Las protestas comenzaron con una sentada en la sede del gobierno el 15 de marzo de 2019 y una manifestación a la que asistieron cientos de miles de personas el 9 de junio de 2019, seguida de una concentración frente al Complejo del Consejo Legislativo el 12 de junio que paralizó la segunda lectura del proyecto de ley. El 16 de junio, solo un día después de que el gobierno de Hong Kong suspendiera el proyecto de ley, tuvo lugar una protesta más grande para presionar por su retirada total. La protesta también fue en respuesta al uso excesivo de la fuerza percibido por la Fuerza de Policía de Hong Kong el 12 de junio. A medida que avanzaban las protestas, los activistas expusieron cinco demandas clave. La inacción policial durante el ataque de Yuen Long en 2019 y la brutalidad en el ataque de la estación Prince Edward en 2019 intensificaron aún más las protestas.
El brote de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Hong Kong a principios de 2020 silenció en gran medida las protestas. Las tensiones aumentaron nuevamente en mayo de 2020 después de la decisión de Beijing de promulgar un proyecto de ley de seguridad nacional para Hong Kong. A mediados de 2020, el gobierno de Hong Kong había declarado el restablecimiento de la paz y la estabilidad con la imposición de la ley de seguridad nacional . Más de cien personas, incluidos varios activistas destacados, han sido arrestadas desde la imposición de la ley. La atmósfera política resultante, junto con la represión de la sociedad civil, desencadenó una ola de emigración masiva de la ciudad. [5] [24]
En Hong Kong, el nombre Movimiento por el Proyecto de Ley de Enmienda a la Ley Anti-Extradición o Movimiento por el Proyecto de Ley Anti-Extradición ( en chino :反對逃犯條例修訂草案運動／反修例運動) se utiliza a menudo para referirse a las protestas en su conjunto, incluidas las manifestaciones posteriores a la suspensión del proyecto de ley. [22] [26] [27] El nombre protestas de Hong Kong de 2019 se utiliza a veces ya que no hay una fecha de finalización generalmente acordada para las protestas. [28]
La inclusión de China continental en la enmienda fue motivo de preocupación para la sociedad de Hong Kong; los ciudadanos, académicos y la profesión jurídica temen que la eliminación de la separación de la jurisdicción de la región del sistema jurídico administrado por el Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) erosionaría el principio de " un país, dos sistemas " en la práctica desde la entrega de 1997; además, los ciudadanos de Hong Kong carecen de confianza en el sistema judicial de China y la protección de los derechos humanos debido a su historial de supresión de la disidencia política. [33] Los opositores al proyecto de ley instaron al gobierno de Hong Kong a explorar otros mecanismos, como un acuerdo de extradición únicamente con Taiwán, y a poner fin al acuerdo inmediatamente después de la entrega del sospechoso. [32] [34]
El sentimiento anticontinental había comenzado a crecer en la década de 2010. La cuota diaria de 150 inmigrantes de China desde 1997 y los flujos masivos de visitantes continentales tensaron los servicios públicos de Hong Kong y erosionaron la cultura local; la arrogancia percibida de los continentales atrajo el desprecio de los hongkoneses. [38] El auge del localismo y el movimiento a favor de la independencia después de la Revolución de los Paraguas estuvo marcado por la campaña de alto perfil para la elección parcial de 2016 de los Nuevos Territorios del Este por parte del activista Edward Leung . [39] Cada vez menos jóvenes en Hong Kong se identificaron como ciudadanos chinos, como descubrieron los encuestadores de la Universidad de Hong Kong . Cuanto más jóvenes eran los encuestados, más desconfiaban del gobierno chino. [37] Los escándalos y la corrupción en China sacudieron la confianza de la gente en los sistemas políticos del país; La controversia sobre la educación moral y nacional en 2012, el proyecto de enlace ferroviario exprés que conectaba Hong Kong con ciudades del continente y el posterior acuerdo de ubicación conjunta resultaron muy controvertidos . Los ciudadanos vieron estas políticas como una decisión de Pekín de fortalecer su control sobre Hong Kong. En 2019, casi ningún joven de Hong Kong se identificaba únicamente como chino. [40]
La Revolución de los Paraguas sirvió de inspiración y provocó un despertar político en algunos, [35] [41] pero su fracaso y la posterior división dentro del bloque prodemocrático impulsaron una reevaluación de la estrategia y las tácticas. En los años siguientes, surgió un consenso general de que las protestas pacíficas eran ineficaces para avanzar en el desarrollo democrático y se convirtieron en un ejemplo de lo que no se debe hacer en futuras protestas. Los medios señalaron que las protestas de 2019 estuvieron impulsadas por un sentimiento de desesperación en lugar del optimismo de 2014. [42] [43] Los objetivos de las protestas habían evolucionado desde la retirada del proyecto de ley hasta la concreción de la consecución del nivel de libertad y libertades prometido. [44]
Objetivos
Inicialmente, los manifestantes exigían únicamente la retirada del proyecto de ley de extradición. Tras una escalada de la severidad de las tácticas policiales el 12 de junio de 2019, el objetivo de los manifestantes era lograr las siguientes cinco demandas (bajo el lema "Cinco demandas, ni una menos"): [45]
Retirada total del proyecto de ley de extradición del proceso legislativo : Aunque el jefe del ejecutivo anunció una suspensión indefinida del proyecto de ley el 15 de junio, su estatus de "pendiente de reanudación de la segunda lectura" en el Consejo Legislativo significaba que su lectura podría haberse reanudado rápidamente. Fue retirado formalmente el 23 de octubre de 2019. [46] [47]
Retractación de la caracterización de "disturbios" para las protestas : El gobierno originalmente caracterizó la protesta del 12 de junio como "disturbios", delito que conlleva una pena máxima de 10 años de prisión, y más tarde dijo que hubo "algunos" alborotadores a excepción de cinco personas en Admiralty el 12 de junio. [48]
Liberación y exoneración de manifestantes arrestados : Los manifestantes consideraron que sus actos violatorios de la ley estaban motivados principalmente por una causa políticamente justa; también cuestionaron la legitimidad de que la policía arrestara a los manifestantes en los hospitales a través del acceso a sus datos médicos confidenciales, violando la privacidad de los pacientes.
Establecimiento de una comisión de investigación independiente sobre la conducta y el uso de la fuerza por parte de la policía durante las protestas : los grupos cívicos consideraron que el nivel de violencia empleado por la policía contra los manifestantes y los transeúntes, las detenciones y registros arbitrarios [49] y el incumplimiento por parte de los agentes de las órdenes generales de la policía apuntaban a una ruptura de la rendición de cuentas. [50] [51] La ausencia de independencia del organismo de control existente, el Consejo Independiente de Quejas contra la Policía , también fue un problema. [52]
Dimisión de Carrie Lam e implementación del sufragio universal para las elecciones al Consejo Legislativo y para la elección del jefe del ejecutivo : [53] El jefe del ejecutivo es seleccionado en una elección de círculo pequeño, y 30 de los 70 escaños del consejo legislativo son ocupados por representantes de grupos de interés institucionalizados, que forman la mayoría de los llamados distritos electorales funcionales , la mayoría de los cuales tienen pocos electores.
Historia
Primeras manifestaciones a gran escala
La policía utilizó gases lacrimógenos para dispersar a los manifestantes que se reunieron frente al Complejo del Consejo Legislativo el 12 de junio de 2019.
Después de varias protestas en marzo y abril de 2019, [54] [55] la cuestión anti-extradición atrajo más atención cuando los legisladores prodemocráticos en el Consejo Legislativo lanzaron una campaña de obstrucción contra el proyecto de ley. En respuesta, el Secretario de Seguridad John Lee anunció que el gobierno reanudaría la segunda lectura del proyecto de ley en el pleno del consejo el 12 de junio de 2019, sin pasar por el Comité de Proyectos de Ley. [56] Con la posibilidad de una segunda lectura del proyecto de ley, el Frente Civil de Derechos Humanos (CHRF) lanzó su tercera marcha de protesta el 9 de junio. Mientras que la policía estimó la asistencia a la marcha en la isla de Hong Kong en 270.000, los organizadores afirmaron que 1,03 millones de personas habían asistido a la manifestación, una cifra sin precedentes para la ciudad. [57] [58] Carrie Lam insistió en que la segunda lectura y el debate sobre el proyecto de ley se reanudaran el 12 de junio. [59] Los manifestantes impidieron con éxito que el Consejo Legislativo reanudara la segunda lectura del proyecto de ley rodeando el Complejo del Consejo Legislativo. [60] El comisario de policía Stephen Lo declaró que los enfrentamientos habían sido un "disturbio", pero el 17 de junio dijo que sólo se había referido a los manifestantes que habían mostrado un comportamiento violento. [48] La policía fue criticada por utilizar una fuerza excesiva en los enfrentamientos, como disparar gases lacrimógenos contra los manifestantes en una concentración autorizada. [61] [62] Tras los enfrentamientos, los manifestantes empezaron a pedir una investigación independiente sobre la brutalidad policial; también instaron al gobierno a retractarse de la caracterización de "disturbios".
