Philippine presidential administration from 2016 to 2022
El mandato de seis años de Rodrigo Duterte como decimosexto presidente de Filipinas comenzó el 30 de junio de 2016, sucediendo a Benigno Aquino III . Fue el primer presidente de Mindanao , el primer presidente que trabajó en las tres ramas del gobierno y el de mayor edad en ser elegido. [1] Ganó las elecciones en medio de una creciente frustración con la gobernanza posterior a la EDSA que favorecía a las élites sobre los filipinos comunes. [2] [3] Su mandato terminó el 30 de junio de 2022.
Duterte buscó mejorar las relaciones con China y Rusia y reducir la dependencia de los Estados Unidos . Adoptó una postura conciliadora hacia China, dejando de lado el controvertido fallo del caso Filipinas contra China sobre las reclamaciones en el Mar de China Meridional. [11] [12]
Duterte es una figura polarizadora, que enfrenta críticas y oposición internacional por sus esfuerzos antinarcóticos. [13] Varias agencias de encuestas como SWS , PUBLiCUS Asia y Pulse Asia consideran que los índices de aprobación de Duterte se han mantenido altos durante y después de su presidencia, según sus propias encuestas. [14]
Elección, transición e inauguración
Duterte obtuvo votos sólidos en Mindanao , Metro Manila y Cebú durante las elecciones presidenciales de 2016. [15]
Duterte preside la 29ª reunión del Gabinete en el Palacio de Malacañang el 11 de septiembre de 2018.
El 31 de mayo de 2016, unas semanas antes de su toma de posesión presidencial, Duterte nombró a su Gabinete , [26] que estaba formado por ex generales militares, amigos de la infancia, compañeros de clase y políticos de izquierda . [27] Tras su toma de posesión presidencial, administró un juramento masivo a los funcionarios de su Gabinete y celebró su primera reunión de Gabinete el 30 de junio. [28] [29] Designó a su asistente personal de mucho tiempo, Bong Go, como Asistente Especial del Presidente para proporcionar supervisión general al Personal de Gestión Presidencial . [30]
Durante su mandato, Duterte nombró a varios generales militares retirados y directores de policía para el Gabinete y otras agencias gubernamentales, [31] afirmando que son honestos y competentes. [32] Inicialmente ofreció cuatro departamentos ejecutivos a individuos de tendencia izquierdista, [33] quienes luego renunciaron, fueron despedidos o rechazados por la Comisión de Nombramientos después de que las relaciones entre el gobierno y los rebeldes comunistas se deterioraron. [34] [35] Duterte despidió a varios miembros del Gabinete y funcionarios que estaban vinculados a la corrupción [36] [37] pero los críticos lo acusaron de "reciclar" a las personas que despidió cuando nombró a algunas de ellas para otros puestos gubernamentales. [38] [39] Afirmando que no es economista, [40] Duterte nombró a varios tecnócratas para su Gabinete, en el que confió para asuntos económicos. [41]
Duterte convirtió en ley 379 proyectos de ley en el 17º Congreso ; 120 de estas leyes eran de alcance nacional, mientras que 259 eran locales. [74] En el 18º Congreso , Duterte convirtió en ley 311 proyectos de ley, de los cuales 119 eran nacionales y 192 locales. [75]
Emisiones ejecutivas
El Boletín Oficial enumera 176 órdenes ejecutivas , [76] 1.401 proclamaciones, [77] 53 órdenes memorándum, [78] 98 circulares memorándum, [79] 48 órdenes administrativas, [80] 20 órdenes especiales, [81] y una orden general [82] emitidas por Duterte.
Presupuesto nacional
Estilo de liderazgo
Duterte es conocido por su estilo de liderazgo autoritario y su personalidad de hombre del pueblo , [90] [91] [92] caracterizada por una retórica encendida y discursos controvertidos e improvisados. [93] [94] Su portavoz y sus asesores tuvieron que interpretar y aclarar con frecuencia sus comentarios. [95] Algunos observadores expresaron su preocupación de que sus declaraciones pudieran haber sido malinterpretadas como una política gubernamental. [96] [94] También fue criticado por sus chistes sexistas y su baja tolerancia hacia la disidencia. [90] [91] Duterte creía que se necesitaba un "puño de hierro" para inculcar disciplina [97] y cultivó una imagen pública de una figura paterna, Tatay Digong (Padre Digong), que infunde orden y disciplina dentro de la nación. [90] [98] [99] En medio de la pandemia de COVID-19 , impuso cuarentenas comunitarias y utilizó al ejército y la policía para hacer cumplir las pautas de distanciamiento social . [100] Los académicos acuñaron el término "Dutertismo" para referirse al estilo de gobierno de Duterte y a los elementos antiliberales y radicales de su presidencia. [101] [102]
Duterte ha sido llamado populista por su rechazo a los títulos y su actitud informal. [103] [104] Ha emitido una orden que prohíbe el uso de honoríficos para él, su familia y los miembros de su gabinete. [105] [106] A menudo masticaba chicle en público y vestía ropa informal para ocasiones formales, [107] diciendo que se viste para estar cómodo y no para impresionar a nadie. [108] Su actitud informal y sin afectación atrajo el apoyo de muchos filipinos. [91] Duterte se describió a sí mismo como una persona nocturna , que normalmente comenzaba su jornada laboral a las 13:00 o 14:00 y convocaba conferencias de prensa que comenzaban a la medianoche. [109] [110] [111]
Durante sus primeros 100 días en el cargo, Duterte emitió una orden ejecutiva sobre la libertad de información y trató de reanudar las conversaciones de paz con los insurgentes comunistas . También formuló un plan integral de reforma fiscal y encabezó los esfuerzos para aprobar la Ley Básica de Bangsamoro . Además, trató de agilizar las transacciones gubernamentales y lanzó las líneas telefónicas de rescate 9-1-1 y de quejas 8888 a nivel nacional . También estableció un centro de servicio integral para trabajadores filipinos en el extranjero y aumentó el pago de combate e incentivos de los soldados y el personal policial. [112] A nivel internacional, tomó medidas para limitar el número de tropas estadounidenses de visita en el país y tuvo contacto con China y Rusia para mejorar las relaciones diplomáticas. [113]
Duterte lanzó una campaña contra las drogas ilegales que resultó en el arresto de 22.000 sospechosos, la entrega de 731.000 personas y la muerte de 3.300, la mitad de ellas asesinadas por agresores desconocidos. Criticó a la Iglesia Católica y a los críticos internacionales, incluido el presidente estadounidense Barack Obama , el gobierno estadounidense, las Naciones Unidas y la Unión Europea , que condenaron sus tácticas. [112] [113]
Rodrigo Duterte declara a Marawi liberada de la influencia terrorista el 17 de octubre de 2017.
¿Tiene problemas para reproducir este archivo? Consulte la ayuda multimedia .
El 23 de mayo de 2017, se produjeron enfrentamientos entre las fuerzas de seguridad filipinas y los grupos yihadistas salafistas Maute y Abu Sayyaf (ASG), afiliados al EI , en Marawi , lo que llevó a Duterte a declarar la ley marcial en todo Mindanao . [131] [132] [133] La ciudad resultó gravemente dañada por el fuego militante [134] y los ataques aéreos militares, [135] lo que hizo necesaria su rehabilitación , [136] y Marawi fue declarada liberada de la influencia terrorista el 17 de octubre. [134] El Congreso concedió las solicitudes de Duterte de ampliar la ley marcial en Mindanao tres veces entre 2017 y 2019. [137] [138] [139] La ley marcial caducó el 1 de enero de 2020, después de que Duterte decidiera no ampliarla. [140] [141]
En julio de 2020, Duterte firmó la Ley Antiterrorista de 2020 ; [142] los críticos argumentaron que la ley relaja las salvaguardas de los derechos humanos y es propensa a abusos, mientras que los autores y patrocinadores del proyecto de ley la compararon con las leyes de otros países y sostuvieron que no se utilizaría contra ciudadanos respetuosos de la ley. [143] Entre 2016 y 2021, 1.544 miembros del ASG, 971 miembros de Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters y 1.427 miembros de Dawlah Islamiyah fueron capturados, asesinados o entregados. [144]
Campaña contra la insurgencia comunista
Duterte se reúne con la secretaria general del CPP-NPA, Wilma, y el presidente del CPP-NPA, Benito Tiamzon (primer plano, centro), el 26 de septiembre de 2016.
Duterte buscó la paz con los rebeldes comunistas, [35] ordenando a su asesor Silvestre Bello III que liderara las conversaciones con el Partido Comunista de Filipinas (CPP), el Nuevo Ejército Popular (NPA) y el Frente Democrático Nacional (NDF) en Oslo . La administración esperaba un tratado de paz en el plazo de un año y liberó temporalmente a prisioneros comunistas, incluido el presidente del CPP-NPA, Benito Tiamzon, y la secretaria general del CPP-NPA , Wilma Tiamzon , para las conversaciones. [145] [146]
La Comisión de Nombramientos rechazó a varios funcionarios designados por Duterte con afiliaciones izquierdistas, y las relaciones entre Duterte y los rebeldes comunistas se deterioraron. [35] [147] Duterte rechazó las propuestas de los rebeldes comunistas para un "gobierno de coalición". [148] [149] Después de que el NPA secuestrara y atacara a soldados durante un alto el fuego, Duterte canceló las negociaciones con el CPP-NPA-NDF y los designó como una organización terrorista [8] y ordenó el arresto de todos los negociadores del NDF. [150] Los enfrentamientos entre los militares y los rebeldes se reanudaron después de que se levantara el alto el fuego. [151]
Duterte (primer plano, tercero desde la derecha) preside una reunión con el NTF-ELCAC en el Palacio de Malacañan el 15 de abril de 2019
Duterte formó un grupo de trabajo para centralizar los esfuerzos del gobierno para la reintegración de los ex rebeldes [152] [153] y emitió una orden ejecutiva en diciembre de 2018 creando el Grupo de Trabajo Nacional para Poner Fin al Conflicto Armado Comunista Local (NTF-ELCAC) para implementar un " enfoque de toda la nación " para abordar las "causas fundamentales" del comunismo. [154] En marzo de 2019, terminó permanentemente las negociaciones de paz con el CPP-NPA-NDF, facilitando conversaciones de paz localizadas. [155] [156]
En julio de 2017, Duterte amenazó con bombardear las escuelas Lumad , alegando que albergan a rebeldes y enseñan contra el gobierno. [157] Apoyó la afirmación de los militares de que las listas de partidos de izquierda del Bloque Makabayan son frentes del CPP, lo que generó críticas por etiquetar de rojo , lo que él negó. [158] [159]
Al final del mandato de Duterte, el número de frentes guerrilleros del NPA se redujo de 89 a 23; de más de 25.000 "miembros, partidarios y simpatizantes del movimiento clandestino", sólo quedaban 2.000, según las Fuerzas Armadas de Filipinas (AFP). [160]
Defensa
Duterte (con camisa blanca) inspecciona un helicóptero S-70i Black Hawk recién entregado en la base aérea Clark , Pampanga, el 12 de febrero de 2021.
El 20 de junio de 2018, Duterte aprobó el presupuesto de ₱300 mil millones para Horizon 2 , la segunda fase del Programa Revisado de Modernización de las Fuerzas Aéreas, que se desarrolló entre 2018 y 2022. [167] [168] En febrero de 2022, la administración de Duterte firmó un acuerdo de ₱32 mil millones para comprar 32 helicópteros utilitarios de combate S-70i "Black Hawk" adicionales de PZL Mielec de Polonia. [169] [170]
En abril de 2022, Duterte firmó una ley que limita el mandato del jefe de Estado Mayor y otros altos funcionarios de las Fuerzas Armadas a un período fijo de tres años, a menos que el presidente los despida antes. La ley permite prórrogas "en tiempos de guerra u otra emergencia nacional declarada por el Congreso". [171]
En junio de 2022, el último mes de Duterte en el cargo, se habían completado 54 proyectos en el marco de la Ley de Modernización de las AFP y la Ley de Modernización de las AFP Revisada. [172]
Delito
Duterte llevó a cabo una campaña de ley y orden. [173] Creó un grupo de trabajo para garantizar un entorno seguro para los trabajadores de los medios de comunicación [174] [175] y firmó una ley que creaba la Oficina de los Alguaciles Judiciales, que se encargaba de garantizar la seguridad y la protección del personal y la propiedad judiciales . [176] Designó al menos 1.700 nuevos fiscales para el Servicio Nacional de Fiscalía , [177] y firmó una legislación que prohíbe las novatadas en las organizaciones universitarias, [178] aumenta las penas por acoso por motivos de género en lugares públicos, [179] [180] y aumenta la protección de los consumidores contra el fraude. [181] [182] Fortaleció la Ley contra la Trata de Personas , [183] suavizó los requisitos de solicitud de armas para quienes estaban en peligro, [184] [185] y ordenó el cierre de empresas de inversión tipo Ponzi . [186] Para fortalecer el control fronterizo, implementó un Sistema de Información Anticipada de Pasajeros . [187] Después de ordenar una ofensiva contra los merodeadores en junio de 2018, la Policía Nacional de Filipinas (PNP) lanzó una campaña contra el crimen . [188] [189]
Duterte fracasó en su intento de restaurar la pena de muerte (también conocida como pena capital ) en abril de 2017 cuando un proyecto de ley para reanudarla para ciertos delitos se estancó en el Senado y no recibió suficientes votos para aprobarse. [190] [191] [192]
La tasa de criminalidad se redujo significativamente bajo la presidencia de Duterte, excluyendo los asesinatos relacionados con la guerra contra las drogas. [193] [194] En octubre de 2021, la PNP informó una caída del 49,6% en los delitos desde julio de 2016. Los datos policiales mostraron que entre 2016 y septiembre de 2021 se denunciaron 1,36 millones de delitos, en comparación con los 2,67 millones de delitos denunciados entre 2010 y 2015. [195]
Guerra contra las drogas
Duterte presenta un gráfico que, según él, ilustra una red de tráfico de drogas formada por sindicatos de drogas, el 7 de julio de 2016.
Duterte, durante su campaña presidencial, advirtió que Filipinas corría el riesgo de convertirse en un narcoestado y prometió luchar contra el tráfico ilegal de drogas. [196] Después de su toma de posesión, la Policía Nacional Filipina (PNP) lanzó Oplan Tokhang , invitando a los sospechosos identificados de tráfico de drogas a entregarse. [197] Duterte identificó a tres ciudadanos chinos que eran presuntos capos de la droga en Filipinas, [198] y nombró a 150 funcionarios públicos presuntamente involucrados en el tráfico ilegal de drogas. [199]
En el apogeo de su campaña antidrogas, Duterte instó al público y a los comunistas a matar a los traficantes de drogas. [200] Se prometieron indultos a la policía que disparara a los traficantes de drogas durante las redadas antidrogas, [201] [202] lo que provocó que miles de personas se rindieran. Se construyeron centros de rehabilitación para acomodarlos. [197] [113] Surgieron preocupaciones a nivel local [203] [204] e internacional debido al alto número de sospechosos que murieron durante las operaciones policiales. [205] [113] [206] En agosto de 2016, la senadora de la oposición Leila de Lima lanzó una investigación del Senado sobre las ejecuciones extrajudiciales, utilizando al sicario Edgar Matobato del presunto grupo de justicieros Escuadrón de la Muerte de Davao como testigo. [207] Matobato testificó que Duterte, entonces alcalde de la ciudad de Davao, estaba involucrado en ejecuciones extrajudiciales en la ciudad; Duterte calificó la acusación de "mentira". [208] La investigación fue terminada el 13 de octubre de 2016 por falta de pruebas. [209] De Lima fue arrestada por su presunta participación en el tráfico ilegal de drogas en la prisión de New Bilibid . [210]
En octubre de 2017, debido a la indignación pública por el supuesto abuso policial en la continua represión, Duterte prohibió a la PNP unirse a las redadas antidrogas y designó a la PDEA como la "única agencia" a cargo de la guerra contra las drogas. [213] La PNP lanzó un programa de recuperación y bienestar para drogadictos en el mismo mes. [214] [215] Se permitió a la PNP volver a unirse a la campaña en diciembre de 2017 con la PDEA todavía como la agencia líder. [216] En octubre de 2018, Duterte firmó una orden ejecutiva institucionalizando la Estrategia Filipina Antidrogas Ilegales, permitiendo a todos los departamentos gubernamentales, universidades estatales y colegios implementar sus propias estrategias contra el tráfico ilegal de drogas. [217]
Duterte ha reconocido que la guerra contra las drogas ha sido difícil de controlar debido a la larga costa del país y la corrupción. [218] Pidió al presidente electo Bongbong Marcos que continuara la guerra contra las drogas a su manera; [219] Duterte rechazó una oferta de nombramiento como zar antidrogas de Marcos , expresando su deseo de retirarse. [220] A pesar de las críticas internacionales, la guerra contra las drogas mantuvo el apoyo mayoritario entre los filipinos. [221] [222] [223] Para febrero de 2022, el 58% de los barangays habían sido declarados libres de drogas como parte del Programa de Limpieza de Drogas de Barangay. [224] [6]
Retirada de la CPI
En noviembre de 2016, Duterte señaló su intención de retirar a Filipinas de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) después de que un fiscal de la CPI dijera que la organización podría tener autoridad para procesar a los autores de las muertes en la guerra contra las drogas. [225] Duterte sostuvo que el Estatuto de Roma , que fue ratificado por el Senado en 2011, nunca fue vinculante en Filipinas porque nunca se publicó en el Boletín Oficial . [226] El proceso de retirada comenzó en marzo de 2018 después de que la fiscal jefe del tribunal, Fatou Bensouda , iniciara un examen preliminar sobre los crímenes contra la humanidad presuntamente cometidos por Duterte y otros funcionarios en la guerra contra las drogas. [227] La retirada entró en vigor un año después, el 17 de marzo de 2019. [228] En marzo de 2021, un fallo de la Corte Suprema (CS) desestimó tres peticiones presentadas por la Coalición Filipina para la CPI, el Colegio de Abogados Integrado de Filipinas y senadores de la oposición que impugnaban la retirada de Duterte de la CPI con el argumento de que los peticionarios no podían demostrar legitimidad legal para impugnar la acción. La CS también dictaminó que el presidente no tiene "autoridad ilimitada" para retirarse de los tratados. [229]
El 16 de septiembre de 2021, la CPI autorizó una investigación formal sobre la guerra contra las drogas [230] en Filipinas, centrándose en los crímenes cometidos entre 2016 y marzo de 2019. [231] El gobierno filipino solicitó un aplazamiento de la investigación en noviembre de 2021, que fue suspendida por la CPI para evaluar la solicitud. [232] Sin embargo, el 26 de junio de 2022, el fiscal de la CPI Karim Ahmad Khan concluyó que la solicitud "no estaba justificada" y solicitó a la sala de instrucción de la CPI que reanudara inmediatamente la investigación. [233]
Duterte (centro) firma la ley de Facilidad para Hacer Negocios y Prestación Eficiente de Servicios Gubernamentales de 2018.
