Nota: En algunos países o territorios, las leyes sobre el aborto se modifican en virtud de otras leyes, reglamentos , principios jurídicos o decisiones judiciales . Este mapa muestra su efecto combinado tal como lo aplican las autoridades.
El aborto sigue siendo un tema controvertido en muchas sociedades por motivos religiosos , morales , éticos, prácticos y políticos. Aunque ha sido prohibido y limitado por ley en muchas jurisdicciones, los abortos siguen siendo comunes en muchas áreas, incluso donde son ilegales. Según un estudio de 2007 realizado por el Instituto Guttmacher y la Organización Mundial de la Salud , las tasas de aborto son similares en países donde el procedimiento es legal y en países donde no lo es, [2] [3] debido a la falta de disponibilidad de anticonceptivos modernos en áreas donde el aborto es ilegal. [4] También según el estudio, el número de abortos en todo el mundo está disminuyendo debido al mayor acceso a la anticoncepción. [2] [3]
Historia
El aborto ha existido desde la antigüedad, y se han encontrado abortivos naturales entre una amplia variedad de pueblos tribales y en la mayoría de las fuentes escritas. Los primeros registros conocidos de técnicas de aborto y regulación reproductiva general datan de 2700 a. C. en China y 1550 a. C. en Egipto . [5] Los primeros textos contienen poca mención del aborto o de la ley del aborto. Cuando aparece, está implicada en preocupaciones sobre los derechos de propiedad masculinos , la preservación del orden social y el deber de producir ciudadanos aptos para el estado o la comunidad. Las penas más severas generalmente se reservaban para una mujer que procuraba un aborto en contra de los deseos de su esposo y para los esclavos que producían el aborto en una mujer de alto estatus. Los textos religiosos a menudo contenían severas condenas del aborto, recomendando penitencia pero rara vez imponiendo castigos seculares. Como cuestión de derecho consuetudinario en Inglaterra y los Estados Unidos , el aborto era ilegal en cualquier momento después de la aceleración , cuando la mujer podía sentir por primera vez los movimientos del feto . Según la regla del nacido vivo , el feto no era considerado un "ser razonable" in rerum natura ; y el aborto no era tratado como asesinato en la legislación inglesa .
En el siglo XIX, muchos países occidentales comenzaron a codificar leyes sobre el aborto o a imponer más restricciones a la práctica. Los movimientos antiabortistas estaban liderados por una combinación de grupos que se oponían al aborto por razones morales y por profesionales médicos que estaban preocupados por el peligro que presentaba el procedimiento y la participación habitual de personal no médico en la realización de abortos. Sin embargo, se hizo evidente que los abortos ilegales seguían teniendo lugar en gran número incluso donde los abortos estaban rigurosamente restringidos. Era difícil obtener pruebas suficientes para procesar a las mujeres y a los médicos que practicaban abortos, y los jueces y jurados a menudo se mostraban reacios a condenar. Por ejemplo, Henry Morgentaler , un defensor canadiense del aborto , nunca fue condenado por un jurado. Fue absuelto por un jurado en el caso judicial de 1973, pero la absolución fue revocada por cinco jueces del Tribunal de Apelaciones de Quebec en 1974. Fue a prisión, apeló y fue nuevamente absuelto. En total, cumplió 10 meses de prisión y sufrió un ataque cardíaco mientras se encontraba en régimen de aislamiento . Muchos también se indignaron por la invasión de la privacidad y los problemas médicos que se derivaban de los abortos que se practicaban ilegalmente en circunstancias médicamente peligrosas. Los movimientos políticos pronto se unieron en torno a la legalización del aborto y la liberalización de las leyes existentes.
En la primera mitad del siglo XX, muchos países habían comenzado a liberalizar las leyes sobre el aborto, al menos cuando se realizaba para proteger la vida de la mujer y en algunos casos a petición de la mujer. Bajo Vladimir Lenin , la Unión Soviética se convirtió en el primer estado moderno en legalizar los abortos a pedido: la ley se introdujo por primera vez en la RSFS de Rusia en 1920, en la RSS de Ucrania en julio de 1921 y luego en todo el país. [6] [7] Los bolcheviques veían el aborto como un mal social creado por el sistema capitalista, que dejaba a las mujeres sin los medios económicos para criar a los hijos, obligándolas a realizar abortos. El estado soviético inicialmente preservó la prohibición zarista del aborto, que trataba la práctica como un asesinato premeditado . Sin embargo, las mujeres rusas habían practicado el aborto durante décadas y su incidencia se disparó aún más como resultado de la Guerra Civil Rusa , que había dejado al país económicamente devastado y había hecho extremadamente difícil para muchas personas tener hijos. El Estado soviético reconoció que prohibir el aborto no detendría la práctica porque las mujeres seguirían utilizando los servicios de abortistas privados. En las zonas rurales, a menudo se trataba de mujeres mayores que no tenían formación médica, lo que hacía que sus servicios fueran muy peligrosos para la salud de las mujeres. En noviembre de 1920, el gobierno soviético legalizó el aborto en los hospitales estatales. El Estado consideraba el aborto como un mal necesario temporal, que desaparecería en la futura sociedad comunista, que sería capaz de cuidar de todos los niños concebidos. [8] [ página necesaria ] En 1936, Joseph Stalin impuso prohibiciones a los abortos, que los restringieron solo a los casos recomendados por médicos, con el fin de aumentar el crecimiento de la población después de la enorme pérdida de vidas en la Primera Guerra Mundial y la Guerra Civil Rusa . [9] [10] [7] En la década de 1930, varios países ( Polonia , Turquía , Dinamarca , Suecia , Islandia , México ) legalizaron el aborto en algunos casos especiales ( embarazo por violación , amenaza a la salud de la madre, malformación fetal). En Japón , el aborto fue legalizado en 1948 por la Ley de Protección Eugenésica, [11] enmendada en mayo de 1949 para permitir los abortos por razones económicas. [12] El aborto fue legalizado en 1952 en Yugoslavia (de manera limitada [ ¿cuál? ]), y nuevamente en 1955 en la Unión Soviética a petición de los soviéticos. Algunos aliados soviéticos (Polonia, Hungría , Bulgaria , Checoslovaquia , Rumania ) legalizaron el aborto a fines de la década de 1950 bajo presión de los soviéticos. [ ¿Cómo? ] [13] [ cita(s) adicional(es) necesaria(s) ]
En el Reino Unido , la Ley del Aborto de 1967 aclaró y prescribió que los abortos eran legales hasta las 28 semanas (posteriormente reducidas a 24 semanas). Otros países pronto siguieron la misma pauta, entre ellos Canadá (1969), Estados Unidos (1973 en la mayoría de los estados, de conformidad con Roe v. Wade , la decisión de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos que legalizó el aborto en todo el país), Túnez y Dinamarca (1973), Austria (1974), Francia y Suecia (1975), Nueva Zelanda (1977), Italia (1978), los Países Bajos (1984) y Bélgica (1990). Sin embargo, estos países varían mucho en las circunstancias en las que se permitía el aborto. En 1975, la Corte Suprema de Alemania Occidental anuló una ley que legalizaba el aborto, sosteniendo que contradecía las garantías de derechos humanos de la constitución . En 1976, se aprobó una ley que permitía los abortos hasta las 12 semanas. Después de la reunificación alemana , a pesar de la condición legal del aborto en la antigua Alemania del Este , se llegó a un compromiso que consideraba legales la mayoría de los abortos hasta las 12 semanas, pero esta ley fue derogada por el Tribunal Constitucional Federal y modificada para eliminar el castigo solo en tales casos, sin ninguna declaración de legalidad. En las jurisdicciones regidas por la sharia , el aborto después del día 120 desde la concepción (19 semanas desde el FUM ) es ilegal, especialmente para quienes siguen las recomendaciones de la escuela jurídica Hanafi , mientras que la mayoría de los juristas de la escuela jurídica Maliki "creen que la infundación del alma ocurre en el momento de la concepción , y tienden a prohibir el aborto en cualquier momento [similar a la Iglesia Católica Romana]. Las otras escuelas mantienen posiciones intermedias. ... La pena prescrita para un aborto ilegal varía según las circunstancias particulares involucradas. Según la sharia, debería limitarse a una multa que se paga al padre o los herederos del feto". [14]
Cronología del aborto por solicitud
En la siguiente tabla se enumeran en orden cronológico los Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas que han legalizado el aborto a petición del interesado al menos en alguna parte inicial del embarazo o que han despenalizado totalmente el aborto. En 2024, 67 países han legalizado o despenalizado el aborto a petición del interesado.
Notas
Cuando un país ha legalizado el aborto a pedido, lo ha prohibido y lo ha legalizado nuevamente (por ejemplo, la ex Unión Soviética , Rumania ), solo se incluye el año posterior. Los países que resultan de la fusión de estados donde el aborto a pedido era legal en el momento de la unificación muestran el año en que se volvió legal en todo el territorio nacional (por ejemplo, Alemania , Vietnam ). De manera similar, los países donde no todas las jurisdicciones subnacionales han legalizado el aborto a pedido no están incluidos, lo que lleva a la exclusión de Australia , México y el Reino Unido . También se excluyen los países donde el aborto a pedido alguna vez fue legalizado en todo el país pero desde entonces ha sido prohibido en al menos una parte del país, como Estados Unidos y Polonia . Los países se cuentan incluso si aún no eran independientes en ese momento. El año se refiere a cuando la ley o decisión judicial relevante entró en vigencia , que puede ser diferente del año en que se aprobó.
