Portal: Ciencias de la tierra

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El portal de las ciencias de la Tierra

La Tierra vista desde la Luna

Las ciencias de la Tierra o geociencias incluyen todos los campos de las ciencias naturales relacionados con el planeta Tierra. Se trata de una rama de la ciencia que estudia las complejas constituciones físicas, químicas y biológicas y los vínculos sinérgicos de las cuatro esferas de la Tierra: la biosfera , la hidrosfera / criosfera , la atmósfera y la geosfera (o litosfera ). Las ciencias de la Tierra pueden considerarse una rama de las ciencias planetarias , pero con una historia mucho más antigua. ( Artículo completo... )

Artículos seleccionados

Image 1

Vista panorámica invernal del lago Crater desde Rim Village

Crater Lake ( Klamath : Giiwas ) es un lago de cráter volcánico en el centro-sur de Oregón en el oeste de los Estados Unidos . Es la característica principal del Parque Nacional Crater Lake y es famoso por su color azul profundo y la claridad del agua . El lago llena parcialmente una caldera de 2148 pies de profundidad (655 m)que se formó hace unos 7700 (± 150) años
por el colapso del volcán Monte Mazama . No fluyen ríos hacia o desde el lago; la evaporación se compensa con lluvia y nevadas a un ritmo tal que la cantidad total de agua se reemplaza cada 150 años. Con una profundidad de 1949 pies (594 m), el lago es el más profundo de los Estados Unidos. En el mundo, ocupa el décimo lugar en profundidad máxima, así como el tercero en profundidad media (promedio).

Crater Lake cuenta con dos pequeñas islas. La Isla Mago , situada cerca de la orilla occidental del lago, es un cono de ceniza de unas 128 hectáreas (316 acres) de tamaño. El Barco Fantasma , un pilar de roca natural, se encuentra cerca de la orilla sur. ( Artículo completo... )
Image 2

Bryce Canyon National Park (/braɪs/) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern Utah. The major feature of the park is Bryce Canyon, which despite its name, is not a canyon, but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is distinctive due to geological structures called hoodoos, formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rock. The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce Canyon National Park is much smaller and sits at a much higher elevation than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet (2,400 to 2,700 m).

The area is in portions of Garfield County and Kane County. (Full article...)
Image 3
Calabozos is a Holocene caldera in central Chile's Maule Region (7th Region). Part of the Chilean Andes' volcanic segment, it is considered a member of the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ), one of the three distinct volcanic belts of South America. This most active section of the Andes runs along central Chile's western edge, and includes more than 70 of Chile's stratovolcanoes and volcanic fields. Calabozos lies in an extremely remote area of poorly glaciated mountains.

Calabozos and the majority of the Andean volcanoes formed from the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American continental lithosphere. The caldera is in a transitional region between thick and thin lithosphere, and is probably supplied by a pool of andesitic and rhyolitic magma. It sits on a historic bed of volcanic and plutonic sedimentary rock (rock formed within the Earth) that in turn sits on top of a layer of merged sedimentary and metamorphic rock. (Full article...)
Image 4

Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO4)₄(OH)₈·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue.

Like most other opaque gems, turquoise has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, imitations, and synthetics into the market. The robin egg blue or sky blue color of the Persian turquoise mined near the modern city of Nishapur, Iran, has been used as a guiding reference for evaluating turquoise quality. (Full article...)
Image 5
Mahameru (Semeru) above Mount Bromo, East Java.

The geography of Indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions, for instance, Krakatoa for its global effects in 1883, the Lake Toba Caldera for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 years before present which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter, and Mount Tambora for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815. (Full article...)
Image 6

Isabel at peak intensity, northeast of the Leeward Islands, on September 11

Hurricane Isabel was the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch, and the deadliest, costliest, and most intense hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Isabel was also the strongest hurricane in the open waters of the Atlantic, both by wind speed and central pressure, before being surpassed by hurricanes Irma and Dorian in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Isabel formed near the Cape Verde Islands from a tropical wave on September 6, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters, it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in intensity for four days, during which it displayed annular characteristics, Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) on September 18. Isabel quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania on the next day. On September 20, the extratropical remnants of Isabel were absorbed into another system over Eastern Canada.