Para reducir la burocracia y el tiempo de procesamiento, en 2018, Duterte promulgó la Ley de Facilidad para Hacer Negocios. [239] [240] [241] Una ley que firmó en diciembre de 2020 permite al Presidente agilizar permisos, licencias y certificaciones durante emergencias nacionales. [242]
Duterte inspecciona automóviles de lujo contrabandeados antes de que fueran destruidos en Port Irene en Santa Ana, Cagayán, el 14 de marzo de 2018.
Duterte tenía una política de destruir vehículos de lujo contrabandeados para desalentar a los contrabandistas. [243] [244] Hizo amenazas contra las grandes empresas por deudas impagas al gobierno, lo que llevó a Philippine Airlines y Mighty Corporation a pagar sus deudas. [245] [246] [247] En marzo de 2019, abolió la Junta de Carreteras, afirmando que la agencia "no era más que un depositario de dinero y de corrupción". [248] [249]
El 4 de junio de 2019, Duterte ordenó a la Comisión Presidencial de Buen Gobierno subastar la colección de joyas de Imelda Marcos , valorada en 700 millones de rupias , [250] aunque al 1 de junio de 2022, aún no se había anunciado una fecha de subasta. [251] En agosto de 2020, Duterte ordenó al Departamento de Justicia (DOJ) que investigara las acusaciones de corrupción dentro de la Corporación de Seguros de Salud de Filipinas (PhilHealth). [252] El 27 de octubre, ordenó la investigación del DOJ y un grupo de trabajo recién creado para investigar la corrupción dentro del gobierno. [253]
Indultos presidenciales y amnistías
Al principio de su mandato, Duterte indultó a varios rebeldes comunistas y presos políticos mientras proseguía las conversaciones de paz. [254] [255] También concedió indultos a presos ancianos y enfermos, [256] así como a estudiantes de último año y cadetes graduados de la Academia Militar de Filipinas y la Academia Nacional de Policía de Filipinas con castigos y deméritos pendientes. [257] [258] En noviembre de 2016, concedió un indulto absoluto al actor Robin Padilla , que fue condenado en 1994 por posesión ilegal de armas de fuego. [259]
El 7 de septiembre de 2020, Duterte concedió un indulto absoluto y la liberación anticipada al cabo primero estadounidense Joseph Scott Pemberton, que cumplía condena por el asesinato de Jennifer Laude en Olongapo . Pemberton fue liberado por buena conducta después de cumplir menos de seis años de prisión. [262]
En febrero de 2021, Duterte firmó una orden ejecutiva que creaba la Comisión Nacional de Amnistía, encargada de procesar las solicitudes de amnistía para los ex rebeldes. [263] Firmó cuatro proclamaciones que otorgaban amnistía a los miembros del Frente Moro de Liberación Nacional , el Frente Moro de Liberación Islámica , el movimiento comunista, el Partido Rebolusyonaryong ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas, el Ejército Proletario Revolucionario y la Brigada Alex Boncayao . [264] Sin embargo, al dejar el cargo, Duterte no constituyó la Comisión, dejando a su sucesor, Bongbong Marcos , aún sin nombrar a sus funcionarios más allá de sus primeros 100 días . [265]
Federalismo y reforma constitucional
Duterte recibe del presidente retirado del Tribunal Supremo Reynato Puno la propuesta de constitución federal del Comité Consultivo el 9 de julio de 2018.
Duterte defendió el federalismo como un mejor sistema de gobierno para Filipinas, argumentando que la asignación de ingresos internos beneficia desproporcionadamente a Metro Manila y que terminaría su mandato antes de tiempo si se instaurara el federalismo. [266]
Al principio de su mandato, Duterte planteó la idea de un gobierno revolucionario [272], pero luego la rechazó. [273] [274] Criticó el sistema de listas de partidos [275] [276] [277] y pidió su abolición, diciendo que ya no representaba a los marginados. [278] [279]
En junio de 2019, Duterte dijo que el federalismo podría no establecerse durante su presidencia. [269] Más tarde dijo en una cumbre sobre democracia organizada por el presidente estadounidense Joe Biden que había fracasado en su intento de establecer un sistema federal en el país debido a la falta de apoyo del Congreso. [280] [281]
El 1 de junio de 2021, Duterte emitió una orden ejecutiva para la transferencia de algunas funciones ejecutivas a los gobiernos locales. [282]
Agricultura
El sector agrícola estaba en declive durante la administración de Benigno Aquino III , [283] pero experimentó un crecimiento del 6,3% en el primer año de Duterte. [284] Sin embargo, a pesar del crecimiento en otros sectores, la administración de Duterte tuvo dificultades para reactivar el sector agrícola, [285] que ha seguido en declive. [286] [287]
La Ley de la República Nº 11203 (Ley de Arancelización del Arroz), firmada por Duterte el 2 de febrero de 2018, liberalizó las importaciones de arroz.
La inflación de 2018 llevó a que en 2019 se promulgara la Ley de Arancelización del Arroz (RTL), que puso fin al monopolio de la Autoridad Nacional de Alimentos sobre las importaciones de arroz. [288] [289] La RTL reemplazó los límites a las importaciones con un arancel del 35%, [290] [291] y los ingresos se destinaron a un Fondo de Mejora de la Competitividad del Arroz para apoyar a los agricultores. [291] A pesar de las críticas, [292] [293] la ley obtuvo el apoyo de los grupos empresariales, [294] y los precios minoristas del arroz se estabilizaron. [295] [290] En 2019, Duterte autorizó al Departamento de Agricultura a utilizar los fondos arancelarios para la asistencia en efectivo a los pequeños agricultores. [296]
Duterte firmó una ley que alivia las restricciones de la era de la Commonwealth sobre las patentes agrícolas, lo que permite que los títulos de propiedad estén inmediatamente disponibles para el comercio. [297] La Ley Sagip Saka se firmó en 2019, promoviendo el desarrollo empresarial para que los agricultores y pescadores aumenten sus ingresos [298] y fortalezcan la compra directa de productos agrícolas. [299] La certificación de productos orgánicos se hizo más accesible y asequible. [300] [301] En 2020, Duterte proporcionó a los nuevos graduados en agricultura hasta tres hectáreas (7,4 acres) de tierra [302] para alentar a los jóvenes a ingresar a la agricultura y evitar una escasez de agricultores. [303] En un esfuerzo por ayudar a los agricultores y reducir los precios de los productos agrícolas, la administración Duterte relanzó el programa Kadiwa del presidente Ferdinand Marcos , que permite a los agricultores vender directamente sus productos a los consumidores. [304]
En febrero de 2018, Duterte firmó una ley que otorga riego gratuito a los agricultores que posean hasta ocho hectáreas (20 acres) de tierra, [305] beneficiando a alrededor de 1.033 millones de agricultores para diciembre de 2021. [306] En febrero de 2021, se firmó una ley que crea un fondo fiduciario para los productores de coco, [307] y en junio de 2022, se emitió una orden ejecutiva que implementa el Plan de Desarrollo de la Industria y los Productores de Coco, facilitando la liberación de ₱75 mil millones de activos del impuesto al coco declarados propiedad estatal por la Corte Suprema . [308] [309]
En 2019, la peste porcina africana llevó al gobierno filipino a endurecer la cuarentena animal y prohibir las importaciones de carne de cerdo. [310] Más de tres millones de cerdos fueron sacrificados entre 2020 y 2021, lo que provocó un déficit de oferta y un aumento de los precios de la carne de cerdo. [311] En respuesta, Duterte redujo los aranceles de importación de carne de cerdo durante un año e inició un programa de repoblación. [312] [313] El 10 de mayo de 2021, Duterte declaró el estado de calamidad debido a la continua propagación de la enfermedad. [314]
En julio de 2021, la administración de Duterte había completado 2.025 kilómetros (1.258 millas) de caminos entre las granjas y los mercados y 94,99 kilómetros (59,02 millas) de caminos entre las granjas y los molinos en el marco del programa Build! Build! Build! [315] .
Desde 2017, [316] [317] Duterte pidió la creación del Departamento de Resiliencia ante Desastres para administrar la respuesta y rehabilitación ante desastres, pero algunos senadores se opusieron al proyecto de ley por preocupaciones sobre la burocracia. [318] En 2019, Duterte aprobó GeoRisk PH, una iniciativa de múltiples agencias para servir como recurso central para la información sobre riesgos y peligros naturales. [319] [320]
Tras la erupción del volcán Taal en 2020 , Duterte pidió la construcción de más centros de evacuación en zonas propensas a desastres; [321] para julio de 2021, se habían construido 223 nuevos centros de evacuación en el marco del programa Build! Build! Build! [322] Después de que los tifones Rolly y Ulysses azotaran el país, Duterte emitió una orden ejecutiva por la que se creaba el Grupo de Trabajo para una Mejor Reconstrucción, un organismo interinstitucional permanente responsable de la rehabilitación y recuperación tras los desastres en las zonas afectadas. [323] En septiembre de 2021, Duterte firmó la Ley de Modernización de la BFP, que ordena un programa de 10 años para modernizar la Oficina de Protección contra Incendios y amplía su mandato para incluir la respuesta al riesgo de desastres y la gestión de emergencias. [324] En abril de 2022, el gobierno inauguró tres centros de evacuación en la provincia de Batangas , fuera de la zona de peligro del volcán Taal de 14 kilómetros (8,7 millas) . [325]
Duterte heredó de la administración de Aquino III una economía fuerte pero una inversión limitada en infraestructura pública. [328] [329] Prometió continuar con las políticas macroeconómicas de Aquino mientras aumentaba el gasto en infraestructura a través de la agenda socioeconómica de 10 puntos de su equipo económico. [330] [331] [332] Para atraer más inversionistas al aliviar las restricciones a los minoristas internacionales, [333] Duterte firmó enmiendas a la Ley de Inversión Extranjera de 1991 [334] y a la Ley de Servicio Público de 85 años de antigüedad . [335] Su administración tomó iniciativas para apoyar a las micro , pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYME) [336] lanzando un programa de microfinanzas como alternativa a los préstamos privados predatorios [337] [338] y aumentando significativamente la creación de Centros Negosyo que brindan servicios eficientes para las MIPYME. [339] Para abordar la creciente inflación tras la devastación causada por el tifón Ompong en septiembre de 2018, Duterte firmó una orden administrativa que eliminaba las barreras no arancelarias a las importaciones agrícolas. [340] [341] En febrero de 2019, firmó una ley que actualizaba el Código de Sociedades de Filipinas, de 38 años de antigüedad, para permitir que una sola persona formara una sociedad. [342] Después de varias reformas más, como la ley de facilidad para hacer negocios, [239] la clasificación de facilidad para hacer negocios de Filipinas mejoró del puesto 124 al 95, según el Informe Doing Business 2020 del Banco Mundial. [343]
En 2020, la pandemia de COVID-19 provocó que la economía filipina entrara en recesión tras los confinamientos y restricciones gubernamentales . El producto interior bruto (PIB) se contrajo un 9,5% en 2020, [9] lo que llevó a la administración a relajar las restricciones para reactivar la economía. [344] El PIB se recuperó hasta el 5,6% en 2021 después de que la administración iniciara una campaña de vacunación a nivel nacional y aliviara las restricciones relacionadas con la pandemia; [10] [345] Al mismo tiempo, la relación deuda/PIB del país aumentó del 39,6% en 2020 antes de la pandemia al 60,4% en junio de 2021 debido a los préstamos contraídos por el gobierno para hacer frente a la pandemia. [346]
El 21 de marzo de 2022, Duterte firmó una orden ejecutiva que adoptaba una agenda política de 10 puntos para acelerar la recuperación económica de la pandemia de COVID-19. [347] Para reducir la deuda del país , que ascendió a ₱12,68 billones en marzo de 2022, en mayo de ese año, el equipo económico de la administración de Duterte propuso a la administración entrante de Marcos un plan de consolidación fiscal que contenía medidas fiscales correctivas, incluida la expansión del impuesto al valor agregado para aumentar los ingresos del gobierno. [348] Para el segundo trimestre de 2022, la economía filipina había crecido un 7,4%, lo que convirtió al país en la segunda economía de más rápido crecimiento en el sudeste asiático. [349]
Desarrollo de infraestructura
Para reducir la pobreza, fomentar el crecimiento económico y reducir la congestión en Metro Manila , la administración de Duterte lanzó Build! Build! Build! (BBB); un programa integral de infraestructura, [350] el 18 de abril de 2017. [351] El programa fue parte de la política socioeconómica de la administración , [350] que tenía como objetivo iniciar una "Edad de Oro de la Infraestructura" aumentando el gasto en infraestructura pública del 5,4% del PIB del país en 2017 al 7,4% en 2022. [352] [353] En 2017, la administración cambió su política de financiación de infraestructura de las asociaciones público-privadas (APP) de administraciones anteriores a los ingresos del gobierno y la asistencia oficial para el desarrollo (AOD), en particular de Japón y China. [354] A partir de octubre de 2019, el gobierno trabajó con el sector privado para proporcionar financiación adicional. [355] [356]
En noviembre de 2019, la administración revisó su lista de Proyectos Emblemáticos de Infraestructura (IFP) bajo el programa BBB de 75 a 100, [358] [359] luego a 104, y a 112 en 2020, [360] ampliando su alcance a proyectos de infraestructura de salud, tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones y agua para apoyar el crecimiento económico del país y la recuperación de la pandemia de COVID-19 . Algunos de los proyectos más importantes incluyeron [359] el ferrocarril Subic-Clark, [361] el ferrocarril de cercanías Norte-Sur desde New Clark City hasta Calamba, Laguna , [361] el metro de Metro Manila , [362] la expansión del Aeropuerto Internacional de Clark , [361] el ferrocarril de Mindanao (segmento Tagum-Davao-Digos), [363] y la red de autopistas de la columna de Luzón [364] [365] Para abril de 2022, se habían completado 12 IFP, mientras que 88, que estaban en una etapa avanzada, se pasaron a la administración siguiente para su finalización. [360]
Entre junio de 2016 y julio de 2021, se completaron 29.264 km (18.184 mi) de carreteras, 5.950 puentes, 11.340 proyectos de control de inundaciones, 222 centros de evacuación, 150.149 aulas escolares y 653 instalaciones para COVID-19. [366] [367]
Impuestos
Duterte (sentado, en el centro) firma la Ley TRAIN y la Ley de Asignaciones Generales de 2018 en el Palacio de Malacañang el 19 de diciembre de 2017.