La Iglesia católica sigue siendo muy influyente en América Latina y se opone a la legalización del aborto. [37] La Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos , que en 2013 contaba con 23 partes latinoamericanas, declara que la vida humana comienza con la concepción. En América Latina, el aborto a petición propia solo es legal en Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012), [38] Argentina (2021), [35] Colombia (2022) [39] y en partes de México . [40] [41] Los abortos están completamente prohibidos en República Dominicana , El Salvador , Honduras y Nicaragua , y solo se permiten en ciertas circunstancias restringidas en la mayoría de las demás naciones latinoamericanas. [37]
Si bien el aborto es legal al menos bajo ciertas condiciones en casi todos los países, estas condiciones varían ampliamente. Según un informe de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) con datos recopilados hasta 2019, [43] el aborto está permitido en el 98% de los países con el fin de salvar la vida de una mujer. Otras razones comúnmente aceptadas son preservar la salud física (72%) o mental (69%), en casos de violación o incesto (61%) y en casos de malformación fetal (61%). La realización de un aborto por razones económicas o sociales está aceptada en el 37% de los países. La realización de un aborto solo sobre la base de la solicitud de una mujer está permitida en el 34% de los países, incluidos Canadá, la mayoría de los países europeos y China. [43]
El alcance exacto de cada fundamento jurídico también varía. Por ejemplo, las leyes de algunos países citan los riesgos para la salud y el mal funcionamiento del feto como fundamentos generales para el aborto y permiten una interpretación amplia de dichos términos en la práctica, mientras que otros países los restringen a una lista específica de condiciones médicas o subcategorías. Muchos países que permiten el aborto tienen límites gestacionales para el procedimiento según el motivo; la mayoría son de hasta 12 semanas para el aborto a pedido, hasta 24 semanas por razones sociales, económicas, de violación o incesto, y más por mal funcionamiento del feto o amenazas a la salud o la vida de la mujer. [43] : 26
En algunos países, se deben seguir procedimientos adicionales antes de que se pueda llevar a cabo el aborto, incluso si se cumplen los motivos básicos para ello. El grado de rigurosidad con que se cumplan en la práctica todos los procedimientos dictados por la legislación es otra cuestión. Por ejemplo, en el Reino Unido, un informe de la Comisión de Calidad de la Atención en 2012 concluyó que varias clínicas del NHS estaban eludiendo la ley, utilizando formularios firmados previamente por un médico, lo que permitía realizar abortos a pacientes que sólo habían sido atendidas por un médico. [44]
La siguiente tabla resume las causales legales para el aborto en jurisdicciones autónomas no incluidas en la tabla anterior.
Límites comparativos para países con abortos electivos
Los límites legales pueden no ser directamente comparables. Los límites pueden expresarse en trimestres, meses, semanas de embarazo ( implantación ), semanas desde la fecundación o semanas desde la última menstruación (FUM).
en
a
mi
Mapa codificado por colores que ilustra los límites de duración del aborto electivo en Europa (en semanas desde el último período menstrual, la fertilización o la implantación)
Técnicamente ilegal, pero generalmente disponible durante 12 semanas (Finlandia)
Técnicamente ilegal, pero generalmente disponible durante 24 semanas (Gran Bretaña)
Técnicamente 12 semanas, pero generalmente disponible hasta 22 semanas (ex-URSS)
Técnicamente 12 semanas, pero generalmente disponible hasta 28 semanas (ex-URSS)
Legal si el embarazo no es fruto del matrimonio; generalmente disponible bajo exenciones (Israel)
Situación del aborto electivo en Estados Unidos
Este mapa codificado por colores ilustra el estado legal actual de los procedimientos de aborto electivo específico en cada uno de los estados individuales, territorios de EE. UU. y distrito federal. [ft] Un borde de color indica una restricción o prohibición más estricta que está bloqueada por una orden judicial.
en
a
mi
Mapa con códigos de colores que ilustra la disponibilidad del aborto en Canadá , en semanas de edad embrionaria (desde la fecundación). El aborto es legal en todas las etapas del embarazo en Canadá, pero la disponibilidad está sujeta a las pautas médicas.
Países con leyes más restrictivas
Partidaria a favor de la legalización del aborto en una manifestación en Paraná, Argentina . Argentina tuvo leyes restrictivas hasta 2021.
Según un informe de Women on Waves , [ se necesita una mejor fuente ] aproximadamente el 25% de la población mundial [ ¿a fecha? ] vive en países con "leyes de aborto altamente restrictivas", es decir, leyes que prohíben completamente el aborto o lo permiten solo para salvar la vida de la madre . Esta categoría incluye varios países de América Latina , África , Asia y Oceanía , así como Andorra y Malta en Europa . [564] El Centro de Derechos Reproductivos informa que "[l]a incapacidad de acceder a servicios de aborto legal y seguro afecta a 700 millones de mujeres en edad reproductiva". [565]
Algunos países de América Central , en particular El Salvador , también han llamado la atención internacional debido a la aplicación muy enérgica de las leyes, incluido el encarcelamiento de una víctima de violación en grupo por homicidio cuando dio a luz a un hijo muerto y fue acusada de intentar un aborto ilegal. [566] [567] [568]
El Salvador tiene una de las leyes de aborto más estrictas de cualquier país. El aborto es ilegal en todas las circunstancias, incluidas la violación, el incesto y el riesgo para la salud de la madre. Las mujeres pueden ser criminalizadas y penalizadas hasta con 40 años de prisión si son declaradas culpables de un aborto. Las leyes de aborto de El Salvador son tan severas que los abortos espontáneos y los mortinatos a veces pueden ser suficientes para una condena. La Corte Interamericana ya ha dictaminado que El Salvador era responsable de la muerte de Manuela, quien fue condenada a 30 años de prisión en 2008 por homicidio agravado después de sufrir una emergencia obstétrica que resultó en la pérdida de su embarazo. [569] [570]
Controversia sobre el inicio del embarazo
La controversia sobre el inicio del embarazo se produce en diferentes contextos, particularmente en un contexto legal, y se discute particularmente dentro del debate sobre el aborto desde el punto de vista de la medición de la edad gestacional del embarazo. El embarazo se puede medir a partir de varios puntos convenientes, incluido el día de la última menstruación , la ovulación , la fertilización , la implantación y la detección química. Una forma médica común de calcular la edad gestacional es medir el embarazo a partir del primer día del último ciclo menstrual. [fx] Sin embargo, no todos los sistemas legales utilizan esta medida para el propósito de la ley del aborto; por ejemplo, países como Bélgica , Francia y Luxemburgo utilizan el término "embarazo" en la ley del aborto para referirse al tiempo transcurrido desde el acto sexual que llevó a la concepción , que se presume que es de 2 semanas después del final del último período menstrual. [fy]
Excepciones en la ley del aborto
Las excepciones a la legislación sobre el aborto se dan en países en los que el aborto es ilegal por regla general o en países que permiten el aborto a petición del paciente con límites de gestación. Por ejemplo, si un país permite el aborto a petición del paciente hasta las 12 semanas, puede crear excepciones a este límite general de gestación para abortos posteriores en circunstancias específicas. [576]
Existen algunas excepciones que se encuentran comúnmente en las leyes sobre el aborto. Los ámbitos legales que no contemplan el aborto a demanda suelen permitirlo cuando está en juego la salud de la madre. "La salud de la madre" puede tener un significado diferente en diferentes áreas: por ejemplo, antes de diciembre de 2018, Irlanda permitía el aborto solo para salvar la vida de la madre, mientras que los opositores al aborto en los Estados Unidos sostienen que las excepciones en materia de salud se utilizan de manera tan amplia que hacen que una prohibición esencialmente carezca de sentido. [577]
Las leyes que permiten el aborto en casos de violación o incesto suelen diferir. Por ejemplo, antes de Roe v. Wade , trece estados de EE. UU. permitían el aborto en caso de violación o incesto, pero sólo Mississippi permitía el aborto de embarazos debidos a violación, y ningún estado lo permitía sólo en casos de incesto. [578]
Muchos países [ vagos ] permiten el aborto sólo durante el primer o segundo trimestre , y algunos pueden permitirlo en casos de defectos fetales, por ejemplo, síndrome de Down , o cuando el embarazo es resultado de un delito sexual .
Otras leyes relacionadas
En algunos países con leyes liberales sobre el aborto, las leyes protegen el acceso a los servicios de aborto. Dicha legislación a menudo busca proteger a las clínicas de aborto contra la obstrucción , el vandalismo , los piquetes y otras acciones, o proteger a los pacientes y empleados de dichas instalaciones contra amenazas y acoso. Otras leyes crean un perímetro alrededor de una instalación, conocido como "zona de amortiguación", "zona de burbuja" o "zona de acceso", donde no se permiten manifestaciones en contra del aborto . Las protestas y otras manifestaciones están restringidas a una cierta distancia del edificio, que varía según la ley. También se han creado zonas similares para proteger los hogares de los proveedores de abortos y el personal de la clínica. Las leyes de zona de burbuja se dividen en categorías "fijas" y "flotantes". Las leyes de zona de burbuja fija se aplican al área estática alrededor de la instalación en sí, y las leyes flotantes a los objetos en tránsito, como personas o automóviles . [579] Debido a los conflictos entre los activistas antiaborto por un lado y las mujeres que buscan un aborto y el personal médico que lo proporciona por el otro lado, algunas leyes son bastante estrictas: en Sudáfrica , por ejemplo, cualquier persona que impida la interrupción legal de un embarazo u obstruya el acceso a un centro para la interrupción de un embarazo se enfrenta a una pena de hasta 10 años de prisión (artículo 10.1 (c) de la Ley de Elección de la Interrupción del Embarazo [580] ).
El 3 de noviembre de 2020, una asociación de 20 organizaciones benéficas kenianas instó al gobierno de Kenia a retirarse de la Declaración de Consenso de Ginebra (DCG), un acuerdo internacional liderado por Estados Unidos que buscaba limitar el acceso al aborto para niñas y mujeres en todo el mundo. La DCG fue firmada por 33 naciones el 22 de octubre de 2020. [581]
^ a bIn 2021, the Chinese government issued guidelines reducing "non-medically necessary" abortions as a "step toward women's development".[16] The guidelines do not provide detail on what a "non-medically necessary" abortion is, nor what specific policies the government has planned to achieve this goal.[17][18]
^The law from 1957 legalizing the abortion on request was limited in 1962 when additional approval for each abortion had to be obtained from so called Abort Commission (which rejected about 15% of the requests). The Abort Commissions were abolished by law in 1986. Until 1993 each approved abortion was paid by state.[19][20]
^In some parts of Overseas France, abortion on request became legal in 2001.[22][23][24]
^Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
^After explicit legalization struck down by supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
^The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 1995 and came into force in 1996.[31]
^The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.[33]
^ a b cThe law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence.[47] The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life,[48][49] but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment,[50] and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council.[51] After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.[52]
^The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[54] However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.[55]
^The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law.[56] The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.[57]
^A 2001 UN source says that abortion must be performed within the first 16 weeks and that it may be permitted after this period under very exceptional circumstances.[59]
^Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.[59][60]: 14
^Abortion for this ground is permitted in all subdivisions except the Northern Territory.[63][64]
^Most laws of New South Wales and Queensland, including their abortion laws, are set to apply to Norfolk Island after 2026.[71][72] The Criminal Code of Norfolk Island, which remains in force in the territory, does not prohibit abortion.[73]
^Abortion up to 24 weeks may be performed if the medical practitioner considers the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to all relevant medical circumstances, the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances, and professional standards and guidelines. Later abortion may be performed, if two medical practitioners consider the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances, having regard to the mentioned matters.[74] These criteria are not considered as allowing abortion on request.[63][64]
^ a b cIf the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
^ a b cThe penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
^ a b c d eThe UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner.[83] However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.[84]
^ a b c d eThe UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."[45]
^The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation.[86] By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason,[87] and rape is included as a social reason.[88]
^ a b cDefined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.[90]
^The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition.[92] Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.[93]
^ a bThis ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.[92][93]
^This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.[94]
^The penal code criminalizes abortion except if done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape.[99] Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.[100][101][102]
^The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion.[106] It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
^There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.[109][110]
^The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 8 weeks.[112]
^If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
^ a b c d e fThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[118][119][39]
^ a bThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[121] The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law."[122] It is unclear whether the therapeutic ground means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source says that only the ground to save the woman's life is accepted as a general legal principle.[43]
^A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.[123]
^In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 or 24 weeks.
