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San Antonio

San Antonio ( / ˌsænænˈtoʊnioʊ / SANan - TOH -nee-oh ; en español, «San Antonio»), oficialmente la ciudad de San Antonio, es una ciudad en el estado estadounidense de Texas y la ciudad más poblada del Gran San Antonio , la tercera área metropolitana más grande de Texas y la 24.ª área metropolitana más grande de los Estados Unidos con 2,6 millones de personas en el censo de EE. UU . de 2020. [12] Es la ciudad más poblada y la sede del condado de Bexar . La ciudad es la séptima más poblada de los Estados Unidos, la segunda más grande del sur de los Estados Unidos , [13] y la segunda más poblada de Texas después de Houston . [9]

Fundada como misión española y puesto de avanzada colonial en 1718, la ciudad se convirtió en 1731 en el primer asentamiento civil autorizado en lo que hoy es Texas. El área era entonces parte del Imperio español . De 1821 a 1836, fue parte de la República Mexicana . Es el municipio más antiguo de Texas, habiendo celebrado su 300 aniversario el 1 de mayo de 2018. [14] [15] [16]

San Antonio, que se encuentra a caballo entre la división regional entre el sur y el centro de Texas , se encuentra en el extremo sudoeste de una megaregión urbana conocida coloquialmente como el Triángulo de Texas . El centro de Austin y el centro de San Antonio están a aproximadamente 80 millas (129 km) de distancia, y ambos se encuentran a lo largo del corredor de la Interestatal 35. Esta región metropolitana combinada de San Antonio y Austin tiene aproximadamente 5 millones de personas. [17]

San Antonio recibió su nombre de una expedición española de 1691 en honor al sacerdote portugués San Antonio de Padua , cuya festividad se celebra el 13 de junio. [18] [19] La ciudad contiene cinco misiones fronterizas españolas del siglo XVIII, entre ellas El Álamo y el Parque Histórico Nacional de las Misiones de San Antonio . En conjunto, fueron designados como sitios Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO en 2015. [20] Otras atracciones notables incluyen el Paseo del Río , la Torre de las Américas , SeaWorld San Antonio , el Alamo Bowl y Marriage Island . El entretenimiento comercial incluye los parques de atracciones Six Flags Fiesta Texas y Morgan's Wonderland . Según la Oficina de Convenciones y Visitantes de San Antonio, la ciudad es visitada por unos 32 millones de turistas al año. Es el hogar de los San Antonio Spurs, cinco veces campeones de la Asociación Nacional de Baloncesto (NBA) . Alberga el San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo anual , uno de los eventos de este tipo más grandes de los EE. UU .

Las Fuerzas Armadas de los EE. UU. tienen numerosas instalaciones en San Antonio y sus alrededores; [21] [22] [23] Fort Sam Houston , que tiene el Brooke Army Medical Center en su interior, es el único dentro de los límites de la ciudad. La Base de la Fuerza Aérea Lackland , la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Randolph , la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Kelly , Camp Bullis y Camp Stanley están fuera de los límites de la ciudad. San Antonio es el hogar de cuatro empresas Fortune 500 y del South Texas Medical Center , el único proveedor de investigación y atención médica en la región del sur de Texas .

San Antonio es también una de las ciudades con mayor población hispana en los Estados Unidos, con un 64% de su población siendo hispana . [24]

Historia

En el momento del encuentro europeo, el pueblo Payaya vivía cerca del valle del río San Antonio , en la zona de San Pedro Springs . Llamaban a la zona Yanaguana , que significa "aguas refrescantes". En 1691, un grupo de exploradores y misioneros españoles llegó al río y al asentamiento Payaya el 13 de junio, el día de la festividad de San Antonio de Padua . [18] Llamaron al lugar y al río "San Antonio" en su honor. [25]

Afiliaciones históricas

Pasaron años antes de que se produjera cualquier asentamiento español. El padre Antonio de Olivares visitó el sitio en 1709 y estaba decidido a fundar una misión y un asentamiento civil allí. El virrey dio su aprobación formal para una misión y un presidio combinados a fines de 1716, ya que quería prevenir cualquier expansión francesa en el área desde su colonia de La Louisiane al este, así como prevenir el comercio ilegal con los payayas. Ordenó a Martín de Alarcón , gobernador de Coahuila y Tejas , que estableciera el complejo de la misión. Las diferencias entre Alarcón y Olivares resultaron en demoras y la construcción no comenzó hasta 1718. [26] Olivares construyó, con la ayuda de los payayas y los pastia , la Misión de San Antonio de Valero (El Álamo) , el Presidio San Antonio de Béjar , el puente que conectaba ambos y la Acequia Madre de Valero . [5]

Las familias que se agruparon en torno al presidio y la misión fueron el inicio de la Villa de Béjar, destinada a convertirse en la ciudad más importante del Texas español . [27] El 1 de mayo, el gobernador transfirió la propiedad de la Misión San Antonio de Valero (más tarde famosa como El Álamo) a Fray Antonio de Olivares. [5] El 5 de mayo de 1718, encargó el Presidio San Antonio de Béxar ("Béjar" en la ortografía española moderna) en el lado oeste del río San Antonio, a un cuarto de legua de la misión. [26]

El 14 de febrero de 1719, el marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo propuso al rey de España que se transportaran 400 familias desde las Islas Canarias , Galicia o La Habana para poblar la provincia de Texas. Su plan fue aprobado y se notificó a los canarios ( isleños ) que proporcionaran 200 familias; el Consejo de Indias sugirió que se enviaran 400 familias desde Canarias a Texas pasando por La Habana y Veracruz . En junio de 1730, 25 familias habían llegado a Cuba y 10 familias habían sido enviadas a Veracruz antes de que llegaran órdenes de España de detener el reasentamiento. [28]

Bajo el liderazgo de Juan Leal Goraz , el grupo marchó por tierra desde Veracruz hasta el Presidio de San Antonio de Béxar, donde llegaron el 9 de marzo de 1731. Debido a los matrimonios en el camino, el grupo ahora incluía 15 familias, un total de 56 personas. Se unieron a la comunidad militar establecida en 1718. Los inmigrantes formaron el núcleo de la villa de San Fernando de Béxar, el primer gobierno civil organizado regularmente en Texas. Varias familias más antiguas de San Antonio trazan su descendencia de los colonos de las Islas Canarias. María Rosa Padrón fue la primera bebé nacida de ascendencia canaria en San Antonio. [28]

San Antonio fue parte del Virreinato español de Nueva España .

Durante la colonización hispano-mexicana de las tierras del suroeste, que tuvo lugar durante el siglo siguiente, Juan Leal Goraz Jr. fue una figura destacada. Reclamó casi 100.000 millas cuadradas (153.766 acres) como territorio español y mantuvo cierto control durante casi tres décadas; esta área se extendía por seis estados actuales. San Antonio fue designada como la capital de Leal Goraz. Representaba la expansión mexicana en el área. Con sus robustas fuerzas militares, dirigió la exploración y el establecimiento de bases coloniales españolas hasta San Francisco, California . La bancarrota generalizada obligó al ejército de Leal Goraz Jr. a regresar a los límites actuales de México; cayeron en un conflicto interno y agitación con las entidades vecinas.