In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed out a portion of Hatteras Island to form what was unofficially known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was greatest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or even destroyed. The worst of the effects of Isabel occurred in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and along the shores of rivers as far west and north as Richmond and Baltimore. Virginia reported the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the damage and 69% of the deaths occurred in North Carolina and Virginia. Electric service was disrupted in areas of Virginia for several days, some more rural areas were without electricity for weeks, and local flooding caused thousands of dollars in damage. (Full article...)
Image 7

Gloria near peak intensity north of Hispaniola on September 24

Hurricane Gloria was a powerful hurricane that caused significant damage along the east coast of the United States and in Atlantic Canada during the 1985 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the first significant tropical cyclone to strike the northeastern United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 and the first major storm to affect New York City and Long Island directly since Hurricane Donna in 1960. Gloria was a Cape Verde hurricane originating from a tropical wave on September 16 in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. After remaining a weak tropical cyclone for several days, Gloria intensified into a hurricane on September 22 north of the Lesser Antilles. During that time, the storm had moved generally westward, although it turned to the northwest due to a weakening of the ridge. Gloria quickly intensified on September 24, and the next day reached peak winds of 145 mph (233 km/h). The hurricane weakened before striking the Outer Banks of North Carolina on September 27. Later that day, Gloria made two subsequent landfalls on Long Island and across the coastline of western Connecticut, before becoming extratropical on September 28 over New England. The remnants moved through Atlantic Canada and went on to impact Western Europe, eventually dissipating on October 4.

Before Gloria made landfall, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings at some point for the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina to Maine. Hundreds of thousands of people evacuated, and the hurricane was described as the "storm of the century." In general, Gloria's strongest winds remained east of the center, which largely spared locations from North Carolina to New Jersey, and the passage at low tide reduced storm surge. Hurricane-force winds and gusts affected much of the path, which knocked down trees and power lines. This left over 4 million people without power, causing the worst power outage in Connecticut history related to a natural disaster. Fallen trees caused six of the storm's fourteen deaths. (Full article...)
Image 8

Rain-obscured shot of the F3 tornado in Gallatin, Tennessee that killed seven people.

The tornado outbreak of April 6–8, 2006, was a major tornado outbreak in the central and parts of the southern United States that began on April 6, 2006, in the Great Plains and continued until April 8 in South Carolina, with most of the activity on April 7. The hardest-hit region was Middle Tennessee, where several strong tornadoes devastated entire neighborhoods and left ten people dead. Some of the worst damage took place in Gallatin, Tennessee, and other communities north of Nashville also sustained significant damage.

There were 73 tornadoes confirmed across 13 states, with the bulk of them coming on the afternoon and evening of April 7 across the South, particularly in Tennessee. In total, 10 deaths were reported as a result of the tornadoes, and over $650 million in damage was reported, of which over $630 million was in Middle Tennessee. It was the third major outbreak of 2006, occurring just days after another major outbreak on April 2. It was also considered by some to be the worst disaster event in Middle Tennessee since the 1998 tornado outbreak. (Full article...)
Image 9

The Blue Marble, Apollo 17, December 1972

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere. Most of Earth's land is somewhat humid and covered by vegetation, while large sheets of ice at Earth's polar deserts retain more water than Earth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric water combined. Earth's crust consists of slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth has a liquid outer core that generates a magnetosphere capable of deflecting most of the destructive solar winds and cosmic radiation.

Earth has a dynamic atmosphere, which sustains Earth's surface conditions and protects it from most meteoroids and UV-light at entry. It has a composition of primarily nitrogen and oxygen. Water vapor is widely present in the atmosphere, forming clouds that cover most of the planet. The water vapor acts as a greenhouse gas and, together with other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), creates the conditions for both liquid surface water and water vapor to persist via the capturing of energy from the Sun's light. This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the equatorial region receiving more sunlight than the polar regions) drive atmospheric and ocean currents, producing a global climate system with different climate regions, and a range of weather phenomena such as precipitation, allowing components such as nitrogen to cycle. (Full article...)
Image 10

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the K–T extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago. The event caused the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs. Most other tetrapods weighing more than 25 kilograms (55 pounds) also became extinct, with the exception of some ectothermic species such as sea turtles and crocodilians. It marked the end of the Cretaceous period, and with it the Mesozoic era, while heralding the beginning of the current era, the Cenozoic. In the geologic record, the K–Pg event is marked by a thin layer of sediment called the K–Pg boundary, Fatkito boundary or K–T boundary, which can be found throughout the world in marine and terrestrial rocks. The boundary clay shows unusually high levels of the metal iridium, which is more common in asteroids than in the Earth's crust.