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.[130][131]
^If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.
^Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Dominica.[138]
^The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.[140][141]
^The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009.[142][143] However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.[144][143][145]
^This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.[146]
^ a b cAbortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18.
^ a b cIf the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.
^Permitted up to 28 weeks of gestation if the woman is unfit to raise the child due to a physical or mental disability or for being under age 18. The penalty for abortion may be mitigated in case of extreme poverty.[154][155]
^ a b cDefined as 14 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 16 weeks from the last menstrual period.[162]
^The penal code says that abortion may be permitted to an underage woman in a state of grave distress up to 10 weeks.
^ a b cThe criminal code specifies that abortion is not deemed an offence if the woman requests it, she has obtained counselling, and it is done by a physician within 12 weeks from conception. (Also, the woman is not punished for an abortion within 22 weeks if the other conditions are fulfilled.) The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.[169][170]
^ a bIf the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.
^ a bIf the woman is HIV-positive or contraception failure, the gestational limit is 16 weeks.
^A new penal code, published by presidential decree on 24 June 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, rape or incest.[177] The code is set to take effect on 19 June 2025 unless modified before then.[178]
^ a b cThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
^ a b cUp to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.[180]
^Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.[180]
^No limit in case of "substantial foetal abnormalities".[182]
^Including the failure of contraception.[182]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law,[189] but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.[190][better source needed]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[191][192]
^ a bThis ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.[193]
^ a bIf the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.
^ a bAbortion is permitted if the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.[195]
^ a bThe UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.[197][198]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.[199][200][201][202]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[199][200][201][202]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[209] It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.[210]
^ a b c d e fThe penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability.[216] A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family.[217] A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016,[218] but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
^ a b cIf the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[229] The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle,[43] but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.[230][231]
^The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law.[234] The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life.[235] The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.[236][237]
^Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.[236][237]
^ a bThe penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,[241] but the UN source says that abortion to save the woman's life is permitted as a general legal principle.[43] The law on child protection prohibits abortion except for a "proven medical need",[242] and the law on reproductive health prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life.[243] The government has stated that the law of the country permits abortion on therapeutic grounds.[244]
^Abortion for this ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,[247][248] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.[40][41]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az baAbortion for this ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, medical professionals at federal health facilities may provide abortion without prosecution,[247][248] while others may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.[40][41]
^ a b c d e f gThe penal codes of some states specify a gestational limit for abortion in case of rape. However, in July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for abortion on this ground.[249][250]
^ a b cThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[40][41]
^ a b cThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[264][265]
^ a b cThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[272]
^ a bThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[287]
^ a b cThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[289]
^If the woman is under age 15 or over age 40, the gestational limit is 21 weeks.
^In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal,[292][293] and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.[294][295]
^May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.[296]
^ a bUp to 28 weeks if the woman has HIV or a similar incurable disease.[300][301]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q rThe Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.[303][304]
^ a b c d e fThe criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2015, does not mention abortion.[306][307] In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so.[308] In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons.[309] It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.[310][311]
^ a b cMay be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.[312]
^ a b cThe penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention.[314] The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.[315]
^Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.[318][319]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[320] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[citation needed]
^ a b c dThe law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.[321] However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment,[322][323][324] while other sources say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.[325]
^The law prohibits abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and it explicitly permits abortion to preserve the woman's life.[328] An opinion of the State Solicitor in 1982, based on court decisions on identical laws in the former parent country, considered that preservation of the woman's health was also a legal ground for abortion.[329][330] However, in 2018, in the case of a woman who had aborted at four months of pregnancy due to risk to health, the Supreme Court acquitted her because she had been wrongly charged for the crime of killing an unborn child, which only applies shortly before birth (section 312), but ruled that she should have still been charged for the crime of abortion (section 225).[331]
^The law prohibits abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception,[334] but in 2014 the Supreme Court ruled that indirect abortion done to save the woman's life was permitted under the principle of double effect.[335][336]
^This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.[338]
^This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.[339]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[348][349][60]: 14
^In case of risk to the woman's life after fetal viability, the pregnancy may also be interrupted by attempting a live birth.
^Permitted until fetal viability in case of a fetal anomaly that poses a risk to the woman's health.
^ a bAbortion may also permitted up to 40 days of gestation for other reasons that are not economic or social concerns.[354][355][356]
^ a bThe penal code prohibits abortion without any explicit exception,[357] but the code of medical ethics permits abortion to save the woman's life.[358][43][359] The government has stated that abortion is authorized in case of risk to the woman's health.[360]
^ a b c dIn some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.[363][364]
^ a bSierra Leone established that the laws in force in England in 1880 would be in force in Sierra Leone from 1965.[365] One of these laws prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it.[366] A judicial decision in England in 1938 clarified that this law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[367] It is unclear whether Sierra Leone applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.[368][369] In 2015 the parliament of Sierra Leone passed a law allowing abortion on request but it was not signed by the president so it did not come into force.[370][371]
^In some cases, the gestational limit is 12 weeks.
^The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation.[381] On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021.[382] As of 2024, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.[383]
^ a bThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.[382]
^In case of a fatal anomaly, no limit is specified.
^From conception.
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[389] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[citation needed]
^In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life.[396] In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.[397]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.[398]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law[402] but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[403]
^ a bIf the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.[415][416]
^ a b cA Cabinet resolution on abortion, issued under the law on medical liability, permits abortion "based on the request of the spouses, after the approval of the committee", "and with the approval of the treating physician for the medical condition justifying the abortion", in the first 120 days of pregnancy.[418] These provisions are considered to permit abortion in case of risk to the woman's physical or mental health, and may also include other cases.[419][420]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m nThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.[421][422][423]
^Abortion for this ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.[424]
^ a b c d eAbortion for this ground is not permitted in some states.
^Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[428][427]
^ a b c dThis U.S. state has explicitly amended its constitution to guarantee the right to an abortion to its residents.
^Permitted until viability if the fetus has a fatal anomaly.[433]
^ a b c d e f gDefined as 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[426]
^This ground is not mentioned in the state law but it is established by judicial decision based on federal law.[439]
^Defined as 13 weeks from fertilization, considered as 15 weeks from the last menstrual period.[438][440]
^Defined as 10 weeks from fertilization, considered as 12 weeks from the last menstrual period.[441]
^Permitted in case of a lethal anomaly up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[441]
^Permitted in case of a fetal abnormality incompatible with life up to 20 weeks from fertilization, considered as 22 weeks from the last menstrual period.[444]
^Permitted in certain cases of fatal anomalies.[448][449]
^ a b cAbortion after viability is allowed if a physician judges it "necessary" under the "applicable standard of care".[450]
^ a b cThe law states that "the State may not interfere" with abortion on this ground before viability.[451] Sources disagree whether it is actually prohibited after viability.[452][426][453]
^ a b c dAlso allowed after this period if there is an absence of fetal viability.[465]
^Permitted up to 24 weeks of gestation in case of a life-limiting anomaly.[466]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q rA law prohibits abortion on this ground or sets a lower gestational limit but it is suspended by judicial decision.
^In case of a lethal anomaly or a severe brain abnormality, no limit is specified.
^Defined as 8 weeks from implantation, approximately 11 weeks from the last menstrual period. If the patient is a minor or an incompetent or incapacitated adult, abortion in case of rape is permitted in the first 14 weeks from implantation, approximately 17 weeks from the last menstrual period.[484]
^Permitted with no gestational limit if the fetus has a lethal anomaly.[484]
^ a bA judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.[493]
^The penal code says that abortion is permitted for "good medical reasons"[495] but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health. The UN source marks it as a permitted ground.
^Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.[507][508][509]
^Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.[514]
^ a bThe 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."[515]
^ a b c d e f gThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but the identical text in the law of the parent country is considered to include this ground in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.[421][422][423]
^ a b cThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.[60]
^The parliament has proposed a law allowing abortion also in case of risk to health, rape and fetal impairment,[524] but it has not yet been approved.[525]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it is established by a judicial decision in the parent country. A UN source states this it in unclear whether this judicial precedent also applies to the Cook Islands, but it lists this ground as permitted there.[526]
^ a b c d eAlthough illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[528]
^Permitted up to 16 weeks of gestation if medical circumstances make the woman unfit to care for her child.[530]
^This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.[531][532]
^ a b c d eAlthough the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.[536][537]
^ a b c d e fIn Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law.[538] A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[367] It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
^ a b cAbortion for this ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.[538][539]
^ a b c dAlthough not allowed by Alderney law, abortions are provided in Alderney under the same conditions as in Guernsey, as health services in Alderney operate under Guernsey law.[540] To resolve the legal contradiction, in 2022 the States of Alderney passed an abortion law identical to the one in Guernsey, and it awaits a regulation to establish the effective date.[541]
^ a bA law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it,[545] but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well.[546] In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue,[547] but they remain in force in Niue[548] as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.[549]
^ a b c d e fThe territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject.[550] A law from the predecessor of the territory prohibited abortion done "unlawfully" without defining it, and although predecessor laws remain in force in the territory unless modified, a judicial decision ruled this abortion law invalid for being too vague.[551] As a result, although abortion remains prohibited in principle by the constitution, abortion providers cannot be prosecuted for it as there is no law specifying a penalty. Still, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.[552] In 1995, an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general concluded that U.S. judicial decisions allowing abortion on request also applied to the territory, but these decisions were overturned in 2022.[550]
^Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.[553]
^ a b c dThe penal code prohibits abortion except in case of risk to the woman's life or health.[554] In 1980, a decision by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico expanded the health criteria to also include mental health, including emotional, psychological, family and age aspects, with no gestational limit. However, the decision still maintained the prohibition on abortion if done without any therapeutic consideration.[555][556]
^Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory.[557]Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.[558]
^ a b c d eAlthough illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.[60]
^ a bThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.[561]
^ a bThis ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health.[367] It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
^ a bAll states allow abortion to prevent the woman's imminent death, and some if the pregnancy is a less-immediate threat to their life. • Additional allowance for risk to the woman's physical health: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. • Allowance for risk to the woman's general health: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington. • Allowance for pregnancy due to rape or incest: Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia, Utah, and Wyoming. • Allowance for lethal fetal abnormality: Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, South Carolina, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Utah. Note that these allowances may have a time limit, which may be as early as cardiac-cell activity (approximately 6 weeks LMP); others may have no limit. Different allowances may have different limits in the same state.