La administración Duterte inició un programa integral de reforma fiscal. [368] El primer paquete del programa, la Ley de Reforma Fiscal para la Aceleración y la Inclusión (Ley TRAIN), ajustó las tasas impositivas al excluir del pago del impuesto sobre la renta personal a quienes percibieran un ingreso imponible anual de ₱250.000 ; la ley también aumentó los impuestos especiales sobre vehículos, bebidas azucaradas, productos derivados del petróleo y tabaco y otros bienes no esenciales para generar fondos para el programa masivo de infraestructura de la administración. [369] [370] El segundo paquete, la Ley de Recuperación Corporativa e Incentivos Fiscales para Empresas (Ley CREATE), redujo el impuesto sobre la renta corporativa del 30% al 25% para atraer inversiones y mantener la estabilidad fiscal. [371] Los impuestos al pecado sobre el tabaco, los productos de vapor, el alcohol y los cigarrillos electrónicos se aumentaron para financiar la Ley de Atención Sanitaria Universal y reducir los incidentes de enfermedades relacionadas con el tabaquismo y el alcohol. [372] [373] Una amnistía fiscal que Duterte convirtió en ley en febrero de 2019 otorgó a los contribuyentes descarriados una oportunidad única de liquidar de manera asequible sus obligaciones tributarias y, al mismo tiempo, aumentar los ingresos del gobierno para proyectos sociales y de infraestructura. [374]
Duterte firmó una ley que impone un impuesto del 5% sobre los ingresos brutos del juego de los operadores de juegos offshore . [375] En marzo de 2019, firmó una ley que excluye a los mineros en pequeña escala del pago de impuestos sobre la renta e impuestos especiales sobre el oro que venden al banco central . [376]
Comercio
El 2 de septiembre de 2021, Duterte ratificó el Acuerdo de Asociación Económica Integral Regional (RCEP), un acuerdo de libre comercio liderado por la ASEAN que involucra a 10 miembros de la ASEAN y Australia, China, Japón, Corea y Nueva Zelanda; el acuerdo fue enviado al Senado, pero el receso electoral de mayo de 2022 en el Senado retrasó la ratificación. [377] En junio de 2022, el Senado aplazó la ratificación del acuerdo al 19º Congreso entrante después de que algunos senadores expresaran su preocupación por la falta de salvaguardas para el sector agrícola del país y para brindar una oportunidad para que el presidente electo Bongbong Marcos revisara el acuerdo. [378]
Duterte continuó el proceso de implementación de la educación primaria y secundaria de nueve años iniciado el 20 de mayo de 2008, durante la presidencia de Gloria Macapagal Arroyo y continuado bajo el sucesor de Arroyo y predecesor de Duterte , Benigno Aquino III . El proceso finalizó el 5 de junio de 2017, durante el cual se implementó la educación primaria y secundaria en sexto grado; esto eliminó por completo el sistema K-10 utilizado desde el 28 de mayo de 1945.
Destacando que los beneficios a largo plazo de la educación superarían cualquier problema presupuestario, en agosto de 2017, Duterte firmó una ley histórica que otorgaba matrícula gratuita en todas las universidades y colegios estatales (SUC). [379] [380] Promulgó leyes que institucionalizaron el sistema de aprendizaje alternativo (ALS); [381] [382] ordenó el acceso gratuito a la educación técnico-vocacional ; [383] concedió educación inclusiva para estudiantes discapacitados; [384] concedió becas médicas para estudiantes merecedores en la educación superior; [385] estableció un programa de becas para estudiantes en programas de grado de maestro; [386] [387] instituyó un programa de orientación y asesoramiento profesional para todas las escuelas secundarias; [388] y creó la Academia Nacional de Deportes del país en New Clark City . [389] En el plan de estudios de educación, las leyes significativas que firmó incluyeron la restauración de Buenos Modales y Conducta Correcta (GMRC) y Educación en Valores en la educación básica K-12 ; [390] establecer una educación superior transnacional que permita a las universidades extranjeras ofrecer programas de grado en Filipinas; [391] [392] integrar la educación laboral en el currículo de la educación superior; [393] exigir la creación de currículos relacionados con tecnologías energéticamente eficientes y sostenibles; [394] y declarar la lengua de señas filipina como lengua de señas nacional e incluirla como materia en el currículo para estudiantes sordos. [395]
En el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19 a mediados de 2020, Duterte rechazó la reanudación de las clases presenciales en áreas de bajo riesgo de COVID-19 hasta que las vacunas estuvieran disponibles en el país, [396] diciendo que no se arriesgaría a poner en peligro a estudiantes y maestros. [397] El 5 de octubre de 2020, el Departamento de Educación (DepEd) reabrió las clases, implementando el aprendizaje a distancia y combinado . [398] [399] Impulsado por los efectos perjudiciales del aprendizaje a distancia en la salud mental de los estudiantes, en septiembre de 2021, Duterte aprobó una prueba piloto de dos meses de clases presenciales limitadas en áreas de bajo riesgo de COVID-19; [400] en enero de 2022, aprobó la sugerencia del DepEd de expandir las clases presenciales. [401]
Al final del mandato de Duterte, 1,97 millones de estudiantes en 220 instituciones de educación superior recibieron matrícula gratuita desde los años académicos 2018-2019 hasta el año académico 2021-2022, mientras que 364.168 beneficiarios utilizaron los subsidios y beneficios de educación superior del Programa Tulong Dunong de la administración en el mismo período. [402]
Al principio de la presidencia de Duterte, su administración adoptó una política de "neutralidad tecnológica" en materia de energía [403] y se negó a poner fin al uso del carbón [404] porque la huella de carbono de Filipinas no era significativa en comparación con las de las naciones occidentales más desarrolladas. [405] Después de que Duterte en julio de 2019 emitiera una directiva para reducir la dependencia del carbón y acelerar la transición a la energía renovable , [406] [407] [408] en octubre de 2020, la administración puso fin a su política de neutralidad energética y emitió una moratoria sobre la construcción de nuevas centrales eléctricas a carbón. [409]
Para mejorar la electrificación y la capacidad de generación de energía del país, Duterte firmó una ley que promueve el uso de sistemas de microrredes [410] en áreas sin servicio o con servicio insuficiente, y estableció el Consejo de Coordinación de Inversiones Energéticas, interinstitucional, que se encargó de simplificar el proceso de aprobación de proyectos importantes. [403] La administración impulsó la liberalización del sector energético; [408] [411] en octubre de 2020, Filipinas comenzó a permitir la propiedad extranjera al 100% en proyectos geotérmicos a gran escala . [412] [413]
La administración buscó nuevas fuentes de energía [408] y se asoció con empresas extranjeras para estudiar el uso del hidrógeno como fuente de energía . [414] [415] En octubre de 2020, con el agotamiento inminente del campo de gas de Malampaya , Duterte aprobó la recomendación del Departamento de Energía (DOE) de levantar la moratoria a la exploración de petróleo y gas en el Mar de China Meridional impuesta por el presidente Benigno Aquino III en 2012. [416] En febrero de 2022, Duterte firmó una orden ejecutiva aprobando la inclusión de la energía nuclear en la combinación energética del país. [417] [418]
En septiembre de 2021, el DOE informó que la capacidad energética del país aumentó de 21.424 megavatios en 2016 a 26.287 megavatios en 2020, y el nivel de electrificación de los hogares aumentó del 90,7% en 2016 al 94,5% en 2020. [419]
Duterte en mayo de 2017 nombró al ex jefe militar Roy Cimatu como secretario del DENR para reemplazar a su primera designada, la activista ambiental Gina López , [428] después de que la Comisión de Nombramientos rechazara la reelección de López; [429] [430] López fue criticada tras su decisión de cerrar 23 operaciones mineras en cuencas hidrográficas funcionales y suspender otras seis en febrero de 2017. [431] [432] [429] Para impulsar la economía afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19 , en abril de 2021, Duterte levantó la moratoria de nueve años sobre nuevos acuerdos mineros impuesta por la administración de Aquino en 2012; [433] En diciembre de 2021, Cimatu derogó la prohibición de la minería a cielo abierto de cobre, oro, plata y minerales complejos impuesta por López en 2017. [434] Tras la directiva de Duterte de investigar los informes de tala y minería ilegales, [435] en enero de 2021, el secretario del Departamento del Interior y Gobierno Local (DILG), Eduardo Año, ordenó a la Policía Nacional de Filipinas que iniciara una campaña contra la tala ilegal. [436] Unos días antes de que Duterte dejara el cargo, su administración retiró a Filipinas de la Iniciativa para la Transparencia de las Industrias Extractivas (EITI) con el argumento de que el proceso de evaluación de garantía de calidad de la EITI era "subjetivo, sesgado e injusto". [437]
Después de que los incidentes de contaminación en la isla de Boracay , el destino turístico más popular del país, alcanzaran su punto máximo en enero de 2018, [438] [439] Duterte ordenó en abril de ese año un cierre de seis meses de la isla para abordar el vertido de aguas residuales sin tratar en sus aguas. [440] El cierre comenzó el 26 de abril . [441] Duterte creó el Grupo de Trabajo Interinstitucional de Boracay (BIATF) para administrar la limpieza [442] y luego emitió una orden ejecutiva que extendía el mandato del BIATF hasta el final de su presidencia para garantizar la finalización del plan de limpieza. [443] La administración de Duterte estableció un límite de 6.000 visitantes por día, en función de la capacidad de la isla, luego de la reapertura de Boracay al público el 26 de octubre de 2018. [444]
Tras la limpieza de Boracay, a principios de 2019, Duterte ordenó a los secretarios del DENR y del DILG, Cimatu y Año, que iniciaran la limpieza de la bahía de Manila , [445] [446] amenazando con cerrar los hoteles a lo largo de la bahía si no instalaban sistemas de tratamiento de agua. [447] Poco después de que comenzara la limpieza el 27 de enero, [448] [449] Duterte creó el Grupo de Trabajo de la Bahía de Manila para acelerar la tarea de limpieza. [446] Como parte de la rehabilitación de la bahía, en septiembre de 2020, el DENR comenzó a superponer roca dolomita triturada en una parte de la bahía de Manila para crear una playa artificial; [450] la medida provocó críticas de los defensores del medio ambiente [451] y la oposición [450] pero el apoyo del público en general. [452] Los niveles de coliformes en varias partes de la bahía disminuyeron significativamente desde la limpieza. [453]
En medio de los inminentes proyectos de recuperación de tierras en la Bahía de Manila en febrero de 2019, Duterte firmó una orden ejecutiva transfiriendo el poder de aprobar proyectos de recuperación de la Autoridad Nacional Económica y de Desarrollo a la Autoridad de Recuperación de Filipinas, que colocó bajo la Oficina del Presidente . [454] Favoreciendo los proyectos de recuperación relacionados con el gobierno en la bahía, rechazó las propuestas del sector privado, citando el daño que causarían a la ciudad. [455] Hacia el final de su presidencia, ordenó al DENR que detuviera el procesamiento de solicitudes para todos los proyectos de recuperación en el país, diciendo que las propuestas masivas de recuperación de tierras "no son más que un caldo de cultivo para la corrupción". [456]
Salud
Duterte firma la Ley de Atención Sanitaria Universal en el Palacio de Malacañang el 20 de febrero de 2019.
Después de prometer mejorar el sistema de atención médica del país , Duterte firmó leyes como la Ley de Atención Médica Universal en febrero de 2019, que facilitó la inscripción automática de todos los filipinos en el programa de seguro médico del gobierno . [457] [458] La Ley de Salud Mental de Filipinas estableció una política nacional para mejorar los servicios de salud mental en el país y proteger los derechos de las personas que utilizan servicios de salud psiquiátrica, neurológica y psicosocial. [459] Los servicios de salud para el VIH y el SIDA se hicieron más accesibles mediante una ley promulgada en diciembre de 2018. [460] Una ley firmada en diciembre de 2019 institucionalizó el Centro Malasakit , una "ventanilla única" para problemas de salud, en todos los hospitales administrados por el DOH; [461] se han establecido un total de 151 centros para mayo de 2022. [458] Se prohibió fumar en lugares públicos y se reguló el uso de petardos y pirotecnia mediante órdenes ejecutivas emitidas por Duterte. [462] [463]
Duterte firmó una ley que establecía un programa nacional de alimentación para niños desnutridos en todas las escuelas públicas. [464] Amplió los servicios de salud y nutrición para mujeres embarazadas y todos los bebés durante sus primeros 1.000 días de vida. [465] [466] Una orden ejecutiva firmada por Duterte creó un grupo de trabajo interinstitucional para formular una Política Alimentaria Nacional que incluía un plan para eliminar el hambre. [467]
En 2017, Duterte lanzó un programa médico de ₱1 mil millones para proporcionar medicamentos gratuitos, prótesis , dispositivos de asistencia, radiología y asistencia de quimioterapia a ciudadanos indigentes. [468] Fue financiado por el fondo de proyectos sociocívicos de la Oficina del Presidente . [469] Para hacer que los medicamentos sean más asequibles, Duterte ordenó un tope de precios para medicamentos seleccionados; [470] otra orden ejecutiva emitida en diciembre de 2021 impuso una regulación más estricta de los precios de los medicamentos y las medicinas para las principales causas de muerte en el país. [471]
Pandemia de COVID-19
Duterte (derecha) durante una reunión con miembros de IATF-EID en Matina Enclaves en la ciudad de Davao el 4 de junio de 2020.
Tras el primer caso confirmado del "nuevo coronavirus 2019" en Filipinas, el 31 de enero de 2020, Duterte ordenó una prohibición temporal de la entrada de ciudadanos chinos procedentes de la provincia china de Hubei , [472] y en febrero amplió la prohibición a toda China. [473] El 8 de marzo, declaró el estado de emergencia de salud pública en todo el país debido al COVID-19; [474] cuatro días después, ordenó el confinamiento en Metro Manila. [475] El 16 de marzo, declaró el estado de calamidad nacional durante los próximos seis meses; [476] un día después, puso a Luzón bajo cuarentena comunitaria reforzada , lo que provocó el cierre temporal de las fronteras y la suspensión del trabajo y el transporte público. [477] El 24 de marzo, el Congreso aprobó la Ley Bayanihan para curarse como uno solo (Bayanihan 1), [478] que Duterte firmó al día siguiente; En virtud de la ley, se le otorgó al Presidente la autoridad para realinear el presupuesto nacional de 2020 para abordar la crisis de COVID-19 y dirigir temporalmente las operaciones de establecimientos privados como hospitales privados, hoteles y transporte público. [479]
La administración compró y distribuyó equipos y suministros médicos. [480] El 30 de marzo de 2020, el DOH compró un millón de artículos de equipo de protección personal (EPP) por valor de ₱ 1.8 mil millones para los trabajadores de la salud de COVID-19, lo que llevó al Senado a solicitar una investigación sobre el sobreprecio. [481] El 20 de mayo, Duterte asumió la plena responsabilidad de la adquisición de EPP, diciendo que ordenó al secretario de salud, Francisco Duque III, que agilizara la adquisición de EPP independientemente del costo para evitar comprometer la seguridad de los trabajadores de la salud. [482] [480] El DTI también impulsó la producción local de equipos médicos a través de su proyecto de Laboratorios de Fabricación de Instalaciones de Servicios Compartidos. [483] [484]
En medio de una investigación del Senado encabezada por el senador Richard Gordon sobre un escándalo que involucraba la compra por parte del gobierno de suministros médicos supuestamente sobrevaluados de Pharmally Pharmaceutical Corp., Duterte prohibió a los miembros del Gabinete asistir a las audiencias, lo que calificó como un impedimento demasiado prolongado para los esfuerzos del gobierno en respuesta a la pandemia. [485] [486] En febrero de 2022, el borrador del informe del Senado sobre la investigación recomendó presentar cargos contra Pharmally y los funcionarios del gobierno involucrados en las transacciones, incluido Duterte, con el argumento de que "traicionó la confianza pública" cuando nombró a Michael Yang , quien estaba vinculado al escándalo, como asesor presidencial. [487] Duterte ignoró el informe y dijo que no haría perder el tiempo a los filipinos en reaccionar a la recomendación del panel del Senado. [488] La investigación de siete meses terminó con el aplazamiento del 18º Congreso en junio de 2022; el informe no llegó al plenario del Senado para su deliberación después de que fuera firmado por nueve senadores de las 11 firmas requeridas. Los senadores Migz Zubiri y Sherwin Gatchalian se negaron a firmar el informe después de que éste implicara a Duterte en el escándalo. [489] [490]
Duterte muestra un frasco de la vacuna COVID-19 desarrollada por AstraZeneca luego de una ceremonia de entrega en la ciudad de Pasay el 4 de marzo de 2021.