El 15 de junio, Carrie Lam anunció la suspensión del proyecto de ley, pero no lo retiró por completo. [63] El mismo día, Marco Leung Ling-kit , un hombre de 35 años, cayó y murió tras resbalarse en un andamio y precipitarse 17 metros hasta su muerte mientras protestaba por la decisión de Lam y las denuncias de brutalidad policial. [64] Declarado por un jurado de investigación en mayo de 2021 como "muerte por accidente", [65] este accidente constituyó un punto de reunión para el movimiento y sus lemas contra la extradición se convirtieron más tarde en la base de las "cinco demandas" de las protestas, y su impermeable amarillo se convirtió en uno de los símbolos de las protestas. [66] Una protesta celebrada al día siguiente contó con la participación de casi 2 millones de personas según una estimación de la CHRF, mientras que la policía estimó que hubo 338.000 manifestantes en su punto álgido. [67] Aunque Lam ofreció una disculpa personal el 18 de junio, [68] desestimó los pedidos de renuncia. [69]
La CHRF afirmó haber tenido una participación récord de 550.000 personas en su marcha anual del 1 de julio de 2019 , mientras que la policía estimó que en su momento más álgido hubo alrededor de 190.000 personas; [70] [71] una organización de encuestas independiente estimó la asistencia en 260.000. [72] La protesta fue en gran parte pacífica. Por la noche, en parte enfadados por varios suicidios más desde el 15 de junio de 2019, algunos manifestantes radicales irrumpieron en el Consejo Legislativo ; la policía hizo pocas cosas para detenerlos. [73] [74] [75]
Después del 1 de julio de 2019, las protestas se extendieron a diferentes barrios de Hong Kong. [76] [77] [78] CHRF realizó otra protesta contra la extradición el 21 de julio en la isla de Hong Kong. En lugar de dispersarse, los manifestantes se dirigieron a la Oficina de Enlace en Sai Ying Pun , donde profanaron el emblema nacional chino. [79] Mientras se producía un enfrentamiento entre los manifestantes y la policía en la isla de Hong Kong, [80] grupos de individuos vestidos de blanco, sospechosos de ser miembros de la tríada, [81] [82] [83] aparecieron y atacaron indiscriminadamente a la gente dentro de la estación de Yuen Long . [84] La policía estuvo ausente durante los ataques y las comisarías locales fueron cerradas, lo que llevó a sospechar que el ataque fue coordinado con la policía. El ataque fue visto a menudo como el punto de inflexión del movimiento, ya que paralizó la confianza de la gente en la policía y puso a muchos ciudadanos que eran políticamente neutrales o apáticos en contra de la policía. [85]
Manifestantes apuntando sus punteros láser a un periódico fuera del Museo del Espacio , burlándose de una manifestación policial anterior que tenía como objetivo ilustrar el peligro de los punteros láser, que fue confiscado a un presidente del sindicato de estudiantes arrestado [86] [87]
El 5 de agosto, unas 350.000 personas respondieron a un llamamiento a la huelga general , según la Confederación de Sindicatos ; [88] más de 200 vuelos tuvieron que ser cancelados. [89] [90] [91] Varios incidentes relacionados con la presunta brutalidad policial el 11 de agosto llevaron a los manifestantes a realizar una sentada de tres días en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Hong Kong del 12 al 14 de agosto, obligando a la Autoridad Aeroportuaria a cancelar numerosos vuelos. [92] [93] [94] El 23 de agosto, unas 210.000 personas participaron en la campaña " Hong Kong Way " para llamar la atención sobre las cinco demandas del movimiento. La cadena se extendió por la parte superior de Lion Rock . [95] El 25 de agosto , seis agentes de policía levantaron sus armas y uno disparó un tiro de advertencia al aire en un enfrentamiento con los manifestantes, el primer uso de munición real durante las protestas. [96] [97]
El 31 de agosto, miles de manifestantes tomaron las calles de la isla de Hong Kong, ignorando la prohibición policial, tras las detenciones de destacados activistas y legisladores pro democracia el día anterior. [98] [99] [100] Por la noche, el Escuadrón Táctico Especial (conocido oficialmente como el Contingente Táctico Especial) irrumpió en la estación Prince Edward , donde golpearon y rociaron con gas pimienta a los pasajeros que se encontraban en el interior. [101]
El 4 de septiembre, Carrie Lam anunció la retirada formal del proyecto de ley de extradición una vez que el Consejo Legislativo se reuniera de nuevo en octubre y la introducción de medidas adicionales para calmar la situación. Sin embargo, las protestas siguieron presionando para que se hicieran realidad las cinco demandas. [102]
Intensificación y asedios a las universidades
Tsang Chi-kin, de 18 años, recibió un disparo en el pecho por parte de la policía en 2019
El 1 de octubre de 2019, se produjeron protestas masivas y un conflicto violento entre los manifestantes y la policía en varios distritos de Hong Kong durante el 70 aniversario de la fundación de la República Popular China . Un manifestante de 18 años llamado Tsang Chi-kin recibió un disparo en el pecho de la policía en Tsuen Wan después de cargar contra un policía antidisturbios. [103] [104] [105] Posteriormente fue acusado de disturbios y agresión a agentes, [106] detenido en julio de 2022 cuando intentaba huir a Taiwán tras dos años de esconderse, y compareció ante el tribunal en abril de 2023. [107] El 18 de octubre de 2023 fue condenado a 3,5 años de prisión por los dos cargos de disturbios y agresión a un agente de policía, y a 11 meses y dos semanas por pervertir el curso de la justicia. [108] [109]
Carrie Lam invocó la Ordenanza de Regulaciones de Emergencia para imponer una ley que prohibiera el uso de mascarillas en reuniones públicas , intentando frenar las protestas en curso el 4 de octubre. [110] La promulgación de la ley fue seguida por continuas manifestaciones en varios distritos de Hong Kong, bloqueando las principales vías públicas, vandalizando tiendas consideradas pro-Beijing y paralizando el sistema MTR. [111] [112] [113] Las protestas y las manifestaciones relámpago en toda la ciudad persistieron durante todo el mes. [114] [115]
La policía se enfrentó a los manifestantes a la entrada de la Universidad China de Hong Kong el 12 de noviembre de 2019.
Los manifestantes se enfrentaron a la policía a altas horas de la noche del 3 de noviembre de 2019. Alex Chow Tsz-lok , un estudiante de 22 años de la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de Hong Kong (HKUST), fue encontrado más tarde inconsciente en el segundo piso del estacionamiento de la finca. Murió el 8 de noviembre después de dos cirugías cerebrales fallidas. [116] [117] Después de su muerte, los manifestantes participaron en manifestaciones relámpago contra la policía y asistieron a vigilias en varios distritos de Hong Kong. Culparon a la policía por su muerte, aunque la policía negó cualquier participación. [118] En respuesta a la muerte de Chow, los manifestantes planearon una huelga en toda la ciudad a partir del 11 de noviembre interrumpiendo el transporte por la mañana en varios distritos de Hong Kong. [119] Esa mañana, un policía disparó munición real en Sai Wan Ho , en respuesta a un joven desarmado de 21 años que intentaba apartar su arma. [120] [ verificación fallida ] El 14 de noviembre, un anciano llamado Luo Changqing murió a causa de una herida en la cabeza que había sufrido el día anterior durante un enfrentamiento entre dos grupos de manifestantes antigubernamentales y residentes en Sheung Shui . [121] [122]
Por primera vez, durante un enfrentamiento el 11 de noviembre, la policía disparó numerosas rondas de gas lacrimógeno, granadas de esponja y balas de goma en los campus de las universidades, mientras que los manifestantes lanzaron ladrillos y bombas incendiarias en respuesta. [123] Los manifestantes estudiantiles de la Universidad China de Hong Kong (CUHK) se enfrentaron a la policía durante dos días consecutivos. [124] Después del conflicto, los manifestantes ocuparon brevemente varias universidades. [125] [126] Un importante conflicto entre manifestantes y policía tuvo lugar en Hung Hom el 17 de noviembre después de que los manifestantes tomaran el control de la Universidad Politécnica de Hong Kong (PolyU) y bloquearan el túnel Cross-Harbour. Así comenzó el asedio de la PolyU por parte de la policía que terminó con ellos irrumpiendo en el campus y deteniendo a varios manifestantes y médicos voluntarios en la madrugada del 18 de noviembre. [127] [128] El 11 de marzo de 2023, 20 personas fueron encarceladas por hasta 64 meses por disturbios cerca del campus asediado de PolyU en 2019. [129]
El aplastante triunfo electoral y el COVID-19
Los manifestantes inundan las calles durante la marcha de Año Nuevo
Las elecciones del Consejo de Distrito del 24 de noviembre de 2019 , consideradas un referéndum sobre el gobierno y las protestas, atrajeron una participación electoral récord . [130] Los resultados vieron al campo pro democracia ganar por una abrumadora mayoría, mientras que el campo pro Pekín sufrió su mayor derrota electoral en la historia de Hong Kong. [131] [132] El éxito electoral sin precedentes de los votantes pro democracia, los arrestos masivos durante el asedio a PolyU y la respuesta más rápida de la policía contribuyeron a una disminución de la intensidad y frecuencia de las protestas en diciembre de 2019 y enero de 2020. [133] A pesar de esto, la CHRF organizó dos marchas para mantener la presión sobre el gobierno el 8 de diciembre de 2019 y el 1 de enero de 2020. [134] [135]
El brote de la pandemia de COVID-19 en China continental y la posterior escalada de la crisis de COVID-19 en febrero y marzo de 2020 hicieron que el número de manifestaciones a gran escala disminuyera aún más debido al temor de que pudieran facilitar la propagación del virus. A pesar de esto, las tácticas del movimiento prodemocrático se reorientaron para presionar al gobierno a tomar medidas más enérgicas para salvaguardar la salud pública ante el brote de la pandemia en Hong Kong . [136] [3] [137] La policía utilizó las leyes de COVID-19 que prohíben los grupos de más de cuatro, por ejemplo, para dispersar a los manifestantes. [138] [139] El 18 de abril, la policía arrestó a 15 activistas prodemocráticos, incluidos Jimmy Lai , Martin Lee y Margaret Ng, por sus actividades en 2019, lo que provocó la condena internacional. [140]
Implementación de la ley de seguridad nacional
La ley de seguridad nacional prohibió a cualquier persona gritar o exhibir el lema " Liberar Hong Kong, la revolución de nuestros tiempos " (en chino:光復香港，時代革命), que ha logrado una adopción generalizada desde julio de 2019. [66] [141]
El 21 de mayo de 2020, los medios estatales anunciaron que el Comité Permanente del Congreso Nacional del Pueblo (NPCSC) comenzaría a redactar una nueva ley que cubre "la secesión, la interferencia extranjera, el terrorismo y la subversión contra el gobierno central", que se agregaría al Anexo III de la Ley Básica de Hong Kong. Esto significaba que la ley entraría en vigor mediante promulgación , sin pasar por la legislación local. [142] A pesar de la presión internacional, el NPCSC aprobó la ley de seguridad nacional por unanimidad el 30 de junio, sin informar al público ni a los funcionarios locales del contenido de la ley. [143] La ley creó un efecto paralizante en la ciudad. [144] [145] [146] [147] [148] Demosistō , que había estado involucrado en el cabildeo para obtener el apoyo de otras naciones, y varios grupos a favor de la independencia anunciaron que habían decidido disolverse y cesar todas las operaciones, por temor a ser el objetivo de la nueva ley. [149] El 1 de julio, miles de manifestantes se manifestaron contra la nueva ley. Ese día, la policía arrestó al menos a diez personas por “atentar contra la seguridad nacional” por exhibir arte de protesta . [150]
Tras la implementación de la ley de seguridad nacional, la comunidad internacional reevaluó sus políticas hacia China. Los principales países de Occidente (Canadá, Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Australia, Alemania y Nueva Zelanda) suspendieron sus tratados de extradición con Hong Kong por la introducción de la ley de seguridad nacional. [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] El Congreso de los Estados Unidos aprobó la Ley de Autonomía de Hong Kong y el presidente Donald Trump firmó una Orden Ejecutiva para revocar el estatus comercial especial de la ciudad después de que Mike Pompeo informara al Congreso que Hong Kong ya no era autónomo de China y, por lo tanto, debería considerarse el mismo país en el comercio y otros asuntos similares. [156] El 7 de agosto , Estados Unidos anunció que impondría sanciones a once altos funcionarios de Hong Kong y China, incluida Carrie Lam , por socavar la libertad y la autonomía de Hong Kong. [157] El Ministerio del Interior británico anunció que, a partir de principios de 2021, los titulares actuales y anteriores del pasaporte BN(O) en Hong Kong podrán reasentarse en el Reino Unido junto con sus dependientes durante cinco años antes de ser elegibles para solicitar la ciudadanía permanente. [158]
Represión posterior y éxodo
El Partido Cívico promovió las primarias, ya que los demócratas aspiraban a conseguir una mayoría en el Consejo Legislativo. El gobierno descalificó a cuatro candidatos del partido.La policía de Hong Kong izando la bandera violeta para advertir a los manifestantes que estaban violando la ley de seguridad nacional de Hong Kong .