^Cardiac-cell activity is generally detectable in the 6th week LMP. Allowance beyond this limit is made, at minimum, for an immediate threat to the woman's life. In general, states that permit limited elective abortion may allow abortion beyond that limit for some or all of the reasons listed above.
^Typically, fetal viability begins in the 23rd or 24th week LMP.
^The second trimester is variously defined as through 27th or 28th week LMP. In Massachusetts, the law allows elective abortion up to 24 weeks from implantation, which is approx. 27 weeks LMP.
^Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:[571][572][573][574][575][excessive citations]
^For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée ...", which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".[228]
^Also known as the "Menhennitt ruling".
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^Law 9/2005, of 21 February, qualified of the Penal code, Official Gazette of the Principality of Andorra, number 25, year 17, 23 March 2005. Articles 27, 107–109 (in Catalan).
^Bernhard, Meg (22 October 2019). "Andorra's abortion rights revolution". Politico Europe. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^Penal code draft, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization (in Portuguese).
^Law that approves the Angolan Penal Code, Journal of the Republic of Angola, 11 November 2020. Articles 154–158 (in Portuguese).
^Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Laws of Antigua and Barbuda.
^ a bAntigua and Barbuda, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
^ a b c dPheterson, Gail; Azize, Yamila (c. 2005). "Safe Illegal Abortion: An Inter-Island Study in the Northeast Caribbean". Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^"Protocolo para la atención integral de las personas con derecho a la interrupción voluntaria y legal del embarazo" [Protocol for the comprehensive care of people with the right to voluntary and legal interruption of pregnancy] (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministry of Health. 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2024.
^Law of Armenia on Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights, Government of Armenia (in Armenian).
^ a bAbortion law: a national perspective, Tom Gotsis and Laura Ismay, NSW Parliamentary Research Service, May 2017, pp. 13, 40. This government publication, reflecting laws up to 2017 (including the Termination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017 in the Northern Territory), lists New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory as the subdivisions of Australia not allowing abortion on request. Since then, laws allowing abortion on request have entered into force in Queensland (2018), New South Wales (2019) and South Australia (2022). The abortion law in the Northern Territory was amended in 2021 but still requires approval by a medical professional based on the same criteria as in 2017, thus it is still not considered as allowing abortion on request.
^ a bAbortion is no longer a crime in Australia. But legal hurdles to access remain, The Conversation, 3 March 2021. "With the exception of the Northern Territory, where abortion remains a medical practitioner's decision regardless of the gestation, and the ACT, where no gestational limits apply, Australian jurisdictions now permit abortion on request up to varying points in a pregnancy."
^Crimes Act 1900, ACT Legislation Register.
^Health Act 1993, ACT Legislation Register.
^Christmas Island Act 1958, Federal Register of Legislation.
^Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act 1955, Federal Register of Legislation.
^Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, Federal Register of Legislation.
^Abortion Law Reform Act 2019 No 11, NSW legislation.
^Norfolk Island Applied Laws Ordinance 2016, Federal Register of Legislation.
^Norfolk Island Applied Laws and Service Delivery (Queensland) Ordinance 2021, Federal Register of Legislation.
^Criminal Code 2007 (NI), Federal Register of Legislation.
^ a bTermination of Pregnancy Law Reform Act 2017, Northern Territory Legislation.
^Termination of Pregnancy Act 2018, Queensland Legislation.
^Termination of Pregnancy Act 2021, South Australian Legislation.
^Reproductive Health (Access to Terminations) Act 2013, Tasmanian Legislation.
^Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Victorian Legislation.
^Public Health Act 2016, Western Australian Legislation. Sections 202MC to 202ME.
^Criminal Code, Federal Legal Information System of Austria. Sections 96–98 (in German).
^Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Protection of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health(in Azerbaijani).
^Penal Code, Statute Law of the Bahamas. Article 313.
^Bahrain Penal Code, 1976, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^Legislative decree no. 7 for 1989 on the practice of human medicine and dentistry, Ministry of Health of Bahrain, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Government of Barbados, 10 May 1983.
^Law of the Republic of Belarus on health care, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
^Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of medical indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus, 24 December 2014 (in Russian).
^Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus on the establishment of a list of social indications for artificial termination of pregnancy, National Legal Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus (in Russian).
^"LOI – WET". www.ejustice.just.fgov.be.
^Family planning, Belgian Federal Public Service (in French).
^Law no. 2012-12 of 20 December 2021, General Secretariat of the Government of Benin (in French). Published on 7 January 2022.
^ a bPenal Code of Bhutan, Judiciary of Bhutan.
^ a bStandard Guidelines for the Health Workers on Management of Complication of Abortion, Ministry of Health of Bhutan.
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^Abortion Legislation, Bosnia Herzegovina, Russia, Ukraine, Law Library of Congress, July 2007.
^Law on the conditions and procedure for interruption of pregnancy, National Assembly of Republika Srpska.
^Penal Code, Government of Botswana. Article 160.
^ a bPenal Code, Decree-Law no. 2848, of 7 December 1940, Presidency of Brazil. Articles 124 to 128 (in Portuguese).
^ a bReproductive rights: legal abortion, Public Defenders' Office of the State of São Paulo, December 2023 (in Portuguese).
^Malformation that renders baby's life inviable justifies authorization for abortion, judge decides, Consultor Jurídico, 20 January 2020 (in Portuguese).
^Woman obtains judicial authorization to interrupt risky pregnancy, Brazilian Family Law Institute, 11 August 2020 (in Portuguese).
^Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013, Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette, 22 October 2013. Articles 158–164.
^Ordinance no. 2 of 1 February 1990 on the conditions and procedure for artificial termination of pregnancy, Lex.bg (in Bulgarian).
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^Abortion Coverage by Region, National Abortion Federation Canada.
^"Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada | Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights". Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights. While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.
^ a bLaw 21,030, Depenalisation of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Three Causes, Ministry of Health of Chile, 23 September 2017 (in Spanish).
^"中华人民共和国母婴保健法" [Maternal and Child Health Care Law of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Government of China. 27 October 1994.
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^Cap. 212 Offences against the person ordinance, Hong Kong e-Legislation.
^Decree-Law no. 59/95/M, Official Press of Macau, 2004. (in Portuguese)
^Colombian Penal Code (Law 599 of 2000), compiled by José Fernando Botero Bernal, University of Medellín. Article 122 (in Spanish).
^ a bSentencia C-355/06 (Constitutional Court 10 May 2006).
^Penal Code, University of Alicante Intellectual Property and Information Technologyart. Article 304 (in French).
^Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of the Congo. Article 317 (in French).
^Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, The Republic of the Congo, United Nations, 1 May 2014.
^Penal Code, Government of Costa Rica. Article 93 (in Spanish).
^Law on Health Measures for Exercising the Right to Freely Decide on the Birth of Children, Zakon.hr (in Croatian).
^Ministerial resolution no. 24, Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, 1 April 2004 (in Spanish).
^Methodological guides for the instrumentation of all types of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health of Cuba (in Spanish).
^"ΝΟΜΟΣ ΠΟΥ ΤΡΟΠΟΠΟΙΕΙ ΤΟΝ ΠΟΙΝΙΚΟ ΚΩΔΙΚΑ" [AN ACT TO AMEND THE CRIMINAL CODE] (PDF). CyLaw - All Cyprus Bar Association (in Greek). 16 April 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021.
^"Zákon České národní rady o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Act of the Czech National Council on Abortion]. Act No. 66 of 20 October 1986 (in Czech). Czech National Council.
^"Vyhláška ministerstva zdravotnictví České socialistické republiky, kterou se provádí zákon České národní rady č. 66/1986 Sb., o umělém přerušení těhotenství" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Czech National Council No. 66/1986 Coll., On Abortion]. Decree No. 75 of 7 November 1986 (in Czech). Ministry of Health
^ a bIs the abortion of a rape victim permitted in Congolese law?, Leganews.cd, 29 October 2019. (in French)
^Ordinance 70–158 of 30 April 1970 determining the rules of medical deontology, Leganet.cd. (in French)
^Memorandum no. 04/SPCSM/CFLS/EER/2018 of 6 April 2018 regarding the execution of the provisions of article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, Official Journal of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 5 June 2008. (in French)
^Law 59/AN/94 of 5 January 1995 bearing the Penal Code, VERTIC (in French).
^Decree no. 2008-0098/PR/MS regarding the Code of Medical Deontology, National Order of Medical Professions of Djibouti (in French).
^Abortion in Djibouti, Human Village, April 2015 (in French).
^Offences Against the Person Act, Government of Dominica, version of 1995. Sections 8, 56, 57.
^Dominica, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2001. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
^"Los diputados dominicanos rechazan ley polémica por el aborto" [Dominican deputies reject controversial abortion law] (in Spanish). Swissinfo. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
^The total criminalization of abortion in the Dominican Republic, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2018.
^Presa Release: Dominican Republic: Chamber of Deputies puts life and health of millions of women and girls at risk, Amnesty International, 20 June 2021.
^Penal code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, Global Abortion Policies Database, World Health Organization.
