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Funcionarios afroamericanos durante y después de la era de la Reconstrucción

Más de 1500 afroamericanos ocuparon cargos públicos durante la era de la Reconstrucción (1865-1877) y en los años posteriores a la Reconstrucción antes de que la supremacía blanca , la privación de derechos y el Partido Demócrata reafirmaran plenamente el control en los estados del Sur. [1] El historiador Canter Brown Jr. señaló que en algunos estados , como Florida , el mayor número de afroamericanos fueron elegidos o designados para cargos públicos después del final de la Reconstrucción en 1877. La siguiente es una lista parcial de notables afroamericanos que ocuparon cargos públicos desde el final de la Guerra Civil hasta antes de 1900. Las fechas que se enumeran son el año en que se indica un mandato o el rango de años de servicio si hay varios mandatos.

Senado de los Estados Unidos

Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos

Alabama

Entre 1868 y 1878, más de 100 afroamericanos sirvieron en la Legislatura de Alabama . [4]

Senado de Alabama

Legisladores de Alabama en el capitolio en 1872

Cámara de Representantes de Alabama

Convención Constitucional de Alabama

Otras oficinas estatales

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Arkansas

Entre 1868 y 1893, 85 hombres identificados como " de color " o " mulatos " fueron elegidos para la legislatura de Arkansas. [14] [15] Inicialmente, sirvieron bajo la Constitución de Arkansas de 1868 que les otorgaba el derecho a votar y ocupar cargos públicos. Los demócratas retomaron el control del gobierno estatal e instituyeron la Constitución de 1874. Como resultado, después de 1893, el siguiente afroamericano en servir como legislador estatal de Arkansas fue en 1973. [16]

Senado de Arkansas

Cámara de Representantes de Arkansas

Convención Constitucional de Arkansas

Otras oficinas estatales

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

California

Oficinas locales

Colorado

Cámara de Representantes de Colorado

Otras oficinas estatales

Florida

Senado de Florida

Cámara de Representantes de Florida

Convenciones constitucionales

Durante la Convención Constitucional de Florida de 1868, 18 de los 46 delegados electos eran negros. En la Convención Constitucional de 1885, siete de los 63 delegados eran negros. [27]

Convención Constitucional de Florida de 1868

Convención Constitucional de Florida de 1885

Otras oficinas estatales

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Georgia

En Georgia, 69 afroamericanos sirvieron en la legislatura estatal o como delegados a la convención constitucional del estado entre 1867 y 1872. [31]

Senado del estado de Georgia

Cámara de Representantes de Georgia

Convención Constitucional de Georgia

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Idaho

Oficinas federales

Illinois

Cámara de Representantes de Illinois

Indiana

Indiana no tuvo legisladores afroamericanos hasta después de la era de la Reconstrucción. [41]

Cámara de Representantes de Indiana

Oficinas federales

Kansas

Kansas no tuvo legisladores afroamericanos hasta después de la era de la Reconstrucción. [41]

Cámara de Representantes de Kansas

Otras oficinas estatales

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Kentucky

Oficinas federales

Luisiana

Hasta 1900, 24 afroamericanos sirvieron en el Senado de Luisiana durante la Reconstrucción; más de 100 sirvieron en la Cámara de Representantes de Luisiana . [42] Además, seis hombres afroamericanos ocuparon cargos estatales en Luisiana, incluidos los primeros gobernadores interinos afroamericanos del país.

Gobernador de Luisiana

Vicegobernador de Luisiana

Senado del estado de Luisiana

Cámara de Representantes de Luisiana

Delegados afroamericanos en la Convención Constitucional de Luisiana de 1868

Convención Constitucional de Luisiana

Otras oficinas estatales

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Maryland

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Massachusetts

Cámara de Representantes de Massachusetts

Oficinas locales

Michigan

Cámara de Representantes de Michigan

Otras oficinas estatales

Minnesota

Minnesota no tuvo ningún legislador afroamericano hasta después de la era de la Reconstrucción. [41]

Cámara de Representantes de Minnesota

Misisipí

El Plan Mississippi fue parte de una campaña organizada de terror y violencia utilizada por el Partido Demócrata y el Ku Klux Klan para privar de sus derechos a los afroamericanos en Mississippi, impedirles ocupar cargos públicos, poner fin a la Reconstrucción y restaurar la supremacía blanca en el estado. Sin embargo, muchos afroamericanos sirvieron en su legislatura y Mississippi fue el único estado que eligió candidatos afroamericanos al Senado de los EE. UU. durante la era de la Reconstrucción; un total de 37 afroamericanos sirvieron en el Senado y 117 en la Cámara de Representantes. [57] [58]

Vicegobernador de Mississippi

Secretario de Estado de Mississippi

Composición fotográfica de legisladores del estado de Mississippi en 1874, realizada por E. von Seutter