San Antonio se convirtió en el asentamiento español más grande de Texas; fue designado como la capital de la provincia española, más tarde mexicana, de Tejas . Desde San Antonio, se construyó el Camino Real (hoy Nacogdoches Road), hasta la pequeña ciudad fronteriza de Nacogdoches . México permitió que los colonos europeos estadounidenses ingresaran al territorio; en su mayoría ocuparon tierras en la parte oriental. En 1835, cuando Antonio López de Santa Anna abolió unilateralmente la Constitución mexicana de 1824 , se produjo violencia en muchos estados de México , lo que dio lugar a muchas repúblicas independientes de corta duración. [29] Esto, además de la abolición de la esclavitud en México y las diferencias culturales entre los texanos y los mexicanos, condujo a la Revolución de Texas . [30] [31]

En una serie de batallas, el ejército texano logró expulsar a los soldados mexicanos de las áreas de asentamiento al este de San Antonio, que estaban dominadas por los estadounidenses. Bajo el liderazgo de Ben Milam , en la batalla de Bexar , en diciembre de 1835, las fuerzas texanas capturaron San Antonio de las fuerzas comandadas por el general Martin Perfecto de Cos , cuñado de Santa Anna. En la primavera de 1836, Santa Anna marchó sobre San Antonio. Una fuerza de voluntarios bajo el mando de James C. Neill ocupó y fortificó la desierta misión de El Álamo. [32]

Tras su partida, el mando conjunto de William Barrett Travis y James Bowie quedó a cargo de la defensa de la antigua misión. La Batalla de El Álamo tuvo lugar del 23 de febrero al 6 de marzo de 1836. La fuerza texana, que estaba en inferioridad numérica, fue finalmente derrotada y todos los defensores de El Álamo murieron. Estos hombres fueron vistos como "mártires" de la causa de la libertad de Texas y "Recuerden El Álamo" se convirtió en un grito de guerra en el éxito final del ejército texano al derrotar al ejército de Santa Anna. [32]

Juan Seguín , quien organizó la compañía de patriotas tejanos , que lucharon por la independencia de Texas, luchó en la Batalla de Concepción , el Sitio de Béjar y la Batalla de San Jacinto , y sirvió como alcalde de San Antonio. Fue obligado a dejar el cargo debido a amenazas de muerte por parte de recién llegados sectarios y oponentes políticos en 1842, convirtiéndose en el último alcalde tejano durante casi 150 años. [33]

Litografía de San Antonio en 1886

En 1845, Estados Unidos finalmente decidió anexar Texas e incluirlo como un estado en la Unión. Esto condujo a la Guerra México-Estadounidense . Aunque Estados Unidos finalmente ganó, la guerra fue devastadora para San Antonio. Al final, la población de la ciudad se había reducido en casi dos tercios, a 800 habitantes. [34] Con el apoyo de migrantes e inmigrantes, en 1860, al comienzo de la Guerra Civil estadounidense , San Antonio había crecido hasta convertirse en una ciudad de 15.000 personas.

En la década de 1850, Frederick Law Olmsted , el arquitecto paisajista que diseñó el Central Park de la ciudad de Nueva York, viajó por todo el sur y el suroeste de Estados Unidos y publicó relatos de sus observaciones. En su libro de 1859 sobre Texas, Olmsted describió a San Antonio como una ciudad que tenía una "mezcla de razas, costumbres, idiomas y edificios", lo que le daba una calidad con la que solo Nueva Orleans podía rivalizar en lo que describió como "extranjería extraña y anticuada". [35] [36] Después de la Guerra Civil, San Antonio prosperó como centro de la industria ganadera. Durante este período, siguió siendo una ciudad fronteriza, con una mezcla de culturas que era diferente de otras ciudades de Estados Unidos.

Los inmigrantes alemanes fundaron pueblos más pequeños en los alrededores, como New Braunfels , Castroville , Boerne , Comfort , Fredericksburg y Bulverde , todos ellos pueblos alejados de San Antonio. Sin embargo, los alemanes se sintieron atraídos a San Antonio en busca de trabajo, y muchos edificios y calles todavía llevan nombres alemanes como Wurzbach, Huebner y Jones Maltsberger y Wiederstein. El impacto alemán en San Antonio fue grande; a principios del siglo XX se estima que al menos 1/3 de San Antonio era étnicamente alemán. Muchos descendientes de inmigrantes alemanes en San Antonio hablaban alemán de Texas hasta la quinta o sexta generación. El alemán de Texas es un dialecto del alemán que evolucionó cuando el idioma alemán se separó de Alemania. El alemán de Texas se describe mejor como un dialecto alemán anglicanizado con un acento texano. Muchas generaciones anteriores en New Braunfels y Fredericksburg todavía hablan alemán de Texas hasta el día de hoy. [37]

En 1877, después de la Era de la Reconstrucción , los desarrolladores construyeron el primer ferrocarril a San Antonio, conectándolo con los principales mercados y ciudades portuarias. Texas fue el primer estado en tener ciudades importantes desarrolladas por ferrocarriles en lugar de vías fluviales. [ cita requerida ] En Texas, los ferrocarriles apoyaron un patrón marcadamente diferente de desarrollo de las principales ciudades del interior, como San Antonio, Dallas y Fort Worth , en comparación con el desarrollo histórico de las ciudades portuarias costeras en los estados establecidos del este.

A principios del siglo XX, las calles del centro de la ciudad se ensancharon para dar cabida a los tranvías y al tráfico moderno. En ese momento, muchos de los edificios históricos más antiguos fueron demolidos en el proceso de modernización. [38]

Desde finales del siglo XX, San Antonio ha tenido un crecimiento poblacional constante . La población de la ciudad casi se ha duplicado en 35 años, de poco más de 650.000 en el censo de 1970 a aproximadamente 1,2 millones en 2005, tanto por el crecimiento de la población como por la anexión de tierras (esta última ha ampliado considerablemente el área física de la ciudad). [39] En 1990, la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos informó que la población de San Antonio era 55,6% hispana o latina, 7,0% negra o afroamericana y 36,2% blanca no hispana. [40]

El Parque Histórico Nacional de las Misiones de San Antonio y El Álamo se convirtieron en sitios de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO en 2015 y la ciudad fue designada "Ciudad de la Creatividad para la Gastronomía" por la UNESCO en 2017, una de las 26 ciudades creativas gastronómicas del mundo. [20]

Con el aumento de empleos profesionales, San Antonio se ha convertido en un destino para muchas personas con educación universitaria, incluidos más recientemente los afroamericanos en una Gran Migración inversa desde las áreas del norte y el oeste. [41] [42]

Más de 31.000 migrantes que solicitaron asilo fueron liberados por la Patrulla Fronteriza en la ciudad en 2019 durante la Emergencia Nacional en la Frontera Sur de los Estados Unidos . [43]

Geografía

Imagen satelital de San Antonio tomada por Sentinel-2 de la ESA

San Antonio se encuentra aproximadamente a 121 km al suroeste de su ciudad vecina, Austin , la capital del estado , a 240 km de la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos , a 310 km al oeste de Houston y a 400 km al sur del área de Dallas-Fort Worth . La ciudad tiene una superficie total de 1205,4 km² ; 1193,8 km² de la superficie total de San Antonio es tierra y 11,7 km² es agua. [44] El terreno suavemente ondulado de la ciudad está salpicado de robles, tierras boscosas, mezquites y cactus. La región montañosa de Texas se extiende hasta las partes más al norte de la ciudad. San Antonio se asienta sobre la escarpa de Balcones . Su altitud es de aproximadamente 662 pies (202 m) sobre el nivel del mar . [45]