^ a bPenal Code, Court of Appeals of East Timor, March 2010 (in Portuguese).
^Attitudes towards the legal context of unsafe abortion in Timor-Leste, Suzanne Belton, Andrea Whittaker, Zulmira Fonseca, Tanya Wells-Brown, and Patricia Pais, Reproductive Health Matters 17(34):55–64, November 2009.
^Abortion Policy Landscape: Timor Leste, World Health Organization.
^Andemariam, Senai W. (2015). "PENAL CODE OF THE STATE OF ERITREA" (PDF). Ref World. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2015.
^Abortion and Sterilization Act, amended up to 2005, Riigi Teataja, 25 November 1998.
^"Swaziland National Policy on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights" (PDF). Researchgate.net. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ a b"The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. Articles 545 to 552.
^ a bDr. Yirgu Gebrehiwoth (2020). "Federal Ministry of Health - National Norms & Guidelines for Safe Abortion Services in Ethiopia second edition - original 2013/2014 modified 2018" (PDF). St. Paul's Hospital, Addis Ababa. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021.
^"Standard Treatment Guidelines for General Hospitals" (PDF). Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia. 2014.
^Crimes decree 2009, Republic of Fiji Islands Government Gazette, 5 November 2009. Section 234.
^Law No. 239/1970 on Termination of Pregnancy, Finlex(in Swedish).
^Voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Public Health Code articles L2211-1 to L2223-2, Légifrance (in French).
^Mayotte, Wallis and Futuna Islands and French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia and French Polynesia, Public Health Code articles L2421-1 to L2446-3, Légifrance (in French).
^Penal Code, Official Journal of the Gabonese Republic, 30 June 2020. Title X (in French).
^The Gambia's Political Transition to Democracy: Is Abortion Reform Possible?, Satang Nabaneh, Health and Human Rights, 9 December 2019.
^Criminal Code (Act No. 25 of 1933), Gambia, International Labour Organization. Chapter XV, sections 140–142, and chapter XX, sections 198–199.
^Women's Act, 2010, Office of the Vice President and Ministry for Women Affairs of Gambia, July 2010. Section 30.
^Law of Georgia on health care, Legislative Herald of Georgia, version of 8 August 2014.
^On the approval of the rules for the implementation of abortion, Minister of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia, 7 October 2014 (in Georgian).
^ a bOrder of the Second Senate of 28 May 1993 – 2 BvF 2/90, Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.
^German Criminal Code, Federal Office of Justice of Germany. Section 218a.
^Penal code, Ministry of Justice of Greece, 27 August 2019 (in Greek).
^Criminal Code. Articles 234, 250(2).
^"chapter 3" (PDF). Mcd.gob.gt. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^Report on the Right to Health in Guinea-Bissau, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, April 2017, pages 14–15.
^The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Parliament of Guyana.
^"Décret, Code pénal" [Decree, Penal code] (PDF) (in French). Le Moniteur. 24 June 2020. Articles 328 and 329.
^"L'entrée en vigueur des codes pénal et de procédure pénale à nouveau différée" [The entry into force of the penal and penal procedure codes again deferred] (in French). Réseau Haitien de l'Information. 23 June 2024.
^Honduras ratifies a reform that prohibits abortion and same-sex marriage, El Periódico Extremadura, 29 January 2021 (in Spanish).
^ a bLaw on the protection of fetal life, Wolters Kluwer (in Hungarian). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^"Lög um þungunarrof" [Law on Abortion]. Law No. 43 of 22 May 2019 (in Icelandic). Althing.
^ a b cMedical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, of India Code, with Amendment Bill 2020. Version as of 16 December 2021.
^Comprehensive abortion care, training and service delivery guidelines, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India, 14 June 2018. Page 6.
^"Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Pasal 60" [Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health. Article 60] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^"Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Pasal 463 dan Penjelasan atas Pasal 463" [Law No. 1 of 2023 on Criminal Code. Article 463 and Explanation of Article 463] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia. pp. 160, 321. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^Medical abortion law, Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 25 Khordad 1384 (15 June 2005) (in Persian). Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
^Familiarity with medical abortion cases, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran (in Persian).
^Abortion and its types, Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran (in Persian).
^Abortion in Iranian Legal System, Mahmoud Abbasi, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki, and Neda Allahbedashti, Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, vol. 13, no. 1, February 2014.
^Abortion, in case of disgrace and unbearable hardship, Islam Quest, 17 Farvardin 1394 (6 April 2015) (in Persian).
^Penal Code, Ministry of Justice of Iraq.
^Abortion Law: Conflict of Maternal-Fetal Rights, Dr. Khaled Hamad Fayadh, University of Fallujah College of Law.
^First Amendment to Instructions to Health Committees, Government of Iraq, 29 October 2001 (in Arabic).
^Apply to terminate a pregnancy (Abortion), Government of Israel.
^Law No. 194 of 22 May 1978, Rules for the Social Protection of Maternity and on the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy, Ministry of Health of Italy(in Italian).
^Ivory Coast: advocacy for medical abortions as in the case of rapes, Abidjan.net, 19 July 2020 (in French).
^Law no. 2019-574 carrying the Penal Code, Official Journal of the Republic of Ivory Coast, 10 July 2019 (in French).
^ a bThe Offences Against the Person Act, Laws of Jamaica, 7 April 2014. Articles 72 and 73.
^ a bAbortion Policy Review Advisory Group Final Report, Ministry of Health of Jamaica, 19 February 2007.
^ a bAbortion 'right'?, The Gleaner, 25 August 2013.
^ a bAbortion attitudes, training, and experience among medical students in Jamaica, West Indies, Glenmarie Matthews, Jessica Atrio, Horace Fletcher, Nathalie Medley, Leo Walker, and Nerys Benfield, Contraceptive and Reproductive Medicine, 1 May 2020.
^Public Health Law No. 47 of 2008, FAOLEX Database (in Arabic). Article 12.
^Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on public health and healthcare system, Legal Information System of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 7 July 2020. Article 150.
^Order of the Minister of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan On approval of the rules for artificial abortion and the list of medical and social indications, as well as contraindications for artificial abortion, Legal Information System of Regulatory Legal Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 9 October 2020.
^Penal Code, revised edition of 2012, National Council for Law Reporting. Articles 158–160 and 240.
^The Constitution of Kenya, National Council for Law Reporting, 2010. Article 26(4).
^ a bFIDA-Kenya and Others v. Attorney General and Others, Kenyalaw.org, 12 June 2019.
^National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence in Kenya, 3rd edition, Ministry of Health of Kenya, 2014. Pages 15, 25, 78.
^Penal Code, VERTIC. Page 214.
^Law no. 03/L-110 for termination of pregnancy, Official Gazette of Kosovo. Articles 6–7, 14–16.
^Ministerial Decree No. 24 of 1981, Concerning the Practice of Human Medicine and Dentistry and the Professions Supporting Them, Global Abortion Policies Database, 22 February 1981 (in Arabic).
^Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on the reproductive rights of citizens and guarantees of their implementation, Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Article 16 (in Russian).
^Clinical protocol for medical abortion in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian).
^Penal Code, Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, 26 June 2017.
^"ຂໍ້ຕົກລົງ ວ່າດ້ວຍ ການຄຸ້ມຄອງ ການໃຫ້ຖືພາແທນ ແລະ ການໃຫ້ຫຼຸລູກ" [Decision on the Management of Surrogacy and Abortion]. Decision No. 2077 of 8 July 2021 (in Lao). Ministry of Health of Laos. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
^Situation of abortion in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, World Health Organization, 2017.
^Organizational procedures for termination of pregnancy, Likumi.lv, 27 October 2007 (in Latvian).
^Sexual and Reproductive Health Law, Likumi.lv, 1 September 2017 (in Latvian).
^قانون العقوبات 1943/3/1 مرسوم اشتراعي رقم 340 - صادر في [Lebanon Penal Code 1943 Arabic - Decree No. 340] (PDF). Learning Partnership (in Arabic). 25 July 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2021.
^"Penal Code Act, 2012 | Lesotho Legal Information Institute". lesotholii.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^Offenses Against the Family, Chapter 16: Penal Law – Title 26 – Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Legal Information Institute.
^"Law No. 106 of 1973 Promulgating the Health Law" (in Arabic). Ministry of Justice of Libya. 13 December 1978. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023.
^"Law No. 17 of 1986 on Medical Liability" (in Arabic). Ministry of Justice of Libya. 4 November 1986. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023.
^Translation of Liechtenstein Law, Criminal Code of 24 June 1987, Legislationline.org, version of 1 January 2021, translated 21 January 2021. Article 96.
^ a bLaw of 17 December 2014 amending 1) of the Penal Code and 2) of the law of 15 November 1978 relating to sexual information, the prevention of clandestine abortion and the regulation of voluntary termination of pregnancy, Government of Luxembourg, 17 December 2014 (in French).
^Penal code, Ministry of Justice of Madagascar, updated 31 March 2005. Article 317 (in French).
^Legalization of abortion in Madagascar – The revision of the law again on the parliamentarians' carpet, La Vérité, 9 February 2021 (in French).
^In Madagascar, clandestine abortions are the second cause of maternal deaths, Radio France Internationale, 1 October 2021 (in French).
^"Penal Code. Article 243" (PDF). Malawi Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2021.
^Guidelines on Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) for Hospitals in the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, 19 September 2012.
^Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008, Attorney General's Office of Maldives.
^Law no. 6/2014, Penal Code of the Maldives, University of Pennsylvania Law School.
^ a bCountry Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Maldives, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
^ a b"Ruling 6/2013" (PDF) (in Divehi). Islamic Fiqh Academy, Ministry of Islamic Affairs of Maldives. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2014.
^Law no. 2001-79 of 20 August 2001 bearing the Penal Code, Droit Afrique. Article 211 (in French).
^Law no. 02-044 of 24 June 2002 relative to reproduction health, President of the Republic of Mali. Article 13 (in French).
^"Criminal Code, articles 241 to 243B". Legislation Malta.
^Penal Code, Official Journal of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, 9 July 1983. Article 293 (in French).
^Ordinance no. 2005-015 bearing the penal protection of the child, Military Council for Justice and Democracy of Mauritania, 5 December 2005 (in French). Article 33.
^Law no. 2017-025 regarding reproductive health, Official Journal of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, 27 December 2017. Article 21 (in French).
^List of issues and questions in relation to the combined second and third periodic reports of Mauritania, Addendum, Replies of Mauritania, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 17 March 2014. Page 20.