Español Vigorizado por su éxito en las elecciones del Consejo de Distrito de noviembre de 2019, el bloque prodemocrático aspiraba a ganar más de la mitad de los 70 escaños del Consejo Legislativo en las elecciones que se celebrarían el 6 de septiembre. [159] Sin inmutarse por la ley de seguridad nacional, más de 600.000 personas emitieron sus votos en las primeras primarias históricas del bloque a mediados de julio de 2020. El gobierno de Hong Kong descalificó entonces a doce candidatos el 30 de julio, casi todos ellos ganadores de las primarias prodemocráticas. [160] [161] La decisión provocó la condena internacional por obstruir las elecciones y el proceso democrático. [162] Al día siguiente, Carrie Lam, yendo en contra de la opinión pública, [163] invocó poderes de emergencia para retrasar las elecciones , citando la pandemia como motivo. Si bien el NPCSC permitió que los cuatro legisladores en ejercicio descalificados hicieran la transición al mandato extendido en julio, decidió destituirlos de su cargo en noviembre de 2020, lo que resultó en la renuncia masiva de todos los legisladores de la oposición . [164]
El exlegislador Nathan Law se reunió con el secretario de Estado de Estados Unidos, Mike Pompeo, en julio de 2020, para discutir asuntos relacionados con la ley de seguridad nacional, las primarias prodemocráticas y las elecciones del LegCo.
La policía siguió utilizando la ley para atacar a activistas locales y críticos de Pekín, incluido el magnate empresarial Jimmy Lai . En enero de 2021, la policía arrestó a más de 50 personas , todas ellas relacionadas con las primarias por "subvertir el poder estatal". [165] Esto significó que la mayoría de los políticos activos y destacados del bando opuesto en Hong Kong han sido arrestados por las autoridades utilizando la ley de seguridad nacional. [166] Se emitieron órdenes de arresto contra activistas exiliados por violar la ley de seguridad nacional, incluidos los exlegisladores Nathan Law , Baggio Leung y Ted Hui . [167] [168] Doce activistas de Hong Kong que fueron liberados bajo fianza fueron capturados por la Oficina de la Guardia Costera de China mientras huían a Taiwán en una lancha rápida el 23 de agosto. Detenidos en Yantian , Shenzhen , posteriormente fueron acusados de cruzar la frontera china ilegalmente y se les impidió elegir a sus abogados y reunirse con sus familias. [169] [170]
A medida que las actividades de protesta disminuyeron, el gobierno continuó reforzando su control en Hong Kong, censurando los libros de texto escolares y eliminando cualquier mención a la masacre de Tiananmen , [171] arrestando a los organizadores de vigilias por las víctimas de la masacre, [172] eliminando las preguntas de los exámenes públicos que las autoridades consideraron políticamente inapropiadas, [173] cancelando el registro de los maestros "de cinta amarilla", [174] y declarando que la separación de poderes nunca existió en Hong Kong a pesar de los comentarios previos de los principales jueces de la ciudad que reconocían su importancia en Hong Kong. [175] También intentó reformular la narrativa del ataque de Yuen Long al afirmar que el ataque no había sido indiscriminado, cambiando el tiempo de respuesta policial informado oficialmente y arrestando a Lam Cheuk-ting , un legislador pro democracia que resultó herido en el ataque, por "disturbios". [176]
La sociedad civil se enfrentó a una ofensiva de las autoridades, [177] lo que desencadenó un éxodo masivo de Hong Kong . Los activistas y legisladores pro democracia estuvieron entre los primeros en abandonar el territorio; la primera ola de emigrantes también incluyó a jóvenes profesionales, así como a familias cuyos padres querían que sus hijos fueran escolarizados con énfasis en el pensamiento crítico independiente. [178] Más de 89.000 hongkoneses abandonaron la ciudad en un año después de que se impusiera la ley de seguridad nacional, y la ciudad fue testigo de una caída récord del 1,2% en la población. [179] Las escuelas se estaban reduciendo porque los padres temían que se implementara una educación "patriótica" de "lavado de cerebro", [180] y decenas de miles solicitaron visas nacionales británicas (de ultramar) después de que el gobierno del Reino Unido revelara una nueva vía de inmigración para los titulares de pasaportes . [181]
Enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y contramanifestantes
Los enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y contramanifestantes se habían vuelto más frecuentes desde que comenzó el movimiento en junio de 2019. Durante una manifestación a favor de la policía el 30 de junio, sus partidarios comenzaron a dirigir blasfemias a sus homólogos de la oposición y destruyeron su Muro de Lennon y el monumento a Marco Leung , lo que provocó intensos enfrentamientos entre los dos bandos. [183] Los ciudadanos pro-Beijing, que vestían camisetas de "Amo a la policía de Hong Kong" y ondeaban la bandera nacional china, agredieron a personas percibidas como manifestantes el 14 de septiembre en Fortress Hill . [184] Los Muros de Lennon se convirtieron en lugares de conflicto entre los dos bandos, y los ciudadanos pro-Beijing intentaron derribar los mensajes o retirar los carteles . [185] [186] Algunos manifestantes y peatones fueron golpeados y atacados con cuchillos cerca de los Muros de Lennon por un solo perpetrador [187] [188] o por presuntos miembros de pandillas. [189] Un periodista fue apuñalado y un adolescente que distribuía panfletos a favor de las protestas recibió un corte en el abdomen. [190] Los propietarios de pequeñas empresas que se consideraban partidarias de las protestas y sus empleados han sido agredidos en ataques presuntamente motivados políticamente y sus negocios han sido vandalizados. [191] [192]
Algunos civiles estrellaron sus coches contra la multitud de manifestantes o contra las barricadas que habían levantado. [193] [194] En un caso, una manifestante sufrió graves fracturas en el muslo. [195] Los organizadores de la protesta, entre ellos Jimmy Sham, del CHRF, y legisladores prodemocráticos como Roy Kwong , fueron agredidos y atacados. [196] [197] [198] El 3 de noviembre, un ciudadano de China continental que, según se informa, había apuñalado a otras tres personas en las afueras de Cityplaza , le arrancó la oreja de un mordisco . [199] [200] Mientras tanto, el legislador pro-Beijing Junius Ho fue apuñalado y la tumba de sus padres fue profanada. [201] [202]
Hombres vestidos de blanco agredieron a viajeros y manifestantes con palos dentro de la estación de Yuen Long el 21 de julio de 2019.
El ataque de 2019 en Yuen Long ocurrió después de una protesta masiva organizada por la CHRF el 21 de julio. Los presuntos gánsteres prometieron que "defenderían" su "patria" y advirtieron a todos los manifestantes contra el proyecto de ley de extradición que no pusieran un pie en Yuen Long. [203] Los perpetradores atacaron a personas en la calle Fung Yau Norte en Yuen Long antes de ingresar a la estación de Yuen Long, donde atacaron indiscriminadamente a los pasajeros en el vestíbulo y en el andén, así como dentro de los compartimentos del tren, lo que resultó en una reacción generalizada de la comunidad. Desde entonces, el Departamento de Justicia ha sido criticado por algunos abogados por realizar procesamientos "motivados políticamente". Después del ataque de Yuen Long, ningún agresor fue acusado durante semanas después del evento, mientras que los jóvenes manifestantes fueron acusados de disturbios en cuestión de días. [204] Los manifestantes también fueron atacados con fuegos artificiales en Tin Shui Wai el 31 de julio, [205] y luego atacados por hombres armados con cuchillos en Tsuen Wan [206] y presuntos miembros de pandillas "fujianeses" que blandían palos largos en North Point el 5 de agosto, aunque se defendieron de los atacantes. [207] [208]
En medio de la frustración de que la policía no había procesado a los violentos contramanifestantes pro gubernamentales y de la creciente desconfianza hacia la policía por este motivo, [209] los manifestantes más acérrimos comenzaron a llevar a cabo ataques de justicieros —descritos por los manifestantes como "resolver los asuntos en privado"— dirigidos contra individuos percibidos como enemigos. [209] [210] La actriz pro-Beijing Celine Ma , [211] agentes vestidos de civil, [212] y un taxista que se abalanzó sobre una multitud de manifestantes en Sham Shui Po el 8 de octubre fueron atacados. [213] Un manifestante roció con líquido inflamable y le prendió fuego a un hombre de mediana edad después de que tuvo un altercado con manifestantes en la estación de Ma On Shan el 11 de noviembre. [214] [215] El 14 de noviembre, un anciano murió a causa de las heridas en la cabeza sufridas anteriormente durante un enfrentamiento violento entre dos grupos de manifestantes y residentes de Sheung Shui . [216]
Tácticas y métodos
Un metro cerca de la estación Tai Po Market , conocido como el "Túnel Lennon"Bandera Bauhinia negra , una variación de la bandera de Hong KongLa rana Pepe se convirtió en un símbolo de resistencia durante las protestas. Las palabras "Dadme la libertad o dadme la muerte" que se ven en primer plano hacen alusión al discurso de 1775 pronunciado por Patrick Henry.Un juguete de Winnie-the-Pooh con una pegatina de Xi Jinping en la cabeza y una bandera chinazi con forma de esvástica pegada en el pecho, utilizado en las protestas del 1 de diciembre de 2019
Las protestas han sido descritas como en gran medida "sin líderes". [217] Los manifestantes utilizaron comúnmente LIHKG , un foro en línea similar a Reddit , así como Telegram , un servicio de mensajería opcionalmente encriptado de extremo a extremo para comunicarse y generar ideas para las protestas y tomar decisiones colectivas. [217] A diferencia de las protestas anteriores, las de 2019 se extendieron por 20 vecindarios diferentes. [218] Los manifestantes y sus partidarios permanecieron anónimos para evitar procesamientos o futuras posibles represalias de las autoridades, empleadores que tenían una orientación política diferente y corporaciones que se doblegaron ante la presión política. [219]
En general, los manifestantes se agrupaban en dos grupos: los manifestantes "pacíficos, racionales y no violentos" y los "luchadores". [220] No obstante, a pesar de las diferencias en los métodos, ambos grupos se abstuvieron de denunciar o criticar al otro y se brindaron un apoyo tácito. El principio era la praxis de "no dividirse" , que tenía como objetivo promover el respeto mutuo por las diferentes opiniones dentro del mismo movimiento de protesta. [221] [38]
Grupo moderado
El grupo moderado participó en diferentes capacidades. El grupo pacífico celebró manifestaciones masivas y participó en otras formas de protesta, como huelgas de hambre , [222] formando cadenas humanas , [223] lanzando peticiones, [224] huelgas laborales, [225] y boicots de clase. [226] [227] Se instalaron muros de Lennon en varios barrios para difundir mensajes de apoyo y exhibir arte de protesta. [228] [229] Los manifestantes habían instalado tiendas temporales que vendían dispositivos de protesta baratos, [230] proporcionaban clínicas encubiertas para jóvenes activistas, [231] y recaudaban fondos colectivos para ayudar a personas que necesitaban asistencia médica o legal. [232]
