of Ancient Greek civilization. Greek arts and literature flourished in the new conquered lands and advances in philosophy, engineering, and science spread across the empire and beyond. Of particular importance were the contributions of Aristotle, tutor to Alexander, whose writings became a keystone of Western philosophy. (Full article...)
Image 13

The Lancashire Fusiliers War Memorial is a First World War memorial dedicated to members of the Lancashire Fusiliers killed in that conflict. Outside the Fusilier Museum in Bury, Greater Manchester, England, it was unveiled in 1922—on the seventh anniversary of the landing at Cape Helles, part of the Gallipoli Campaign in which the regiment suffered particularly heavy casualties. The memorial was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. He was commissioned in light of a family connection—his father and great uncle were officers in the Lancashire Fusiliers, a fact noted on a plaque nearby. He designed a tall, slender obelisk in Portland stone. The regiment's cap badge is carved near the top on the front and rear, surrounded by a laurel wreath. Further down are inscriptions containing the regiment's motto and a dedication. Two painted stone flags hang from the sides.

The memorial was unveiled by Lieutenant General Sir Henry de Beauvoir De Lisle on 25 April 1922, using the novel method of pressing an electric button. The remaining funds were spent on drums and bugles for the regiment and donated to the Lancashire Fusiliers' compassionate fund. After the Lancashire Fusiliers were amalgamated into the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers in 1968, the memorial was adopted by the new regiment and rededicated to all fusiliers killed in action. It originally sat outside the Lancashire Fusiliers' headquarters in Wellington Barracks but was relocated when the barracks closed in the 1970s. It was moved again in 2009, this time to sit in a public park renamed Gallipoli Gardens, outside the Fusilier Museum, which moved at the same time. The memorial was designated a grade II listed building in 1992. It was upgraded to grade II* in 2015 (on the centenary of the Cape Helles landing), along with two other memorials related to the Gallipoli Campaign; later that year it was recognised as part of a national collection of Lutyens' war memorials. (Full article...)
Image 14

Æthelred as depicted in the early fourteenth-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England.

Æthelred I (alt. Aethelred, Ethelred; Old English: Æthel-ræd, lit. 'noble counsel'; 845/848 to 871) was King of Wessex from 865 until his death in 871. He was the fourth of five sons of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, four of whom in turn became king. Æthelred succeeded his elder brother Æthelberht and was followed by his youngest brother, Alfred the Great. Æthelred had two sons, Æthelhelm and Æthelwold, who were passed over for the kingship on their father's death because they were still infants. Alfred was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, and Æthelwold unsuccessfully disputed the throne with him.

Æthelred's accession coincided with the arrival of the Viking Great Heathen Army in England. Over the next five years the Vikings conquered Northumbria and East Anglia, and at the end of 870 they launched a full-scale attack on Wessex. In early January 871, Æthelred was defeated at the Battle of Reading. Four days later, he scored a victory in the Battle of Ashdown, but this was followed by two defeats at Basing and Meretun. He died shortly after Easter. Alfred was forced to pay off the Vikings, but he scored a decisive victory over them seven years later at the Battle of Edington. (Full article...)
Image 15

Illustration of Shuttle-Centaur G-Prime with Ulysses

Shuttle-Centaur was a version of the Centaur upper stage rocket designed to be carried aloft inside the Space Shuttle and used to launch satellites into high Earth orbits or probes into deep space. Two variants were developed: Centaur G-Prime, which was planned to launch the Galileo and Ulysses robotic probes to Jupiter, and Centaur G, a shortened version planned for use with United States Department of Defense Milstar satellites and the Magellan Venus probe. The powerful Centaur upper stage allowed for heavier deep space probes, and for them to reach Jupiter sooner, prolonging the operational life of the spacecraft. However, neither variant ever flew on a Shuttle. Support for the project came from the United States Air Force (USAF) and the National Reconnaissance Office, which asserted that its classified satellites required the power of Centaur. The USAF agreed to pay half the design and development costs of Centaur G, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) paid the other half.