La principal fuente de agua potable de la ciudad es el acuífero Edwards . [46] Embalsados ​​en 1962 y 1969, respectivamente, el lago Victor Braunig y el lago Calaveras estuvieron entre los primeros embalses de los Estados Unidos construidos para utilizar aguas residuales tratadas recicladas para la refrigeración de plantas de energía , reduciendo la cantidad de agua subterránea necesaria para la generación eléctrica . [47]

Barrios

Centro

El centro de San Antonio, el núcleo urbano de la ciudad y el área metropolitana, abarca muchas de las estructuras, atracciones y negocios más famosos de la ciudad. Se entiende generalmente que el distrito comercial central cubre la mitad norte del "Downtown Loop", el área delimitada por Cesar Chavez al sur. Debido al tamaño de la ciudad y su desarrollo horizontal, el centro representa menos de la mitad del uno por ciento del área geográfica de San Antonio. [48] El Strip (al norte del centro) alberga una concentración de clubes y bares que atienden a la comunidad LGBT . [49]

Centro Norte

North Central alberga varios enclaves y vecindarios de lujo, entre los que se incluyen Castle Hills , Shavano Park, Hollywood Park , Elm Creek, Inwood , Stone Oak y Rogers Ranch. La zona también alberga vecindarios de clase media alta (Deerfield, Churchill Estates, Hunter's Creek, Oak Meadow y Summerfield).

Lado noroeste

Northwest Side es la ubicación del campus principal de la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio , el Centro de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio y el Campus Noroeste de la Universidad del Verbo Encarnado , que incluye la Escuela de Optometría Rosenberg. El Distrito del Centro Médico también se encuentra en Northwest Side. Entre las empresas con sede en el área se incluyen Valero y NuStar Energy .

Lado sur

La zona del South Side de San Antonio se caracteriza por sus barrios predominantemente latinos e hispanos , con un promedio superior al 81 por ciento. [50] El South Side experimentó un gran crecimiento cuando Toyota construyó una planta de fabricación . Palo Alto College y Texas A&M University–San Antonio se encuentran en la zona.

Lado este

El East Side de San Antonio es el hogar del San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo , el Frost Bank Center y el Freeman Coliseum . Esta zona tiene la mayor concentración de residentes negros y afroamericanos . [51]

Lado oeste

El West Side es predominantemente hispano/latinoamericano y de clase trabajadora, con focos de riqueza en el noroeste y el extremo oeste. Los afroamericanos también se encuentran en partes del West Side de San Antonio. [52] El West Side ha sufrido una gentrificación a partir de 2019. [53] Incluye los diversos vecindarios de Avenida Guadalupe, Collins Garden, Las Palmas, Prospect Hill, Rainbow Hills (Marbach), San Juan Gardens, Loma Park, Loma Vista, Memorial Heights y Westwood. También alberga la histórica Universidad Our Lady of the Lake y la Universidad St. Mary's .

El horizonte de San Antonio (2013)

Flora y fauna

La vegetación natural en el área de San Antonio (donde no se ve afectada por el desarrollo) incluye bosques de robles y cedros, sabanas de robles, chaparrales y bosques riparios (arroyos). San Antonio se encuentra en el límite más occidental tanto para el palmito repollo ( Sabal palmetto ) como para el musgo español .

La termita subterránea oriental nativa ( Reticulitermes flavipes ) es una plaga estructural común aquí. [54] La termita de Formosa ( Coptotermes formosanus ) es una plaga invasora originaria del Lejano Oriente . [55] [56] Los investigadores de la Universidad Texas A&M la consideran económicamente devastadora. [55]

Clima

San Antonio tiene un clima subtropical húmedo de transición ( Köppen : Cfa ) que limita con un clima semiárido cálido ( clasificación climática de Köppen : BSh ) hacia el oeste de la ciudad [57] [58] [59] con veranos muy calurosos, largos y húmedos e inviernos templados a frescos. El área está sujeta a frentes fríos descendentes del norte en el invierno con noches frescas a frías, y es cálida y lluviosa en la primavera y el otoño. San Antonio se encuentra en las zonas de resistencia del USDA 8b (15 °F a 20 °F) y 9a (20 °F a 25 °F). [60]

San Antonio recibe alrededor de una docena de noches bajo cero cada año, y normalmente se ve nieve, aguanieve o lluvia helada aproximadamente una vez cada dos o tres inviernos, pero la acumulación y la nieve en sí son muy raras. Los inviernos pueden pasar sin ninguna precipitación congelada y puede pasar hasta una década entre nevadas. Según el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional , ha habido 32 casos de nevadas (un rastro o más) en la ciudad en los últimos 122 años, aproximadamente una vez cada cuatro años. Antes de 2021, la nieve se vio por última vez el 7 de diciembre de 2017, cuando 1,9 pulgadas (4,8 cm) de nieve cubrieron la ciudad. [61] El 13 de enero de 1985, San Antonio recibió una nevada récord de 16 pulgadas (41 cm). [62] [63] Durante la tormenta invernal norteamericana del 13 al 17 de febrero de 2021 , San Antonio estuvo cubierta con 4 a 6 pulgadas (10 a 15 cm) de nieve. El aire frío que acompañó a esta tormenta provocó apagones masivos y continuos en toda la ciudad hasta el día 18. La tormenta invernal norteamericana del 15 al 20 de febrero de 2021 dejó caer entre 2,5 y 5 cm (1 y 2 pulgadas) más sobre la ciudad el día 16.

San Antonio y New Braunfels , a 64 km al noreste, son algunas de las regiones más propensas a inundaciones en América del Norte. [64] Las inundaciones de octubre de 1998 en el centro de Texas estuvieron entre las inundaciones más costosas en la historia de los Estados Unidos, y provocaron daños por valor de 750 millones de dólares y 32 muertes. En 2002, del 30 de junio al 7 de julio, cayeron 890 mm de lluvia en la zona de San Antonio, lo que provocó inundaciones generalizadas y 12 muertes. [65]

Se han registrado tornados dentro de los límites de la ciudad en febrero de 2017, aunque rara vez ocurren. [66] Un tornado F2 toca tierra a 80 km (50 mi) de la ciudad en promedio una vez cada cinco años. San Antonio ha experimentado dos tornados F4, uno en 1953 y otro en 1973. El tornado de 1953 resultó en dos muertes y 15 heridos. [67]

En San Antonio, julio y agosto son los meses más cálidos, con una temperatura máxima promedio de 35 °C (95 °F). La temperatura más alta jamás registrada fue de 44 °C (111 °F) el 5 de septiembre de 2000. [68] El mes más frío es enero. La temperatura más baja jamás registrada fue de -18 °C (0 °F) el 31 de enero de 1949. [68] Mayo, junio y octubre tienen bastante precipitación. Desde que se empezaron a llevar registros en 1871, la precipitación anual promedio ha sido de 737 mm (29,03 pulgadas), con un máximo de 1328 mm (52,28 pulgadas) y un mínimo de 256,8 mm (10,11 pulgadas) en un año. [69]

Ver o editar datos gráficos sin procesar.