Para generar conciencia sobre su causa y mantener informados a los ciudadanos, los artistas que apoyaban la protesta crearon arte de protesta y obras derivadas . [233] Se utilizaron plataformas de redes sociales para difundir información sobre las protestas con el fin de generar conciencia entre los usuarios en el extranjero [234] [235] y hacer circular imágenes de brutalidad policial. [236] Los manifestantes celebraron "conferencias de prensa civiles" para contrarrestar las conferencias de prensa de la policía y el gobierno. [237] Se utilizó AirDrop para difundir información sobre el proyecto de ley contra la extradición al público y a los turistas del continente. [238] Se compuso un himno de protesta, " Gloria a Hong Kong ", cuya letra se obtuvo de forma colectiva en el foro en línea de LIHKG y se cantó en protestas relámpago en centros comerciales. [239] La estatua de Lady Liberty Hong Kong también fue financiada colectivamente por los ciudadanos para conmemorar las protestas. [240]
Los manifestantes han intentado ganar apoyo internacional. Los activistas organizaron y coordinaron numerosas manifestaciones con este fin. [241] [242] Joshua Wong , Denise Ho y varios otros demócratas brindaron testimonios durante la audiencia del Congreso de los EE. UU. para la Ley de Derechos Humanos y Democracia de Hong Kong . [243] Para aumentar la presión política sobre China, también abogaron por la suspensión de la Ley de Política de los Estados Unidos-Hong Kong , que otorga a Hong Kong un estatus especial. [244] Los anuncios sobre la causa de los manifestantes fueron financiados por crowdfunding y colocados en los principales periódicos internacionales. [245] [246] En los eventos, los manifestantes ondearon las banderas nacionales de otros países, como los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido , pidiendo su apoyo. [247]
Se hicieron esfuerzos para transformar las protestas en un movimiento duradero. Los manifestantes han abogado por un " Círculo Económico Amarillo ". [248] Los partidarios de los manifestantes etiquetaron diferentes establecimientos en función de su postura política y optaron por frecuentar sólo los negocios que simpatizaban con el movimiento, mientras boicoteaban los negocios que apoyaban o eran propiedad de intereses de China continental. [249] [250] Se celebraron manifestaciones relámpago en los distritos comerciales centrales, mientras los trabajadores de oficinas usaban su hora de almuerzo para marchar por la calle. [251] Las protestas impulsaron a varias profesiones a crear sindicatos que compiten con los lobbies pro-Beijing para presionar aún más al gobierno. [252] Los miembros del Consejo de Distrito recientemente elegidos presentaron mociones para condenar a la policía y utilizaron su poder para ayudar a los manifestantes detenidos. [253]
Grupo radical
Los manifestantes adoptaron el método del bloque negro y usaron cascos y respiradores para protegerse. Los cascos amarillos se convirtieron en un símbolo del movimiento de protesta. [254]El 24 de agosto de 2019, los manifestantes destruyeron una farola inteligente por temor a que pudiera utilizarse con fines de vigilancia . [255]
Los manifestantes radicales adoptaron la estrategia "be water" (sé agua), inspirada en la filosofía de Bruce Lee , moviéndose a menudo de forma fluida y ágil para confundir a la policía. [29] A menudo se retiraban cuando llegaba la policía, solo para reaparecer en otro lugar. [256] Además, los manifestantes adoptaron tácticas de bloque negro para proteger sus identidades. El "equipo completo" de los que estaban en primera línea consistía en paraguas, mascarillas, cascos y respiradores para protegerse de los proyectiles y los gases lacrimógenos. [257] Además, los manifestantes utilizaron punteros láser para distraer a los agentes de policía e interferir en el funcionamiento de sus cámaras. [257] En las escenas de protesta, los manifestantes utilizaron gestos con las manos para la comunicación no verbal, y los suministros se entregaron mediante cadenas humanas. [258] Los diferentes manifestantes adoptaron diferentes roles. Algunos eran " exploradores " que compartían actualizaciones en tiempo real cada vez que veían a la policía, [259] [260] Se desarrolló una aplicación móvil para permitir la colaboración colectiva para conocer la ubicación de la policía. [261]
A partir de agosto de 2019, los manifestantes radicales intensificaron el controvertido uso de la violencia y la intimidación. Desenterraron adoquines y se los arrojaron a la policía; otros utilizaron bombas incendiarias, líquido corrosivo y otros proyectiles contra la policía. [262] [263] [113] Como resultado de los enfrentamientos, hubo múltiples informes de lesiones policiales y agresiones a agentes durante las protestas. [264] [265] Un agente fue acuchillado en el cuello con un cúter , [114] y un oficial de enlace con los medios recibió un disparo en la pierna con una flecha durante el asedio a la PolyU. [266] Los manifestantes también dirigieron la violencia hacia agentes encubiertos sospechosos de ser agentes provocadores. [267] [268] Varias personas fueron detenidas por posesión ilegal de armas de fuego o fabricación de explosivos caseros. [269]
A diferencia de otros disturbios civiles, se observaron pocos destrozos y saqueos aleatorios, ya que los manifestantes destrozaron objetivos que creían que encarnaban la injusticia. [270] Las corporaciones que los manifestantes acusaron de ser pro-Beijing y empresas de China continental también fueron vandalizadas, incendiadas o pintadas con aerosol. [271] [272] [273] [274] Los manifestantes también dirigieron la violencia contra los símbolos del gobierno vandalizando las oficinas del gobierno y de los legisladores pro-Beijing, [275] [276] y desfigurando los símbolos que representan a China. [277] [210] La Corporación MTR se convirtió en blanco de vandalismo después de que los manifestantes acusaran al operador ferroviario de doblegarse a la presión de los medios chinos al cerrar varias estaciones [278] y no publicar las imágenes de CCTV del incidente de la estación Prince Edward de 2019 en medio de temores de que la policía pudiera haber golpeado a alguien hasta la muerte. [279] Los manifestantes también interrumpieron el tráfico al establecer bloqueos de carreteras, [280] [281] dañar semáforos , [282] desinflar los neumáticos de los autobuses, [283] y arrojar objetos a las vías del tren. [284] En ocasiones, los manifestantes intimidaron y agredieron a los habitantes del continente. [285]
Algunos manifestantes radicales promovieron la idea de la "destrucción mutua" o "fenixismo", términos que son traducciones del cantonés lam chau . Teorizaron que las sanciones contra el gobernante PCCh y la pérdida del centro financiero internacional de Hong Kong y su estatus comercial especial (causada por la interferencia de China en el principio de un país, dos sistemas) desestabilizarían la economía de China continental y, por lo tanto, socavarían el gobierno del PCCh y le darían a Hong Kong la oportunidad de "renacer" en el futuro. [286] [287] Creían que una mayor represión gubernamental en última instancia aceleraría el proceso de lam chau , lo que en última instancia perjudicaría al régimen. [288]
Confrontaciones en línea
Tanto los partidarios como los opositores de las protestas utilizaron tácticas de doxing y acoso cibernético . Algunos manifestantes utilizaron estas tácticas con agentes de policía y sus familias y subieron su información personal a Internet. [289] Se informó de que se habían filtrado en Internet los datos personales de más de 1.000 agentes y se había detenido a nueve personas. Los líderes de las protestas han sido atacados después de haber sido doxeados e intimidados. [290] HK Leaks, un sitio web anónimo con sede en Rusia y promovido por grupos vinculados al PCCh, doxeó a unas 200 personas consideradas partidarias de las protestas. El 25 de octubre de 2019, la policía de Hong Kong obtuvo una orden judicial que prohibía a cualquier persona compartir información personal sobre agentes de policía o sus familias. [291]
Ambos bandos de las protestas difundieron rumores no verificados, información errónea y desinformación . Esto incluyó tácticas como el uso de cortes selectivos de imágenes de noticias y la creación de narrativas falsas. [292] [293] [294] [295] Varias muertes, en particular la de Chan Yin-lam , una niña de 15 años de quien la policía sospechaba que se había suicidado, fueron objeto de una teoría de la conspiración dadas las circunstancias inusuales que rodearon su muerte. [296] El bando pro-Beijing difundió el rumor de que la CIA estaba involucrada en la instigación de las protestas después de que se compartieran en línea fotografías de hombres caucásicos que participaban en las protestas. [297] La policía culpó a las noticias falsas de causar desconfianza pública hacia las fuerzas del orden, [298] aunque la propia policía también fue acusada por varios medios de comunicación y fiscales de mentir al público. [299] [300] Tanto Twitter como Facebook anunciaron que habían descubierto lo que describieron como campañas de desinformación a gran escala que operaban en sus redes sociales para vilipendiar y desacreditar a los manifestantes. [301] [302] Según investigaciones de Facebook, Twitter y YouTube, algunos ataques fueron operaciones coordinadas, respaldadas por el Estado, que se cree que fueron llevadas a cabo por agentes del gobierno chino. [303]
El 13 de junio de 2019, se hicieron acusaciones de ciberataques organizados contra el gobierno chino. Pavel Durov , el fundador de Telegram, sugirió que el gobierno chino podría estar detrás de los ataques DDoS a Telegram. Además, Durov tuiteó que algunos de los ataques DDoS coincidieron con la protesta del 12 de junio de 2019. [ 304] Otro ataque DDoS ocurrió el 31 de agosto; dos sitios web chinos, incluido Baidu Tieba , estuvieron involucrados en el ataque. [305]
Mala conducta policial
Un camión con cañón de agua dispara líquido teñido de azul contra los manifestantes.Un agente de policía disparando botes de gas lacrimógeno el 31 de agosto de 2019La policía de Hong Kong irrumpió en la estación Prince Edward y atacó a civiles el 31 de agosto de 2019.Un transeúnte fue atacado por la policía antidisturbios en Tai Wai el 3 de octubre de 2019.Veby Mega Indah, periodista indonesio cuyo ojo derecho fue perforado por una porra policial
Según las encuestas realizadas por el Instituto de Investigación de Opinión Pública de Hong Kong , la aprobación neta de la Fuerza de Policía de Hong Kong cayó al 22 por ciento a mediados de 2019, debido a su manejo de las protestas. [306] A fines de julio, el 60 por ciento de los encuestados en encuestas públicas estaban insatisfechos con el manejo policial de los incidentes desde junio de 2019. [307] Casi el 70 por ciento de los ciudadanos de Hong Kong creen que la policía ha actuado de manera poco profesional al realizar arrestos indiscriminados y perder el autocontrol. [308] Su papel y sus acciones han planteado preguntas sobre su responsabilidad, la forma en que ejercieron su fuerza física y sus métodos de control de multitudes. También ha habido denuncias de falta de consistencia en la aplicación de la ley, ya sea por inacción deliberada o por mala organización.