As originally proposed in 1980 by a team of scientists led by Luis Alvarez and his son Walter, it is now generally thought that the K–Pg extinction was caused by the impact of a massive asteroid 10 to 15 km (6 to 9 mi) wide, 66 million years ago, which devastated the global environment, mainly through a lingering impact winter which halted photosynthesis in plants and plankton. The impact hypothesis, also known as the Alvarez hypothesis, was bolstered by the discovery of the 180 km (112 mi) Chicxulub crater in the Gulf of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula in the early 1990s, which provided conclusive evidence that the K–Pg boundary clay represented debris from an asteroid impact. The fact that the extinctions occurred simultaneously provides strong evidence that they were caused by the asteroid. A 2016 drilling project into the Chicxulub peak ring confirmed that the peak ring comprised granite ejected within minutes from deep in the earth, but contained hardly any gypsum, the usual sulfate-containing sea floor rock in the region: the gypsum would have vaporized and dispersed as an aerosol into the atmosphere, causing longer-term effects on the climate and food chain. In October 2019, researchers asserted that the event rapidly acidified the oceans and produced long-lasting effects on the climate, detailing the mechanisms of the mass extinction. (Full article...)
Image 11
Map of Earth's 16 principal tectonic plates

Divergent:
  Extension zone
Convergent:
  Collision zone
Transform:
  Sinistral transform

Plate tectonics (from Latin tectonicus, from Ancient Greek τεκτονικός (tektonikós) 'pertaining to building') is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first decades of the 20th century. Plate tectonics came to be accepted by geoscientists after seafloor spreading was validated in the mid-to-late 1960s.

Earth's lithosphere, the rigid outer shell of the planet including the crust and upper mantle, is fractured into seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates or "platelets". Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of plate boundary (or fault): convergent, divergent, or transform. The relative movement of the plates typically ranges from zero to 10 cm annually. Faults tend to be geologically active, experiencing earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation. (Full article...)
Image 12

Map showing location of epicenter of earthquake relative to Ambato; the bullseye is the epicenter; small blue lines are rivers

The 1949 Ambato earthquake was the deadliest earthquake in the Western Hemisphere in five years. On August 5, 1949, it struck Ecuador's Tungurahua Province southeast of its capital Ambato and killed 5,050 people. Measuring 6.4 on the M_s scale, it originated from a hypocenter 15 km beneath the surface. The nearby villages of Guano, Patate, Pelileo, and Pillaro were destroyed, and the city of Ambato suffered heavy damage. The earthquake flattened buildings and subsequent landslides caused damage throughout the Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Cotopaxi Provinces. It disrupted water mains and communication lines and opened a fissure into which the small town of Libertad sank. Moderate shaking from the event extended as far away as Quito and Guayaquil.

Earthquakes in Ecuador stem from two major interrelated tectonic areas: the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate and the Andean Volcanic Belt. The 1949 Ambato earthquake initially followed an intersection of several northwest-southeast-trending faults in the Inter-Andean Valley which were created by the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge. Strata of rock cracked as the earthquake ruptured the faults, sending out powerful shock waves. Today threats exist throughout the country from both interplate and intraplate seismicity. (Full article...)
Image 13
Radiocarbon dating helped verify the authenticity of the Dead Sea scrolls.

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

The method was developed in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago by Willard Libby, based on the constant creation of radiocarbon (¹⁴
C) in the Earth's atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting ¹⁴
C combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide, which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis; animals then acquire ¹⁴
C by eating the plants. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and thereafter the amount of ¹⁴
C it contains begins to decrease as the ¹⁴
C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the proportion of ¹⁴
C in a sample from a dead plant or animal, such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone, provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died. The older a sample is, the less ¹⁴
C there is to be detected, and because the half-life of ¹⁴
C (the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed) is about 5,730 years, the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to approximately 50,000 years ago (in this interval about 99.8% of the ¹⁴
C will have decayed), although special preparation methods occasionally make an accurate analysis of older samples possible. In 1960, Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. (Full article...)
Image 14

Yosemite Valley from Tunnel View

Yosemite National Park (/joʊˈsɛmɪti/ yoh-SEM-ih-tee) is a national park of the United States in California. It is bordered on the southeast by Sierra National Forest and on the northwest by Stanislaus National Forest. The park is managed by the National Park Service and covers 759,620 acres (1,187 sq mi; 3,074 km²) in four counties – centered in Tuolumne and Mariposa, extending north and east to Mono and south to Madera. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, groves of giant sequoia, lakes, mountains, meadows, glaciers, and biological diversity. Almost 95 percent of the park is designated wilderness. Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada.