La administración inició su programa de vacunación contra la COVID-19 el 1 de marzo de 2021, un día después de la llegada de las primeras dosis de la vacuna al país, que donó el gobierno chino. [491] En el marco del programa, se dio prioridad a los trabajadores médicos, las personas mayores y las personas con comorbilidades. [492] La administración tenía inicialmente el objetivo de vacunar a 90 millones de filipinos antes de que terminara el mandato de Duterte, pero lo redujo a entre 77 y 80 millones en abril de 2022 debido a la persistente vacilación ante las vacunas . [493] [494] A principios de junio de 2022, la administración había conseguido más de 245 millones de dosis de vacunas, de las cuales se habían administrado 151,2 millones. Al final del mandato de Duterte, 70,5 millones de personas habían sido completamente vacunadas; [495] Durante su presidencia se habían registrado más de 3,7 millones de casos de COVID-19 en el país desde el inicio de la pandemia en 2020, con más de 3,69 millones de recuperaciones y 8.706 (0,23%) casos activos. [496]
Vivienda y desarrollo urbano
Duterte entrega el certificado de adjudicación a uno de los 640 beneficiarios de las unidades Madayaw Residences en Kadayawan Homes en la ciudad de Davao el 24 de junio de 2022. [497]
In February 2019, Duterte merged the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board to create the Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD), which was tasked with centralizing processing of housing documents at one-stop shops.[498] The DHSUD reported in October 2021 the Duterte administration financed and built 1,076,277 housing units from 2016 to 2021, the highest yearly output average of housing units per year since 1975.[499][500]
On March 8, 2017, an estimated 12,000 people led by members of militant urban-poor group Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (Kadamay) illegally occupied about 5,000 housing units in government housing projects in Pandi, Bulacan. These projects were intended for National Housing Authority (NHA) beneficiaries, informal settlers displaced from danger zones in Metro Manila, and uniformed personnel.[501] Duterte initially said he would not tolerate the illegal occupation, which he described as anarchy, and that the issue should be resolved through communication.[502] The NHA issued eviction notices[503] but failed to evict the occupants from the housing units, prompting Duterte to permit the illegal dwellers to continue occupying the units if they did not unhouse military and police officers in the process.[504][505] In June 2018, after Kadamay members attempted to occupy another housing project in Rizal, Duterte ordered the Philippine National Police to prevent the takeover.[504][506]
In March 2022, the government started its first housing project for indigenous peoples.[507]
Labor
Effort vs. contractualization
Duterte (right) convenes with government and non-government stakeholders from the labor sector at the Malacañang Palace on February 7, 2018.
Duterte campaigned to phase out contractualization (locally known as "endo", derived from "end of contract") and improve labor policies in the Philippines.[508] In 2017, he and Department of Labor and Employment secretary Silvestre Bello III proposed a new policy to end labor-only contractualization but Bello declined to sign it, seeking input from labor groups.[509][510] On March 16, Bello signed Department Order 174, which sets stricter guidelines on endo without outlawing it.[511] Duterte continued his stand against the practice, promising to sign an executive order against it;[512] however, terrorist attacks perpetuated by the Maute group in Marawi City delayed the signing.[508] Labor groups organized a rally on March 15, 2018, in protest against the president's postponement.[513] On May 1, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 51, prohibiting illegal contracting and subcontracting;[514] labor groups expressed dissatisfaction because the terms of the agreement had changed since negotiation.[508]Malacañang said it was powerless to enforce the ban and that lawmakers would have to amend the Labor Code of the Philippines for endo to be abolished.[515]
On September 21, 2018, Duterte certified a Senate bill prohibiting labor-only contracting that was stated to benefit over 40 million workers.[516] Several business groups urged Duterte to veto the bill, which they said was redundant and would force businesses to adopt automation and artificial intelligence, and that the bill violated the constitutional rights of businesses.[517] In July 2019, Duterte vetoed the Security of Tenure Bill, which he said broadened the scope and definition of illegal "labor-only contracting", and prohibited legitimate forms of contractualization favorable to employees; he added "our goal, however, has always been to target the abuse, while leaving businesses free to engage in those practices beneficial to both management and the workforce". Employers welcomed the decision but some labor groups criticized it as a failure to deliver a campaign promise.[518] The Trade Union Congress of the Philippines blamed business groups for using "scare tactics" of impending disinvestment if the bill was to pass.[519]
In November 2019, the labor department reported employers had regularized over 564,000 contractual workers as part of the administration's effort to end contractualization.[520]
Support for migrant workers
Duterte shakes hands with overseas Filipinos in Brunei on October 16, 2016Duterte signs the bill creating the Department of Migrant Workers at the Malacañang Palace on December 30, 2021.
Bilateral agreements increasing protections and opportunities for OFWs were reached with 26 countries,[526] including Cambodia,[527] Canada,[528] China,[529] Israel,[530][531] Japan,[532][533] Jordan,[534] Kuwait,[535] Romania,[536] Saudi Arabia,[537] and the United Arab Emirates.[538][539]
The Duterte administration launched OFW centers, which provide centralized government front-line services for employment documents.[540][526] Starting September 2016, the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration exempted OFWs returning to their jobs or same employers abroad from paying travel tax, securing overseas employment certificates, and paying the agency's processing fee.[541] In November 2018, the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) launched the OFW E-Card, a new identification card allowing OFWs faster access to OWWA resources, including welfare services, scholarships, training programs, and social benefits.[542]
Duterte called for the abolition of the exploitative kafala system affecting millions of OFWs employed in Gulf countries.[543] Following the death of Filipina maid Joanna Demafelis, whose body was found inside a freezer in Kuwait, a dispute between the two countries occurred. Duterte issued a deployment ban to Kuwait in February 2018 and thousands of OFWs in Kuwait were repatriated. On May 11, 2018, the two countries signed the Agreement on the Employment of Domestic Workers between the Philippines and Kuwait, which recognized certain rights of OFWs employed as servants and maids in Kuwait.[535][544]
On January 15, 2020, following the alleged killing of Jeanelyn Villavende in Kuwait by her employer, the Philippines approved a ban on the deployment of workers to Kuwait.[545] The Philippines and Kuwait signed an agreement on the proposed standard employment contract for OFWs in Kuwait on February 5, 2020. The standard contract contained regulations endorsed by Duterte; these regulations allowed OFWs to keep their passports and cellphones, mandated one day off with pay, and designated working and sleeping hours for the OFWs.[546]
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022, the Duterte administration repatriated more than one million OFWs[526] and provided them free COVID-19 testing, food, and accommodation in Metro Manila.[547]
Salary increases and employee benefits
Duterte announces salary increase for soldiers and policemen at Camp Capinpin, Tanay, Rizal on August 24, 2016.
During his presidency, Duterte approved the raising of salaries of government employees,[548] including military, police, and other uniformed personnel.[549][550][551] Through the Salary Standardization Law of 2019, salaries of government workers, including teachers and nurses, were increased in four tranches from 2020 to 2023.[548][552] A law signed in April 2022 granted a night-shift differential pay to all government employees at a rate not exceeding 20% of the hourly basic rate of the employee.[553]
In February 2019, Duterte signed a law extending paid maternity leave for female workers from 60 days to 105 days.[554]
According to Duterte, transactions would be simpler and faster through the use of a national identity system.[555] On August 6, 2018, he signed into law the Philippine Identification System Act (PhilSys Law), seeking to integrate government IDs into a single identification card for all citizens and foreign residents in the country.[556] On February 14, 2022, he issued an executive order institutionalizing the national ID card as sufficient proof of identity and age in all forms of transactions, eliminating the need to present additional identity documents.[557]
The PhilSys project gained public support,[558] but its implementation was delayed by pandemic restrictions and management issues within the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.[559] By June 2022, 66.48 million Filipinos have completed the Step 2 registration process involving validation of supporting documents and biometric captures, while the Philippine Statistics Authority delivered 11.53 million ID cards to registrants through the Philippine Postal Corporation.[560]
Social issues
Land reform
Duterte (right) distributes Certificates of Land Ownership Award (CLOAs) to Lanao del Norte beneficiaries in Cagayan de Oro on October 31, 2018.
During his presidential campaign, Duterte called the land reform program of the Aquino administration a "total failure", and promised to provide support services alongside land distribution to farmers.[561] On July 5, 2016, a few days after Duterte's presidential inauguration, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) opened the gates of its main office in Quezon City after twenty years of being barricaded shut to prevent protesters from storming it.[562]
Following the Boracay cleanup, Duterte distributed 623 certificates of land-ownership award covering 274 hectares (680 acres) of land in Boracay and Aklan to the area's Ati inhabitants and other beneficiaries.[563] In February 2019, Duterte ordered all government agencies to identify government-owned land that could be distributed to agrarian-reform beneficiaries.[564]
By August 2021, under the Duterte administration, the DAR had distributed 516,000 hectares (1,280,000 acres) of land among 405,800 farmers.[565]
Poverty alleviation
The Duterte administration has sought to lift six million Filipinos out of poverty.[566] Duterte issued his first executive order directing the cabinet secretary to supervise 12 government agencies under the Office of the President to evaluate and reform existing poverty reduction programs.[567] On October 5, 2016, he signed his fifth executive order, adopting Ambisyon Natin 2040 as the 25-year economic development plan for the Philippines with the aim of making the Philippines "a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor" by 2040.[568]
In April 2019, Duterte enacted three anti-poverty laws; the Magna Carta of the Poor, which aimed to increase the quality of life of poor Filipinos;[569] the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Act, which institutionalized a program providing conditional cash transfer to poor households for up to seven years;[570][571] and the Community-based Monitoring System Act, which adopted a community-based monitoring system in every city and municipality to improve poverty analysis.[572]
In December 2019, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported nearly six million Filipinos were no longer in poverty as the government raised its spending on social welfare; a poverty incidence of 23.3% in 2015 had dropped to 16.6% in 2018.[573] Administration efforts to further lower the poverty rate by the end of 2022[574] were hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting quarantine measures and leading to an increase in unemployment.[575][576] During this time, the number of impoverished Filipinos rose from 22.26 million in 2019 to 26.14 million in early 2021.[574] In June 2020, the administration began to ease lockdown to encourage economic activity, and address hunger and unemployment,[575][577] distributing cash aid to millions of poor and low-income families during the lockdowns.[575][578]
On May 21, 2021, Duterte signed a law extending the electricity lifeline rates for the poor for 50 years.[579]
Family planning and child welfare
As part of its 10-point socioeconomic agenda, the Duterte administration strengthened the 2012 Reproductive Health Law which had not yet been implemented due to a temporary restraining order issued by the Supreme Court. On January 9, 2017, Duterte signed an executive order providing funds and support for modern family planning, and ordered the full implementation of the law.[580][581]
Duterte enacted several laws protecting minors from abuse and exploitation.[582][583] He signed laws that criminalized child marriage,[583] raised the age of sexual consent from 12 to 16,[584] and required the government to provide special protection to children in armed conflict.[585] In September 2019, he issued an executive order creating the National Council Against Child Labor.[586] He signed a law in May 2022 promoting the rights of abandoned children with unknown parents and recognizing them as natural-born Filipino citizens.[587]
Duterte rejected abortion and suggested birth-control pills to prevent pregnancy.[588] In January 2022, he signed a law simplifying the country's adoption process and establishing the National Authority for Child Care.[589][582]
Gambling policy
Republic Act No. 11590 signed by Duterte on September 22, 2021, imposed additional taxes on POGOs.[590]
Duterte has expressed disdain for gambling.[591] Early in his term, he announced his intention to stop all online gambling operations in the country.[592] In January 2018, he ordered the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) to stop accepting new casino applications. In August that year, he dismissed the entire board of the Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF) for approving an onerous casino deal, ordering the Department of Justice to review the contract between the NPF and Chinese casino operator Landing Resorts Philippines Development Corp.; Duterte said the contract was disadvantageous to the government due to its low rental payments and lengthy lease.[593][594]
Duterte declined China's request to ban Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators (POGOs), which flourished during his presidency, because of the industry's contribution to the economy.[595][596] During the COVID-19 pandemic, he allowed gambling operations in the country to raise COVID-19 response funds,[591][597] lifting the ban on casinos he imposed in 2018 on Boracay Island following the island's cleanup[597] and initially[598] rejecting calls to terminate e-sabong (online cockfighting) operations amid the disappearance of more than 30 cockfight enthusiasts.[599][600]
From 2016 through 2021, the PAGCOR earned ₱373.33 billion in revenues, of which ₱238.74 was remitted to the government; ₱150.16 billion was remitted to the National Treasury and was used to fund the Universal Health Care Act, while ₱360 million was remitted to the Dangerous Drugs Board.[601]
Revised water concession agreements
In March 2019, a water shortage crisis severely affected Metro Manila, causing long queues to collect water rations.[602] Duterte ordered the review of the 1997 water-concession agreements signed under the Ramos administration with private water companies Maynilad and Manila Water, saying the agreements were onerous to both the government and the public.[603] That November, a Singapore-based arbitration court in November 2019 ruled the government had to pay billions of pesos to both companies as compensation for losses from rejected water-rate hikes. Duterte refused to pay and threatened to sue the two firms for economic plunder.[604] Following the Department of Justice's discovery of 12 "onerous provisions" that favored the companies, Duterte ordered Solicitor GeneralJose Calida and Finance secretary Carlos Dominguez III to write a new water-concession contract favorable to the public and the government, and ordered the two firms to accept or face expropriation.[603][604] The two firms agreed to waive the ₱10.8 billion refund from the government,[605][606] and, in 2021, signed the revised agreement, which removed government non-interference clauses and the firms' authority to charge corporate income tax to consumers.[607][608]
In January 2022, Duterte signed new franchises for Maynilad and Manila Water, allowing the firms to continue operating for another 25 years. Under the new franchise laws, the President is allowed to temporarily take over and operate the firms during a period of war, rebellion, calamity, emergency, and disaster.[609]
Compensation and incentives
Duterte approved, in January 2017, a ₱1,000 increase in the Social Security System pension.[610] He signed legislation raising the old-age pension for living Filipino veterans of World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War;[611] providing incentives for Filipino scientists abroad to return and share their expertise;[612] granting tax-free compensation to Marawi Siege victims[613] and mandatory, continued benefits to all frontline workers during public-health emergencies;[614] granting benefits to the surviving spouse and children of deceased, retired prosecutors of the National Prosecution Service;[615] and, strengthening the Sangguniang Kabataan and granting monthly honoraria to barangay youth-council officials.[616] He also signed executive orders granting monetary assistance to each CAFGU Active Auxiliary unit member in recognition for their contributions in the government's fight against insurgency and terrorism.[617][618]
To decongest Metro Manila and promote development in other regions, Duterte issued an executive order institutionalizing the Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa Program, which provides incentives such as transportation, cash aid, skills training, and low-cost housing to qualifying people wishing to return to their provinces.[619][620] In his last month in office, he doubled the cash incentives for Filipino medalists in the 31st Southeast Asian Games,[621] and allowed a bill granting additional benefits and coverage to solo parents to lapse into law.[622]
Space
Republic Act No. 11363 signed by Duterte on August 8, 2019, established the Philippine Space Agency.