^The Criminal Code (Amendment) Act 2012, Official Gazette of Mauritius, 23 June 2012.
^Aborto legal, Andar (in Spanish).
^ a b cThe Supreme Court of Mexico decriminalizes abortion in the whole country, The New York Times, 6 September 2023. "Wednesday's ruling does not affect local laws, and abortion remains illegal in 20 of the 32 states of the country. But even in those states, now women may legally abort at federal hospitals and clinics. The ruling also prohibits personnel of these centers from being penalized for performing abortions." (in Spanish)
^ a b cDecriminalization of abortion does not apply to the penal codes of the states, Verificado, 7 September 2023 (in Spanish).
^ a bThe Supreme Court eliminates the deadlines to abort in cases of rape, El País, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^ a bPress Release No. 196/2021: The time limit for the legal interruption of pregnancy as a result of rape constitutes an act of violence against the woman, which strikes against her rights to free development of personality and to mental health, Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, 7 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Aguascalientes, Government of Aguascalientes, 23 September 2024. Articles 101 to 103 (in Spanish).
^Decree No. 36, Official Journal of the State of Baja California, pages 21–26. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021.
^Decree 2832, Official Journal of the State of Baja California Sur, 14 June 2022 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of Campeche, Congress of Campeche, 10 May 2022. Articles 155 to 159 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Chiapas, Congress of Chiapas, 4 November 2020. Articles 178 to 183 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of Chihuahua, Congress of Chihuahua, 6 July 2022. Articles 143 to 146 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza, Congress of Coahuila, 6 October 2017. Articles 357 to 361 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Colima as of 15 June 2022, Directorate of Legislative Process. Articles 138 to 142 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, Congress of Durango, 26 May 2022. Articles 148 to 150 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of Guanajuato, Congress of Guanajuato, 14 June 2022. Articles 158 to 163 (in Spanish).
^Decree No. 180, Official Gazette of the State of Guerrero, 20 May 2022 (in Spanish).
^Decree No. 728, Official Gazette of the State of Hidalgo, 6 July 2021 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco, Congress of Jalisco, 17 May 2022. Articles 227 to 229 (in Spanish).
^"Jalisco es el estado número 13 de México en despenalizar el aborto" [Jalisco is the 13th state of Mexico to decriminalize abortion] (in Spanish). CNN en Español. 26 April 2024.
^"Notifican a Congreso obligación de despenalizar aborto en Jalisco" [Congress is notified on the obligation to decriminalize abortion in Jalisco] (in Spanish). Notisistema. 7 May 2024.
^Decree by which the penal code for the Federal District is reformed and the health law for the Federal District is added, Official Gazette of the Federal District, 26 April 2007 (in Spanish).
^Cachon, Hector Gonzalez (29 July 2020). "CÓDIGO PENAL PARA EL DISTRITO FEDERAL" [PENAL CODE FOR THE FEDERAL DISTRICT] (PDF). Mexico City Congress (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2020.
^Penal Code of the State of Mexico, Government of Mexico State, 10 June 2022. Articles 248 to 251 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Michoacán de Ocampo, Congress of Michoacán, 13 January 2020. Articles 141 to 146 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Morelos, Government of Morelos, 28 July 2021. Articles 115 to 120 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Nayarit, Congress of Nayarit, 9 January 2020. Articles 368 to 372 (in Spanish).
^"Tribunal ordena la despenalización del aborto en Nayarit" [Court orders the decriminalization of abortion in Nayarit] (in Spanish). Infobae. 2 August 2024.
^Penal Code for the State of Nuevo León, Congress of Nuevo León, 10 June 2022. Articles 327 to 331 (in Spanish).
^Decree No. 806, Official Journal of the State of Oaxaca, 27 October 2019 (in Spanish).
^"Decreto del Honorable Congreso del Estado, por el que reforma los artículos 339, 340, 341, 342, y 343 del Código Penal" [Decree of the Honorable Congress of the State, by which it reforms articles 339, 340, 341, 342, and 343 of the Penal Code] (PDF). Official Journal of the State of Puebla (in Spanish). Government of the State of Puebla. 15 August 2024.
^Penal Code for the State of Querétaro, Congress of Querétaro, 27 May 2022. Articles 136 to 142 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo, Congress of Quintana Roo, 7 September 2022. Articles 92 to 97 (in Spanish).
^Decree number 004, Official Journal of the State of Quintana Roo, 28 October 2022 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of San Luis Potosí, Judiciary of San Luis Potosí, 18 May 2022. Articles 148 to 150 (in Spanish).
^Decree no. 79, Official Gazette of the State of Sinaloa, 11 March 2022 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of Sonora, Congress of Sonora, 6 June 2022. Articles 265 to 270 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Tabasco, Government of Tabasco, 13 April 2022. Articles 130 to 136 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the State of Tamaulipas, Congress of Tamaulipas, 14 June 2022. Articles 356 to 361 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala, Government of Tlaxcala, 10 May 2021. Articles 241 to 243 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code for the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Congress of the State of Veracruz, 2 March 2022. Articles 149 to 154 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code of the State of Yucatán, Judiciary of Yucatán, 15 June 2022. Articles 389 to 393 (in Spanish).
^"Suprema Corte ordena al Congreso de Yucatán despenalizar el aborto en todo el estado" [Supreme Court orders the Congress of Yucatán to decriminalize abortion in the whole state] (in Spanish). Infobae. 21 August 2024.
^Penal Code for the State of Zacatecas, Congress of Zacatecas, 8 June 2022. Articles 310 to 313 (in Spanish).
^"Zacatecas despenaliza el aborto; en más de 15 estados de México aún está penado" [Zacatecas decriminalizes abortion; in more than 15 states of Mexico it is still criminalized] (in Spanish). Infobae. 9 August 2024.
^"Ordin cu privire la efectuarea întreruperii voluntare a cursului sarcinii în condiții de siguranță" [Orden Regarding the Voluntary Termination of the Safe Course of Pregnancy]. Order No. 647 of 29 September 2010 (in Romanian). Ministry of Health of Moldova.
^"Zakon o uslovima i postupku za prekid trudnoće" [Law on Conditions and Procedure for Termination of Pregnancy]. Government of Montenegro (in Croatian). 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. pdf download
^Moroccan women are still waiting for the abortion reform wanted by Mohammed VI, Le Monde, 18 March 2018 (in French).
^In Morocco, the Hajar Raissouni case revives the debate on abortion, France 24, 24 September 2019 (in French).
^Penal code, consolidated version of 5 July 2018, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in French).
^Penal code, consolidated version of 14 June 2021, Ministry of Justice of Morocco (in Arabic).
^Law of Revision of the Penal Code, Bulletin of the Republic of Mozambique, 24 December 2019 (in Portuguese).
^"MYANMAR THE PENAL CODE" (PDF). The Warnath Group Consultants. 6 December 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2020.
^Abortion Policy Landscape: Myanmar, World Health Organization.
^Re-characterizing abortion in Nigeria: an appraisal of the necessity test, Victor Nnamdi Opara, International Law Students' Association Journal of International & Comparative Law, vol. 11, issue 1, article 8, March 2005.
^Penal Code (Northern States) Federal Provisions Act, 30 September 1960. Police and Human Rights Resources, Amnesty International.
^"Cyprus Turkish Medical Association "Medical Professional Code of Ethics"" (PDF) (in Turkish). TRNC Prime Ministry Department of Regulations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^The Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2015), Unification Legislation Database (in Korean).
^Medical Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (2000), Unification Legislation Database (in Korean).
^North Korea forbids doctors to perform abortions, implant birth control devices, Radio Free Asia, 14 October 2015.
^Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1 June 2016.
^Written Contribution for Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), Tomás Ojea Quintana, for his upcoming report to the 46th Human Rights Council session in March 2021.
^In-hua, Kim (13 November 2019). "Ask a North Korean: do forced abortions really take place in the DPRK?". NK News.
^Law of Termination of Pregnancy, Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia, 22 May 2019 (in Macedonian).
^Regulation on interruption of pregnancy (abortion regulation), Lovdata, 10 May 2013 (in Norwegian).
^The Penal Law Promulgated by Royal Decree 7/2018, Ministry of Legal Affairs of Oman, 11 January 2018. Articles 315–320, 44 and 51.
^Royal decree no. 75/2019 promulgating a law regulating the practice of the medical profession and allied medical professions, Ministry of Legal Affairs of Oman, 11 January 2019. Article 36 (in Arabic).
^Why Deadly Abortions Keep Killing Women in Pakistan, Pulitzer Center, 15 July 2021. "Because laws on abortion are vague, the decision to provide an abortion or not often comes down to a provider's personal or religious beliefs, which for many, makes the prospect unthinkable."
^Service delivery standards and guidelines for high-quality safe uterine evacuation and postabortion care, Department of Health of Punjab, Pakistan, April 2015.
^Abortion in Pakistan, Guttmacher Institute, November 2009.
^Penal Code, Policinglaw.info. Article 1309.
^Palestinian Legislative Council Public Health Law, Health, Development, Information and Policy Institute (HDIP), 23 April 2004.
^The Unique Landscape of Abortion Law and Access in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Health and Human Rights, 9 December 2019. "As one lawyer from Gaza explained in an interview, "... [Abortion] is only allowed for health reasons for the mother or for fetal anomalies."
^For Palestinian women, abortion can mean lies, jail or worse, Reuters, 8 March 2016. "When fetal impairment is detected, an abortion can be performed if both parents consent, ... the ministry said."
^Palestine: 'Marry-Your-Rapist' Law Repealed, Human Rights Watch, 10 May 2018. "In practice, authorities may allow abortions in the first four months of pregnancy in situations of rape or incest, or if the mother has a disability or her life is at risk. However, Sufan, the shelter director in Nablus, said, 'it is difficult, the mufti [religious jurist], hospital, and court all have to agree to allow the abortion.' Salhieh, the chief prosecutor, said that prosecutors obtained permission for seven women to have abortions in 2017, all in cases in which the women alleged that the pregnancy was a result of rape or incest and they were in the early stages of pregnancy."
^Palestine's Abortion Problem, Foreign Policy, 4 December 2015. "Abortion, after all, is illegal under Palestinian law; while it is technically legal in order to protect the life of the mother, in practice, according to experts, it is impossible to get such a procedure. Especially for those ... who might want an abortion without the knowledge of their husbands."