Its geology is characterized by granite and remnants of older rock. About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and tilted to form its unique slopes, which increased the steepness of stream and river beds, forming deep, narrow canyons. About one million years ago glaciers formed at higher elevations. They moved downslope, cutting and sculpting the U-shaped Yosemite Valley. (Full article...)
Image 15
Geologic time shown in a diagram called a geological clock, showing the relative lengths of the eons of Earth's history and noting major events

The geological history of the Earth follows the major geological events in Earth's past based on the geological time scale, a system of chronological measurement based on the study of the planet's rock layers (stratigraphy). Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun, which also created the rest of the Solar System.

Initially, Earth was molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as a result of the impact of a planetoid with the Earth. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans. However, in 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the Earth since the beginning of the planet's formation. (Full article...)
Image 16

Cannikin warhead being lowered into test shaft

Amchitka (/æmˈtʃɪtkə/; Aleut: Amchixtax̂;^{[page needed]}) is a volcanic, tectonically unstable and uninhabited
island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska. It is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. The island, with a land area of roughly 116 square miles (300 km²), is about 42 miles (68 km) long and 1 to 4 miles (1.6 to 6.4 km) wide. The area has a maritime climate, with many storms, and mostly overcast skies.

Amchitka was populated for more than 2,500 years by the Aleut people, but has had no permanent population since 1832. The island has been part of the United States since the Alaska Purchase of 1867. During World War II, it was used as an airfield by US forces in the Aleutian Islands Campaign. (Full article...)
Image 17

Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone

Yellowstone National Park is a national park of the United States located in the northwest corner of Wyoming and extending into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the 42nd U.S. Congress with the Yellowstone National Park Protection Act and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone was the first national park in the U.S. and is also widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially the Old Faithful geyser, one of its most popular. While it represents many types of biomes, the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.

While Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years, aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. Management and control of the park originally fell under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior, the first Secretary of the Interior to supervise the park being Columbus Delano. However, the U.S. Army was eventually commissioned to oversee the management of Yellowstone for 30 years between 1886 and 1916. In 1917, the administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than a thousand indigenous archaeological sites. (Full article...)
Image 18

White Chuck Glacier in the United States in 1973

The retreat of glaciers since 1850 a well-documented effect of climate change. The retreat of mountain glaciers provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century. Examples include mountain glaciers in western North America, Asia, the Alps in central Europe, and tropical and subtropical regions of South America and Africa. Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g. precipitation, mean temperature, and cloud cover, glacial mass changes are one of the most sensitive indicators of climate change. The retreat of glaciers is also a major reason for sea level rise. Excluding peripheral glaciers of ice sheets, the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26 years from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per year.

On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets (also known as "continental glaciers") in the polar regions. Glaciers also exist in mountain ranges on every continent other than the Australian mainland, including Oceania's high-latitude oceanic island countries such as New Zealand. Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km² (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets. They are several kilometers deep and obscure the underlying topography. (Full article...)
Image 19

Imaging from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission STS-99 reveals part of the diameter ring of the crater in the form of a shallow circular trough. Numerous cenotes (sinkholes) cluster around the trough marking the inner crater rim.

The Chicxulub crater (IPA: [t͡ʃikʃuˈluɓ] ^ⓘ cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Its center is offshore, but the crater is named after the onshore community of Chicxulub Pueblo (not the larger coastal town of Chicxulub Puerto). It was formed slightly over 66 million years ago when an asteroid, about ten kilometers (six miles) in diameter, struck Earth. The crater is estimated to be 200 kilometers (120 miles) in diameter and 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) in depth. It is believed to be the second largest impact structure on Earth, and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research.

The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield, geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during the late 1970s. Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search. Later, through contact with Alan R. Hildebrand in 1990, Penfield obtained samples that suggested it was an impact feature. Evidence for the crater's impact origin includes shocked quartz, a gravity anomaly, and tektites in surrounding areas. (Full article...)
Image 20
Ice core sample taken from drill

An ice core is a core sample that is typically removed from an ice sheet or a high mountain glacier. Since the ice forms from the incremental buildup of annual layers of snow, lower layers are older than upper ones, and an ice core contains ice formed over a range of years. Cores are drilled with hand augers (for shallow holes) or powered drills; they can reach depths of over two miles (3.2 km), and contain ice up to 800,000 years old.