Demografía

Mapa de distribución racial en San Antonio, censo de EE. UU. de 2010. Cada punto representa 25 personas: Blanco  Negro  asiático  hispano  Otro

El censo de 2020 de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. determinó que San Antonio tenía una población de 1.434.625 residentes en 2020. En 2019, la Encuesta sobre la comunidad estadounidense estimó que San Antonio tenía una composición racial de 88,4% blancos, 6,6% negros y afroamericanos, 0,2% indígenas estadounidenses y nativos de Alaska, 2,8% asiáticos, 0,1% nativos hawaianos y otras islas del Pacífico, 0,2% alguna otra raza y 1,7% dos o más razas. Étnicamente, el 64,5% eran hispanos o latinoamericanos de cualquier raza. [76] En 2020, su composición racial y étnica era 23,4% blancos no hispanos, 63,9% hispanos o latinoamericanos de cualquier raza, 6,5% negros y afroamericanos, 3,2% asiáticos y 2,3% multirraciales o alguna otra raza.

Según el censo de EE. UU. de 2010 , 1.327.407 personas residían en la ciudad de San Antonio, un aumento del 16,0 % desde el año 2000. La composición racial de la ciudad según el censo de EE. UU. de 2010 es la siguiente: 72,6 % blancos ( blancos no hispanos : 26,6 %), 6,9 % negros o afroamericanos , 0,9 % nativos americanos , 2,4 % asiáticos , 0,1 % nativos hawaianos o isleños del Pacífico , 3,4 % de dos o más razas y 13,7 % de otras razas . Además, el 63,2 % de la población de la ciudad era de origen hispano o latino , de cualquier raza. [75] Según el censo de EE. UU. de 2000 , la ciudad propiamente dicha tenía una población de 1.144.646, [77] lo que la sitúa como la novena ciudad más poblada del país. San Antonio tiene un costo de vida relativamente más bajo en comparación con la mayoría de las ciudades de Texas y de los EE. UU. y un fuerte mercado laboral. [78] Sin embargo, debido a la baja densidad de San Antonio y a su población suburbana relativamente pequeña, el área metropolitana ocupó el puesto 30 en los Estados Unidos, con una población de 1.592.383 en 2000. [79] San Antonio tiene una gran población hispana con una importante población afroamericana. [79]

La estimación del censo de EE. UU. de 2011 para el área metropolitana de ocho condados de San Antonio-New Braunfels situó su población en 2.194.927. [80] La estimación de 2017 para el Gran San Antonio fue de 2.473.974, lo que la convierte en la tercera área metropolitana más poblada de Texas (después del área metropolitana de Dallas-Fort Worth y el Gran Houston ) y la 24.ª área metropolitana más poblada de los EE. UU. [12]

En San Antonio residían aproximadamente 405.474 hogares y 280.993 familias. La densidad de población en 2010 era de 2.808,5 personas por milla cuadrada (1.084,4 personas/km² ) . Había 433.122 unidades de vivienda con una densidad media de 1.062,7 por milla cuadrada (410,3/km² ) . La edad de la población de la ciudad se distribuía en un 28,5% de menores de 18 años, un 10,8% de 18 a 24 años, un 30,8% de 25 a 44 años, un 19,4% de 45 a 64 años y un 10,4% de 65 años o más. La edad media era de 32 años. En San Antonio, el 48% de la población eran hombres y el 52% de la población eran mujeres. Por cada 100 mujeres, había 93,5 hombres. Por cada 100 mujeres de 18 años o más, había 89,7 hombres.

En la Encuesta sobre la Comunidad Estadounidense de 2019, había 512 273 hogares y 319 673 familias. [81] El tamaño promedio de los hogares era de 2,98 y el tamaño promedio de las familias era de 3,83. De la población local, [82] 201 960 eran hogares de parejas casadas y 172 741 eran hogares de mujeres sin cónyuge o pareja presente. Se estima que 85 462 hogares estaban compuestos por una sola persona. Aproximadamente 218 249 residentes en San Antonio eran residentes nacidos en el extranjero. Por cada 100 mujeres, San Antonio tenía 97,1 hombres. [76]

En el censo de EE. UU. de 2010, el ingreso medio de San Antonio para un hogar era de $36,214 y el ingreso medio para una familia era de $53,100. Los hombres tienen un ingreso medio de $30,061 frente a $24,444 para las mujeres. El ingreso per cápita de la ciudad es de $17,487. Aproximadamente el 17,3% de la población y el 14,0% de las familias están por debajo del umbral de pobreza . Del total de la población, el 24,3% de los menores de 18 años y el 13,5% de los mayores de 65 años vivían por debajo del umbral de pobreza. [83] En 2019, los hogares tenían un ingreso medio de $53,571 y un ingreso medio de $72,587. [84] Se estima que el 16,8% de la población vivía en el umbral de pobreza o por debajo de él. [85] La ciudad de San Antonio y su metrópoli fueron calificadas como las más pobres en 2019. [86] [87] [88]

Un estudio de Gallup en 2015 determinó que el 4% de la ciudad y el área metropolitana de San Antonio se identificaron como lesbianas, gays, bisexuales o transgénero . [89] En 2016, San Antonio obtuvo una puntuación de 90 sobre 100 en su tratamiento de la comunidad LGBT. [90]

Religión

La Catedral de San Fernando es la sede de la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de San Antonio.

La población del Gran San Antonio es predominantemente cristiana . Debido en parte a la herencia española y mexicana de San Antonio , el catolicismo romano es el grupo religioso más grande de la región. [91] [92] Además, el trabajo misionero estadounidense y la inmigración a Texas también han dado como resultado una población protestante sustancial. [93]

La población católica constituye el grupo cristiano más grande de la ciudad y del área metropolitana de San Antonio. [92] Los católicos de San Antonio son atendidos principalmente por la Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de San Antonio . La Arquidiócesis Católica Romana de San Antonio de la Iglesia latina se estableció el 27 de agosto de 1784, bajo la entonces Diócesis de Galveston . [94] Fue elevada a la categoría de arquidiócesis en 1926.

Según BestPlaces de Sperling en 2020, el segundo grupo cristiano más grande eran los bautistas . Las denominaciones cristianas bautistas más grandes dentro de San Antonio y su área metropolitana fueron la Convención General Bautista de Texas , [95] la Convención Bautista del Sur , [96] y la Comunidad Bautista Cooperativa . [97] Los metodistas formaron el segundo grupo protestante más grande y el tercer grupo cristiano más grande del área. La Iglesia Metodista Unida fue la denominación metodista más destacada. [98] De 2017 a 2020, el pentecostalismo superó al luteranismo y empató con la Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días como el cuarto grupo cristiano más grande. Una importante iglesia liderada predominantemente por afroamericanos es Denver Heights , afiliada a la Iglesia de Dios en Cristo .

After Lutherans, Presbyterians were the next largest Christian denomination, followed by Episcopalian or Anglicans, and Christians of other traditions including the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodoxy. The Eastern Orthodox communities are divided between the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America,[99] the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America,[100] the Orthodox Church in America,[101] and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.[102] Episcopalians and Anglicans primarily are served by the Episcopal Church in the United States and the Anglican Church in North America.[103][104] Churches affiliated with the Episcopal Church form the Episcopal Diocese of West Texas. Overall, the Protestant demographic was predominantly Evangelical as of 2020.

Islam is the second largest religion in the Greater San Antonio area.[92] Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism also have a significant presence in San Antonio.[105] An estimated 0.3% of the area's population identified with Judaism according to Sperling's BestPlaces and at least 10,000 Jews live in the city.[106] The San Antonio Jewish community began not long after the independence of the Republic of Texas.[107] The oldest synagogue in South Texas (Temple Beth-El) is located in the city limits and located near San Antonio College.[108][109]

Crime

San Antonio police officers

Crime in San Antonio began to rise in the early 1980s, similar to many urban areas in the US. In 1983 San Antonio had the tenth highest homicide rate in Texas with 18.5 homicides per 100,000 residents.[110] The number of juveniles arrested in San Antonio for violent crimes tripled between 1987 and 1994, according to the Texas Law Enforcement Management and Administration Statistics Program. The number of youths arrested for unlawfully carrying firearms doubled over the same period.