Recognizing the "urgent need to create a coherent and unified strategy for space development and utilization to keep up with other nations", Duterte signed a law creating the Philippine Space Agency, to serve as the central government agency addressing national issues and activities related to space, science, and technology applications.[623]
In his fifth State of the Nation address in July 2020, Duterte warned the major telecommunications companies Globe Telecom and Smart Communications to improve their services by December or risk facing closure.[625][626] Duterte urged telecommunications firms to report local officials delaying the approval of permits for cell-site construction,[627] after the firms said red tape and non-standardized requirements made it difficult for them to build towers.[628] In compliance with Duterte's order, the Department of the Interior and Local Government simplified the application process for the construction of shared cellular sites,[627] shortening it to 16 days;[629] local government units also complied with Duterte's order.[628][629] Globe Telecom and Smart Communications have since improved their services.[630] In February 2022, average fixed broadband download speeds rose from 7.91 Mbit/s to 82.61 Mbit/s, a 944% increase; average mobile internet speeds increased 467% at 42.22 Mbit/s from 7.44 Mbit/s since the start of the Duterte administration.[631]
Duterte campaigned to break up the telecom duopoly of Globe and Smart due to the companies' poor mobile network services and internet speeds.[632][633]Bidding was held in November 2018 to determine a third major telecommunications provider in the country; Dito Telecommunity, which was then known as Mislatel Consortium, provisionally won the bid on November 7.[634] Duterte formally awarded the company its certificate of public convenience and necessity in July 2019.[635] On March 9, 2021, Dito Telecommunity began commercial operations, becoming the Philippines' third telecommunications company,[636] and soon received a 25-year franchise.[637]
Duterte and his administration were embroiled in controversy following the cessation of TV and radio broadcast operations of ABS-CBN, the largest media network in the country. Duterte expressed displeasure at the media network following its failure to air his political advertisements for which his 2016 election campaign had paid; during the same period, the network aired Senator Antonio Trillanes' advertisements, showing clips of Duterte speaking about issues of rape and murder.[643] Duterte said he would not allow the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) to grant ABS-CBN a permit unless the firm paid its alleged tax debt.[644] In February 2020, a few months before its legislative franchise expired, ABS-CBN president and CEO Carlo Katigbak issued an apology to Duterte for failing to air his political advertisements, offering to return the remaining ₱2.6 million in advertisement funds. Duterte accepted the apology and declined the refund, and distanced himself from the franchise-renewal issue, saying he had no control over the House of Representatives or Solicitor General Jose Calida, who earlier filed a quo warranto petition before the Supreme Court, seeking to invalidate ABS-CBN's franchise due to an alleged violation of the 1987 Constitution regarding foreign ownership.[645] Following the expiry of its legislative franchise on May 4, ABS-CBN ceased its broadcast operations; the following day, the NTC issued a cease-and-desist order.[646] On July 10, the House Committee on Legislative Franchises, in a 70-to-11 vote, declined the media network's application for a new 25-year franchise, citing issues with the dual citizenship of its chairman emeritus Eugenio Lopez III, a possible violation of constitutional limits on foreign ownership, reported tax and labor violations, and allegations of biased reporting and political meddling.[647] Opposition politicians, media groups,[648] academic institutions,[649] and religious leaders condemned the broadcast shutdown and the franchise-renewal denial.[650][643] Calida called the cease-and-desist order "a triumph of the rule of law".[649]
Duterte signed laws requiring the government to provide free internet access in public places[651] and allowing mobile users to permanently keep their numbers.[652] In March 2021, to improve internet access, he issued an executive order granting telecommunication companies access to satellite services.[653] By March 2022, 7,977 WiFi operational sites in public areas nationwide were established under the Free WiFi for All program while the completion rate of the first phase of the NBP was at 73.5%.[642] Shortly before Duterte's term ended, his administration swiftly approved Starlink's application to provide satellite internet access in the country to address connectivity issues in unserved or underserved areas.[654]
Tourism development
Transportation
Duterte (center) leads the inauguration of the upgraded Ormoc Airport.[655]
In June 2017, the Duterte administration launched a program to modernize the country's public transport system.[656] The program phased out 15-year-old and older jeepneys and other public utility vehicles (PUVs), required PUVs to have at least a Euro4-compliant engine or electric engine to lessen pollution,[657] and encouraged PUV operators with existing franchises to consolidate into a single legal group of at least 15 units.[658][659] Another program launched in June 2019 provided scholarships and training to public-transport drivers.[660][661]
Duterte campaigned to solve the long-standing traffic problem in Metro Manila, particularly in EDSA,[662] but later abandoned it after a bill granting him emergency powers allowing him to bypass bidding procedures and hasten the resolution of right-of-way issues did not progress in the Senate.[663][664][665]
In his fourth State of the Nation Address in July 2019, Duterte ordered the clearing of obstructions on public roads, instructing Department of the Interior and Local Government secretary Eduardo Año to suspend mayors and governors who failed to comply.[666] Año gave mayors 60 days to clear illegal obstructions and illegally parked vehicles from all public roads and sidewalks.[667] In October 2019, Año said: "based on the report from 1,246 LGUs, 6,899 roads around the country were cleared through the cooperation of the provincial, city and municipal governments"; 97 local government units failed to comply with Duterte's order and were given five days to explain their non-compliance.[668]
The DOTr created protected bike lanes in major metropolises; by the end of Duterte's term in office, 563 km (350 mi) of bike lane networks had been completed in Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao.[669][670] Duterte extended the validity of driver's licenses from three years to five[671] and granted students riding PUVs a 20% fare discount.[672] In April 2022, he allowed a bill regulating and developing the Philippines' electric vehicle industry to lapse into law.[673] By 2022, under Duterte's Build! Build! Build! program,[674] 40,080 km (24,900 mi) of roads and 6,854 bridges had been constructed, maintained, or upgraded; 579 commercial and social tourism ports had been developed; and 248 airport projects were completed.[675][676]
In 2016, Duterte said dictator Ferdinand Marcos's remains would be moved and interred at Libingan ng mga Bayani (Heroes' Cemetery), calling him a president, soldier, and hero.[677][678] On November 18, 2016, Marcos was buried with full military honors at Heroes' Cemetery after the Supreme Court issued a verdict permitting it.[679] The burial provoked national outrage, especially among those who had suffered human rights abuses under the Marcos regime; protests were continuously held from November 18 to 30.[680] Vice President Leni Robredo criticized the burial while Duterte expressed hope people could "find space in their hearts to forgive and set free those who have hurt or injured them".[681]
Duterte signed a law amending the Local Government Code of 1991, easing conversion of municipalities to component cities on the conditions the municipality earns ₱100 million for two consecutive years and has either a land area of at least 100 km2 (39 sq mi) or a population of at least 150,000.[689]
The Duterte administration's foreign policy rhetorically espoused diplomacy and independence from foreign interference.[690][691][692] During his first year in office, Duterte made 21 international trips,[693] which included seven state visits and four summit meetings.[694]
ASEAN
Duterte (3rd from left) and other leaders from ASEAN and its nearby countries hold hands as a symbol of unity in Vientiane, Laos, September 7, 2016.
Duterte placed great importance on the Philippines' diplomatic relations with its Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) neighbors. Following tradition, his first trips outside the country were to Laos on September 7, 2016, for the 49th ASEAN Leaders Summit,[695] Indonesia on September 9,[696] Vietnam on September 29,[697] Malaysia on November 9,[698] Cambodia on December 13,[699] Singapore on December 15,[700] Thailand on March 17,[701] and Myanmar on March 19.[702][703]
In 2017, the Philippines was chair and host to the ASEAN summits; the culminating event was held in Manila on November 10–14 (31st summit).[704][705] Duterte and other ASEAN leaders signed the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers, a landmark document that would ensure social protection of migrant workers in the ASEAN region; however, the consensus was silent on undocumented workers.[706]
Early in his presidential tenure, Duterte made efforts to distance the Philippines from the United States, and forge closer relationships with China and Russia, particularly in economic and military cooperation.[707] Duterte expressed his intention to scale back military agreements with the United States,[708][709] and to conduct joint military exercises with China's People's Liberation Army.[710] Duterte also sought to source weapons from China and Russia after the U.S. State Department refused to sell assault rifles to the Philippine police due to human rights violations concerns relating to the drug war.[711]
Seeking to avoid armed conflict, Duterte adopted a conciliatory and friendly stance towards China that was unlike his predecessor's antagonism toward it.[712] In 2016, Duterte and Chinese president Xi Jinping created the biannual Bilateral Consultation Mechanism on the South China Sea, a process allowing the two nations to peacefully manage disputes and strengthen their relations.[713][714][715] In May 2017, Duterte said Xi had threatened war if the Philippines tried to enforce the South China Sea Arbitration ruling and drill for oil in the South China Sea.[716]
Duterte also hoped a non-confrontational approach to China would eventually lead to joint exploration of the South china Sea to support Build! Build! Build!.[717] During Xi's first state visit to the country in November 2018, the Philippines and China signed 29 agreements, including cooperation on the Belt and Road Initiative and a memorandum of understanding on joint oil-and-gas developments in the South China Sea.[718][719] In September 2019, Duterte said Xi had offered the Philippines a controlling stake in a gas deal in the Reed Bank if the Philippines set aside the South China Sea Arbitration ruling.[720]
In April 2017, Duterte ordered the Armed Forces of the Philippines to occupy and fortify several uninhabited islands in the South China Sea.[721] Following the sighting of Chinese survey vessels, he ordered the Philippine Navy to build structures on Benham Rise to assert the Philippines' sovereignty over the region.[722] A month later, he signed an executive order formally renaming Benham Rise to Philippine Rise.[723]
Chinese aggression in the South China Sea strained the nations' relationship.[717] In April 2017, Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines Zhao Jianhua called Philippine plans to repair Thitu (Pag-asa) Island illegal.[724] Between 2018 and 2020, China deployed hundreds of military vessels around Thitu Island to impede these repairs.[725] In April 2019, following a military report at least 275 Chinese vessels had been monitoring the region since January, Duterte threatened to send Philippine soldiers on a "suicide mission" should China further encroach.[726] In January 2021, China passed a law authorizing its coast guard to fire on foreign vessels as needed[727] and in March, it moored 220 Chinese vessels believed to be manned by the Chinese military at disputed Whitsun Reef.[728][729] In response, Duterte authorized foreign-affairs secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. to submit several diplomatic protests.[717][730][731]
By June 2020, Duterte was gradually distancing the Philippines from China.[732][717] In July that year, he called on the Department of Foreign Affairs to demand China recognize the South China Sea Arbitration ruling.[717] During the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, Duterte stated that "the Award is now part of international law".[733][734]
Duterte with U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson during the latter's official visit in Manila, August 7, 2017
In January 2020, when the U.S. denied a visa for Senator Ronald dela Rosa due to his role as police chief during the Philippine anti-drug war, Duterte moved to terminate the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA).[735][736] Duterte repeatedly postponed the termination between June 2020 and June 2021, canceling it in July 2021 during U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin's visit to the Philippines.[737] Following criticism over vaccine-procurement delays during the COVID-19 pandemic, Duterte used the VFA as leverage for securing vaccines from the U.S.;[738] in August 2021, he thanked the U.S. for its donations, which he said played a key role in his decision to keep the VFA.[739][740]
Duterte with U.S. President Donald Trump during a bilateral meeting in Pasay City, November 13, 2017
In December 2020, the Philippines received military equipment worth ₱1.4 billion ($29 million) from the U.S.[741] The countries made efforts to reinvigorate relations.[717] This included high-level visits by commander of U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, Adm. John Aquilino, who affirmed the Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) with the Philippines,[742] and Marine Corps Commandant David H. Berger.[743] In September 2021, foreign-affairs secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. and defense secretary Delfin Lorenzana met with counterparts in the U.S. to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the U.S.-Philippines MDT.[744][745] In the same month, Locsin welcomed the AUKUS nuclear submarine deal, which he said could help balance the power in the Indo-Pacific region;[746] days after, Duterte expressed concern the AUKUS deal could provoke a "nuclear arms race".[747]
Duterte (center) does a fist bump with Chinese Ambassador Huang Xilian during the ceremonial turnover of CoronaVac vaccines in Villamor Air Base, Pasay City on February 28, 2021.
China played an important role in the early months of the Philippines' response to COVID-19.[748] In February 2021, China became the first country to send the Philippines COVID-19 vaccines;[749] Duterte said he had asked Xi for assistance in securing vaccines.[750] On January 16, 2022, China donated ₱1 billion of non-combat military equipment,[751][752] two days after the Philippines made a deal with India to buy the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile to improve its coastal defense.[753]
In March 2022, Duterte warned trouble might occur if the next Philippine administration chose not to honor the memorandum of understanding with China on joint-exploration activities in the South China Sea, after receiving a "reminder" from a man from China whom he did not identify.[754] On June 24, six days before his term ended, Duterte ordered the complete termination of the planned joint oil exploration in the South China Sea with China; Locsin stated in the three years since it was signed, the "objective of developing oil and gas resources so critical for the Philippines" had not been achieved.[755]
Amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine in March 2022, Duterte pledged to open the country's facilities to American forces under the 1951 MDT if the conflict spreads to Asia.[756]
Russia
Duterte meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin during the APEC summit in Lima, Peru, November 19, 2016.
Philippine-Russian relations improved during Duterte's presidency.[757][758] On November 20, 2016, Duterte met with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the APEC summit in Lima, Peru; Duterte has praised Putin's leadership skills, calling him his "idol".[759][760] Duterte stated the Philippines could seek stronger diplomatic cooperation with China and Russia "to make the world more peaceful" but that the Philippines was "not ready" for military alliances due to the United States-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty.[761] The Russian government offered a strategic partnership with the Philippines and offered to assist the purchasing of Russian-made weaponry.[762]
Duterte (foreground, 2nd from left) during the ceremonial handing over of a batch of Russian military products to the Philippines on October 25, 2017
In May 2017, Duterte made his first state visit to Russia and met with Putin[763] to finalize a defense-cooperation agreement between the nations[764] but the visit was cut short when Islamic militants attacked Marawi.[763] In October the same year, the Philippines and Russia signed an agreement of defense and technical cooperation, which included a sales contract for the purchase of defense articles with Russian state-owned company Rosoboronexport; Russia donated thousands of rifles, helmets, and other military equipment to the Philippines.[765][766]
At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021, Duterte and Putin held a teleconference to discuss production and supply of coronavirus vaccines, defense, and trade opportunities; Duterte informed Putin of his plan to order 20 million doses of Sputnik V vaccine from Russia.[772] On May 1 that year, 15,000 Sputnik V vaccines purchased by the government arrived in the Philippines.[773]
A few days after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in February 2022, the Philippines voted in favor of a United Nations resolution, expressing "explicit condemnation" of the invasion.[774] Duterte described Putin, whom he considers a friend,[775] as "suicidal"[776] and said the invasion deserved condemnation.[775] He said the Philippines would remain neutral on the issue.[777] Amid rising global oil prices brought about by the invasion, in May 2022, Duterte contradicted Putin's labeling of the invasion as a "special military operation", saying the invasion was a war waged against "a sovereign nation".[778] A few days before he left office, Duterte approved his administration's cancellation of its order of 16 Mil Mi-17 military helicopters from Russia for fear of United States sanctions amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war.[779]
On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order institutionalizing access to protection services for refugees, stateless persons, and asylum seekers.[785]
Impeachment attempt
On March 16, 2017, opposition politician Gary Alejano filed an impeachment complaint against Duterte citing thousands of deaths in Duterte's anti-drug campaign, alleged leadership of vigilante group Davao Death Squad, and allegations of graft and corruption.[786][787] Alejano, on March 30, filed a supplemental complaint over Duterte's alleged inaction and "defeatist stance" in the South China Sea, Scarborough Shoal, and Benham Rise.[788][789] On May 15, the House Justice Committee officially dismissed the charge by unanimous vote due to insufficient evidence after Alejano said he had no personal knowledge of the alleged offenses, having based his impeachment complaint on news reports and witness testimonies.[790][791]
Opposition alliance Otso Diretso promoted the 2019 mid-term election as a referendum on Duterte and his administration.[793][794] Eight of the twelve candidates backed by Duterte's administration won Senate seats;[795] Otso Diretso suffered a historic loss, failing to secure any seats.[796]
2022 general election
Duterte (left) endorsing Bong Go, who filed his certificate of candidacy for vice president on October 2, 2021.