The physical properties of the ice and of material trapped in it can be used to reconstruct the climate over the age range of the core. The proportions of different oxygen and hydrogen isotopes provide information about ancient temperatures, and the air trapped in tiny bubbles can be analysed to determine the level of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide. Since heat flow in a large ice sheet is very slow, the borehole temperature is another indicator of temperature in the past. These data can be combined to find the climate model that best fits all the available data. (Full article...)
Image 21
Changes in surface air temperature over the past 50 years. The Arctic has warmed the most, and temperatures on land have generally increased more than sea surface temperatures.

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add to greenhouse gases. These gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, has grown by about 50% and is at levels unseen for millions of years.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimize future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise. (Full article...)
Image 22

The 1867 Manhattan earthquake struck Riley County, Kansas, in the United States on April 24, 1867, at 20:22 UTC, or about 14:30 local time. The strongest earthquake to originate in the state, it measured 5.1 on a seismic scale that is based on an isoseismal map or the event's felt area. The earthquake's epicenter was near the town of Manhattan.

The earthquake had a maximum perceived intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It caused minor damage, reports of which were confined to Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri, according to the United States Geological Survey. Felt over an area of 200,000 square miles (520,000 km²), the earthquake reached the states of Indiana, Illinois, and possibly Ohio, though the latter reports have been questioned. (Full article...)
Image 23

A map of the world as it appeared during the mid-Ediacaran, c. 600 Ma

The Ediacaran ( /ˌiːdiˈækərən, ˌɛdi-/ EE-dee-AK-ər-ən, ED-ee-) is a geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era that spans 96 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period at 635 Mya to the beginning of the Cambrian Period at 538.8 Mya. It is the last period of the Proterozoic Eon as well as the last of the so-called "Precambrian supereon", before the beginning of the subsequent Cambrian Period marks the start of the Phanerozoic Eon, where recognizable fossil evidence of life becomes common.

The Ediacaran Period is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia, where trace fossils of a diverse community of previously unrecognized lifeforms (later named the Ediacaran biota) were first discovered by geologist Reg Sprigg in 1946. Its status as an official geological period was ratified in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS), making it the first new geological period declared in 120 years. Although the period took namesake from the Ediacara Hills in the Nilpena Ediacara National Park, the type section is actually located in the bed of the Enorama Creek within the Brachina Gorge in the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park, at , approximately 55 km (34 mi) southeast of the Ediacara Hills fossil site. (Full article...)
Image 24

Anning with her dog, Tray, painted before 1842; the hill Golden Cap can be seen in the background

Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was an English fossil collector, dealer, and palaeontologist. She became known internationally for her discoveries in Jurassic marine fossil beds in the cliffs along the English Channel at Lyme Regis in the county of Dorset, Southwest England. Anning's findings contributed to changes in scientific thinking about prehistoric life and the history of the Earth.

Anning searched for fossils in the area's Blue Lias and Charmouth Mudstone cliffs, particularly during the winter months when landslides exposed new fossils that had to be collected quickly before they were lost to the sea. Her discoveries included the first correctly identified ichthyosaur skeleton when she was twelve years old; the first two nearly complete plesiosaur skeletons; the first pterosaur skeleton located outside Germany; and fish fossils. Her observations played a key role in the discovery that coprolites, known as bezoar stones at the time, were fossilised faeces, and she also discovered that belemnite fossils contained fossilised ink sacs like those of modern cephalopods. (Full article...)
Image 25

The 2002 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake (also known as the 2002 Avaj earthquake or the 2002 Changureh earthquake) occurred on 22 June 2002. The epicenter was near the city of Bou'in-Zahra in Qazvin Province, a region of northwestern Iran which is crossed by several major faults that is known for destructive earthquakes. The shock measured 6.5 on the Mwc scale, had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), and was followed by more than 20 aftershocks. At least 230 people were killed and 1,500 more were injured.

According to the International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), the earthquake was felt as far away as the capital city of Tehran, approximately 290 kilometres (180 mi) east of the epicenter, although no damage was reported there. Most houses in the region were single-story masonry buildings, and virtually all of these collapsed. The public became angry due to the slow official response to victims who needed supplies. Residents of the town of Avaj resorted to throwing stones at the car of a government minister. (Full article...)