In 1993, San Antonio earned the nickname the "Drive-By City" after the San Antonio Police Department recorded over 1,200 drive-by shootings, or an average of about 3.5 per day, which overshadowed the number in other Texas cities. A majority of the violence occurred on the east and west sides of the city, especially in areas with high poverty rates. Gang violence led to the deaths of their members and sometimes innocent bystanders, and housing projects such as the Alazán-Apache Courts served as hubs for various groups, which sometimes included rival gangs.[111] By the end of 1993 the city hit a peak in homicides with 230 killings, the highest since 1991 when 211 were killed.[112]

In 2016, the number of murders hit 151, the highest toll in 20 years. A majority of the San Antonio homicide victims were Hispanic and African American men between ages 18 and 29. According to a study, 40% of the killings were either drug-related or domestic incidents.[113][114] In 2020, San Antonio ranked the fourth U.S. city with the biggest increase in homicides.[115] From January–June 2020, there were 71 homicides according to the San Antonio Police Department. In 2019, there were 53 reported homicides in contrast. A total of 105 homicides occurred in 2019 in the city. According to The Wall Street Journal, homicide rates were relatively low compared to previous decades.[116]

Economy

San Antonio has a diversified economy with a gross domestic product (GDP) of approximately $121 billion in 2018.[117] San Antonio's economy focuses primarily on military, health care, government–civil service, professional and business services,[118] oil and gas, and tourism. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city has become a significant location for American-based call centers and has added a sizable manufacturing sector centered around automobiles.[119][120] The city also has a growing technology sector.[121] Located about 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Downtown is the South Texas Medical Center, a conglomerate of various hospitals, clinics, and research (see Southwest Research Institute and Texas Biomedical Research Institute) and higher educational institutions.[122]

Over twenty million tourists visit the city and its attractions every year, contributing substantially to its economy, primarily due to The Alamo and the River Walk.[123] The Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center alone hosts over 300 events annually with more than 750,000 convention delegates from around the world. Tourism provided over 130,000 jobs, and it had an economic impact of $13.6 billion in the local economy according to information gathered in 2017.[124] The city of San Antonio received $195 million in the same year from the hospitality industry, with revenues from hotel occupancy tax, sales taxes and others.

Headquarters of Valero Energy Corporation

San Antonio is the headquarters of two Fortune 500 companies: Valero Energy and USAA. iHeartMedia had been on the list but fell off,[125] and NuStar Energy was also on the list until it was purchased by Sunoco LP in 2024. H-E-B, the 5th-largest private company in the U.S.,[126] is also headquartered in San Antonio.

Other companies headquartered in the city include Bill Miller Bar-B-Q Enterprises, Carenet Health, Security Service Federal Credit Union, Visionworks of America, Frost Bank, Harte-Hanks, Kinetic Concepts, SWBC, NewTek, Rackspace, Pabst Brewing Company, Taco Cabana, Broadway Bank, Zachry Holdings/Zachry Construction Company, Randolph-Brooks Federal Credit Union, SAS, Globalscape, and Whataburger. The North American Development Bank, a development finance institution jointly held by the governments of the U.S. and Mexico, is headquartered in San Antonio as well. Other notable companies that maintain sizable presences in the city include Hulu,[127][128] OCI,[129] Capital Group, CGI,[130][131] Kaco New Energy,[132][133] Marathon Petroleum,[134] Silver Spring Networks,[135][136] Toyota,[137] Argo Group,[138] EOG Resources, Microsoft,[139] Cogeco Peer1,[140] Wells Fargo, Citi Bank,[141] and Boeing.[142] In December 2020, Amazon announced plans to for three new facilities in San Antonio.[143][144]

San Antonio has lost several major company headquarters, the largest being the 2008 move of AT&T Inc. to Dallas "to better serve customers and expand business in the future."[145] In 2019, Andeavor (Formerly Tesoro) was acquired by Marathon Petroleum; this merger eliminated the company and the headquarters was moved to Findlay, Ohio.[146] In 1997, Titan Holdings and USLD Communications had sold their operations to larger companies. After a Los Angeles buyout specialist purchased Builders Square, the company's operations were moved out of San Antonio.[147]

The city is home to one of the largest concentrations of military bases in the U.S., and has been nicknamed "Military City, USA". The city is home to several active military installations: Lackland Air Force Base, Brooke Army Medical Center, Randolph Air Force Base, and Fort Sam Houston.[23][148]

San Antonio and Mexico share strong economic ties and engage in important exchanges to the benefit of their business communities. To better strengthen these business and cultural ties, the City of San Antonio opened Casa San Antonio to act as the city's trade and cultural office in Mexico. [149]

The Formosan Termite (Formosan subterranean termite, FST, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki) causes economic devastation here due to the structural damage it causes.[55][56] It is an invasive pest originally from the Far East.[55][56] First found in the state in 1957, it has spread into the greater San Antonio area, and created a problem for the region's pecan orchards.[150]

Arts and culture

The River Walk with the Tower of the Americas in the background

San Antonio is a popular tourist destination. The Alamo Mission in San Antonio ("The Alamo"), located in Downtown, is Texas' top tourist attraction. Because of the mission, San Antonio is often called "Alamo City".[151]

The River Walk, which meanders through the Downtown area, is the city's second-most-visited attraction, giving it the additional nickname of "River City". Extended by an additional 13 miles (21 km) between 2009 and 2013, the landscaped walking and bike path line the San Antonio River from the "Museum Reach" beginning in Brackenridge Park through downtown, "Downtown Reach", past the Blue Star's "Eagleland" to the "Mission Reach" ending near Loop 410 South past Mission Espada.[152]

Lined with numerous shops, bars, and restaurants, as well as the Arneson River Theater, this attraction is transformed into a festival of lights during the Christmas and New Year holiday period (except for the Mission Reach), and is suffused with the local sounds of folklorico and flamenco music during the summer, particularly during celebrations such as the Fiesta Noche del Rio.

The Downtown area also features San Fernando Cathedral, The Majestic Theatre, Hemisfair (home of the Tower of the Americas, and UTSA's Institute of Texan Cultures), La Villita, Market Square, the Spanish Governor's Palace, and the historic Menger Hotel. The Fairmount Hotel, built in 1906 and San Antonio's second oldest hotel, is in the Guinness World Records as one of the heaviest buildings ever moved intact.[153] It was placed in its new location, three blocks south of the Alamo, over four days in 1985, and cost $650,000 to move.

SeaWorld, 16 miles (26 km) west of Downtown in the city's Westover Hills district, is one of the largest marine life parks in the world. The San Antonio Zoo is in Brackenridge Park. The British company Merlin Entertainments developed an aquarium attraction and indoor counterpart to SeaWorld. It is inside the Shops at Rivercenter in Downtown San Antonio and is one of Merlin's Sea Life Aquariums. The San Antonio Aquarium features a number of interactive exhibits.