In August 2021, critics raised the possibility of Duterte extending his term after he announced he would run as vice president.[797][798] Duterte's party, the PDP–Laban Cusi faction, fielded former Philippine National Police chief and Senator Ronald dela Rosa as president,[799] who was widely suspected of being a placeholder for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayor Sara Duterte.[800] On October 2, 2021, Duterte withdrew his candidacy and announced his retirement from politics, and his long-time aide, Senator Bong Go, replaced him as the vice-presidential candidate.[801]
On November 13, 2021, Sara unexpectedly decided to run as vice president under the Lakas–CMD party, prompting dela Rosa to withdraw hours later and be replaced by Go.[802] Duterte retracted his planned retirement and announced he would run for vice president to express his dismay for Sara's decision to enter the vice-presidential race when polls showed she was the preferred candidate for presidency;[803] he later withdrew candidacy after deciding not to run against his daughter, and instead announced his intent to run as senator,[804] while endorsing a Go–Sara team.[805]
Sara, however, decided to partner with Bongbong Marcos, who announced his presidential candidacy in November 2021.[806] Go later expressed his disinterest in the presidency.[807] On December 14, hours after Go withdrew his candidacy for president, Duterte withdrew his senate bid.[808]
Duterte remained influential before the national elections because several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement due to his popularity.[809][810][811] Allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates after the Cusi faction was left without a leader following Go's withdrawal. The PDP–Laban Cusi faction endorsed presidential candidate Marcos,[812] with some officials calling for Duterte to do the same.[813] Duterte, however, endorsed only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates,[814][815] and said he would remain neutral, deciding not to endorse any presidential candidate[812] and prohibiting his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate[816] to avoid suspicion he would use public funds for his preferred successor's campaign;[817] and to prevent cabinet members from compromising their integrity.[816] Duterte said the next president should be decisive, compassionate, a good judge of character, and preferably a lawyer,[812] which a PDP–Laban official interpreted as a "virtual endorsement" for Duterte's rival, Vice President Leni Robredo, who also decided to run for president.[818] In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency but could not say whether Duterte endorsed Marcos.[819][812]
On May 5, 2022, Duterte created a transition committee led by Executive SecretarySalvador Medialdea to oversee the transition of power to the next administration.[820] According to analysts, Duterte's popularity was "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, both of whom won landslides in the election.[821]
Approval ratings
Duterte's approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive.[826] Two weeks into Duterte's presidency, on July 13, 2016, Social Weather Stations (SWS) conducted the first approval survey since his inauguration; Duterte received an "excellent" trust rating of 79% among 1,200 Filipino adults.[827][828] A week later, Pulse Asia released a poll conducted on July 2–8 showing 91% of Filipinos trusted Duterte, making him the most-trusted official in the Philippines since 1999.[829][830] Duterte's net-satisfaction was at its lowest value 45% in July 2018;[831] it recovered to 54% in September 2018[832] and 60% in December that year.[833]
By July 2019, halfway through his six-year term in office, Duterte had a record net-satisfaction rating of 68%.[834] An April 2019 survey put his approval rating at 79%, higher than any of his predecessors at that stage in their presidencies.[835] By December that year, his approval rating was 87% according to Pulse Asia; this was credited to poverty reduction and the successful hosting of the 2019 SEA Games.[836]
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a Pulse Asia September 2020 "Ulat ng Bayan Survey" ("Report to the Nation Survey"), showed 84% of Filipinos approved of the government's work to control the spread of COVID-19 and its assistance to those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic; 92% of survey respondents said Duterte has "done well" in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the country.[837][838] Duterte's SWS net-satisfaction rating rose to 60% in December 2021,[823] higher than the 52% rating in September 2021,[839] and slightly lower than the 62% rating in June 2021;[840] the survey also noted higher net satisfaction among those vaccinated and those willing to be vaccinated.[823]
Duterte remained popular until the end of his term; according to a PUBLiCUS Asia survey conducted between March 30 to April 6, 2022, 67.2% of 1,500 respondents approved of his performance over the past 12 months while only 15.2% disapproved.[841][842] A 2021 survey by WR Numero Research showed 54.59% of voters wanted soft continuity of Duterte's policies, 29.57% wanted full continuity, and 15.84% preferred change.[843]
Duterte left office with a net-satisfaction rating of 81%—his highest—according to an SWS survey held between June 26 to 29, 2022.[825] A survey of 1,500 people conducted by PUBLiCUS Asia in June—Duterte's last month in office—showed he was the most-popular post-EDSA president, with a 75% approval of his performance as president, while only 10% expressed disapproval.[844][14]
^"Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016.
^Casiple, Ramon C.; McCargo, Duncan; Aspinall, Edward; Davidson, Michael W.; Hicken, Allen; Weiss, Meredith L.; Villegas, Bernardo M.; Manzano, George; Baviera, Aileen S. P. (August 31, 2016). "Roundtable: The 2016 Philippine Presidential Election". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 38 (2). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute: 180–181. doi:10.1355/cs38-2a. S2CID 157111016. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022.
^Garrido, Marco (May 5, 2022). "Analysis; Filipinos don't long for the Marcos era. Why is his son in the lead?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (December 26, 2019). "Duterte's relentless war on drugs, corruption, crime". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021.
^Corrales, Nestor (July 24, 2017). "Duterte: Fight will continue against drugs, crime, corruption". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017.
^ a bCaliwan, Christopher Lloyd (March 30, 2022). "Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.
^Gonzales, Cathrine (June 18, 2019). "6,600 killed in war vs drugs from July 2016 to May 2019 — PNP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019.
^ a bTordecilla, Karmela (February 6, 2017). "Duterte: CPP-NPA-NDF a terrorist group". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017.
^ a bManuel, Pilar (January 28, 2021). "PH economy plunges by record -9.5% in 2020 as Q4 GDP maintains slump". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.
^ a bHilotin, Jay (January 27, 2022). "Philippine economy jumps 5.6% in 2021 on higher household consumption, easing of COVID curbs". Gulf News. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022.
^Galang, Mico A. (April 6, 2017). "US, China, and Duterte's 'Independent Foreign Policy'". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017.
^Liu, Fu-Kuo; Zou, Keyuan; Wu, Shicun; Spangler, Jonathan (April 20, 2017). South China Sea Lawfare: Post-Arbitration Policy Options and Future Prospects. South China Sea Think Tank. p. 101. ISBN 978-986-92828-3-3. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
^Romero, Segundo J. E. Jr. (September 26, 2016). "Duterte's Rise to Power in the Philippines: Domestic and Regional Implications". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - Southeast Asia Regional Office. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020.
^ a bCruz, Kaithreen (June 27, 2022). "Duterte most popular post-EDSA president - Publicus". Manila Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
^Pacia, Sara Isabelle (May 12, 2016). "Duterte can credit new 'Solid South,' NCR and Cebu for win". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016.
^Corrales, Nestor (February 9, 2016). "Duterte willing to lose life, presidency to fulfil vow vs crime, drugs, corruption". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 10, 2016.
^Tupaz, Voltaire (May 18, 2016). "Who's your pick for #Du30Cabinet?". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 24, 2022). "Duterte fulfilled 'change is coming' slogan: Palace". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022.
^ a b"Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president". CNN Philippines. May 27, 2016. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016.
^Santos, Eimor P. (May 28, 2016). "Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016.
^Gonzales, Yuji Vincent (May 30, 2016). "Duterte, Robredo proclaimed new President, VP; Rody a no-show". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016.
^ a bCepeda, Mara (May 11, 2016). "Duterte transition team formed, holds first meeting". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016.
^ a b c"President Duterte takes oath of office". ABS-CBN News. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
^ a bArguillas, Carolyn O. (June 15, 2016). "Duterte to take oath in Rizal Hall; no lunch but pritong saging will be served". MindaNews. Archived from the original on February 9, 2018. The Rizal Ceremonial Hall where Duterte will be sworn in as President, is the largest room in the Malacanan Palace and is used for large dinners and large assemblies. The first President to take his oath there was Ferdinand Marcos, on February 25, 1986 although he delivered his inaugural address in Maharlika Hall (now Kalayaan Hall).
^Viray, Patricia Lourdes (June 30, 2016). "Rodrigo Duterte sworn in as 16th Philippine president". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
^Corrales, Nestor (May 31, 2016). "Duterte names members of Cabinet". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016.
^Venzon, Cliff (June 1, 2016). "Duterte's cabinet taps retired generals and communists". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
^Viray, Patricia Lourdes (June 30, 2016). "Duterte's Cabinet takes oath, holds first meeting". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016.
^Diola, Camille (June 3, 2016). "Duterte appoints closest aide, broadcaster to Palace posts". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016.
^Zamora, Fe; Tubeza, Philip C. (June 27, 2017). "Duterte hires 59 former AFP, PNP men to Cabinet, agencies". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017.
^Musico, Jelly (October 15, 2018). "Duterte defends Cabinet appointment of ex-military men". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018.
^Ramos, Roy; Glang, Hader (May 17, 2016). "Philippines' Duterte offers cabinet posts to rebels". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016.
^"Duterte repeats claim leftist ex-Cabinet members funded NPA". CNN Philippines. October 6, 2019. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019.
^ a b cSantos, Eimor P. (October 3, 2018). "Duterte fires left-leaning Labor official". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019.
^"Duterte to fire more corrupt officials". CNN Philippines. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 14, 2018.
^Flores, Helen (April 2, 2022). "Duterte: I fired corrupt Cabinet members". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022.
^Aurelio, Julie M. (April 4, 2019). "Duterte: There's no corruption in my Cabinet". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019.
^Tan, Lara (June 7, 2018). "Is Duterte 'recycling' fired officials? Only 3 out of 20, says Roque". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 11, 2018.
^"Duterte finds businessmen's ten proposals 'doable'". GMA News Online. June 21, 2016. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022.
^Juego, Bonn (June 13, 2020). "Addressing the Pandemic in the Philippines Necessitates a New Economic Paradigm". Developing Economics. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020.
^ a bMusico, Jelly (August 27, 2018). "Duterte defends appointment of de Castro as CJ". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019.
^Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (May 11, 2018). "SC grants quo warranto petition to oust Sereno". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 14, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (November 29, 2018). "Duterte defends Bersamin's Chief Justice appointment". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019.
^Corrales, Nestor (October 23, 2019). "Diosdado Peralta is new Chief Justice". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019.
^Calayag, Keith (April 2, 2021). "Duterte appoints Alexander Gesmundo Chief Justice". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
^Adel, Rosette (March 6, 2017). "Samuel Martires named new SC justice". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018.
^Corrales, Nestor (July 26, 2018). "Associate Justice Samuel Martires is new Ombudsman". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018.
^Torres-Tupas, Tetch (March 6, 2019). "Duterte completes JBC with appointment of retired SC Justice Tijam". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019.
^Reformina, Ina (July 13, 2017). "Duterte appoints CA Chief as new SC justice". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017.
^Reganit, Jose Cielito (August 14, 2017). "Duterte appoints Sandiganbayan's Gesmundo to SC". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017.
^Musico, Jelly (August 10, 2018). "Duterte appoints CA Jose Reyes as new SC Justice". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (October 10, 2018). "Duterte appoints Hernando as SC associate justice". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019.
^Torres-Tupas, Tetch (November 28, 2018). "Duterte appoints CA Justice Carandang to Supreme Court". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 6, 2019). "Duterte names new SC Associate Justice". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019.
^Torres-Tupas, Tetch (May 27, 2019). "Duterte names fellow Davao native Inting as newest SC associate justice". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019.
^Buan, Lian (August 5, 2019). "Duterte appoints CA justice Zalameda to Supreme Court". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 5, 2019.
^ a b"Duterte appoints 2 appellate court justices to Supreme Court: sources". ABS-CBN News. December 3, 2019. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019.
^Tomacruz, Sofia (January 8, 2020). "Duterte appoints CA justice Gaerlan to Supreme Court". Rappler. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020.
^"Duterte appoints CA justice Padilla to Supreme Court". CNN Philippines. July 16, 2020. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020.
^Navalio, Mike (September 9, 2020). "Duterte appoints CA's Rosario to Supreme Court". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 26, 2021). "Duterte names Jhosep Lopez as Supreme Court justice". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021.
^Galvez, Daphne (September 14, 2021). "CA justice Japar Dimaampao appointed as 2nd Muslim SC justice". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021.
^Galvez, Daphne; Torres-Tupas, Tetch (November 16, 2021). "Duterte names Midas Marquez as SC associate justice". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (February 23, 2022). "Duterte appoints Antonio Kho as new SC associate justice". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 23, 2022.
^Panaligan, Rey (May 18, 2022). "Duterte names CA Justice Filomena Singh 15th Supreme Court member". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022.
^"Rodrigo Roa Duterte, First State of the Nation Address, July 25, 2016". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in English and Filipino). July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.
^"Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Second State of the Nation Address, July 24, 2017". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in English and Filipino). July 24, 2017. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021.
^"Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Third State of the Nation Address, July 23, 2018". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in English and Filipino). July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021.
^"Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Fourth State of the Nation Address, July 22, 2019". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in English and Filipino). July 22, 2019. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021.
^"Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Fifth State of the Nation Address, July 27, 2020". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in English and Filipino). July 27, 2020. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
^"Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Sixth State of the Nation Address, July 26, 2021". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines (in English and Filipino). July 26, 2021. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021.
^Domingo, Katrina (July 20, 2019). "4 pct of House bills in 17th Congress enacted into law". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (June 13, 2022). "18th Congress passed 311 bills that became law: report". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
^Corrales, Nestor (December 22, 2016). "Duterte signs P3.35-T nat'l budget for 2017". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 25, 2016.
^Nicolas, Jino (December 19, 2017). "Tax reform, budget implementation set". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022.
^Torres, Sherrie Ann; Cruz, RG; Balancio, Joyce (April 15, 2019). "Duterte signs 2019 budget with vetoed provisions". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (December 26, 2019). "Duterte extends 2019 budget's validity until 2020". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 6, 2020). "Duterte signs P4.1-T national budget for 2020". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020.
^Romero, Alexis (January 6, 2021). "Duterte signs laws extending validity of Bayanihan 2, 2020 budget". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021.
^Unite, Betheena (December 30, 2021). "Duterte signs P5.024-trillion national budget for 2022". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021.
^ a b cDeligero, P. Y. (March 28, 2022). "Revisiting Duterte's leadership style". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022.
^ a b cLema, Karen; Petty, Martin (October 5, 2020). "Philippines' Duterte scores record high rating, despite virus crisis". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020.
^Amador, Julio; Baladjay, Deryk (December 16, 2020). "The New Normal of President Duterte's Independent Foreign Policy" (PDF). Asia Pacific Bulletin (540). Washington, DC: East-West Center: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2021.
^Merez, Arianne (July 16, 2020). "'I cannot respond,' Roque says when asked about Duterte's edited speeches". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020.
^ a bFrancia, Arra B.; Balinbin, Arjay L. (January 24, 2019). "For some businessmen: Duterte's leadership style remains a concern". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022.
^Corrales, Nestor (October 5, 2016). "Don't take Duterte's words literally, Palace exec tells media". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016.
^Bacungan, VJ (February 9, 2017). "Duterte: '3 in 5 of my statements are just nonsense'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017.
^Ramirez, Robertzon (April 13, 2016). "Duterte to rivals: Pray for your ratings to rise". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018.
^Francisco, Katerina (July 24, 2017). "'Tatay Digong' brand, charisma behind Duterte's survey numbers – analysts". Rappler. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017.
^Aquino, Norman P. (July 21, 2019). "'Tatay Digong' thrives on pathos to keep rock-star status". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022.
^Luna, Franco (April 16, 2020). "Duterte asks public for 'discipline' in following quarantine rules". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020.
^Parcon, Ian Clark R. (September 1, 2021). "Understanding Dutertismo: Populism and Democratic Politics in the Philippines". Asian Journal of Social Science. 49 (3): 131–137. doi:10.1016/j.ajss.2021.03.001 (inactive September 19, 2024). ISSN 1568-4849. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
^Labastin, Benjiemen A. (December 2018). "Two Faces of Dutertismo: Two Visions of Democracy in the Philippines" (PDF). Social Ethics Society Journal of Applied Philosophy (Special Issue). La Salle University - Ozamiz: 31–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2019.
^Ostiguy, Pierre; Panizza, Francisco; Moffitt, Benjamin (December 29, 2020). Populism in Global Perspective: A Performative and Discursive Approach. Routledge. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-000-33542-2. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^Dizon, Nikko (December 7, 2016). "Just call me mayor: Duterte shuns 'Mr. President,' 'Your Excellency'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020.
^"'Don't Call me Excellency' - Philippines President Bans Honorifics". VOA. Reuters. July 21, 2016. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
^Romero, Alexis (May 27, 2018). "Duterte: Don't refer to my kin as 'First Family'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020.
^"Duterte explains gum-chewing habit helps relieve back pain". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018.
^Salaverria, Leila B. (November 19, 2017). "Duterte: I dress for comfort, and not to impress". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 19, 2017.
^Quismundo, Tarra (May 30, 2016). "New President's day starts at 1 p.m." Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016.
^Lim, Frinston (July 1, 2017). "Duterte has given up night life due to advanced age". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017.
^"'Nasaan ang Pangulo?' Duterte says his day starts at 2 p.m." ABS-CBN News. December 1, 2020. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020.
^ a bValente, Catherine S. (October 8, 2016). "First 100 days yield significant accomplishments". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
^ a b c d"A look at the 1st 100 days of Duterte's phenomenal rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Associated Press. October 8, 2016. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
^Viray, P.L. (September 6, 2016). "Palace issues proclamation of state of national emergency". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
^"MNLF Founder Nur Misuari Weighs in on the Philippine Presidential Election". Vice News. May 6, 2016. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016.
^Tayao-Juego, Annelle (May 8, 2016). "Muslim groups back Duterte, ask Aquino for clean polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Manila, Philippines. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016.
^Mellejor, Lilian C. (July 8, 2014). "MILF, MNLF not terrorist groups, simply fighting for Moro dignity - Duterte". InterAksyon. Davao City: The Philippine Star. Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.
^Bartolome, Jessica (July 8, 2016). "Duterte: America, not Middle East, responsible for 'importing terrorism'". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017.
^Estremera, Stella A. (September 6, 2016). "Duterte reminds US of Bud Dajo massacre". SunStar. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
^Bartolome, Jessica (July 8, 2016). "Plan B: Duterte promises BBL for both MNLF, MILF if Filipinos vote against federalism". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016.
^de Jesus, Julliane Love (July 8, 2016). "Duterte promises to fix insurgency, war in Mindanao before his term ends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016.
^Aben, Elena (November 7, 2016). "Duterte signs EO on Bangsamoro transition commission". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016.
^Cudis, Christine (January 27, 2019). "TIMELINE: The Bangsamoro peace process". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (July 27, 2018). "Duterte signs Bangsamoro Law". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018.