^https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CODIGO-PENAL-2019-FINAL-1.pdf chapter I, section 3
^ a bCriminal Code Act 1974, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Articles 225, 226, 280, 312.
^Barnett, Katy (7 April 2016). News: High Court grants injunction staying asylum seeker's abortion. University of Melbourne Law School, 7 April 2016.
^Situation of abortion in the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, World Health Organization, 2017.
^Woman cleared in abortion case, The National, 27 June 2018.
^Law No. 3440, BACCN, 20 August 2008. Article 109.4 (in Spanish).
^"Guía Técnica Nacional de Aborto Terapéutico" [National Technical Guide - Therapeutic Abortion (modified 2015)] (PDF). Regional Directorate of Health of Cusco, Peru (in Spanish). 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2021.
^ a bThe Revised Penal Code, Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 8 December 1930. Articles 256–259.
^Imbong v. Ochoa, Supreme Court of the Philippines, 8 April 2014.
^Ninth periodic report submitted by the Philippines under article 18 of the Convention, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 6 July 2021. Paragraph 123.
^Law of 7 January 1993 on family planning, protection of the human fetus and conditions of admissibility of interruption of pregnancy, Internet System of Legal Acts, Sejm of the Republic of Poland (in Polish).
^ a bJudgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 22 October 2020, act K 1/20, Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, 27 January 2021, item 175 (in Polish).
^ a bJudgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 28 May 1997, K 26/96, Wolters Kluwer (in Polish).
^Penal Code, Electronic Journal of the Republic (in Portuguese).
^Law No. 11 of 2004 Issuing the Penal Code, Qatar Legal Portal. Abortion. Articles 315–317.
^Law No. (2) of 1983 in the matter of practicing the professions of human medicine and dental medicine and surgery, Qatar Legal Portal, 1 January 1983. Article 17 (in Arabic).
^Criminal Code of the Republic of Romania (2009, amended 2017), Legislationline.org.
^"Федеральный закон от 21 ноября 2011 г. № 323-ФЗ "Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации"" [Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Minzdrav.gov.ru. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^"Приказ Минздравсоцразвития России №736 от 3 декабря 2007 г." minzdrav.gov.ru.
^"Приказ Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации от 1 ноября 2012 г.№ 572н "Об утверждении Порядка оказания медицинской помощи по профилю "акушерство и гинекология (за исключением использования вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий)""". minzdrav.gov.ru.
^Ministerial Order no. 002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, Official Gazette of Rwanda, no. 14, 8 April 2019 (in Kinyarwanda, English, and French).
^Offences Against the Person Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2017. Sections 53–54.
^Infant Life (Preservation) Act, Law Commission of the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis, revised edition as of 31 December 2002.
^Criminal Code, revised edition as 31 December 2005, Government of Saint Lucia, Chapter 1, Part 1, Sub-part D.
^Criminal Code, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Section 149.
^Crimes Act 2013, Ministry of Police of Samoa, 1 May 2013.
^Law no. 127 – Regulation of the voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Grand and General Council, 7 September 2022. Articles 4–7 (in Italian).
^Livni, Ephrat (25 May 2019). "Saudi Arabia's abortion laws are more forgiving than Alabama's". Quartz.
^Maffi, I.; Tønnessen, L. (2019). "The Limits of the Law: Abortion in the Middle East and North Africa". Health and Human Rights. 21 (2): 1–6. PMC 6927385. PMID 31885431.
^Penal Code of Senegal, 21 July 1965, with amendments up to 29 January 1999. Article 305 (in French).
^Code of Medical Ethics, National Order of Physicians of Senegal, 10 February 1967. Article 35 (in French).
^Sénégal – Marième N'Diaye on the decriminalization of abortion: "the debate is open", Le Point, 11 April 2019 (in French).
^Combined third to seventh periodic reports due in 2010, Senegal, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 13 December 2013. Page 55.
^"Zakon o postupku prekida trudnoće u zdravstvenim ustanovama". www.paragraf.rs.
^Dr. Katarina Sedlecki (30 September 2013). "НАЦИОНАЛНИ ВОДИЧ ДОБРЕ КЛИНИЧКЕ ПРАКСЕ ЗА БЕЗБЕДНИ ПРЕКИД ТРУДНОЋЕ" [NATIONAL GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDE FOR SAFE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY] (PDF). Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia (in Serbian). Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2016. pdf download
^Termination of Pregnancy Act, consolidated to 30 June 2012, Seychelles Legal Information Institute.
^Reproductive health policy for Seychelles, Ministry of Health of Seychelles, January 2012.
^Courts Act, 1965, Government of Sierra Leone. Article 74.
^Offences Against the Person Act 1861, Legislation.gov.uk. Articles 58–59.
^ a b c dRex v. Bourne, Central Criminal Court of England and Wales, 18–19 July 1938.
^Supplementary Information on Sierra Leone, scheduled for review by the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women during its 57th Session (February 2014), Center for Reproductive Rights, 24 January 2014. "This interpretation of the Offences Against the Person Act has not been tested in case law in Sierra Leone and therefore it remains unclear whether women terminating a pregnancy on such grounds would be criminally liable."
^Understanding Abortion Access in Africa, Catholics for Choice, 19 February 2014. "Sierra Leone is one of several Commonwealth countries to model its abortion policy after England's 1938 Rex v. Bourne decision, which established necessity – that is, threats to a woman's mental and physical health – as grounds for legal abortion."
^Sierra Leone abortion bill blocked by President Bai Koroma again, BBC News, 12 March 2016.
^Fighting Unsafe Abortion and Abortion Stigma in Sierra Leone, Women's Health and Reproductive Rights Organization, 20 April 2021.
^"Termination of Pregnancy Act – Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg.
^"Zákon Slovenskej národnej rady o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Act of the Slovak National Council on Abortion]. Law No. 73 of 23 October 1986 (in Slovak). Slovak National Council.
^"Vyhláška Ministerstva zdravotníctva Slovenskej socialistickej republiky, ktorou sa vykonáva zákon Slovenskej národnej rady č.73/1986 Zb. o umelom prerušení tehotenstva" [Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Socialist Republic, which implements the Act of the Slovak National Council No. 73/1986 Coll. on abortion]. Decree No. 74 of 5 November 1986 (in Slovak). Ministry of Health.
^Law on health measures in the exercise of the right to freely decide on the birth of children, Government of Slovenia (in Slovene).
^Penal Code, Laws of Solomon Islands. Articles 157–159, 221.
^Provisional Constitution, University of Minnesota: Human Rights Library, 7 September 2012. Article 15.5.
^Penal Code, Global Abortion Policies Database, 6 December 1962. Article 36 and part X.
^Penal Code, Somalilandlaw.com.
^Jama, Ibrahim Hashi (30 January 2012). "THE 2000 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND - english translation" (PDF). Somaliland law. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2012.
^Enforcement Decree of the Mother and Child Health Act, Government of South Korea.
^ a b cSouth Korea: Abortion decriminalized since January 1, 2021, Library of Congress, 18 March 2021.
^Abortion in S. Korea: neither illegal nor legal, The Korea Herald, 7 March 2024.
^"On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Republic of South Ossetia", chapter 6, article 51. Ugo-osetia.ru.
^"Penal Code Act. Article 216" (PDF). Sudantribune.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^Organic Law 2/2010, of 3 March, of sexual and reproductive health and of voluntary interruption of pregnancy, Boletín Oficial del Estado, 4 March 2010 (in Spanish).
^Penal code, Citizens Lanka, version as of 2002. Sections 303–307.
^Penal Code, European Country of Origin Information Network, 1991.
^https://www.dna.sr/media/138146/S.B._2015_no._44_wet_van_30_mrt_15_wijz._wetboek_van_strafrecht.pdf (in Dutch) title xix
^Abortion law, Riksdag of Sweden, version as of 1 June 2013 (in Swedish).
^Swiss penal code (Interruption of pregnancy), Federal Assembly of Switzerland (in French).
^"قانون مزاولة المهن الطبية في الجمهورية العربية السورية" [Law on the Practice of Medical Professions in the Syrian Arab Republic]. Article 47b, Legislative Decree No. 12 of 5 January 1970 (in Arabic). People's Assembly of Syria.
^Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 8 July 2009.
^Enforcement Rules of Genetic Health Act, Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China, 5 April 2012.
^"Abortion legislation and its implementation in Europe and Central Asia" (PDF). International Planned Parenthood Federation. December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2021.
^"The Penal Code, revised edition of 2019". Tanzania Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021.
^Penal Act, 2018, Zanzibar House of Representatives, 16 March 2018.
^A technical guide to understanding the legal and policy framework on termination of pregnancy in mainland Tanzania, Center for Reproductive Rights, 2012.
^Act, Amendment of the Criminal Code (No. 28), Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 6 February 2021 (in Thai).
^Announcement of the Ministry of Public Health regarding the examination and counseling on options for termination of pregnancy under section 305 (5) of the Penal Code, Royal Government Gazette of Thailand, 26 September 2022 (in Thai).
^Law No. 2007-005, On Reproductive Health, Official Journal of the Togolese Republic, 10 January 2007 (in French).
^"Приказ Министерства здравоохранения и социальной защиты Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о порядке проведения и показаниях к операции искусственного прерывания беременности" [Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy] (in Russian). Zakon PMR. 13 August 2004. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
^"Приказ Министерство здравоохранения Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о внесении изменений в приказ Министерства здравоохранения Приднестровской Молдавской Республики о порядке проведения и показаниях к операции искусственного прерывания беременности" [Order of the Ministry of Health of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on making changes to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on the procedure and indications for artificial interruption of pregnancy] (in Russian). Ministry of Justice of Transnistria. 18 August 2021.
^"CRIMINAL LAW ACT CHAPTER 10:04 - original 2006 updated 2016 modified 2018" (PDF). Legal Affairs.Gov.TT. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2022.
^Code of Ethics in the Practice of Medicine: Responsibilities to Profession, Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago.
^"Про реалізацію статті 281 Цивільного кодексу України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
^"Про затвердження Інструкції про порядок проведення операції штучного переривання вагітності, форм первинної облікової документації та інструкцій щодо їх заповнення". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
^"مرسوم بقانون اتحادي بشأن المسؤولية الطبية" [Federal decree law on medical liability] (in Arabic). Government of the United Arab Emirates. 4 September 2023. Article 16.