San Antonio is also home to several commercial amusement parks, including Six Flags Fiesta Texas and Morgan's Wonderland, a theme park for children with special needs.[154] Kiddie Park, featuring old-fashioned amusement rides for children, was established in 1925 and is the oldest children's amusement park in the U.S.[155]

Aerial view of Six Flags Fiesta Texas

San Antonio is home to the first museum of modern art in Texas, the McNay Art Museum.[156][157] Other art institutions and museums include ArtPace, Blue Star Contemporary Art Center, the Briscoe Western Art Museum, Ruby City, Buckhorn Saloon & Museum (where visitors can experience something of cowboy culture year round), San Antonio Museum of Art, formerly the Lonestar Brewery, Say Sí (mentoring San Antonio artistic youth), the Southwest School of Art, Texas Rangers Museum, Texas Transportation Museum, the Witte Museum and the DoSeum. An outdoor display at North Star Mall features 40-foot (12-meter)-tall cowboy boots.

The city's five missions, the four in the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park plus The Alamo, were named UNESCO World Heritage sites on July 5, 2015.[20] The San Antonio Missions became the 23rd U.S. site on the World Heritage list, which includes the Grand Canyon and the Statue of Liberty; it is the first site in Texas. The new Mission Reach of the River Walk was completed in 2013, and created over 15 miles (24 km) of biking, hiking, and paddling trails that connect the Missions to Downtown and the Broadway Corridor.[158]

San Antonio's Howard W. Peak Greenway Trail System is a big draw. It covers more than 82 miles (132 km) and has more than 50 trailheads.[159]

Other places of interest include the San Antonio Botanical Garden, Brackenridge Park, the Japanese Tea Gardens, and the Woodlawn Theater.

In 2015 work was authorized to begin on the restoration of the former Hot Wells hotel, spa, and bathhouses on the San Antonio River on the city's south side.[160]

Annual events

Yearly events, such as Fiesta San Antonio (the city's signature event), Luminaria (a contemporary arts festival) and Fiesta Noche del Rio, add a variety of entertainment options to the area, as well as strengthening the economy. Fiesta San Antonio alone carries an annual economic impact of $340 million.[161] The city also plays host to SAFILM-San Antonio Film Festival every summer in August.[162] About to celebrate 25 years,[when?] the film festival is the largest in South Texas.

Sports

  1. ^ 1897, 1908, 1933, 1950, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2013

Professional sports

Frost Bank Center, home of the NBA's Spurs

The city's only top-level professional sports team, and consequently the team most San Antonians follow, is the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association. Previously the Spurs played at the Alamodome (which was speculatively built in an attempt to lure a professional football team to the region), and before that the HemisFair Arena. They moved into the SBC Center in 2002 (since renamed the Frost Bank Center), built with public funds.

San Antonio is home to the Double-A San Antonio Missions, who play at Nelson Wolff Stadium and are the Minor League Baseball affiliate of the San Diego Padres.[163]

Toyota Field during the 2014 Soccer Bowl

San Antonio had a professional soccer franchise when the San Antonio Thunder played two seasons in the original NASL during the 1975–1976 seasons. Professional soccer returned with the birth of the San Antonio Scorpions of the modern NASL in 2012. The Scorpions won the 2014 Soccer Bowl, the first soccer championship in city history. On December 22, 2015, it was announced that Toyota Field and S.T.A.R. Soccer Complex were sold to the City of San Antonio and Bexar County, a deal which was accompanied by an agreement for Spurs Sports and Entertainment to operate the facilities and field a team would play in the United Soccer League Championship. San Antonio FC began play in the soccer-specific stadium, Toyota Field, in 2016, and won the 2022 league championship. As a result, the San Antonio Scorpions franchise of the NASL was shut down.

The city has played host to a number of major and minor league football teams, primarily at Alamo Stadium and the Alamodome. The San Antonio Gunslingers of the United States Football League and the San Antonio Riders of the World League of American Football played for two seasons each in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively; while the San Antonio Wings of the World Football League and the San Antonio Texans of the Canadian Football League each played a single season. In 2018, the Alliance of American Football announced that the San Antonio Commanders would play in the city beginning in 2019.[167] The Commanders opened play at the Alamodome in February 2019. San Antonio was also home to the minor-league Toros of the Texas Football League (later the Continental Football League, then Trans-American Football League) from 1966 to 1971; and the minor-league Charros of the American Football Association from 1978 to 1981. Since 2020, the San Antonio Brahmas of the UFL's XFL conference have played at the Alamodome.

The Valero Texas Open is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour held at San Antonio since 1922. It has been played at TPC San Antonio since 2010. Previous venues include the Brackenridge Park Golf Course, La Cantera Golf Club and Pecan Valley Golf Club; the latter also hosted the 1968 PGA Championship. The Alamo Ladies Classic was an LPGA Tour event held from 1960 to 1973.

The first Rising Phoenix World Championships was held at Grand Hyatt, San Antonio in 2015.

The city used to be home to the San Antonio Stars Women's National Basketball Association until the franchise was relocated in October 2017 to Las Vegas to become the Las Vegas Aces.[168]

The city used to be home to the San Antonio Rampage ice hockey team until the franchise was sold in February 2020 to the Vegas Golden Knights.[169]

College sports

The Alamodome, home of the UFL's Brahmas and the UTSA Roadrunners

The University of Texas at San Antonio fields San Antonio's NCAA Division I athletic teams, known as the UTSA Roadrunners. The teams play in the American Athletic Conference. The university added football in 2011, hiring former University of Miami coach Larry Coker as its initial head coach. Roadrunner football began play in 2011, with a record of 4–6. UTSA set attendance records for both highest attendance at an inaugural game (56,743) and highest average attendance for a first year program (35,521).[170][171] The Roadrunners moved to the Western Athletic Conference in 2012, to Conference USA in 2013, and to the American Athletic Conference in 2023.

The University of the Incarnate Word (UIW) also fields a full slate of NCAA Division I athletic teams, known as the Incarnate Word Cardinals. UIW's football team competes in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) in the Southland Conference. Since 2018, UIW's football team has won three Southland Conference championships and has made three appearances in the FCS playoffs.

Trinity University fields all the typical collegiate sports, but at the NCAA Division III level. Trinity competes in the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (SCAC). The Trinity baseball team won the 2016 Division III College World Series, one of six national team and 21 national individual championships won by the school's athletic program in the Division III era.[172] Prior to moving to Division III, Trinity was a national power in tennis, winning five USTA women's championships and one NCAA men's title between 1968 and 1976.[172] Chuck McKinley won the men's championship at Wimbledon and was a member of the winning Davis Cup team as a student at Trinity in 1963.[173]

San Antonio hosts the NCAA football Alamo Bowl each December, played among the Big XII and Pac-12 each December in the Alamodome. The city is also home of the U.S. Army All-American Bowl,[174] played annually in the Alamodome and televised live on NBC. The Bowl is an East versus West showdown featuring the nation's top 90 high school football senior players. The game has featured NFL stars Reggie Bush, Vince Young, Adrian Peterson, and many other college and NFL stars.

The University of Texas at San Antonio fields the only collegiate men's rugby team in the city. UTSA competes in Division III Texas Rugby Union.

Government

City Hall, San Antonio, Texas (postcard, c. 1906)
San Antonio City Hall

The city of San Antonio is operated under the council-manager system of government. The city is divided into 10 council districts designed to be of equal population. Each district elects one person to the city council, with the mayor elected on a citywide basis. All members of the San Antonio City Council, including the mayor, are elected to two-year terms and are limited to four terms (except for those who were in office in November 2008 and are limited to a total of two terms). Houston and Laredo have similar term limits to San Antonio. All positions are elected on nonpartisan ballots, as required by Texas law. Council members are paid $45,722 and the mayor earns $61,725 a year. The current mayor is Ron Nirenberg, who was elected in 2017 with 54.59% of the vote.[175] Nirenberg was narrowly reelected in 2019 against conservative challenger Greg Brockhouse.[176][177]

The council hires a city manager to handle day-to-day operations. The council effectively functions as the city's legislative body with the city manager acting as its chief executive, responsible for the management of day-to-day operations and execution of council legislation. The current city manager is Erik Walsh.