Both versions were cradled in the reusable Centaur integrated support system (CISS), an aluminum structure that handled communications between the Space Shuttle and the Centaur. All Centaur stages periodically vented hydrogen, which needs to be stored below −253 °C (−423 °F) to keep it from boiling. Two Shuttle-Centaur missions were scheduled, with one-hour launch windows six days apart, so two separate spacecraft and launch pads were required. The Space Shuttles Challenger and Atlantis were modified to carry the CISS. The Space Shuttle main engines would have been run at 109 percent of the rated power level. The payloads needed to be deployed on the first day in orbit, so the missions would be flown by four-person crews composed of astronauts who had already flown in space and were known to not suffer from space adaptation syndrome. The first Centaur G-Prime was rolled out from the General Dynamics factory in Kearny Mesa, San Diego, on 13 August 1985. (Full article...)

Imagen destacada

Image 1
Marco finlandés
Crédito del billete: Banco de Finlandia ; fotografía de Andrew Shiva
El marco finlandés fue la moneda de Finlandia desde 1860 hasta 2002. La moneda se dividía en 100 peniques y fue introducida por primera vez por el Banco de Finlandia para reemplazar al rublo ruso a una tasa de cuatro marcos por un rublo. El marco fue reemplazado por el euro el 1 de enero de 2002 y dejó de ser de curso legal el 28 de febrero de ese mismo año.

Esta imagen muestra un billete de 20 marcos emitido en 1862, como parte de la primera emisión de billetes en marcos (1860 a 1862), para el Gran Ducado de Finlandia , entonces una parte autónoma del Imperio ruso ; 1862 también fue el primer año de emisión de esta denominación en particular. El anverso del billete muestra el escudo de armas de Finlandia sobre un águila bicéfala rusa , y fue firmado personalmente por el director y el cajero del Banco de Finlandia. El texto del anverso está en sueco, mientras que el reverso está principalmente en ruso y finlandés.
Image 2
Vegetable Lamb of Tartary
Artist: Unknown, after Johann Zahn
A drawing of the Vegetable Lamb of Tartary (Agnus scythicus), a zoophyte of Central Asia. Botanist Henry Lee described it as both a true animal and a living plant, although he did allow for the possibility that the lamb was the fruit of the plant. The lamb was believed to have blood, bones, and flesh like that of a normal lamb. It was connected to the earth by a stem similar to an umbilical cord that propped the lamb up above ground. The cord could flex downward allowing the lamb to feed on the grass and plants surrounding it. Once the plants within reach were eaten, the lamb died, at which point its cotton-like wool would be harvested and used to make textiles.
Image 3
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Photo credit: USHMM
Jews captured by SS and SD troops during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are forced to leave their shelter and march to the Umschlagplatz for deportation. The SD trooper pictured second from the right, is Josef Blösche, who was identified by Polish authorities using this photograph. Blösche was tried for war crimes in Erfurt, East Germany in 1969, sentenced to death and executed in July of that year.
Image 4
Battle of Jerusalem (1917)
Photo: American Colony; Restoration: Sebastian Kolendo
The Mayor of Jerusalem Hussein al-Husayni (centre) meets with soldiers of the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force on December 9, 1917, under the white flag of surrender. The Battle of Jerusalem had begun the day before, but the Turkish forces in the city were no match against the British forces. A Turkish counterattack on December 25 was also repulsed, confirming the capture of Jerusalem by the Allies.
Image 5
The Coronation of Napoleon
Painting by Jacques-Louis David and Georges Rouget
The Coronation of Napoleon, a painting by Jacques-Louis David depicting Napoleon Bonaparte's self-coronation as Emperor of France on December 2, 1804. The act took place in Notre-Dame de Paris, during which Napoleon, eschewing tradition, took the crown and placed it on his own head. The nearly 10 by 6 m (32.8 by 19.7 ft) work was commissioned before the coronation and completed in 1807.
Image 6
Apollo 11
Photograph credit: Neil Armstrong
Apollo 11 was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. After launching from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on July 16, 1969, commander Neil Armstrong and Apollo Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed Eagle in Mare Tranquillitatis on July 20, at 20:17:40 UTC, while command module pilot Michael Collins remained on Columbia in lunar orbit. Armstrong was the first to exit the spacecraft, stepping onto the surface 6 hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21, at 02:56:15 UTC; nineteen minutes later, Aldrin joined him on extravehicular activity, which lasted 2 hours, 31 minutes and 40 seconds. Armstrong and Aldrin lifted off from Tranquility Base after almost 22 hours on the lunar surface and rejoined Collins in the command module, before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24.