^ a b"Cabinet resolution concerning the permitted abortion cases". Government of the United Arab Emirates. 14 June 2024.
^"UAE: Abortion now allowed in rape, incest cases as new law issued". Khaleej Times. 24 June 2024.
^"UAE introduces new abortion resolution: Here's what you need to know". Gulf News. 25 June 2024.
^ a bRape and abortion, EFC.
^ a bBritain's abortion law, British Pregnancy Advisory Service.
^ a bKnow Your Abortion Rights in the UK, 123 Healthwise.
^ a b cState bans on abortion throughout pregnancy, Guttmacher Institute, 29 July 2024.
^ a bAlabama Human Life Protection Act, Alabama Legislature, 2019.
^Section 26-23B-5, Alabama Legislature.
^"Arizona Revised Statutes Title 13. Public Health and Safety §36-2321. Definitions". Arizona State Legislature.
^"Arizona Revised Statutes Title 13. Public Health and Safety §36-2322. Gestational limit on abortion; medical emergency exception; physician reports; confidentiality". Arizona State Legislature.
^SB149, Arkansas General Assembly, 2019.
^SB6, Arkansas General Assembly, 2021.
^ a bCS/HB 5, Florida House of Representatives, 2022.
^Florida restores state abortion ban beyond 15 weeks after temporary halt The Guardian, 6 July 2022.
^Legislative Bill 574, Nebraska Legislature, 22 May 2023.
^House bill 1609-FN, General Court of New Hampshire, 2022.
^Gov. Lujan Grisham signs Senate Bill 10, repealing 1969 abortion ban, KOB, 26 February 2021.
^Chapter 45, article 25-A, section 2599-BB, Abortion, Consolidated Laws of New York, New York State Senate.
^ a bSession law 2023-14, General Assembly of North Carolina.
^SB 2150, North Dakota Legislature.
^Dura, Jack; Hanna, John (12 September 2024). "North Dakota judge strikes down the state's abortion ban". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
^"Ohio Constitution Article I, Section 22 – The Right to Reproductive Freedom with Protections for Health and Safety". Ohio Legislative Service Commission.
^A judge temporarily blocks an Ohio law banning most abortions, National Public Radio, 14 September 2022.
^Section 21-861, Oklahoma Senate, 2019.
^SB 612, Oklahoma Legislature, 2022.
^Title 44 – Health, Chapter 41 – Abortions, South Carolina Code of Laws, South Carolina Legislature.
^Fetal Heartbeat and Protection from Abortion Act, South Carolina General Assembly, 2023.
^Codified law 22-17-5.1, South Dakota Legislature.
^HB1029, Tennessee State Legislature, 2019.
^Advisory on Texas law upon reversal of Roe v. Wade, Attorney General of Texas.
^Texas can enforce 1925 abortion ban, state Supreme Court says, The Texas Tribune, 2 July 2022.
^HB136, Utah State Legislature, 2019.
^SB174, Utah State Legislature, 2020.
^Utah judge blocks state's sweeping new abortion ban, Reuters, 12 July 2022.
^Chapter 9.02, Abortion, Revised Code of Washington, Washington State Legislature.
^ a b cHouse Bill 302, West Virginia Legislature, 2022.
^"Chapter 253, Maternal and child health". Wisconsin State Legislature.
^"Abortion Laws in Wisconsin" (PDF). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2017.
^Lehr, Sarah; Faust, Margaret (21 September 2023). "Abortions resume in Wisconsin after 15 months of legal uncertainty". NPR. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
^HB0092, Wyoming Legislature, 2022.
^HB0152, Wyoming Legislature, 2023.
^Gruver, Mead (22 March 2023). "Judge halts Wyoming abortion ban days after it took effect". AP News. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
^Law on voluntary interruption of pregnancy. Abortion law, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, 30 October 2012 (in Spanish).
^Manual of Procedures for the Sanitary Management of Voluntary Termination of Pregnancy, Ministry of Public Health, 2014 (in Spanish).
^Penal Code, National Directorate of Prints and Official Publications, updated on 9 July 2020 (in Spanish).
^"Об утверждении стандартов искусственного
прерывания беременности" [On approval of standards for artificial
termination of pregnancy]. Law No. 312 of 10 September 2013 (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.
^ a b"Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu, consolidated edition 2006 – Penal Code, Ch. 135. Article 117" (PDF). International Labour Organization. 17 November 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2021.
^Law on the sources of law, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Supplement for the laws and provisions of Vatican City State, 1 October 2008. (in Italian)
^Title VI. Delicts against human life and freedom, Code of Canon Law, Holy See.
^Penal code for the Kingdom of Italy, 1889, University of Brescia College of Law. (in Italian)
^Report to His Majesty the King from the Minister Keeper of the Seals (Zanardelli) at the hearing of 30 June 1889 for the approval of the final text of the penal code, pp. 145–146. "On the agreed proposal of the parliamentary commissions, the provision that was read in the bill, according to which it was declared 'not punishable the doctor or surgeon, when he justifies having acted in order to save the woman's life, endangered by the pregnancy or by childbirth', was deleted"; "The vote expressed in agreement in parliament led me to the aforesaid deletion, not to exclude the application of the concept that was expressed there, but because it was superfluous and inappropriate to declare it, providing if needed article 49 number 3, the application of which would be only, and without reason, restricted." (in Italian)
^Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
^Abortion and the Catholic Church, Pro-Life Activist's Encyclopedia, American Life League.
^Under Vatican ruling, abortion triggers automatic excommunication, National Catholic Reporter, 17 January 2003.
^Penal Code of Venezuela, Official Gazette of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 20 October 2000. Article 435 (in Spanish).
^Protocols of care. Prenatal care and emergency obstetric care, Government of Venezuela, March 2014 (in Spanish).
^Trần Minh Nghĩa (24 August 2018). "HƯỚNG DÉN QUỐC GIA" [NATIONAL GUIDELINES] (PDF). Ministry of Health - Government of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2021.
^Second Trimester Abortion in Viet Nam: Changing to Recommended Methods and Improving Service Delivery, Tuyet T.D. Hoang, Thuy Phan and Trang N.K. Huynh, 2 September 2008.
^Termination of Pregnancy and Abortion in Vietnam, Angloinfo.
^Country Profile on Sexual and Reproductive Rights: Vietnam, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, 2017.
^"Induced Abortion and Postabortion Care in Zimbabwe". Guttmacher Institute. October 2018. In practice, it is extremely difficult to obtain a legal abortion; as a result, most abortions are clandestine and potentially unsafe. Updated as of 16 July 2019.
^"Termination Of Pregnancy Act [Chapter 15:10] – law.co.zw".
^"National Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion care in Zimbabwe - 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Health and Child Care. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2021.
^Abortion Ordinance, Sovereign Base Areas Gazette, 21 October 1974.
^46.3903 Authorized abortions, Annotated Code of American Samoa, American Samoa Bar Association.
^Criminal Code of Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, 15 December 2014.
^Criminal Code of Aruba, Government of Aruba, 28 September 2021. Articles 2:270 to 2:272 (in Dutch).
^Criminal Code Act 1907, Bermuda Laws Online, 30 August 2020.
^Criminal Code of the Virgin Islands, Government of the British Virgin Islands, 1997.
^Penal Code, Government of the Cayman Islands, 2019.
^Crimes Act 1969, Cook Islands Sessional Legislation, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute. Sections 202–207.
^Crimes Bill 2017, Cook Islands Parliament.
^Bills, Cook Islands Parliament.
^Cook Islands, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
^Criminal Code, Government of Curaçao, 2019. (in Dutch)
^Much-needed abortion law is missing, Antilliaans Dagblad, 17 February 2015. (in Dutch)
^ a bLaw no. 177 of 23 June 1956 on measures in connection with pregnancy etc., last amended by assembly law no. 168 from 16 December 2021, Løgting(in Danish and Faroese).
^ a bCrimes (Amendment) Act 2019, Government of Gibraltar.
^Gibraltar votes 'yes' to easing abortion laws, The Guardian, 25 June 2021.
^Law No. 232, Law for Greenland about Termination of Pregnancy, Government of Greenland, 12 June 1975 (in Danish and Greenlandic).
^Offenses against the family, Compiler of Laws of Guam, 2018.
^AG: Old abortion ban was always void; Legislature can now decide, The Guam Daily Post, 9 July 2022.
^Abortions are legal in Guam, but doctors won't perform them, Associated Press, 7 June 2019.
^No abortion providers on Guam, Pacific Daily News, 30 June 2018.
^ a b c dLaw on abortion, Guernsey Legal Resources, 1910. (in French)
^ a bAbortion (Guernsey) Law, 1997, Guernsey Legal Resources, consolidated text effective 2 February 2022.
^Billet d'État (state note), States of Alderney, 20 July 2022.
^Abortion Reform Act 2019, Isle of Man Legislation.
^Termination of Pregnancy (Jersey) Law 1997, Jersey Legal Information Board, 2019.
^"Penal Code" (PDF). Government of Montserrat. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2018.
^Niue Laws, Volume 3, Government of Niue, December 2006, p. 1168. Niue Act 1966, sections 166–168.
^Niue, Population Policy Data Bank, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005.
^Niue Act 1966, New Zealand Government, reprint as of 1 March 2017.
^Table of Acts in Force, Government of Niue, 1 June 2016.
^Niue Laws, Volume 1, Government of Niue, December 2006, pp. 15–16. Constitution of Niue, section 36.
^ a b cAttorney General Opinion, Commonwealth Law Revision Commission, 10 March 1995.
^Crimes and punishments, Trust Territory Code, chapter 2.
^Health clinics performing abortions?, Saipan Tribune, 25 May 2000.
^Pitcairn laws, Government of the Pitcairn Islands.
^ a b cPenal Code of Puerto Rico of 2012, Government of Puerto Rico, 7 June 2022. Articles 98 to 100 (in Spanish).
^El Pueblo de Puerto Rico v. Pablo Duarte Mendoza, Decisiones de Puerto Rico, 17 April 1980 (in Spanish).
^Department of Justice will not prosecute women and health professionals for the practice of abortion in Puerto Rico, Department of Justice of Puerto Rico, 26 June 2022 (in Spanish).
^General Introduction to Legislation, Saint Helena Government.
^Abortion Act (UK) (Tristan da Cunha) Ordinance, 1967, Saint Helena Government, 2017.
^Criminal Code, Government of Sint Maarten, 2013. (in Dutch)
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