The city operates its own electric and gas utility, CPS Energy. The San Antonio Police Department (SAPD) is the city's municipal body of law enforcement. The San Antonio Fire Department (SAFD) provides the city with fire protection and EMS service.

The city stretches into several national congressional districts and is represented in Congress by:[178]

State and federal representation

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Parole Division Region IV headquarters in the San Antonio Metro Parole Complex. San Antonio district parole offices I and III are in the parole complex, while office II is in another location.[179]

The Texas Department of Transportation operates the San Antonio District Office in San Antonio.[180]

The United States Postal Service operates San Antonio's main post office.[181] Other post offices are located throughout San Antonio.

Politics

Growth policy

Broadway Street in Alamo Heights, an enclaved city

Unlike most large cities in the U.S., San Antonio is not completely surrounded by independent suburban cities, and under Texas state law it exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) over much of the surrounding unincorporated land,[183][184] including planning major thoroughfares and enforcing rules for platting and subdivision. It pursues an aggressive annexation policy and opposes the creation of other municipalities within its ETJ.[185] Nearly three-fourths of its land area has been annexed since 1960.[186]

In the 2000s the city annexed several long narrow corridors along major thoroughfares in outlying areas to facilitate eventual annexation of growth developing along the routes. The city planned to annex nearly 40 additional square miles by 2009.[187]

In May 2010, the City of San Antonio agreed to release thousands of acres of land in its extraterritorial jurisdiction along Interstate 10 to Schertz. The agreement releases a total of 3,486 acres (14.11 km2) of San Antonio's ETJ lands north of I-10 to Schertz. The ETJ lands are in an area bordered by FM 1518 to the west, Lower Seguin Road to the north, Cibolo Creek to the east and I-10 to the south.[188]

Involuntary annexation is a controversial issue in those parts of unincorporated Bexar County affected by it. Residents attracted to the outlying areas by lower taxes and affordable real estate values often see annexation as a mechanism to increase property tax rates (which are primarily driven by school district taxes, not city taxes) without a corresponding improvement in services such as police and fire protection, while the city regards its annexation policy as essential to its overall prosperity.[189]

Since the city has annexed areas over time, San Antonio surrounds several independent enclave cities, including Alamo Heights, Balcones Heights, Castle Hills, Hill Country Village, Hollywood Park, Kirby, Leon Valley, Olmos Park, Shavano Park, and Terrell Hills.

Education

Higher education

UTSA
The University of Texas at San Antonio

San Antonio hosts over 100,000 students in its 31 higher-education institutions. Publicly supported schools include UT Health San Antonio, the University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas A&M University–San Antonio, Troy University-San Antonio Student Support Center, and the Alamo Community College District. The University of Texas at San Antonio is San Antonio's largest university.

Trinity University

Private universities include Trinity University, St. Mary's University, Our Lady of the Lake University, University of the Incarnate Word, Webster University, Baptist University of the Américas, Hallmark University, Oblate School of Theology, ECPI University,[190] and the Southwest School of Art, which enrolled its first BFA class in 2014.[191][192] The San Antonio Public Library serves all of these institutions along with the 19 independent school districts within the Bexar County and Greater San Antonio metropolitan area.[193] San Antonio is also home to a campus of The Culinary Institute of America.[194]

The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), one of Latin America's most prestigious universities, has a campus in San Antonio.[195][196]

Primary and secondary education

The city of San Antonio is also served by the following separate independent school districts (ISDs) which each encompass elementary, middle, and high schools:[197][198]

Additionally the following school districts do not cover the San Antonio city limits but have locations which use San Antonio postal addresses:

The city is home to more than 30 private schools and charter schools. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio operates parochial Catholic schools in San Antonio. San Antonio's private and charter schools include: Keystone School, St. Gerard Catholic High School, Central Catholic Marianist High School, Incarnate Word High School, Saint Mary's Hall, The Atonement Academy, Antonian College Preparatory High School, San Antonio Academy, Holy Cross High School, Providence High School, The Carver Academy, Keystone School, TMI – The Episcopal School of Texas, St. Anthony Catholic High School, Lutheran High School of San Antonio, and Harmony Science Academy (School of Science and Technology).

Military

San Antonio is home to U.S. Air Force Basic Military Training (AFBMT).[199] The Air Force only has one location for enlisted basic training: the 737th Training Group, at Lackland Air Force Base. All new Air Force recruits go through the same basic training at Lackland. Each year, over 35,000 new recruits go through AFBMT. In addition, METC (the Military Education and Training Campus), which provides the medical training for the U.S. military at Fort Sam Houston, hosts 30 programs and over 24,000 annual graduates. It is the largest medical education center in the world.

Media

Print

San Antonio has one major newspaper, the San Antonio Express-News, which has served the area since 1865. The Express-News circulates as the largest newspaper service in South Texas. The Hearst Corporation, which owned a second newspaper, the San Antonio Light, purchased the Express-News from News Corp. in 1992 and shut down the Light after failing to find a buyer.

Hearst, using the Express-News brand, also produces Conexión, a weekly magazine written by an entirely Hispanic and Latin American staff with a Latino spin on weekly events. The San Antonio Current is the free "alternative" paper published weekly with local political issues, art and music news, restaurant listings and reviews, and listings of events and nightlife around town. The San Antonio Business Journal covers general business news. La Prensa, a bilingual publication, also has a long history in San Antonio. They closed their doors in June 2018.[200] Edible San Antonio, San Antonio's bimonthly food magazine, is published every eight weeks. The 64-page full-color magazine, distributed free across the city, is printed in soy ink on recycled paper and covers the city's food scene with an emphasis on local food and sustainability. The San Antonio River Walk Current covers general San Antonio news. The San Antonio Observer is the only African American newspaper in San Antonio since 1995 and the largest in South Texas.[citation needed]

The San Antonio Report, renamed in 2020 from the Rivard Report, is the city's only digital-only news publication.[201] Founded in 2011 by former Express-News editor Robert Rivard, it began as a blog but has since become a non-profit news source covering civic issues.[202]

Radio

About 50 radio stations can be heard in the San Antonio area; 30 of them are in the city proper. San Antonio is home to iHeartMedia, the largest operator of radio stations in the U.S. Its flagship, WOAI AM-1200, is known for its local news operation, considered among the best in the country. It is a 50,000-watt clear channel station that reaches most of North America at night. The first radio station to broadcast in South Texas was KTSA AM-550 in 1922.

The region's National Public Radio member is Texas Public Radio,[203] a group of three stations; KSTX 89.1 FM is NPR news/talk, KPAC 88.3 is a 24-hour classical music station, and KTXI 90.1 is a mix of NPR news/talk and classical music broadcast for the West Central Texas Hill Country. KSTX also broadcasts "Riverwalk Jazz", featuring Jim Cullum Jazz Band at The Landing, a fixture on the River Walk since 1963.