Sabías(generado automáticamente)

... que los Iowa Colored Cowboys jugaron sóftbol para audiencias de más de mil personas, en una atmósfera similar a un espectáculo de los Harlem Globetrotters ?
... que la geología de las montañas Ellsworth fue explorada por geólogos utilizando trineos motorizados en 1961?
... que Frederick Murray Trotter tuvo una distinguida carrera como geólogo de campo a pesar de haber perdido una parte de su cráneo y un ojo por la metralla durante la Primera Guerra Mundial?
... que la geóloga danesa Tove Birkelund recibió una medalla de oro por sus primeros trabajos sobre fósiles de escafitas en Groenlandia?
... que la geóloga aficionada inglesa Charlotte Eyton escribió una serie de artículos y folletos sobre la geología de Wrekin , una parte de Shropshire, entre 1862 y 1870?
... que la roca más significativa de Nueva Caledonia es la peridotita , que proviene del manto terrestre ?
... que el espectrómetro de viento solar del Apolo 12 detectó una onda de choque de iones de gas producida por el impacto de la etapa S-IVB del Apolo 13 en la superficie lunar ?
... que la vida existe en todas las partes de la biosfera , desde las partes más profundas del océano hasta altitudes de hasta 64 km (40 millas) en la atmósfera?

¿Más sabías? -@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen y (prefiere-esquema-de-color:oscuro){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}muestra diferentes entradas

...que casi 10 años antes del Tornado de Atlanta de 2008 , el Tornado de Dunwoody (en la foto) causó daños significativos justo afuera de los límites de la ciudad?
...que el tornado de Lorain-Sandusky fue el tornado más mortal y parte del brote de tornados más mortal en la historia de Ohio ?
...que el ciclón Gamede de febrero de 2007 fue uno de los ciclones tropicales más húmedos registrados , arrojando más de 5,5 m (18 pies) en un período de nueve días en la isla de Reunión ?
...que en Madagascar y Mozambique , el ciclón Jokwe mató a 16 personas, dejó al menos a 55.400 personas sin hogar y destruyó casi 10.000 casas?
...que después de la explosión cámbrica , hace unos 535 millones de años, hubo cinco extinciones masivas ?
...que se han utilizado métodos geofísicos para buscar el palacio de Cleopatra ?