Supuesto uso inapropiado de la fuerza
La policía de Hong Kong fue acusada de usar fuerza excesiva y desproporcionada y de no seguir las directrices de seguridad internacionales ni los protocolos internos al usar sus armas. [309] [310] Amnistía Internacional afirmó que "la policía apuntó horizontalmente mientras disparaba, apuntando a las cabezas y torsos de los manifestantes". [310] [124] El uso de balas de goma y de bolsas de perdigones por parte de la policía supuestamente reventó los ojos de varios manifestantes y el ojo de un periodista indonesio. [311] [312] [313] Se descubrió que la policía había estado usando gas lacrimógeno como arma ofensiva, [314] disparándolo en el interior de una estación de tren, [314] usando gas lacrimógeno caducado, que podría liberar gases tóxicos al quemarse, [315] y disparando botes desde edificios de gran altura. [316] Entre junio y noviembre de 2019, se habían disparado aproximadamente 10.000 descargas de gas. [317] Se encontraron residuos químicos en diferentes instalaciones públicas en varios barrios. [318] [319] [d] El uso de gases lacrimógenos generó preocupaciones de salud pública después de que a un periodista se le diagnosticara cloracné en noviembre de 2019, [321] aunque tanto el Departamento de Medio Ambiente como el Departamento de Salud cuestionaron estas afirmaciones. [322]
Los manifestantes y los prodemócratas consideraron que varias operaciones policiales, en particular en la estación Prince Edward , donde el Escuadrón Táctico Especial (STS) agredió a los pasajeros de un tren, habían hecho caso omiso de la seguridad pública. [323] [324] La policía fue acusada de usar una fuerza desproporcionada [325] después de que un oficial disparara a dos jóvenes manifestantes con munición real en Tsuen Wan y Sai Wan Ho el 1 de octubre de 2019 y el 11 de noviembre de 2019 respectivamente. [e] [331] [332] Un oficial fuera de servicio disparó e hirió a un niño de 14 años en Yuen Long el 4 de octubre de 2019 cuando fue agredido por manifestantes que lo acusaron de chocar con la gente con su automóvil. [333] El asedio de la PolyU, que fue descrito como una "crisis humanitaria" por demócratas y médicos, [334] [335] impulsó a la Cruz Roja y a Médicos Sin Fronteras a intervenir cuando los manifestantes heridos atrapados en el interior se quedaron sin suministros y carecían de atención de primeros auxilios. [335]
La policía fue acusada de obstruir el servicio de primeros auxilios y los servicios de emergencia [336] [323] [118] y de interferir con el trabajo del personal médico dentro de los hospitales. [337] [338] El arresto de médicos voluntarios durante el asedio de PolyU fue condenado por profesionales médicos. [339] La policía fue acusada de usar fuerza excesiva contra detenidos ya sometidos y obedientes. Los videos mostraron a la policía pateando a un detenido, [340] presionando la cara de uno contra el suelo, [341] usando a uno como escudo humano , [342] pisoteando la cabeza de un manifestante, [343] y sujetando el cuello de un manifestante contra el suelo con una rodilla. [344] Las imágenes de video también muestran a la policía golpeando a los transeúntes, empujando y pateando a las personas que intentaban mediar en el conflicto, [345] [346] y abordando a menores y mujeres embarazadas. [347]
Los manifestantes denunciaron haber sufrido hemorragias cerebrales y fracturas óseas tras ser detenidos violentamente por la policía. [348] [349] Amnistía Internacional afirmó que la policía había utilizado "violencia de represalia" contra los manifestantes y había maltratado y torturado a algunos detenidos. Los detenidos denunciaron haber sido obligados a inhalar gas lacrimógeno y haber sido golpeados y amenazados por los agentes. Los agentes de policía apuntaron con rayos láser directamente a los ojos de un detenido. [350] [351] [352] [353] La policía fue acusada de utilizar violencia sexual contra las manifestantes femeninas. [354] Una mujer afirmó que había sido violada en grupo dentro de la comisaría de policía de Tsuen Wan, mientras que la policía informó de que su investigación no coincidía con su acusación, [355] y más tarde anunció planes para detenerla bajo sospecha de proporcionar información falsa. [356] Algunos detenidos denunciaron que la policía les había negado el acceso a abogados y les había retrasado el acceso a servicios médicos. [352] [357] Se cree que muchas de estas denuncias tuvieron lugar en el centro de detención de San Uk Ling . [358]
Tácticas cuestionables y comportamiento poco profesional
El acorralamiento de manifestantes, [324] [359] el disparo de balas de pimienta contra los manifestantes a quemarropa , [ 360] la conducción peligrosa también fueron fuentes de controversia. Un agente de policía fue suspendido después de golpear a un manifestante con una motocicleta y arrastrarlo el 11 de noviembre de 2019. [361] [362] Posteriormente fue reinstalado mientras continuaba la investigación. [363] Una camioneta policial aceleró repentinamente hacia una multitud de manifestantes, lo que provocó una estampida cuando los agentes de la STS que salían de la camioneta persiguieron a los manifestantes en Yau Ma Tei el 18 de noviembre de 2019. La policía defendió esta última acción como una respuesta apropiada de agentes bien entrenados a los ataques de los manifestantes, y que "[conducir] rápido no significa que sea inseguro". [364]
Algunos agentes de policía no llevaban uniformes con números de identificación o no mostraban sus carnés de identificación, [365] [366] lo que dificultaba a los ciudadanos presentar denuncias. El gobierno explicó en junio de 2019 que no había suficiente espacio en los uniformes para acomodar los números de identificación. En junio de 2020, la aparición de diversas decoraciones en los uniformes hizo que se pusiera en duda esta explicación. [367] El tribunal dictaminó en noviembre de 2020 que la policía había infringido la Ordenanza sobre la Carta de Derechos de Hong Kong al ocultar o no mostrar su número de identificación. [368] A finales de 2019, el gobierno introdujo "indicativos de llamada" para sustituir los carnés de identificación, pero se descubrió que los agentes compartían indicativos de llamada. [369]
La policía también ha interferido repetidamente en el proceso de justicia. Se la ha sospechado de manipular pruebas , [370] [371] [372] de dar falso testimonio ante el tribunal, [373] y de obligar a los detenidos a realizar confesiones falsas. [374] El despliegue de agentes encubiertos sospechosos de haber cometido incendios provocados y vandalismo también generó controversia, y se cuestionó la capacidad de los agentes de policía para identificar las diferencias entre los manifestantes comunes y los agentes encubiertos. [375] [376] En abril de 2020, un agente de policía fue detenido por pervertir el curso de la justicia después de que presuntamente ordenara a un adolescente que lanzara bombas incendiarias en una comisaría en la que trabaja. [f] [377]
Algunos agentes uniformados utilizaron un lenguaje grosero para acosar y humillar a los manifestantes y periodistas [378] y provocaron a los manifestantes. [379] El insulto "cucaracha" -cuyas cualidades deshumanizadoras han sido reconocidas en las ciencias sociales y la psicología- fue utilizado con frecuencia por los agentes de primera línea para insultar a los manifestantes; algunos agentes intentaron contrarrestar esta tendencia [380] y sugirieron que en varios casos, el abuso verbal por parte de los manifestantes puede haber llevado a los agentes a utilizar el término. [381] Un agente fue reprendido por sus superiores por gritar comentarios burlones a los manifestantes sobre la muerte de Chow Tsz-lok. [382] La policía describió a un hombre que llevaba un chaleco amarillo que fue llevado a un callejón, rodeado de agentes de policía y aparentemente maltratado físicamente por uno de ellos, como un "objeto amarillo". [383]
La policía también fue acusada de difundir un clima de miedo [384] al realizar arrestos en hospitales, [385] [386] atacar a manifestantes mientras estaban encubiertos, [348] [387] arrestar a personas arbitrariamente , [388] atacar a jóvenes, [389] [350] prohibir las solicitudes de manifestaciones, [390] y arrestar a activistas y legisladores de alto perfil. [391] Durante el período de la pandemia, también ha utilizado la ley que prohíbe los grupos de 4 para prohibir aún más las protestas pacíficas. [392] Sin embargo, la policía fue acusada de aplicar un doble rasero al mostrarse indulgente con los contramanifestantes violentos. [393] También ha incumplido su deber de proteger a los manifestantes. Su lenta respuesta e inacción durante el ataque de Yuen Long provocaron acusaciones de que habían conspirado con los atacantes. [81] [394]
Falta de rendición de cuentas
El comisionado de policía Stephen Lo (izquierda) y su sucesor Chris Tang (derecha) rechazaron la formación de un comité independiente para investigar la brutalidad policial.
La policía modificó las Órdenes Generales de Policía eliminando la frase "los oficiales serán responsables de sus propias acciones" antes del enfrentamiento del 1 de octubre de 2019. Fuentes policiales del Washington Post han dicho que una cultura de impunidad impregna la fuerza policial, de modo que la policía antidisturbios a menudo hizo caso omiso de su formación o se volvió deshonesta en los informes oficiales para justificar el uso excesivo de la fuerza. [309] Los agentes de policía que sintieron que sus acciones no estaban justificadas fueron marginados. [395] Según se informa, los comandantes de policía ignoraron las malas acciones y los comportamientos ilegales de la policía antidisturbios de primera línea y se negaron a utilizar medidas disciplinarias para evitar molestarlos. [309] La administración de Lam también negó las malas acciones de la policía y respaldó a la policía en múltiples ocasiones. [396] A diciembre de 2019, ningún oficial había sido suspendido por sus acciones ni acusado o procesado por acciones relacionadas con las protestas. [309] Cuando los Consejos de Distrito estaban aprobando mociones para condenar la violencia policial, el comisionado de policía Chris Tang y otros funcionarios públicos abandonaron el lugar en protesta. [397]
El Consejo Independiente de Quejas contra la Policía (IPCC) inició investigaciones sobre presuntos incidentes de mala conducta policial durante las protestas. Los manifestantes exigieron en cambio una comisión de investigación independiente, ya que los miembros del IPCC son principalmente pro-establishment y carecen de poder para investigar, emitir juicios definitivos y aplicar sanciones. [398] [399] [102] A pesar de los llamamientos de los líderes de opinión locales [400] e internacionales , Carrie Lam y los dos comisionados de policía Stephen Lo y su sucesor a partir del 19 de noviembre de 2019, [363] Chris Tang rechazó la formación de un comité independiente. [401] Lam insistió en que el IPCC podía cumplir la tarea, [402] mientras que Tang calificó la formación de dicho comité como una "injusticia" y una "herramienta para incitar al odio" contra la fuerza. [309]
El 8 de noviembre de 2019, un panel de expertos de cinco miembros encabezado por Sir Denis O'Connor y designado por Lam en septiembre de 2019 para asesorar al IPCC, concluyó que el organismo de control de la policía carecía de los "poderes, la capacidad y la capacidad de investigación independiente necesarios" para cumplir su papel como grupo de control de la policía y sugirió la formación de una comisión de investigación independiente dada la actual situación de protesta. [403] Después de que las negociaciones para aumentar los poderes del IPCC fracasaran, los cinco miembros del panel renunciaron el 11 de diciembre de 2019. [404] El informe del IPCC sobre el comportamiento de la policía durante las protestas publicado en mayo de 2020 concluyó que la policía ha seguido en su mayor parte las directrices, aunque había margen de mejora. [405] Aunque los funcionarios del gobierno calificaron el informe de "exhaustivo", los demócratas y las organizaciones de derechos humanos fueron unánimes al declarar que era un encubrimiento de las fechorías policiales. [406] Uno de los miembros del panel de expertos, Clifford Stott , dijo en junio de 2020 que la policía había juzgado mal la dinámica de las protestas y había usado una fuerza desproporcionada en casi todas las protestas, creando así más desorden del que previno. [407] Un informe coescrito por Stott, publicado en noviembre de 2020, vio la "ausencia de cualquier sistema creíble de rendición de cuentas para la policía" como una de las principales razones por las que las protestas se volvieron más radicales. [50]
Cobertura de los medios locales
La periodista de Stand News, Gwyneth Ho, fue atacada por un hombre que empuñaba un palo durante el ataque de Yuen Long el 21 de julio de 2019.Policía cerca de Lan Kwai Fong , Central , el 31 de octubre de 2019. La policía fue acusada de impedir que los periodistas tomaran fotografías apuntándoles con linternas. [408]
Las protestas recibieron una importante atención de la prensa. Nathan Ruser, de ASPI, las calificó como el disturbio social más transmitido en directo de la historia. Sugirió que, a diferencia de otras protestas, el uso generalizado de la tecnología de transmisión en directo en las protestas de Hong Kong significó que había "casi paridad en lo que se refiere a lo que [uno] puede aprender investigando a distancia en comparación con lo que se puede aprender estando allí en persona". [409]
Muchos de los medios de comunicación de Hong Kong son propiedad de magnates locales que tienen importantes vínculos comerciales en el continente, por lo que muchos de ellos adoptan la autocensura en algún nivel y en su mayoría han mantenido una línea editorial conservadora en su cobertura de las protestas. La dirección de algunas empresas ha obligado a los periodistas a cambiar sus titulares para sonar menos comprensivos con el movimiento de protesta. [410] Un informe de la BBC sugirió que la dirección de la emisora terrestre local Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) había obligado a los empleados a incluir más voces de apoyo al gobierno y destacar las acciones agresivas de los manifestantes, sin incluir segmentos centrados en las respuestas de los manifestantes o los demócratas. [411] Los periodistas del South China Morning Post , que fue adquirido por el grupo chino Alibaba en 2016, tuvieron sus noticias alteradas significativamente por editores senior para incluir un punto de vista progubernamental antes de que se publicaran. [412] Se acusó a TVB y al medio de comunicación local HK01 de parcialidad a favor del gobierno, y los manifestantes han agredido físicamente a sus equipos de noticias y han dañado sus equipos y vehículos. [413] [414] Los manifestantes también ejercieron presión política sobre varias corporaciones, instándolas a dejar de colocar anuncios en TVB. [415]