The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of the photographic tasks performed by Armstrong with a single Hasselblad camera. Most of the photographs taken on the Moon that include an astronaut are of Aldrin; there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected, as in this photograph, with Armstrong and the lunar module reflected in Aldrin's helmet visor. "As the sequence of lunar operations evolved," Aldrin explained, "Neil had the camera most of the time [...] It wasn't until we were back on Earth and in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory looking over the pictures that we realized there were few pictures of Neil."
Image 7
First permanent photograph
Photo credit: Nicéphore Niépce
The first successful permanent photograph, created in 1826, is titled "View from the Window at Le Gras". It required an eight-hour exposure in bright sunshine and was printed on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea. Due to the long exposure, the buildings are illuminated by the sun from both right and left.
Image 8
Arg-e Bam
Photograph credit: Diego Delso
The Arg-e Bam, in Kerman Province in southeastern Iran, is the largest adobe building in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The ancient citadel has a history dating back around two thousand years, to the Parthian Empire (248 BC – 224 AD), but most of its buildings were constructed during the Safavid dynasty. A strong earthquake on 26 December 2003 largely devastated the fortress and the nearby modern city of Bam. The Arg-e Bam, including the governor's residence, the main tower, the Four Seasons Palace and the hammam, were nearly totally destroyed; this photograph from 2016 shows the citadel partially reconstructed.
Image 9
Check used for the Alaska Purchase
Check: William H. Seward; scan: Our Documents initiative
The check used for the Alaska Purchase, issued on August 1, 1868, and signed by US Secretary of State William H. Seward. For a total of $7.2 million, the United States government purchased Russian America from the Russian Empire (represented here by Russian Minister to the United States Eduard de Stoeckl). The lands involved became the modern state of Alaska in 1959.
Image 10
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
Engraver: George J. Verbeck, after Thérèse van Duyl Schwarze
Restoration: Lise Broer
A 1901 etching of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, based on an 1898 painting of her in her coronation robe. Having assumed the throne at the age of ten after the death of her father, King William III, Wilhemina ruled for fifty-eight years (1890–1948), longer than any other Dutch monarch. In 1948 she abdicated in favor of her daughter Juliana, thereafter making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the North Sea flood of 1953.
Image 11
Operation Ivy
Photo: United States Department of Energy
The mushroom cloud from the Ivy Mike nuclear test, one of two tests conducted as part of Operation Ivy at the Pacific Proving Grounds on Elugelab in the Marshall Islands. Mike was the first successful full-scale test of a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon, and it left an underwater crater 6,240 ft (1,900 m) wide and 164 ft (50 m) deep where the island had been.
Image 12
Alexander the Great
Mosaic: Unknown
Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), the King of Macedonia, as depicted in a detail from the Alexander Mosaic. Originally from the House of the Faun in Pompeii and dated to c. 100 BC, the mosaic depicts a battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia. It is believed to be a copy of an early 3rd century BC Hellenistic painting, probably by Philoxenos of Eretria. The whole mosaic measures 2.72 × 5.13 m (8 ft 11 in × 16 ft 9 in).
Image 13
Māori traditional textiles
Illustration credit: M. Jackson, Illustrated London News
The traditional clothing of the Māori can be seen in this engraving of a meeting between Māori and settlers in Hawke's Bay Province during the Invasion of Waikato in 1863. Muka, the fibre of New Zealand flax, was the basis of most clothing.
Image 14
The "Theatre" at Petra
Photo: Douglas Perkins
Petra is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Wadi Araba, the great valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock.
Image 15
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
Photo credit: Völkischer Beobachter
A crying Sudeten woman salutes Adolf Hitler as German forces sweep into Czechoslovakia, October 1938. Originally published in the Völkischer Beobachter, it supposedly showed the intense emotions of joy which swept the populace as Hitler drove through the streets of Cheb, 99% of whose inhabitants were ardently pro-Nazi Sudeten Germans at the time. In contrast, when the photo was published in the U.S., it was captioned, "The tragedy of this Sudeten woman, unable to conceal her misery as she dutifully salutes the triumphant Hitler, is the tragedy of the silent millions who have been 'won over' to Hitlerism by the 'everlasting use' of ruthless force." It is unknown what the true circumstances surrounding the photo are.
Image 16
Map of the Battle of the Somme
Map: Grandiose
The Battle of the Somme was a battle of the First World War fought between 1 July and 18 November 1916 by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. The largest battle of World War I on the Western Front, it was fought on both sides of upper reaches of the River Somme in France. More than one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the bloodiest battles in human history.