Portales relacionados

Imágenes seleccionadas

Image 1Los astronautas a bordo del transbordador espacial Discovery registraron este fenómeno poco frecuente: la Luna llena parcialmente oscurecida por la atmósfera de la Tierra. La imagen fue captada con una cámara electrónica a las 15:15:15 GMT del 21 de diciembre de 1999. (Crédito: NASA .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 2Cerusita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 3Imagen satelital del ciclón Gafilo , un poderoso ciclón tropical de categoría 5 que azotó Madagascar en marzo de 2004 y causó daños devastadores. Esta imagen fue tomada justo antes de tocar tierra, cuando el sistema alcanzó su intensidad máxima a unos 333 km (207 mi) al este de Madagascar, con vientos sostenidos de 260 km/h (160 mph). Se registraron al menos 250 muertos, más desaparecidos y 300.000 personas se quedaron sin hogar debido a Gafilo. (Crédito: satélite Terra , NASA .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 4Mohawkite , de Alchemist-hp (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 5Mimetita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 6Sal del Himalaya , por Iifar (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 7Madera petrificada , de Daniel Schwen (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 8Wulfenita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 9Creedita , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 10Prehnita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 11Imagen en color real de Irlanda , tal como se ve desde el espacio, con el océano Atlántico al oeste y el mar de Irlanda al este. (del Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 12Cinabrio , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 13Los gases atmosféricos dispersan las longitudes de onda azules de la luz visible más que otras longitudes de onda, lo que le da al borde visible de la Tierra un halo azul. A mayor altitud, la atmósfera se vuelve tan delgada que prácticamente deja de existir. Gradualmente, el halo atmosférico se desvanece en la negrura del espacio. (Crédito: Observatorio de la Tierra de la NASA .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 14Concreciones , por Mbz1 (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 15Cuarzo , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 16Una erupción del volcán Etna en la isla italiana de Sicilia en octubre de 2002 , vista desde la Estación Espacial Internacional . El Etna es el mayor de los tres volcanes activos de Italia y uno de los más activos del mundo. Esta erupción, una de las más intensas del Etna en años, fue provocada por una serie de terremotos . Se informó de caída de cenizas en lugares tan lejanos como Libia , a 600 km (373 mi) al sur. (Crédito: Tripulación de la Expedición 5. ) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 17Tefra volcánica , por Godot13 (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 18Los cirros están compuestos de cristales de hielo y tienen forma de filamentos similares a cabellos. Se forman a altitudes superiores a los 5000 metros (16 500 pies). Las rayas están formadas por copos de nieve que caen de la nube y son atrapados por los vientos de altura. Las rayas apuntan en la dirección del viento y pueden parecer rectas, lo que da a las nubes la apariencia de una coma ( cirrus uncinus ), o pueden parecer enredadas, lo que indica turbulencia de altura . (Crédito: Piccolo Namek .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 19Platino , de Alchemist-hp (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 20Atacama , por Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 21Fuente incandescente Pahoeoe en el volcán Shield , por JD Griggs, USGS (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 22Azurita , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 23El monte Hood reflejado en el lago Mirror , Oregón . (Crédito: Territorio del monte Hood en Oregón). (De Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 24Wulfenita , de Didier Descouens (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 25Rocas erosionadas en el Parque Nacional Joshua Tree , por Mila Zinkova (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 26La Estructura Richat es una depresión en el país de Mauritania , de casi 50 km (30 mi) de ancho. Originalmente se pensó que era el impacto de un meteorito . Ahora se piensa que es una elevación simétrica ( anticlinal circular o domo) que ha estado expuesta a la erosión . En esta foto en falso color , el lecho de roca es marrón, la arena es amarilla y blanca, la vegetación es verde y los sedimentos salados son azules. (Crédito: Landsat 7. ) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 27Barita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 28Azufre , por Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 29El invierno es una de las cuatro estaciones de las zonas templadas. El invierno meteorológico es la estación en la que se presentan los días más cortos (que varían mucho según la latitud ) y las temperaturas más bajas. (Crédito: Richard Fabi.) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 30Tsunami en Tailandia durante el terremoto y tsunami del Océano Índico de 2004 , por David Rydevik (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 31Erg Chebbi ( árabe : عرج شبّي ) es el único erg sahariano de Marruecos . Tiene 22 km de largo (de norte a sur) y 5 km de ancho. Sus dunas alcanzan una altura máxima de 150 metros. Se encuentra a unos 40 kilómetros al sureste de Erfoud . El centro turístico local es el pueblo de Merzouga . (Crédito: Rosa Cabecinhas y Alcino Cunha.) (del Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 32La Antártida , el continente que rodea el Polo Sur de la Tierra , es el lugar más frío de la Tierra y está cubierto casi en su totalidad por hielo . La Antártida fue descubierta a finales de enero de 1820. Demasiado fría y seca para soportar prácticamente cualquier planta vascular, la flora de la Antártida actualmente consta de alrededor de 250 líquenes , 100 musgos , 25-30 hepáticas y alrededor de 700 especies de algas terrestres y acuáticas . (Crédito: NASA .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 33Rodocrosita , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 34El huracán Katrina fue la tercera tormenta más poderosa de la temporada de huracanes del Atlántico de 2005. Primero tocó tierra como huracán de categoría 1 justo al norte de Miami, Florida , el 25 de agosto de 2005, y luego volvió a tocar tierra el 29 de agosto a lo largo de la costa central del Golfo cerca de Buras-Triumph, Luisiana , como tormenta de categoría 4. Esta fotografía del ojo del huracán fue tomada desde un avión cazador de huracanes de la NOAA el 28 de agosto de 2005. (Crédito: NOAA .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 35Piromorfita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 36Terremoto y tsunami en el océano Índico de 2004 en Terremoto y tsunami en el océano Índico de 2004 , por Vasily V. Titov, NOAA (editado por Veledan ) (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 37Bultfonteinita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 38Cuarzo ahumado , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 39Una tormenta eléctrica es una forma de clima severo que involucra relámpagos y truenos . Las tormentas eléctricas han tenido una influencia duradera y poderosa en la humanidad. Los romanos pensaban que eran batallas libradas por Júpiter . Las tormentas eléctricas estaban asociadas con el pájaro del trueno , considerado por los nativos americanos como un sirviente del Gran Espíritu . (Crédito: John Kerstholt.) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 40Hormiga atrapada en ámbar báltico , por Baltic-amber-beetle (editado por AmericanXplorer13 ) (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 41Arenisca , de Moondigger (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 42Casiterita , de Alchemist-hp (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 43Yeso , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 44Acantita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 45Azurita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 46Aegirine , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 47Vanadinita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 48Malaquita , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 49Una erupción del Monte Etna , un volcán en la isla italiana de Sicilia , en 2002 , vista desde la Estación Espacial Internacional . (Crédito: NASA, con ediciones de imagen de User:Darkone .) (de Portal:Earth sciences/Selected pictures )
Image 50Celestina , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 51Tierra de diatomeas , por Richard Wheeler (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 52Hemimorfita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 53Erupción del Monte Redoubt , por R. Clucas (USGS) (editado por Janke ) (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 54La rosa de los vientos más grande del mundo , dibujada en el suelo del desierto de la Base Aérea Edwards en California , Estados Unidos . Pintada en la playa cerca del Centro de Investigación de Vuelo Dryden , está inclinada hacia el norte magnético y los pilotos la utilizan para calibrar los indicadores de rumbo . (Crédito: NASA .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 55Dundasita de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 56El retroceso de los glaciares es un tipo de movimiento glacial en el que se desprende más material de su extremo del glaciar del que se repone mediante el flujo hacia esa región. En esta región del Himalaya de Bután , se han estado formando rápidamente lagos glaciares en la superficie de los glaciares cubiertos de escombros y los investigadores han descubierto una fuerte correlación entre el aumento de las temperaturas y el retroceso de los glaciares. (Crédito: NASA y USGS ). (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 57Rosa del desierto , de Didier Descouens (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 58Tronco petrificado en el Parque Nacional del Bosque Petrificado , por Moondigger (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 59Pirita , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 60Este mapa muestra las trayectorias de todos los ciclones tropicales que se formaron en todo el mundo entre 1985 y 2005. Los puntos indican la ubicación de las tormentas en intervalos de seis horas y utilizan el esquema de colores que se muestra a la derecha de la escala de huracanes de Saffir-Simpson . (Crédito: Nilfanion .) (de Portal: Ciencias de la Tierra/Imágenes seleccionadas )
Image 61Estellerita , de Iifar (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 62Crocoite , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 63Aragonito , por JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 64Amatista , de JJ Harrison (de Wikipedia:Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 65El pico Sarychev en plena erupción , según la NASA (de Wikipedia: Imágenes destacadas/Ciencias/Geología )
Image 66Oceans cover almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth, and nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3000 m deep. This global, interconnected body of salt water, called the World Ocean, is divided by the continents and archipelagos into the following five bodies, from the largest to the smallest: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. Official boundaries are defined by the International Hydrographic Organization. (Credit: Alexandre Van de Sande.) (from Portal:Earth sciences/Selected pictures)
Image 67Erosion of the bluff in Pacifica, by mbz1 (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 68Specimen from a palaeontological site of Lebanon at Paleontology in Lebanon, by Mila Zinkova (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 69Blairmorite, by Paul Glombick (edited by Bammesk) (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 70Crystalline dolomite and magnesite, by Didier Descouens (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 71Sand particles, by Siim (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 72Opal, by JJ Harrison (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 73Northern shore meadows of Sihlsee, an artificial lake near Einsiedeln in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. (Credit: Markus Bernet.) (from Portal:Earth sciences/Selected pictures)
Image 74Thin section scan, by Kallerna (from Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Sciences/Geology)
Image 75Pressure release of granite in the Enchanted Rock State Natural Area of Texas, United States. The photo shows the geological exfoliation of granite dome rock. (Taken by Wing-Chi Poon on 2nd April 2005.) (from Portal:Earth sciences/Selected pictures)