Por otra parte, Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK), un servicio de radiodifusión pública, enfrentó críticas por parcialidad a favor del movimiento de protesta. Sus críticos han rodeado la sede de RTHK y agredido a sus reporteros. [416] RTHK también enfrentó presión política de la policía directamente: el comisionado de policía Chris Tang presentó quejas a RTHK contra el programa de televisión satírico Headliner y el programa de opinión Pentaprism por "insultar a la policía" y "difundir discursos de odio", respectivamente. [g] La policía fue criticada por periodistas y demócratas por interferir con la libertad de prensa . [419] En respuesta a alrededor de 200 quejas recibidas por la Autoridad de Comunicaciones, RTHK se disculpó "con cualquier oficial de policía u otras personas que se hayan sentido ofendidas" y canceló Headliner en mayo de 2020, poniendo fin a sus 21 años de funcionamiento. [420] La periodista de RTHK Nabela Qoser , conocida por sus directos cuestionamientos a funcionarios del gobierno en conferencias de prensa, fue objeto de abusos racistas en línea por parte de grupos pro-Beijing, lo que provocó una declaración de "grave preocupación" de la Comisión de Igualdad de Oportunidades . [421] [422] También se le extendió su período de prueba en RTHK. [423]
Los periodistas se encontraron con interferencias y obstrucciones por parte de la policía en sus actividades informativas. [424] La policía utilizó frecuentemente linternas contra los periodistas, apuntando hacia las cámaras para evitar que los filmaran o fotografiaran; los periodistas también denunciaron haber sido acosados, registrados [408] [425] [426] e insultados con frecuencia. En algunos casos, a pesar de identificarse, fueron empujados, sometidos, rociados con gas pimienta o detenidos violentamente por la policía. [427] [428] [429] [430] Varias reporteras se quejaron de haber sido acosadas sexualmente por agentes de policía. [425] Los periodistas también se vieron atrapados en el fuego cruzado de las protestas: [431] [432] La periodista indonesia Veby Mega Indah de Suara fue cegada por una bala de goma; [433] un reportero de RTHK sufrió quemaduras después de ser alcanzado por una bomba de gasolina. [434] Los periodistas estudiantes también fueron objeto de ataques de la policía. [435]
El 10 de agosto de 2020, la policía allanó la sede del periódico prodemocrático Apple Daily y registró su redacción y las áreas de los periodistas. Durante la operación, a los periodistas de varios medios importantes se les impidió entrar en las zonas acordonadas donde se celebraba una rueda de prensa programada. La policía declaró que a los medios de comunicación que fueran "poco profesionales" o que hubieran informado en el pasado de una manera considerada por la policía como tendenciosa contra la fuerza, se les negaría el acceso a esas reuniones informativas en el futuro. [436] [437] En septiembre de 2020, la policía limitó aún más la libertad de prensa al limitar la definición de "representantes de los medios de comunicación", lo que significa que los periodistas estudiantes y los trabajadores autónomos tendrían que enfrentarse a más riesgos cuando informaran. [438]
La caída de Hong Kong de siete puestos hasta el puesto 80 en el Índice Mundial de Libertad de Prensa fue atribuida por Reporteros sin Fronteras a la política de violencia contra los periodistas. Cuando se estableció el Índice de Libertad de Prensa en 2002, Hong Kong ocupaba el puesto 18. [439] Tras la aprobación de la ley de seguridad nacional, The New York Times anunció que trasladaría la oficina de su equipo digital a Seúl , ya que la ley ha "desestabilizado a las organizaciones de noticias y creado incertidumbre sobre las perspectivas de la ciudad como centro del periodismo en Asia". [440] El Departamento de Inmigración también comenzó a rechazar visas de trabajo para periodistas extranjeros, incluidos los que trabajan para The New York Times y el medio local Hong Kong Free Press . [441]
Las estadísticas oficiales mostraron que Hong Kong había caído en recesión debido a que su economía se había contraído en el segundo y tercer trimestre de 2019. [442] Las ventas minoristas disminuyeron y el gasto de los consumidores disminuyó. [443] Algunos restaurantes vieron a sus clientes cancelar reservas, y ciertos bancos y tiendas se vieron obligados a cerrar sus puertas. Algunas cadenas de suministro se interrumpieron debido a las protestas. El menor gasto de los consumidores provocó que varias marcas de lujo retrasaran la apertura de tiendas, mientras que otras marcas cerraron. [444] Mientras que algunos vendedores ambulantes protestaron por la disminución de las ventas, [445] algunas tiendas prosperaron a medida que los manifestantes cercanos compraban alimentos y otros productos básicos. [446] Las existencias de suministros para las protestas se agotaron tanto en Hong Kong como en Taiwán. [447]
Las protestas también afectaron a los propietarios de propiedades: por temor a la inestabilidad, algunos inversores abandonaron las compras de terrenos. La demanda de propiedades también disminuyó, ya que las transacciones inmobiliarias generales cayeron un 24 por ciento en comparación con la Revolución de los Paraguas; los promotores inmobiliarios se vieron obligados a reducir los precios. [448] Las ferias comerciales informaron de una disminución de la asistencia y los ingresos, y muchas empresas cancelaron sus eventos en Hong Kong. [449] El índice Hang Seng disminuyó al menos un 4,8 por ciento desde el 9 de junio de 2019 hasta finales de agosto de 2019. A medida que el sentimiento de inversión se desvanecía, las empresas que esperaban cotizar en el mercado de valores suspendieron sus ofertas públicas iniciales (IPO), y solo hubo una en agosto de 2019, la más baja desde 2012. Fitch Ratings rebajó la calificación de soberanía de Hong Kong de AA+ a AA debido a las dudas sobre la capacidad del gobierno para mantener el principio de "un país, dos sistemas"; la perspectiva sobre el territorio se rebajó de manera similar de "estable" a "negativa". [450]
El turismo también se vio afectado: el número de visitantes que viajaron a Hong Kong en agosto de 2019 disminuyó un 40 por ciento en comparación con el año anterior, [451] mientras que el feriado del Día Nacional vio una disminución del 31,9 por ciento. [452] [ se necesita una mejor fuente ] El desempleo aumentó del 0,1 por ciento al 3,2 por ciento de septiembre a noviembre de 2019, y los sectores turístico y de restauración, que vieron aumentos del 5,2 por ciento y el 6,2 por ciento respectivamente durante el mismo período, fueron los más afectados. [453] Las reservas de vuelos también disminuyeron, y las aerolíneas cortaron o redujeron los servicios. [454] Durante las protestas en el aeropuerto el 12 y el 13 de agosto de 2019, la Autoridad Aeroportuaria canceló numerosos vuelos, lo que resultó en una pérdida estimada de 76 millones de dólares estadounidenses según los expertos en aviación. [455] Varios países emitieron advertencias de viaje a sus ciudadanos sobre Hong Kong, y muchos turistas chinos continentales evitaron viajar a Hong Kong debido a preocupaciones de seguridad. [456]
La economía de Hong Kong se politizó cada vez más. Algunas corporaciones cedieron a la presión y despidieron a los empleados que expresaron su apoyo a las protestas. [458] [459] Varias corporaciones y empresas internacionales, incluidas la Asociación Nacional de Baloncesto y Activision Blizzard, decidieron apaciguar a China durante las protestas y enfrentaron intensas críticas. [460] The Diplomat calificó al Círculo Económico Amarillo como "una de las formas más radicales, progresistas e innovadoras de lucha a largo plazo" durante las protestas. [461] Las corporaciones percibidas como pro-Beijing enfrentaron boicots y algunas fueron vandalizadas. [462] Mientras tanto, las tiendas "amarillas" aliadas con los manifestantes disfrutaron de una oleada de clientes incluso durante la crisis del coronavirus. [463]
Gobernancia
La administración de Lam fue criticada por su desempeño durante las protestas: su arrogancia y obstinación percibidas, [464] [465] y su renuencia a entablar un diálogo con los manifestantes. Se cree que sus prolongadas ausencias, su actuación obstruccionista en las conferencias de prensa, [466] permitieron a los manifestantes intensificar los acontecimientos. [467] [h] Según las encuestas de opinión pública, los índices de aprobación de Lam y su gobierno fueron los más bajos entre todos los jefes ejecutivos, [469] y el índice de Lam cayó a 19,5 sobre 100 en noviembre de 2019. [470] Su desempeño y los del Secretario de Seguridad John Lee y la Secretaria de Justicia Teresa Cheng fueron calificados de "desastrosos". [471] El 2 de septiembre, Reuters recibió una grabación de audio filtrada en la que Carrie Lam admitió que tenía un margen de maniobra "muy limitado" entre el Gobierno Popular Central y Hong Kong, y que renunciaría, si tuviera otra opción. [472] Sin embargo, al día siguiente dijo a los medios de comunicación que nunca había contemplado discutir su dimisión con las autoridades de Pekín. [473] El comportamiento de Lam en esta ocasión y en ocasiones posteriores reforzó la percepción entre una amplia parte de los manifestantes y sus partidarios de que ella no era capaz de tomar ninguna decisión crucial sin instrucciones del gobierno de Pekín, sirviendo efectivamente como su títere. [474] La desconfianza hacia el gobierno y la falta de responsabilidad policial también llevaron a la prevalencia temporal de teorías conspirativas . [375]
Both sides claimed that rule of law in Hong Kong was undermined during the protests. While the government, the police and government supporters criticised the protesters for breaking the law and using violence to "extort" the government to accept the demands, the protesters and their sympathisers felt that lack of police oversight, selective law enforcement, selective prosecution, police brutality, and the government's blanket denial of all police wrongdoings all harmed rule of law and expressed their disappointment that the law cannot help them achieve justice.[475] The judiciary was also scrutinised after judge Kwok Wai-kin dedicated much of his sentencing statement to comment on the negative impacts of the protests and to expressing sympathy toward a stabber who attacked three people in September 2019 near a Lennon Wall. He was later removed from handling all protest-related cases.[476]
The government's extended absence and its lack of a political solution in the early stage of the protests catapulted the police into the front line, and heavy-handed policing became a substitute for solving a political crisis.[477] The police force was initially "lost and confused" and was discontent with the government for not offering enough support.[478] Subsequently, Lam's blanket denial of allegations of police brutality led to accusations that Lam and her administration endorsed police violence.[396] Throughout the protests, the establishment waited for demonstrators' aggression to increase so they could justify greater militarisation of the police and dismiss the protesters as "insurgents" and thereby also dismiss their demands.[479]
The protests and backlashes against them resulted in Hong Kong governance increasingly orienting to the mainland.[480]: 182
One common view in the rest of China was that leadership on Hong Kong issues needed to be revamped both at the SAR and in the central government.[480]: 182
Police's image and accountability
The reputation of the police took a serious drubbing following the heavy-handed treatment of protesters.[481][482][483] In October 2019, a survey conducted by CUHK revealed that more than 50 percent of respondents were deeply dissatisfied with the police's performance.[484] The satisfaction rate of police force dropped to a record low after the handover.[485] According to some reports, their aggressive behaviours and tactics have caused them to become a symbol that represents hostility and suppression. Their actions against protesters resulted in a breakdown of citizens' trust of the police.[486][487] Citizens were also concerned over the ability of the police to regulate and control their members and feared their abuse of power.[488] The suspected acts of police brutality led some politically neutral or political apathetic citizens to become more sympathetic towards the young protesters.[489] Fearing Hong Kong was changing into a police state, some citizens actively considered emigration.[490] The lack of any prosecutions against officers, and the absence of independent police oversight, sparked fears that the police could not be held accountable for their actions and that they were immune to any legal consequences.[309]
Affected by the controversies surrounding the police force's handling of the protests, between June 2019 to February 2020, 446 police officers quit (which was 40 per cent higher than the figure in 2018), and the force only managed to recruit 760 officers (40 per cent lower than the previous year), falling well short of the police force's expectations.[491] The police cancelled foot patrols because of fears officers may be attacked,[492] and issued extendable batons to off-duty officers.[488] Police officers also reported being "physically and mentally" tired, as they faced the risks of being doxed, cyberbullied, and distanced by their family members.[493] Police relations with journalists,[494] social workers,[495][496] medical professionals[497] and members from other disciplined forces[498] became strained.