KRTU 91.7 is a non-commercial radio station based at Trinity University.[204] Unlike most other college radio stations in the U.S., the station plays jazz 17 hours a day and college rock/indie rock at night. College alternative station KSYM, 90.1 FM, is owned by the Alamo Community College District and operated by San Antonio College students; like KRTU, it plays the Third Coast music network during the day and alternative music at night.

Most Latin American stations in the area play regional Mexican, Tejano or contemporary pop. On January 12, 2006, Univision-owned KMYO-FM "La Kalle 95.1" changed its format from Hispanic-Rhythmic Contemporary Hits to Spanish Oldies, then named "Recuerdo 95.1". On November 10, 2006, Univision flipped KLTO Tejano 97.7's format to reggaeton in an attempt to reintroduce the format to San Antonio. Then 97.7 was flipped again to feature a rock format. The station no longer broadcasts anything in English. While still owned by Univision, it broadcast music by artists such as Linkin Park, before being sold to the Educational Media Foundation and flipping once again to Air1.

95.1 was then flipped back to the "La Kalle" format again after being flipped to feature a "95X" format. KLTO was acquired and is operated as a simulcast of KVBH-FM Vibe 107.5. San Antonio radio is diversified, due to an influx of non-Tejano Latinos, mostly from the East Coast, who serve in the city's various military bases, as well as immigrants from Mexico. Therefore, just like in the rest of the country, radio station conglomerates have been changing formats in San Antonio to reflect shifting demographics.

Television

WOAI-TV is San Antonio's NBC affiliate.

Despite the relatively large size of both the city proper and the metropolitan area, San Antonio has always been a medium-sized market. It presently ranks 33rd in the United States, according to marketing research firm ACNielsen.[205] This is mainly because the nearby suburban and rural areas are not much larger than the city itself.

San Antonio-based television stations include KCWX channel 2 (MyNetworkTV), WOAI channel 4 (NBC, with CW on DT2), KENS channel 5 (CBS), KLRN channel 9 (PBS), KSAT channel 12 (ABC), KNIC-DT channel 17 (UniMás), KABB channel 29 (FOX), KVDF-CD channel 31 (Azteca América), KMYS channel 35 (Dabl), KWEX-DT channel 41 (Univision) and KVDA channel 60 (Telemundo). The market is also home to three religious stations, three independent stations and one Internet-based station (210 TV[206]). As of 2010, the San Antonio market has 65% cable TV penetration.[citation needed]

Transportation

Air

Ticket counters at San Antonio International Airport

The San Antonio International Airport (SAT) is located in Uptown San Antonio, about eight miles (13 km) north of Downtown. San Antonio International Airport is the 6th busiest airport based on passenger boardings in Texas and 44th in the United States as of 2015.[207] It has two terminals and is served by 20 airlines, 15 passenger and 5 cargo ones, serving many destinations throughout the United States and Mexico. Stinson Municipal Airport is a reliever airport located six miles (9.7 km) south of Downtown San Antonio. The airport has two runways serving primarily general aviation and is also home to the Texas Air Museum.

Mass transit

A VIA bus, stopped at a Downtown San Antonio intersection

A bus system is provided by the city's metropolitan transit authority, VIA Metropolitan Transit. VIA began operating a bus rapid transit line known as VIA Primo[208] in December 2012, which connects Downtown San Antonio to the South Texas Medical Center, the main campus of the University of Texas at San Antonio, and the independent enclave city of Leon Valley. Additionally, VIA also offers VIAtrans Paratransit Service,[209] a wheelchair accessible ride-share service for people with disabilities.

In August 2010, VIA Metropolitan Transit unveiled buses that are powered by diesel-electric hybrid technology.[210] The 30 hybrid buses were put into service on VIA's express routes to serve daily commuters across the city. This set of buses follows the introduction of new vehicles powered by compressed natural gas, which were unveiled in May 2010. In the fall of 2010, VIA took delivery of three new buses that are powered by electricity from on-board batteries. These buses serve the Downtown core area, and are the first revenue vehicles VIA operates which have zero emissions.[210]

VIA offers 90 regular bus routes and two Downtown streetcar routes.[211] This includes express service from Downtown to park and ride locations in the south, west, northwest, north central and northeast sides of the city, with service to major locations such as UTSA, Six Flags Fiesta Texas and SeaWorld. VIA also offers a special service to city events including Spurs games and city parades from its park and ride locations.

Rail

San Antonio is served by two Amtrak routes: the daily Chicago to San Antonio Texas Eagle and the thrice-weekly New Orleans to Los Angeles Sunset Limited.[212] On the days that the Sunset Limited operates, a section of the Texas Eagle continues west with it, offering Chicago to Los Angeles through service. The old Sunset Station is now an entertainment venue owned by VIA and neighbored by the current station and the Alamodome.[213][214][215]

San Antonio became the largest American city without an intra-city rail system when Phoenix, the former largest city without such a system, procured one in 2008. A proposed passenger rail line, Lone Star Rail, would have linked San Antonio to Austin, but was cancelled in 2016 after 19 years of planning.[216]

Road

US 281 southbound towards Downtown San Antonio

San Antonio is served by these major freeways:

Other highways include:

Along with FM 471, FM 1957, and SH 211

Also, the city has multiple streets with the same (or similar) names. As examples:

A large portion of trade between Mexico and the United States passes through the San Antonio area's interstate highway system.[221]

Of the five largest cities in Texas, San Antonio (within city limits) is the largest city in the state without toll roads. (Houston, Dallas, Austin, and Fort Worth have toll roads.)

San Antonio enjoys less traffic congestion than other large Texas cities. In a 2022 study by TomTom, San Antonio is only the 41st-most congested city in the U.S. and the fifth-most congested city in Texas. By comparison, Houston, McAllen, Austin, and Dallas-Fort Worth rank higher than San Antonio for traffic congestion.[222]

Bicycle paths

San Antonio has about 136 miles (219 km) of bike lanes, routes or off-road paths.[223] Off-road trails travel along the San Antonio River, linear greenways, or city parks. Although largely disconnected, the progress to create a bicycle-friendly environment was recognized when San Antonio was designated a bronze-level "Bicycle Friendly Community" in 2015 by the League of American Bicyclists.[224]

Bicycle sharing

A bike sharing service was approved by the city council on June 17, 2010.[225] The initial program consisted of 140 bikes at 14 locations supported by a "central hub". It is expected to serve both residents and visitors. San Antonio Bike Share, a non-profit, was formed to oversee the operation, locally operated and maintained by Bike World. B-Cycle, the same system used in Denver, supplies the bike share system. It began operation in March 2011.[226]

Walkability

As of 2021, Walk Score ranks San Antonio as the least walkable American city a population greater than one million and calls it car-dependent. This is due in large part to its rapid growth after World War II, the prevalence of single-family zoning and thousands of miles of missing or broken sidewalks.[227]

The Howard W. Peak Greenway is an 84-mile system (135 km) of hiking and biking trails that roughly forms a ring around the city. It is accessible by more than 65 trailheads and connects to dozens of parks. With construction beginning in 2007, the trails consist of the Leon Creek Greenway, the Salado Creek Greenway, the Westside Creeks, and the Medina River Greenway.[228][229]

International relations

Sister cities

A train in Darmstadt, Germany, showcasing the Sister City relationship with San Antonio

San Antonio is twinned with:

Friendship cities

Notable people

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for San Antonio were kept at downtown from March 1885 to December 1940, at Stinson Municipal Airport from January 1941 to June 1942, and at San Antonio Int'l since July 1942. For more information, see Threadex

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Further reading

External links