This map shows the situation on the first day on the Somme, as well as Allied gains up to 19 November 1916.
Image 17
Photograph of glassworkers by Lewis Hine
Photograph: Lewis Hine; restoration: Lise Broer
A baseball team composed mostly of child laborers from an Indiana glassmaking factory, as photographed by Lewis Hine in August 1908. Hine (1874–1940) was an American sociologist who promoted the use of photography as an educational medium and means for social change. Beginning in 1908, he spent ten years photographing child labor for the National Child Labor Committee. The project was a dangerous one, and Hine had to disguise himself – at times as a fire inspector, post card vendor, Bible salesman or industrial photographer – to avoid the factory police and foremen.
Image 18
Shiva
Photo: Los Angeles County Museum of Art
A Chola dynasty sculpture depicting Shiva. In Hinduism, Shiva is the deity of destruction and one of the most important gods; in this sculpture he is dancing as Nataraja, the divine dancer who unravels the world in preparation for it being remade by Brahma.

Sabías(generado automáticamente)

... que quince futuros jugadores del Salón de la Fama del Fútbol Profesional han sido seleccionados por los Detroit Lions ?
...que la Escuela Galena en Dakota del Sur alguna vez estuvo arrendada a una sociedad histórica por $1 al año?
... que en la primera crónica universal rumana , Mihail Moxa muestra "al Dios del Antiguo y del Nuevo Testamento bautizando sus estrellas con los nombres de deidades olímpicas "?
... que la sorprendente victoria de Fairleigh Dickinson sobre Purdue fue la mayor sorpresa en términos de diferencia de puntos en la historia del torneo de la NCAA , siendo Purdue un favorito de 23 + 1 ⁄ 2 puntos?
... que la batalla legal por la adjudicación del canal 9 en Orlando, Florida , el caso más largo en la historia de la FCC en ese momento, llenó 55 volúmenes?
... que la filtración del próximo juego Grand Theft Auto fue descrita como una de las mayores filtraciones en la historia de los videojuegos ?

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Este es un artículo destacado , que representa algunos de los mejores contenidos de Wikipedia en inglés.