Society
The protests deepened the rift between the "yellow" (pro-democracy) and "blue" (pro-government) camps created since the Umbrella Revolution. People who opposed the protests argued that protesters were spreading chaos and fear across the city, causing damage to the economy and thus harming people not involved in the protests. On the other hand, protesters justified their actions by what they saw as the greater good of protecting the territory's freedoms against the encroachment of mainland China.[499] Anti-mainland sentiments swelled during this period.[500] Family relationships were strained, as children argued with their parents over their attending protests, disagreeing with their parents' political stance, avoidance of politics or views on the manner of the protests.[501]
Elderly marching on 17 July 2019 to support young people's anti-extradition bill protests
As the protests continued to escalate, citizens showed an increasing tolerance towards confrontational and violent actions.[502] Pollsters found that among 8,000 respondents at protest sites, 90% of them believed that the use of these tactics was understandable because of the government's refusal to respond to the demands.[503] The protest movement provided a basis for challenging the government over its controversial handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020,[136] and some observers ascribed the success in halting the first wave of the pandemic to protesters' related efforts.[504] Unity among the protesters was seen across a wide spectrum of age groups and professions.[i] While some moderate protesters reported that the increase in violence alienated them from the protests,[499] public opinion polls conducted by CUHK suggested that the movement was able to maintain public support.[484] The unity among protesters fostered a new sense of identity and community in Hong Kong, which had always been a very materialistic society. This was evidenced by the adoption of "Glory to Hong Kong" as a protest anthem.[38]
A study conducted by the University of Hong Kong found that the protests were having negative impacts on the mental health of Hong Kong residents with one third of adults, around 2 million adults of a total population of 7.4 million, reporting symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the protests, up from 5 per cent in March 2015.[514] This was a six times increase from four years earlier with levels of depression and PTSD comparable to a war zone.[515][516] A survey, on social media, of more than 1,000 people by the Chinese University of Hong Kong found that 38 per cent were troubled by depression-related problems.[517] Symptoms of PTSD were found not only to afflict protesters, but also those watching events unfold on the news, living in affected areas, or working in jobs that are related to the movement (nurses, doctors, reporters, police, and street cleaners).[518] Suspected PTSD in 2019 was found to have a prevalence of 12.8 per cent in the population. Heavy social media use of 2 or more hours per day was associated with likelihood of both depression or PTSD.[519] A Guardian article dated 22 October 2019 reported that "protesters have tracked at least nine cases of suicides that appear to be linked directly to the demonstrations" since June.[520] In five of these cases, the victims left a suicide note referring to the protests, and three were attributed to events following the extradition bill.[521][522][523][524] With the passage of the national security law and the establishment of a national security hotline, societal mistrust and stress was expected to increase as of 2020.[525]
Carrie Lam continued to push for the second reading of the bill despite a mass anti-extradition bill protest, saying that the government was "duty-bound" to amend the law.[526][527] She had previously rejected meeting the protesters, believing that such meeting would have "no purpose".[528] Following the 12 June conflict, both Police Commissioner Stephen Lo and Lam characterised the conflict as a "riot". The police later backed down on the claim, saying that among the protesters, only five of them rioted. Protesters demanded that the government fully retract the riot characterisation.[529] Lam's analogy as Hong Kong people's mother attracted criticisms after the violent crackdown on 12 June.[530][528]
Lam announced the suspension of the bill on 15 June 2019,[69] and officially apologised to the public on 18 June two days after another massive march.[531] In early July, Lam reiterated that the bill "had passed away" and reaffirmed that all efforts to amend the law had ceased, though her use of language was thought to be ambiguous.[532] During July and August 2019, the government insisted that it would not make any concessions and that the IPCC would suffice to investigate police misconduct. She also refused to declare the withdrawal of the bill, and ignored calls for her to resign.[533][534] On 4 September 2019, Lam announced that she would formally withdraw the extradition bill, as well as introduce measures such as adding new members to the IPCC, engage in dialogue at the community level, and invite academics to join an "independent review committee" – with no investigative powers – to evaluate Hong Kong's deep-rooted problems. However, protesters and democrats saw the withdrawal as coming too late,[102] and insisted that all of their five core demands be answered.[535] One day prior to the first dialogue session of Lam on 26 September 2019, a Chinese envoy termed the demands "political blackmail", leading to doubts on the leeway Lam had in the sessions.[536] The independent review committee was then shelved by Lam in May 2020.[537]
After condemning the protesters who had stormed the legislature on 1 July for their "use of extreme violence",[538] and those who had defaced the national emblem during the 21 July protest,[539] Lam suggested in early August 2019 that the protests had deviated from their original purpose and that their goal now was to challenge China's sovereignty and damage "one country, two systems".[468] She suggested that radical protesters were dragging Hong Kong to a "path of no return"[468] and that they had "no stake in society", and therefore, government meetings need not to include them.[540][528] On 5 October 2019, after what Lam referred to as "extreme violence" had taken place, an emergency law from the colonial era was enacted to ban face masks in Hong Kong—without declaring a state of emergency—which sparked criticism from various human rights organisations.[541][j] Starting from October, Lam regularly referred to the protesters as "rioters" and dismissed the protesters, despite them amassing mass support, throughout late 2019.[528] She also allied with the police, and claimed that ending violence and restoring order, rather than responding to political demands, was what people wanted in Hong Kong.[528]
To cope with the ongoing protests, on 15 November 2019, the police had appointed no more than 100 Correctional Services Department (CSD) officers as special constables to assist them.[545] In May 2020, the authorities announced they would recruit more personnel from the other five disciplinary services and bring the total number of special constables to 700.[546] Several protesters who were detained at a correctional facility in Pik Uk reported that they had been tortured and physically abused by guards. They reported that the guards beat their hands and feet, slapped their face, then forced them to slap themselves after they were taken to a room without security camera during their time in detention.[547]
According to Reuters, the government contacted eight public relations firms to improve the image of the government in late September 2019, but six of them declined to participate for fear that partnering with the HKSAR government may tarnish their reputation.[548] On 30 July 2020, the Hong Kong government made ineligible a dozen pro-democracy candidates from running in Legislative Council elections which had been scheduled for 6 September; the elections were later postponed by a year, for which the government cited a new surge in COVID-19 cases as reason. Observers noted that the delay could have been politically motivated as the pro-Beijing camp may lose their majority in the LegCo following the election.[549] The government claimed that the disqualified candidates had colluded with foreign forces and opposed the new national security law.[550]
Macau government
The Macau government supported the Hong Kong government during the protests. Macau's Chief ExecutiveHo Iat-seng applauded the imposition of the national security law in Hong Kong a day after it came in to effect.[551] The Macau government announced on 19 March 2021 that any lawmaker in the Legislative Assembly who expresses support for the Hong Kong protests would be disqualified from their positions under the Macau Basic Law.[552]
The pro-Beijing camp supported the government in promoting the bill, though U-turned when the government withdrew the bill.[553] They condemned the use of violence by protesters, including breaking into the LegCo Complex and using petrol bombs and unidentified liquids against the police.[554][555] They maintained their support for the Hong Kong Police Force and held various counter-demonstrations to support them,[556][557] and criticised the government for not taking enough actions to "halt the violence".[558] Members of the Executive Council, Ip Kwok-him and Regina Ip alleged that there was a "mastermind" behind the protests but could not provide substantial evidence to support their claim.[559]
Many lawmakers from the pan-democratic camp, such as Ted Hui and Roy Kwong, assisted the protesters in various scenarios.[560] Responding to the escalation of the mid-August protests at the airport, the convenor of the pro-democratic caucus, Claudia Mo, while disagreeing with some protesters' actions, asserted that her group of lawmakers would not split with the protesters.[561][562][563] Pro-democrats also condemned the arrests of and the violence directed at the protests' organisers, lawmakers and election candidates.[564] Former government officials, including Anson Chan, the former Chief Secretary for Administration, issued several open letters to Carrie Lam, urging her to respond to the five core demands raised by protesters.[565]
In August, 17 members from the Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong and the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce released statements condemning the escalating protests because of the instability they had brought to the city's economy and business community, as well as the negative effects on society as a whole.[566]Annie Wu, the daughter of Maxim's Catering founder and also a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, condemned the protesters at the United Nations Human Rights Council and suggested that Hong Kong should give up the "lost" protesters.[567][568] On 30 October, Abraham Shek, a lawmaker representing the Real Estate and Construction constituency, supported the formation of an independent commission and said that the problem could not be resolved by only addressing the severe housing shortage.[569] Tycoon Li Ka-shing took out a two-page advertisement in newspapers, urging people to "stop anger and violence in the name of love", and quoting a Chinese poem: "The melon of Huangtai cannot bear the picking again".[570]
Despite the government, the pro-Beijing camp and state media invoking the notion of a "silent majority" who opposed the protests, and urging citizens to cut ties with the "violent protesters", citizens generally favoured the pro-democratic camp and supported the protest movement.[571] The 2019 Hong Kong District Council election, the first poll since the beginning of the protests, had been billed as a "referendum" on the government.[572] More than 2.94 million votes were cast for a turnout rate of 71.2%, up from 1.45 million and 47% from the previous election.[573] This was the highest turnout in Hong Kong's history, both in absolute numbers and in turnout rates.[574] The results were a resounding landslide victory for the pro-democracy bloc, as they saw their seat share increased from 30% to almost 88%, with a jump in vote share from 40% to 57%.[574] Among those who were also legislators, the overwhelming majority of the losing candidates were from the pro-Beijing bloc.[575]
Reuters conducted polls in December 2019,[576] March 2020,[577] June 2020[578] and August 2020. The last poll showed that an increasing number of Hongkongers support the pro-democracy goals since the national security law was implemented. More than half of the respondents opposed the national security law. 70% wanted an independent commission of inquiry that looked into how the police handled the protests. 63% wanted universal suffrage. The support for amnesty of all arrested protesters rose to 50%. More than half of people still wanted Carrie Lam to resign. The number of people who opposed the pro-democracy demands went down to 19%. The majority (60%) still opposed Hong Kong independence, 20% supported the idea.[579]
Mainland China reactions
The Chinese government expressed its opposition to the protests, while taking measures against the protests and their supporters. The protests were depicted by the government and media as separatist riots.[580] Beijing accused the movement of displaying characteristics of colour revolutions" and signs of terrorism.[581][582] The Beijing government and state-run media accused foreign forces of interfering with domestic affairs and supporting the protesters.[583] These allegations were rejected by Hong Kong pro-democrats,[584] and CNN noted that China had a record of blaming foreign forces for causing domestic unrest.[585] On 22 October 2019, following protests and violence in Catalonia and Chile, the Chinese government accused Western media of hypocrisy for not providing similar coverage and support to those protests.[586][587] Chinese diplomats and ambassadors in more than 70 countries broadcast Beijing's position on the protests to shape international opinion.[588] CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, Chinese PremierLi Keqiang, and Chinese Vice PremierHan Zheng repeatedly backed Lam's administration and the police.[589][590][591]