In the news

24 September 2024 –: A Monash University-led study on the Ordovician meteor event provides evidence that rings may have existed around Earth approximately 446 million years ago. (Forbes)
18 September 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine: A Ukrainian drone attack on a Russian weapons depot in Toropets, Tver Oblast, causes an explosion large enough to be detected as an earthquake by monitoring stations. Local residents are told to evacuate and schools in the region are closed. (The Guardian)
15 September 2024 – Polaris program: The spacecraft of the Polaris Dawn private spaceflight mission operated by SpaceX returns to Earth after five days in orbit. (BBC News)
7 September 2024 –: The Boeing Crew Flight Test capsule returns to Earth uncrewed, landing at the White Sands Space Harbor in New Mexico, United States, after being docked for three months at the International Space Station. (CNN)
5 September 2024 –: American rock band Linkin Park emerges from a seven-year hiatus with the announcement of an upcoming studio album, a worldwide concert tour, and introduces Emily Armstrong as the band's new co-vocalist. The band went on hiatus in 2017 following the death of then-lead vocalist Chester Bennington. (Rolling Stone)
4 September 2024 –: A small 1.5-metre (4.9 ft) asteroid, 2024 RW₁, is predicted to fall harmlessly as a fireball over the island of Luzon in the Philippines at approximately 16:40 UTC (00:40 local time), the ninth asteroid to be successfully discovered before impacting Earth. (New Scientist)

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