^Corrales, Nestor (April 30, 2019). "Duterte signs EO implementing annex of normalization under Bangsamoro". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^Aurelio, Julie M. (June 19, 2019). "MILF decommissioning starts". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Manila. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (May 31, 2022). "Comprehensive peace process flourished under Duterte admin". Philippine News Agency. Manila. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022.
^"Southern Philippines: Fostering an Inclusive Bangsamoro" (PDF). Asia Report (322). Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group: 4. February 18, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2022.
^Engelbrecht, Georgi (October 29, 2021). "The Philippines: Three More Years for the Bangsamoro Transition". International Crisis Group. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^Alipala, Bong S.; Sarmiento, Julie S. (October 30, 2021). "Bangsamoro polls reset to 2025". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^Mendoza, Greanne (May 23, 2017). "Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017.
^Velasco, Trini; Andrade, Cris Angelo; Mendoza, Trisha (May 23, 2017). "TIMELINE: Maute attack in Marawi City". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017.
^Morallo, Audrey (May 23, 2017). "AFP: Marawi clashes part of security operation, not terrorist attack". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 23, 2017.
^ a bMcKirdy, Euan; Berlinger, Joshua (October 17, 2017). "Philippines' Duterte declares liberation of Marawi from ISIS-affiliated militants". CNN. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017.
^McKirdy, Euan (July 5, 2017). "Satellite imagery shows devastation of ISIS-held Marawi". CNN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017.
^Placido, Dharel (July 3, 2017). "Duterte orders creation of 'Task Force Bangon Marawi'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.
^Luu, Chieu (July 22, 2017). "Philippines extends martial law in Mindanao". CNN. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017.
^Santos, Eimor P. (December 14, 2017). "Congress grants Duterte request to extend Mindanao martial law until end of 2018". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (December 12, 2018). "Congress grants martial law extension until end of 2019". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018.
^Cigaral, Nicolas (January 1, 2020). "Martial law in Mindanao ends after 953 days". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 5, 2020.
^Corrales, Nestor (December 31, 2019). "'Strong security' in Mindanao as martial law ends on New Year's eve". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (July 3, 2020). "Duterte signs anti-terror bill into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020.
^Santos, Elmor (July 3, 2020). "Duterte signs into law the controversial anti-terrorism bill". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (May 30, 2022). "NTF-ELCAC, Anti-Terrorism Act crucial to PH fight vs. insurgency". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
^Macas, Trisha (August 22, 2016). "PHL hopes for peace deal with CPP-NPA-NDF within a year". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016.
^Gavilan, Jodesz (August 22, 2016). "WHO'S WHO: Political prisoners released for Oslo peace talks". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
^Esguerra, Darryl John (October 3, 2018). "Duterte fires last leftist in government". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022.
^Musico, Jelly (December 8, 2020). "Duterte says no ceasefire with Reds 'ever again'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
^Keck, Madeleine (November 29, 2017). "Duterte explains why he terminated foreign-brokered peace talks with country's rebels". Southeast Asia Globe. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
^Jerusalem, Jigger (February 6, 2017). "Duterte orders arrest of NDFP negotiators". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017.
^"Rebel killed in clash after Duterte lifts truce: military". ABS-CBN News. February 6, 2017. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 5, 2018). "Duterte creates task force for the reintegration of former rebels". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 29, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 31, 2018). "DND issues IRR for task force aiding reintegration of rebel returnees". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018.
^"Duterte: Gov't shifts to 'civilian-led approach' in fight vs. communists". CNN Philippines. December 12, 2018. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018.
^Roque, EJ (March 21, 2019). "Duterte permanently ends peace talks with Reds". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019.
^Romero, Alexis (March 21, 2019). "Duterte declares permanent termination of talks with Reds". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
^"Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools". GMA News Online. July 24, 2017. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.
^"Duterte to Makabayan bloc: 'We are not red-tagging you, we are identifying you as communists'". CNN Philippines. November 30, 2020. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^Mercado, Neil Arwin (November 30, 2020). "Duterte tells leftwing groups: 'We are not red-tagging you, we are identifying you as communist fronts'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (July 7, 2022). "Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022.
^Laude, Jaime (July 3, 2016). "Duterte to continue AFP modernization program". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 24, 2020). "Palace welcomes historic arrival of PH's 1st missile-capable ship". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (February 9, 2021). "2nd missile frigate BRP Antonio Luna now in PH waters". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021.
^"PH buys 2 new frigates from South Korean firm". ABS-CBN News. Reuters. October 25, 2016. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016.
^"Duterte lauds 'new era' of Navy with commissioning of missile-capable frigate". CNN Philippines. July 10, 2020. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020.
^Bajo, Anna Felicia (March 19, 2021). "Navy commissions second missile-capable frigate BRP Antonio Luna". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022.
^Bondoc, Marlly Rome (June 20, 2018). "Duterte approves P300-B phase 2 of AFP modernization program". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022.
^Mangosing, Frances (June 20, 2018). "Duterte OKs AFP modernization shopping list for Horizon 2". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (February 22, 2022). "DND to sign deal for purchase of 32 more 'Black Hawk' helicopters". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022.
^"Philippines signs $624 million deal for 32 Black Hawks". Associated Press. February 22, 2022. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 16, 2022). "PRRD signs law fixing term of AFP chief, other senior officers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (June 1, 2022). "More responsive AFP, result of PRRD's strong support for military". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022.
^"SONA 2016: What are Duterte's priorities?". CNN Philippines. July 26, 2016. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016.
^Ordenes, Lala (July 21, 2017). "SONA 2016 PROMISE TRACKER: Media". VERA Files. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. The Duterte administration fulfilled this promise on October 11, 2016 when the president signed Administrative Order No. 1 creating the Presidential Task Force against Media Killings. It was later renamed Presidential Task Force on Media Security (PTFoMS), with former Manila Times journalist Joel Sy Egco as its executive director.
^Corrales, Nestor (October 13, 2016). "Duterte forms presidential task force vs media killings". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016.
^Romero, Alexis (April 27, 2022). "Duterte signs law creating judiciary marshal service". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022.
^Pulta, Benjamin (June 16, 2022). "Duterte admin appointed 'most number' of prosecutors: Guevarra". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 11, 2018). "Duterte signs law banning all forms of hazing". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 17, 2019). "Duterte signs law imposing heftier fines for sexual harassment". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019.
^Corrales, Nestor (July 15, 2019). "No more catcalling: Duterte signs 'Bawal Bastos' law". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 17, 2022). "Duterte OKs law protecting financial consumers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 16, 2022). "Duterte inks Timbangan ng Bayan law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (June 28, 2022). "Duterte inks expanded anti-trafficking in persons law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022.
^Romero, Alexis (May 18, 2022). "Duterte signs law extending gun registration validity". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Pedrajas, Joseph (May 17, 2022). "Duterte OKs easing of procedures for gun permits". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Nawal, Allan (June 8, 2019). "PRRD orders shut down of Kapa, others". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019.
^Esguerra, Darryl John (December 16, 2020). "Duterte orders advance passenger information system to beef up border control". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020.
^Layug, Margaret Claire (June 16, 2018). "302 'tambay kalye' rounded up in QCPD's intensified anti-crime ops". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022.
^Aurelio, Julie M. (June 22, 2018). "Duterte: I did not order 'tambay' arrests". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018.
^Lacorte, Germelina (December 28, 2015). "Duterte wants death penalty back". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015.
^Romero, Paolo; Romero, Alexis (April 27, 2017). "Death penalty dead in Senate—Drilon". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 9, 2018). "Senate shouldn't be rebuked for not passing death penalty". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022.
^Talabong, Rambo (August 12, 2017). "Except for killings, all crimes drop in Duterte's 1st year". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017.
^Marquez, Consuelo (January 8, 2020). "Drop in crime rate proves gov't 'winning' drug war – PNP's Eleazar". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020.
^Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (October 29, 2021). "PH crimes drop by almost 50% in last 5 years". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021.
^Alconaba, Nico (June 28, 2016). "Digong defends war on drugs, crime, graft". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019.
^ a b"PH needs more rehab centers as drug users surrender in droves". The Filipino Times. July 9, 2016. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022.
^Andolong, Ina (July 8, 2016). "Duterte names country's topmost drug lords". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016.
^"FULL TEXT: Duterte's speech linking government officials to illegal drugs". The Philippine Star (in English and Filipino). August 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016.
^"'Go ahead and kill drug addicts': Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte issues fresh call for vigilante violence". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse. July 2, 2016. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016.
^Mogato, Manuel; Marshall, Andrew R.C. (August 24, 2016). "In a Powerpoint, Philippine police detail body count in drug war". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016.
^Mendez, Christina; Romero, Paolo; Macairan, Evelyn; Punay, Edu; Diaz, Jess (July 19, 2016). "Duterte to pardon cops in drug killings". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 19, 2016.
^Torregoza, Hannah (July 7, 2016). "De Lima urges Duterte admin to stop tolerating extra-judicial killings". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016.
^Legaspi, Amita (July 8, 2016). "Militant group Bayan asks Duterte to probe killing of drug suspects". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016.
^Corben, Ron (August 23, 2016). "Philippine War on Drugs Triggers Widespread Criticism, Senate Investigation". VOA. Archived from the original on August 24, 2016.
^"Philippine president says kill threat 'perfect'". Gulf Times. AFP. October 14, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016.
^Cupin, Bea (September 15, 2016). "De Lima witness: Duterte 'ordered' killings in Davao". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016.
^Regalado, Edith (September 20, 2016). "All lies, Duterte says of Matobato testimony". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
^Suarez, KD (October 13, 2016). "Senate ends probe: Neither Duterte nor state sponsored killings". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016.
^Bernal, Buena (February 23, 2017). "Philippines: Duterte critic De Lima arrested on drug-related charges". CNN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017.
^"Duterte creates inter-agency body vs. drugs". CNN Philippines. March 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017.
^Romero, Paolo (April 25, 2017). "Matobato lawyer files case vs Rody before ICC". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018.
^"Duterte: PDEA now 'sole agency' in charge of drug war". The Philippine Star. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019.
^Andrade, Jeannette I. (September 29, 2017). "New PNP tack on drug war: Rehabilitation". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017.
^Felipe, Cecille Suerte (October 2, 2017). "Honeylet launches 'Life after Tokhang'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018.
^Romero, Alexis (December 5, 2017). "PNP back in drug war; PDEA still lead agency". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019.
^Musico, Jelly (October 31, 2018). "PRRD institutionalizes PH's anti-illegal drugs strategy". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018.
^Tan, Lara (August 17, 2017). "Duterte: I was wrong to put 6-month deadline on drug war". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (May 26, 2022). "PRRD asks Marcos to continue anti-drug campaign his 'own way'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022.
^Pedrajas, Joseph (May 30, 2022). "Duterte declines Marcos' drug czar offer; 'looking forward to retirement'". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
^Santos, Eimor P. (October 7, 2016). "Filipinos satisfied with Duterte's drug war, but want suspects alive - SWS". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016.
^Petty, Martin (September 23, 2019). "Filipinos give thumbs up to Duterte's 'excellent' drugs war: poll". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019.
^"High expectations for BBM during first 100 days: PUBLiCUS". Philippine News Agency. June 29, 2022. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022.
^Maralit, Kristina (September 26, 2020). "Narcos get virus lull". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Villanueva last 6 August, or 702 days before the deadline set by President Rodrigo Duterte to eradicate the country's problem with illegal drugs, led the launching of the agency's Barangay Drug Clearing Program (BDCP) which aims to clear the remaining15,388 drug-affected barangays by June 2022.
^"Duterte may withdraw from the ICC following in Russia's footsteps". ABC News. Reuters. November 17, 2016. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016.
^Kabiling, Genalyn (July 29, 2021). "Duterte still has no copy of Rome Statute; ICC pullout an 'empty gesture' due to treaty's non-publication". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021.
^Cruz, Enrico dela (March 16, 2018). "Philippines' Duterte pulls out of International Criminal Court after it announced it would look into his drug war". Business Insider. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018.
^Cabico, Gaea Katreena; Patag, Kristine Joy (April 17, 2019). "Philippines becomes second country to quit ICC". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019.
^Navallo, Mike (July 21, 2021). "SC: President has no 'unbridled authority' to withdraw from ICC treaty but junks petitions questioning it". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021.
^Peralta, Janine (September 15, 2021). "ICC pre-trial chamber authorizes PH drug war probe". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021.
^"ICC finds basis for crimes against humanity in Duterte drug war". CNN Philippines. December 15, 2021. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020.
^Galang, Bamba (November 19, 2021). "ICC temporarily halts PH drug war probe". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021.
^Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (June 26, 2022). "ICC wants resumption of probe on PH's drug war killings". SunStar. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022.
^Romero, Alexis (July 24, 2016). "Duterte signs historic EO on Freedom of Information". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (February 12, 2020). "PCOO eyes 80% success rate in eFOI requests by 2022". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020.
^Reganit, Jose Cielito (October 5, 2017). "Duterte creates Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020.
^Ranada, Pia (October 26, 2016). "Duterte signs EO for 8888 citizen complaint center". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016.
^"Citizens can now text complaints to 8888 hotline". CNN Philippines. November 25, 2020. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020.
^ a bMusico, Jelly (May 28, 2018). "Duterte signs Ease of Doing Business law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018.
^PIA SarGen. "The ease of doing business under RA 11032". Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
^Rodriguez, Bruce (January 28, 2021). "PH aims to improve ease of doing business with launch of central business portal". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 5, 2021). "Law allowing President to rush permits in nat'l emergency OK'd". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021.
^Placido, Dharel (July 30, 2018). "Duterte leads destruction of smuggled cars in Cagayan". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018.
^Visaya, Villamor Jr. (March 14, 2018). "Duterte leads destruction of P27-M smuggled vehicles in Cagayan". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022.
^"PAL settles P6 billion dues to gov't". ABS-CBN News. November 3, 2017. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017.
^Bencito, John Paolo (March 14, 2017). "Duterte asks Mighty Corp. to increase tax liabilities". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017.
^Auto, Hermes (October 6, 2017). "Philippines tobacco giant pays S$800m to settle tax case". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017.
^Corrales, Nestor (March 19, 2019). "BREAKING: Duterte officially abolishes Road Board". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 20, 2019.
^Corrales, Nestor (December 21, 2018). "Duterte says 'it's time to abolish' Road Board". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (June 4, 2019). "PRRD 'officially' approves sale of Marcos jewelry". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^"VERA FILES FACT CHECK: FB video FALSELY claims Marcos jewels not ill-gotten". VERA Files. June 1, 2022. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (August 7, 2020). "PRRD orders creation of task force to probe PhilHealth corruption". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (October 27, 2020). "Duterte wants government-wide corruption probe". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
^"Duterte pardons 4 convicted communist rebels". ABS-CBN News. December 2, 2016. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016.
^Manlupig, Karlos; Corrales, Nestor (July 7, 2017). "Duterte pardons NDF consultant, 9 other political prisoners". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017.
^Ranada, Pia (March 6, 2017). "Duterte pardons 27 elderly, sickly prisoners". Rappler. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (May 22, 2020). "Duterte to PMA, PNPA graduates: Adapt to changes; stay faithful". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020.
^Fernandez, Daniza (April 21, 2022). "Duterte pardons punishments, demerits of cadets from 2022-2025 PNPA Corps". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022.
^Corrales, Nestor (November 15, 2016). "Robin Padilla gets absolute pardon from Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016.
^Pulta, Benjamin (October 22, 2018). "Proclamation 572 voiding Trillanes amnesty 'legal': Makati court". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018.
^Esguerra, Darryl John (September 4, 2018). "Duterte has sole power to void Trillanes' amnesty – Panelo". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018.
^"Duterte grants Pemberton 'absolute pardon'". CNN Philippines. September 7, 2020. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (February 8, 2021). "Duterte creates National Amnesty Commission". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (February 16, 2021). "Duterte grants amnesty to communist, Moro rebels". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021.
^Arguillas, Carolyn O. (October 9, 2022). "100 days of Marcos Jr.: still no National Amnesty Commission". MindaNews. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022.
^"Duterte willing to end term early if federalism is passed". GMA News Online. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017.
^"Duterte signs EO creating committee to review 1987 Constitution". GMA News Online. December 9, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (October 8, 2018). "House panel endorses Arroyo's draft charter to plenary". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022.
^ a bMadarang, Catalina Ricci S. (July 30, 2019). "Duterte's federalism agenda: Another of campaign vows off the table". InterAksyon. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020.
^Mostoles, Trisha; Nishimori, Aleta Nieva (August 22, 2020). "Group of Duterte supporters calls for revolutionary government, launches people's initiative". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020.
^Elemia, Camille (October 9, 2018). "'Dead on arrival': Senate leaders reject Arroyo's draft charter". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018.