Pedro Álvares Cabral ( en portugués: [ˈpeðɾu ˈalvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾal] ; nacido Pedro Álvares de Gouveia ; c. 1467 o 1468 - c. 1520 ) fue un noble, comandante militar, navegante y explorador portugués considerado el descubridor europeo de Brasil . Fue el primer ser humano en la historia en estar en cuatro continentes, uniéndolos todos en su famoso viaje de 1500, donde también realizó la primera exploración sustancial de la costa noreste de América del Sur y la reclamó para Portugal. Si bien los detalles de la vida temprana de Cabral siguen sin estar claros, se sabe que provenía de una familia noble menor y recibió una buena educación. Fue designado para dirigir una expedición a la India en 1500, siguiendo la ruta recién abierta por Vasco da Gama alrededor de África. La empresa tenía como objetivo regresar con valiosas especias y establecer relaciones comerciales en la India, eludiendo el monopolio del comercio de especias que entonces estaba en manos de comerciantes árabes, turcos e italianos. Aunque la expedición anterior de Vasco da Gama a la India, en su ruta marítima, había registrado señales de tierra al oeste del océano Atlántico sur (en 1497), Cabral dirigió la primera expedición conocida que tocó cuatro continentes: Europa, África, América y Asia.

Su flota de 13 barcos navegó lejos en el océano Atlántico occidental, tal vez intencionalmente, y tocó tierra (abril de 1500) en lo que inicialmente supuso que era una gran isla. Como la nueva tierra estaba dentro de la esfera portuguesa según el Tratado de Tordesillas de 1494 , Cabral la reclamó para la Corona portuguesa . Exploró la costa, dándose cuenta de que la gran masa de tierra probablemente era un continente, y envió un barco para notificar al rey Manuel I sobre el nuevo territorio. El continente era Sudamérica, y la tierra que había reclamado para Portugal más tarde pasó a conocerse como Brasil. La flota se aprovisionó y luego giró hacia el este para reanudar el viaje a la India. ( Artículo completo... )

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En este día

24 de octubre : Simjat Torá comienza al atardecer ( diáspora judía )

Busto de Qutuz

1260 – Qutuz (busto en la imagen) , el sultán de Egipto , fue asesinado y reemplazado por su compañero líder mameluco Baybars .
1796 – Guerra de la Primera Coalición : se libró la batalla de Schliengen entre los ejércitos francés y austríaco, que obtuvieron la victoria.
1945 – La Carta de las Naciones Unidas entró en vigor después de ser ratificada por los cinco miembros permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad y la mayoría de los demás signatarios.
1975 – En protesta contra la discrepancia salarial y las prácticas laborales injustas, el 90 por ciento de la población femenina de Islandia se declaró en huelga durante un día .
2003 – Se inauguraron los Juegos Afroasiáticos inaugurales en Hyderabad , con 2.040 atletas de 96 naciones compitiendo.

Tycho Brahe ( fallecido en 1601)
Peng Dehuai ( nacido en 1898)
Letitia Woods Brown ( nacida en 1915)
Regina Purtell ( fallecida en 1950)

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Aquellos que renuncian a la Libertad Esencial para comprar un poco de Seguridad Temporal, no merecen ni Libertad ni Seguridad.
— Benjamin Franklin , estadista estadounidense

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Más ¿Sabías qué...?

... que en 1898, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos anexó el Reino de Hawaii a pesar de la protesta de la Reina Liliuokalani (en la foto) ?
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... que la cabeza cortada de Julia Martha Thomas —asesinada, hervida y desmembrada por su criada en 1879— fue encontrada al lado de la casa de Sir David Attenborough en 2010?
... que el autómata indio del siglo XVIII, Tipu's Tiger, muestra a un europeo de tamaño casi natural siendo atacado por un tigre, y emite lamentos y gruñidos además de contener un órgano de tubos .
... que el Svið , un plato tradicional islandés , consiste en una cabeza de oveja cortada por la mitad, chamuscada y hervida sin el cerebro?
... que, a pesar de supervisar la construcción de los crematorios y las cámaras de gas en Auschwitz , lo que más sorprendió al Obersturmführer de las SS Robert Mulka en el campo fue el estilo de vestir de sus colegas?
... que el zar Alejandro II de Rusia mandó fabricar una botella de cristal especial de champán Roederer para la Cena de los Tres Emperadores en 1867 para poder admirar las burbujas?
... que los cilindros de Gudea son la composición literaria más larga jamás encontrada en lengua sumeria ?

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