Chinese state media outlets largely ignored the protests until 17 April 2019.[592] The protests were mostly censored from Mainland Chinese social media, such as Sina Weibo, though state-owned media and Chinese social media users later condemned the protesters.[593] State-run media pressured various companies, including railway operator MTR Corporation and airline Cathay Pacific to take a hardline approach against employees who took part in the protests. Cathay Pacific saw its top managers "reshuffled" and began firing pro-democratic employees after the Civil Aviation Administration of China threatened to block Cathay's access to Chinese airspace.[594] Chinese media also attempted to appeal to the "silent majority"[595] and blame the protests on Hong Kong's education system.[596] It also hailed police officers as "heroes",[597] and demanded the government take more "forceful" actions and the court to hand out heavy punishments.[598][599] On 8March 2021, UK broadcasting authority Ofcom imposed a fine of £125,000 on Chinese state broadcaster CGTN for having "failed to maintain due impartiality" in five programmes on the protests aired in2019.[600]
Foreign envoys reported the deployment in late August of a sizeable number of People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops to Hong Kong, well beyond the usual rotation and possibly doubling the number of PLA troops compared to before the start of the protests. Drills by the People's Armed Police were observed across the border in Shenzhen in August.[601] On 6 October 2019, the PLA issued its first warning to the protesters, who were shining laser lights on the exterior of the PLA garrison in Kowloon Tong.[602] On 16 November, soldiers appeared publicly in the streets for the first time during the protests, in plain clothes and unarmed, to clear roadblocks and other debris left during protests alongside local residents, firefighters, and police officers before marching back to the Kowloon Tong barracks. The government insisted the soldiers were volunteers, and that it had made no request for assistance.[603] The act was criticised by pro-democrats who deemed it a violation of the Basic Law.[604] The Chinese government required goods mailed from mainland China to Hong Kong to be investigated while goods which were believed to relate to the protests were blocked.[605][606] Chinese authorities also detained several individuals in mainland China after they voiced their support for the protesters.[607]
China further tightened its control in Hong Kong by changing the officials in charge of Hong Kong affairs in early 2020.[480]: 182 Luo Huining was appointed director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong.[480]: 182 The decision was widely linked to the poor performance of pro-government candidates at the District Council elections in November, and predecessor Wang Zhimin's perceived poor judgment of how the protests evolved.[608]Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office director Zhang Xiaoming was demoted and replaced by Xia Baolong in February 2020.[609] The new directors triggered the Basic Law Article 22 controversy in April when they claimed that the two offices were not covered by Article 22.[610] In May, China announced that the NPCSC, China's rubber-stamp legislative body, would directly draft a national security law for Hong Kong and skip the local legislation procedures.[611] Political analysts believed that Beijing's action would mark the end of the "one country, two systems" principle and Hong Kong's autonomy as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration.[612][613] On 28 May 2020, the NPC approved the controversial national security laws for Hong Kong. The legislation allows the government's national security agencies to operate in Hong Kong.[614] On 30 June 2020, China implemented "Hong Kong national security law". Its 66 articles target crimes of secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign forces, and includes serious penalties between 10 years of prison to life imprisonment.[615]
International reactions
As a result of the protests, many nations issued travel warnings for Hong Kong.[616] Demonstrations in reaction to the extradition protests also took place in various locations around the world, including: Australia,[617] Brazil, Canada,[618] Chile, France, Germany,[619] India, Italy, Japan, Lithuania,[620] South Africa, South Korea,[621] Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam.[622][623] Solidarity rallies held by Hong Kong international students studying abroad were often met by mainland Chinese counter-protesters.[624][617][625][626] Following the death of Chow Tsz-lok, Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng was heckled and jostled by protest supporters in Bloomsbury Square in London; she fell to the ground and injured her arm.[627] Some protesters in the concurrent 2019 Catalan protests claimed inspiration from, and solidarity with the Hong Kong protests.[628][629] Protesters also formed the Milk Tea Alliance with Taiwanese and Thai netizens to counter online supporters of China, but it slowly evolved into an online democratic solidarity movement that advocates for democracy in Southeast Asia.[630]
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo commented on 18 November 2019.
Some protesters fled to Taiwan to avoid prosecution.[631] The Hong Kong protests were considered a contributing factor in the landslide victory of Tsai Ing-wen during the 2020 Taiwanese presidential election. Tsai, who had repeatedly shown a supportive attitude toward the Hong Kong protesters, used the slogan "today Hong Kong, tomorrow Taiwan" during her presidential campaign, referring to the city's unrest as evidence of the threats posed by the "one country, two systems" principle to Taiwan's autonomy and democracy.[632] Christina Lai from Academia Sinica concurred that the situation in Hong Kong created a sense of "urgency" for Taiwanese voters, as China's hardline reaction implied that they would use the same strategy to undermine Taiwan's autonomy in the future. Tsai's rejection of the principle enabled her to gain support from young voters.[633]
In the United States, the House of Representatives, with one dissenting vote, and the Senate unanimously passed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act in light of the extradition bill and protests.[634][635][636][637] President Donald Trump signed the bill on 27 November, alongside a companion bill restricting US exports of crowd control devices to the Hong Kong police forces.[638] Various US politicians have expressed disapproval of corporate decisions related to the protests.[639][640][641][642] On 29 May 2020, Trump ordered the removal of the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong due to Beijing's new national security law for the territory, after Pompeo declared that the city was no longer autonomous from China and should therefore, be treated as any one of Chinese cities.[643]
Dominic Raab, the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, urged China to uphold the promises it made in the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which was a legally binding international treaty.[644] The UK had already stopped selling crowd control equipment to the HKPF.[645] Former UK consulate employee Simon Cheng was granted asylum in the UK in June 2020. He was previously detained by Chinese authorities who reportedly tortured him to force a confession that the UK was involved in instigating the protests, though Chinese authorities stated that he was detained for "soliciting prostitutes".[646] On 3 June 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the national security law, he would open a path to British citizenship for Hong Kong residents who were eligible for a British National (Overseas) passport (BNO).[647] After the passing of the law on 30 June 2020, the UK confirmed these Hong Kong residents are able to come to the United Kingdom with a five-year limited leave to remain.[648] Following those five years they will be able to apply for indefinite leave to remain in the United Kingdom and, after a further 12 months with settled status, they will be able to apply for British citizenship.[649] More than 200,000 Hong Kong residents have immigrated to the United Kingdom since 2021.[650]
United Nations High Commissioner for Human RightsMichelle Bachelet demanded the Hong Kong government conduct an investigation into police use of force against the protesters;[651] she previously said that she was "troubled and alarmed" by the escalating violence used by the protesters.[652] Amnesty International praised the protesters for their dedication despite facing "abusive policing tactics" which include the "wanton use of tear gas, arbitrary arrests, physical assaults and abuses in detention".[653]Kenneth Roth, the head of Human Rights Watch (HRW), was denied entry to Hong Kong at Hong Kong International Airport on 12 January 2020. Hong Kong officials insisted that the decision to bar Roth from entry had been made in Hong Kong, not in mainland China.[654]
Several African countries expressed support for the Chinese government during the protests.[655]: 41 In October 2019, Uganda's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement that Uganda "firmly supports the one country, two systems policy of the People's Republic of China on the matter of Hong Kong and other areas" and that "Hong Kong's affairs are China's domestic affairs."[655]: 41 Also in October 2019, Tanzania's chief government spokesperson stated that the country supports China's one country, two systems policy, that the Hong Kong government was taking the best approach to the situation, and that other countries should support China.[655]: 41 In January 2020, Namibia's land reform minister stated that Namibia fully supports Chinese territorial integrity and sovereignty, including with respect to Hong Kong.[655]: 41 In June 2020, 53 countries, mostly in Africa, declared their support for the Hong Kong national security law at the UNHCR.[656]
At the 2020 China-Arab States Cooperation Forum ministers meeting, the Arab countries stated that they supported China's position regarding Hong Kong.[655]: 57
^Two died during protests and clashes,[11][12] 13 committed suicide.[13][14][15]
^The number of civilians injured is understated as many protesters sought medical help from underground clinics due to mistrust in government services.[17]
^This figure, up-to-date as of 31 August 2022[update], includes an unknown number of repeat arrests occurring in the course of the protests. According to an article in the South China Morning Post, as of 10 October 2019 there were close to 2,400 arrests, with about 60 being repeat arrests.[19] The number of arrestees currently in custody is uncertain as of 18 April 2020.[20]
^The government refused to disclose the chemical composition of the gas, citing "operational concerns".[320]
^Police defended the officer's actions at the Tsuen Wan incident saying that he and his colleague's lives were at risk as a group of protesters was assaulting another officer at the time.[326][327] Protesters argued that the officer shooting the man's chest was unnecessary and that he had other less lethal alternatives available at his disposal.[328][329] Explaining the Sai Wan Ho incident, police alleged the unarmed young man was trying to grab the officer's service weapon.[330]
^The teen was arrested before any petrol bomb was thrown.
^Headliner had a segment that poked fun at the police. This forced the broadcaster to suspend the airing of the segment and the production of future seasons.[417] An episode from Pentaprism features a lecturer from The Education University of Hong Kong (EdU) who described the Siege of PolyU as a "humanitarian crisis" and compared it to the Tiananmen Square crackdown. The broadcaster was issued with a "serious warning" in April 2020.[418]
^At a press conference on 5 August 2019, Lam explained her absence from the public eye in the preceding two weeks. She was concerned about the risk to organisers over the possible disruption by protesters of public events and press conferences.[468]
^On many occasions, middle-aged and elderly volunteers attempted to separate the police and the young protesters where the two groups confronted each other, and provided various forms of assistance.[505] Various professions organised rallies to stand in solidarity with protesters. These professions included: teachers, civil servants, the aviation industry, accountants, medical professionals, social workers, the advertising sector, and the finance sector.[506][459][507][508][509][510] To express their support, sympathisers of the protest movement chanted rallying cries from their apartments every night,[511] wrote Christmas cards to injured protesters and those in detention,[512] and rallied outside Lai Chi Kok Reception Centre where the detainees were held.[513]
^The democrats filed a judicial review to challenge Lam's decision,[542] and the High Court ruled that the mask ban was unconstitutional.[543] In April 2020, after the government had filed an appeal, the court ruled that the ban is only unconstitutional during legal demonstrations, and ruled that the police cannot physically remove the face masks worn by violators.[544]
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