Senado del estado de Mississippi

Cámara de Representantes de Mississippi

Convención Constitucional de Mississippi

Otras oficinas estatales

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Misuri

Cargos federales

Nebraska

Cámara de Representantes de Nebraska

Nueva York

Oficinas locales

Carolina del Norte

Senado de Carolina del Norte

Cámara de Representantes de Carolina del Norte

Convención Constitucional de Carolina del Norte

Oficinas federales

Ohio

Senado de Ohio

Cámara de Representantes de Ohio

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Oklahoma

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Pensilvania

Oficinas federales

Oficinas locales

Rhode Island

Asamblea General de Rhode Island

Carolina del Sur

Durante la Reconstrucción, Carolina del Sur fue el único estado cuya legislatura estaba compuesta mayoritariamente por afroamericanos. [88] Eric Foner dice que 29 afroamericanos sirvieron en el Senado de Carolina del Sur y 210 afroamericanos sirvieron en la Cámara de Representantes de Carolina del Sur. [88] Además, 72 afroamericanos participaron en la Convención Constitucional de Carolina del Sur de 1868. Muchos otros sirvieron en varios cargos estatales o locales, desde vicegobernadores hasta jueces de paz. [88]

Vicegobernador de Carolina del Sur

Una composición de 63 " republicanos radicales " en la Legislatura de Carolina del Sur en 1868, incluidos cincuenta "negros o mulatos".

Senado de Carolina del Sur

Cámara de Representantes de Carolina del Sur

South Carolina Constitutional Convention

Other state offices

Federal offices

Local offices

Tennessee

Only one African American served in the Tennessee Legislature during the 1870s, but more than a dozen followed in the 1880s as Republicans retook the governorship.[95] They advocated for schools for African Americans, spoke against segregated public facilities, and advocated for voting rights protections.[96]

Tennessee House of Representatives

Other state offices

Other state and federal offices

Local offices

Texas

During the Reconstruction era, four African Americans won election to the Texas Senate and 32 to the Texas House of Representatives.[98]

Texas Senate

Texas House of Representatives

Texas Constitutional Convention

Federal offices

Local offices

Vermont

Local offices

Virginia

In 2012, the Virginia Senate enacted Joint Resolution No. 89, recognizing that Reconstruction in Virginia lasted from 1869 to 1890 due to Jim Crow laws; federal Reconstruction ended in 1877.[127]

Senate of Virginia

Virginia House of Delegates

Virginia Constitutional Convention

Federal offices

Local offices

Washington

Washington did not have any African American legislators during Reconstruction.[41]

Washington House of Representatives

West Virginia

West Virginia did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction.[41]

West Virginia House of Delegates

Wyoming

Wyoming did not have any African American legislators during Reconstruction.[41]

Wyoming Territorial House of Representatives

Washington, D.C.

Federal offices

House of Delegates

Local offices

See also

Notes

  1. ^ He was expelled from the Constitutional Convention by moderate Republicans because of his British citizenship.
  2. ^ Expelled from office
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Blocked from office by racial state legislation during 1868 and 1869. After an 1869 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, they were reseated in January 1870.
  4. ^ Turner may not have served as postmaster according to the U.S. Postal Service.
  5. ^ When he became Louisiana's Lieutenant Governor, Oscar James Dunn was the first African American elected to a state-level position in the United States.
  6. ^ Pierre Caliste Landry was the first elected African American mayor in the United States.
  7. ^ a b c d e f All-African American towns that existed in the Indian Territory in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but no longer exist today, include Lee, Lincoln, Udora, and Wellington. For more information, refer to "All-Black Towns" in The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
  8. ^ Gleaves was elected to a third term as Lt. Governor in 1876 but the Democrats forced him to withdraw.
  9. ^ Lomax was elected to the South Carolina House in 1869 but died in January 1870 before the legislature convened.
  10. ^ a b c d Assassinated by the Ku-Klux Klan, according to H. A. Wallace.
  11. ^ Wright was the first African American to occupy a judicial position in the United States.
  12. ^ Murdered during a white mob attack on February 22, 1898.
  13. ^ Smalls lost this position in 1913 when newly installed President Woodrow Wilson segregated federal offices.
  14. ^ Allen was the first African American elected to a municipal judgeship in the United States.
  15. ^ Bouey was elected county sheriff in 1876 but was not granted the position.
  16. ^ Whipper was elected by the legislature a Circuit Court Judge but Governor Chamberlain refused to commission him.
  17. ^ Unseated after being sworn into office.
  18. ^ The next African American to serve in Wyoming's legislature was Liz Byrd who served in Wyoming's House and a few years later to the Wyoming Senate.
  19. ^ William E. Matthews was the first African American to receive an appointment in the United States Postal Service.

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