^Tubeza, Philip C. (August 29, 2017). "Duterte floats idea of 'revolutionary government' for PH". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017.
^Romero, Alexis (November 21, 2017). "Duterte nixes idea of a revolutionary government". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (August 24, 2020). "Duterte still pushing for federalism but not 'RevGov'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021.
^Mercado, Neil Arwin (January 7, 2021). "Duterte wants party-list system changed or 'removed' to 'solve' problem with NPA – Sotto". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (April 4, 2022). "PRRD renews call to scrap party-list system". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022.
^Maru, Davinci (June 12, 2019). "'That's one evil': Duterte says party-list system exploited by the rich". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019.
^"Duterte criticizes misuse of party-lists by the rich, blames Constitution". ABS-CBN News. March 30, 2022. Archived from the original on May 13, 2022.
^"Duterte says party lists do not represent 'lowly' Filipinos anymore". CNN Philippines. April 5, 2022. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022.
^Valente, Catherine S. (December 12, 2021). "Duterte gives up on federalism push". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022.
^"Duterte blames Congress for failed federalism bid, vows peaceful transition". GMA News Online. December 10, 2021. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021.
^Galvez, Daphne (June 2, 2021). "Duterte orders transfer of some national gov't functions to LGUs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021.
^Dy, Rolando T. (March 19, 2018). "Agriculture: Arroyo and Aquino years and Duterte's trajectory". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022.
^Bersales, Lisa Grace S. (August 17, 2017). "Philippine Economy Grows by 6.5 Percent in the Second Quarter; 6.4 Percent in the First Half of 2017". Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017.
^Royandoyan, Ramon (August 8, 2022). "Farm output shrinks in Duterte admin's final quarter". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022.
^"Agricultural Policies in the Philippines". OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1.3. Agricultural situation. April 7, 2017. doi:10.1787/9789264269088-en. ISBN 9789264269095. ISSN 2411-4278. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. The non-agricultural economy has grown substantially faster than the agricultural sector, pushing down agriculture's share in GDP from 22% in 1990 to 11% in 2014. Agriculture's share in total employment declined from 45% to 30% over the same period
^Ferrolino, Mark Louis F. (October 25, 2019). "Optimizing agri sector's potential through tech". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
^"Development plans seek to boost Philippine agriculture and fishery exports". Oxford Business Group. September 9, 2019. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020.
^Reganit, Jose Cielito (December 19, 2018). "Rice tariffication assures availability of cheap rice". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018.
^ a bOcampo, King Francis; Pobre, Kimberly Karen (April 15, 2021). "Fighting the Good Fight: The Case of the Philippine Rice Sector". The Asia Foundation. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021.
^ a bTadalan, Charmaine A.; Ignacio, Reicelene Joy N. (February 15, 2019). "Duterte signs rice tariffication bill". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019.
^Adriano, Fermin (March 24, 2022). "Rice Tariffication Law: Three years after". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2022.
^Balié, Jean; Minot, Nicholas; Valera, Harold Glenn A. (March 1, 2021). "Distributional impacts of the rice tariffication policy in the Philippines". Economic Analysis and Policy. 69: 290. doi:10.1016/j.eap.2020.12.005. S2CID 230582873. The Law has been criticized by some policymakers, notably members of congress, prominent farmers' groups, and a few members of academia.
^Galang, Vincent Mariel P. (September 26, 2019). "Major business groups support rice tariffication law". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022.
^Briones, Roehlano M. (February 2021). "Does rice tariffication in the Philippines worsen income poverty and inequality?" (PDF). PIDS Policy Notes. Philippine Institute for Development Studies: 1. ISSN 2508-0865. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 6, 2022). "New law giving 'small' farmers cash assistance until 2024 inked". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022.
^Cudis, Christine (March 14, 2019). "Duterte signs law allowing simpler patents for farmers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 17, 2019.
^Merez, Arianne (May 27, 2019). "Duterte signs law on enterprise development for farmers, fishermen". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019.
^Balinbin, Arjay L. (May 27, 2019). "Duterte signs Sagip-Saka Law boosting direct procurement of agricultural goods". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 5, 2021). "Bill amending Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 signed into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021.
^Medenilla, Samuel (January 6, 2021). "Organic farmer-exporters get more perks in new law". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021.
^Ocampo, Karl R. (December 3, 2020). "Gov't offering land to agri grads". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020.
^"DAR to distribute 232k hectares". Manila Standard. August 18, 2021. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021.
^Esconde, Ernie B. (January 30, 2020). "First Kadiwa launched in Bataan". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
^Musico, Jelly (February 9, 2018). "Duterte approves free irrigation law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018.
^Arcalas, Jasper Y. (June 2, 2022). "NIA: Projects expanded PHL's irrigated areas". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022.
^Aguilar, Krissy (February 26, 2021). "Duterte signs law creating coco levy trust fund". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021.
^Cordero, Ted (June 8, 2022). "Duterte issues EO on coconut industry dev't, allowing release of P75-B coco levy trust fund". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022.
^Jocson, Luisa Maria Jacinta C. (June 8, 2022). "Duterte signs EO implementing coconut industry dev't plan". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022.
^dela Cruz, Enrico; Maguire, Gavin; Schmollinger, Christian; Hogue, Tom (September 9, 2019). "Philippines declares first African swine fever outbreak near Manila". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019.
^"Philippines faces pork shortage due to African swine fever". Xinhua. April 15, 2021. Archived from the original on April 30, 2021.
^"Duterte signs EO on lowering tariffs on imported pork meat". CNN Philippines. April 7, 2021. Archived from the original on April 7, 2021.
^Dela Cruz, Enrico; Petty, Martin (January 18, 2022). "Swine fever-hit Philippines sees 'substantial' growth in hog population". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (May 11, 2021). "PH placed under state of calamity due to ASF outbreak". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021.
^Patinio, Ferdinand (July 23, 2021). "'Build, Build, Build': Paving the way to progress". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021.
^Patajo-Kapunan, Atty. Lorna (April 29, 2019). "Department of Disaster Resilience". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021.
^Morales, Yvette (July 25, 2017). "Duterte wants separate agency on disaster management". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017.
^Ramos, Christia Marie (November 15, 2020). "Creation of a disaster resilience department facing resistance in Congress — Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020.
^Funa, Dennis B. (September 1, 2020). "The GeoRisk Philippines initiative". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022.
^Rita, Joviland (July 22, 2020). "DOST chief says facilities for disaster monitoring have improved". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022.
^Aguilar, Krissy (January 14, 2020). "Duterte wants more evacuation centers built before term ends". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020.
^"'Build, Build, Build': 5-year infra dev't highlights Duterte's last SONA". Manila Bulletin. July 28, 2021. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021.
^Quinones, Melinda T. (November 21, 2020). "PRRD signs EO creating the "Build Back Better Task Force" - Philippines". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 10, 2021). "Duterte signs BFP Modernization Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (April 4, 2022). "3 evacuation centers rise in disaster-prone Batangas towns". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022.
^ a b c d"PHL economic performance in Q2 2021". Daily Tribune. August 21, 2021. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021.
^ a b c d eMapa, Dennis S. (August 9, 2022). "GDP Expands by 7.4 Percent in the Second Quarter of 2022". Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022.
^Sicat, Gerardo P. (July 13, 2016). "Macroeconomic directions: Duterte vs Aquino". Foundation for Economic Freedom. The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016.
^Magtulis, Prinz P. (May 27, 2016). "Awash With Cash: The Duterte Government's Inheritance From Aquino". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016.
^Macas, Trisha (June 20, 2016). "Duterte's economic team reveals 10-point socioeconomic agenda". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019.
^Chen, Qingzhen (June 27, 2016). "Duterte's new economic agenda: What is old and what is new?". Global Risk Insights. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016.
^Aquino, Norman P.; Sayson, Ian C. (May 12, 2016). "Philippines' Duterte Vows to Continue Aquino's Economic Policies". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016.
^Calonzo, Andreo; Lopez, Ditas B. (July 25, 2021). "Duterte Pushes to Open Philippines to More Foreign Investors". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (March 4, 2022). "PRRD signs law amending Foreign Investments Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 21, 2022). "Duterte signs law amending Public Service Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 21, 2022.
^Cahiles-Magkilat, Bernie (July 26, 2021). "DTI boosts entrepreneurship under Duterte – Lopez". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021.
^Crismundo, Kris (July 26, 2021). "Over 219K micro biz benefitted from P3 lending program". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021.
^Canivel, Roy Stephen C. (March 26, 2020). "Loan facility set up for small, microenterprises". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020.
^Desiderio, Louella (December 2, 2018). "Negosyo Centers reach 1,000 mark". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 13, 2018.
^"Inflation at 6.2 percent for third quarter of 2018: BSP". ABS-CBN News. October 19, 2018. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018.
^Esmaquel II, Paterno (September 25, 2018). "Duterte cuts red tape in importing agricultural products". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018.
^Placido, Dharel (February 21, 2019). "Duterte signs revised Corporation Code". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.
^Laforga, Beatrice M.; Ibañez, Jenina P. (October 24, 2019). "PHL moves up 'Doing Business' rank". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019.
^Calonzo, Andreo (May 13, 2021). "Philippines Eases Virus Curbs as Economy Stays in Recession". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021.
^"Philippine economy grows 5.6 percent in 2021, exceeds target". ABS-CBN News. January 27, 2022. Archived from the original on January 30, 2022.
^Leyco, Chino S. (January 2, 2022). "PH COVID-19 loans hit P1.4 T". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022.
^Romero, Alexis (March 23, 2022). "Duterte signs 10-point economic recovery plan". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022.
^Fernandez, Daniza (June 2, 2022). "Duterte admin presents plan to cut PH debt to Marcos admin, says Palace". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022.
^Rada, July (August 9, 2022). "GDP grew 7.4% in second quarter". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022.
^"Government's Build Build Build program embodied in PDP 2017-2022 – AmBisyon Natin 2040". National Economic and Development Authority. April 24, 2017. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2022. Build Build Build, the administration's comprehensive infrastructure development program, was launched during the Dutertenomics Forum held last April 18 at The Conrad Hotel, Pasay City.
^Marasigan, Lorenz S. (May 7, 2017). "BBB program gains headway". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
^de Vera, Ben O.; Yee, Jovic; Camus, Miguel R. (April 19, 2017). "Dutertenomics: 'Golden age of infrastructure'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017.
^Heydarian, Richard Javad (February 28, 2018). "Duterte's Ambitious 'Build, Build, Build' Project To Transform The Philippines Could Become His Legacy". Forbes. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
^Dumlao-Abadilla, Doris (April 18, 2020). "Fitch: PH faces wary private sector in infra policy shift". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
^Rosales, Elijah Felice (September 18, 2021). "Government mulls shift in infrastructure funding tack". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 19, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
^De La Cruz, Gabrielle (October 29, 2019). "Athletic Stadium 100% complete 50 days before the SEA Games". BluPrint. One Mega Group. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
^de Guzman, Warren (November 14, 2019). "LIST: 100 projects under revised 'Build, Build, Build'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ a b"Recommended List of Projects for Inclusion in the Infrastructure Flagship Program" (PDF). ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^ a bRoyandoyan, Ramon (April 27, 2022). "Next president to inherit 88 infra projects on 'advanced stage'". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
^ a b cMawis, Sara Mae D. (July 28, 2018). "Understanding the 'Build, Build, Build' program". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
^Camus, Miguel R. (September 16, 2021). "DOTr: Metro Manila Subway now 26% complete". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 15, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
^Bagaforo, Nelson C. (June 26, 2017). "Mindanao railway project gets support". SunStar. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
^Lamentillo, Anna Mae Yu (March 23, 2018). "What is 'Build, Build, Build'?". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
^"WATCH: Luzon Spine Expressway Network is Duterte's P107-billion traffic decongestion plan". The Summit Express. January 26, 2018. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
^Patinio, Ferdinand (July 23, 2021). "'Build, Build, Build': Paving the way to progress". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
^Lamentillo, Anna Mae Yu (July 21, 2021). "What has 'Build, Build, Build' achieved so far?". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
^Felipe, Marvee Anne C. (2022). "Tax Laws Enacted During the Duterte Administration and the Role of STSRO in the Law-making Process" (PDF). Taxbits. XI (62nd Issue (January - February 2022)). Senate Tax Study and Research Office (STSRO): 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2022.
^Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (December 19, 2017). "Duterte signs 2018 national budget, tax reform bill". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 20, 2017.
^Gulla, Vivienne (March 5, 2019). "Duterte: TRAIN law keeps gov't running". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2019.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 26, 2021). "Duterte signs CREATE bill into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021.
^"Duterte signs bill on higher tobacco sin taxes". CNN Philippines. July 25, 2019. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (January 23, 2020). "Duterte signs law imposing higher taxes on alcohol, e-cigarettes". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020.
^Aning, Jerome (July 1, 2021). "Duterte signs law extending estate tax amnesty". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021.
^Atienza, Kyle Aristophere T. (September 23, 2021). "Duterte signs bill taxing offshore gaming operators". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021.
^Lopez, Virgil (May 21, 2019). "Duterte signs law exempting small-scale miners from tax when they sell gold to BSP". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022.
^Tan, Alyssa Nicole O.; Ochave, Revin Mikhael D. (February 3, 2022). "Senators delay decision on RCEP". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on February 3, 2022.
^Tan, Alyssa Nicole O. (June 1, 2022). "PHL Senate fails to ratify RCEP". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022.
^Corrales, Nestor (August 4, 2017). "Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017.
^Placido, Dharel (August 4, 2017). "Who can avail of free college tuition under new law?". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (January 5, 2021). "Alternative learning system law 'a win for marginalized learners'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021.
^"Duterte OKs Alternative Learning System Act". ABS-CBN News. January 5, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021.
^Roque, EJ (March 14, 2019). "PRRD signs law on free access to tech-voc education". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 17, 2019.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 15, 2022). "PRRD OKs inclusive education for learners with disabilities". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 5, 2021). "Duterte signs Doktor Para sa Bayan Act". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 29, 2022). "Duterte signs Excellence in Teacher Education Act". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022.
^Flores, Helen (May 1, 2022). "Duterte signs law on improving quality of teacher education". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (February 19, 2019). "Duterte signs law on career guidance, counseling for high school". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019.
^Rola, Alyssa (June 10, 2020). "Duterte signs law establishing National Academy of Sports". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (June 25, 2020). "Duterte signs law restoring GMRC, values education subjects". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (September 25, 2019). "Duterte signs Transnational Higher Education Act into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022.
^Balinbin, Arjay L. (September 25, 2019). "Duterte signs law allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in Philippines". BusinessWorld. BusinessWorld Publishing. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019.
^"Duterte signs law integrating labor education in higher education curriculum". CNN Philippines. May 31, 2021. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (August 28, 2019). "PRRD signs law on advanced energy, green building tech curriculum". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (November 12, 2018). "PRRD inks Filipino Sign Language Act into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018.
^"Duterte opposes opening of classes without vaccine vs. COVID-19". CNN Philippines. May 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020.
^"Duterte changes mind on face-to face classes, only to happen when vaccine becomes available". CNN Philippines. July 27, 2020. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020.
^Magsambol, Bonz (October 4, 2020). "Over 24 million Filipino students back to school during pandemic". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020.
^See, Aie Balagtas; Rinoza, Jojo (October 8, 2020). "Philippines: Classes Resume Virtually for Millions of Children". BenarNews. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020.
^Yap, DJ; Bautista, Jane; Salaverria, Leila B. (September 21, 2021). "Duterte OKs limited in-person classes for 2-month testing in more than 100 schools". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021.
^Romero, Alexis (January 18, 2022). "Duterte approves DepEd's proposal on expanded face-to-face classes". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022.
^Yang, Angelica Y. (May 31, 2022). "CHED: Over 2M students benefitted from free tertiary education law". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022.
^ a bLim, Yvonne (July 12, 2017). "The Philippines is aiming for an energy boom with Duterte's latest reform". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017.
^Dela Cruz, Enrico; Elona, Julian (July 4, 2016). "New Philippine Energy Minister Says Can't Afford to Ditch Coal". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020.
^"Duterte: Green energy is good but we need coal". SunStar. December 9, 2016. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022.
^dela Cruz, Enrico; Warrier, Gopakumar (July 25, 2019). "Philippines readies new renewable energy policies to curb coal dependence". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
^Philippine EnviroNews (July 29, 2019). "Duterte signals need for Philippines to cut coal dependence and fast-track renewables". Eco-Business. Archived from the original on July 31, 2019.
^ a b cCrismundo, Kris (July 21, 2021). "DOE pushes shift to renewables during Duterte's term". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021.
^Magtulis, Prinz (October 27, 2020). "Government ends energy neutrality, favors renewables ahead of boom". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020.
^Atienza, K.A.T. (January 24, 2022). "Duterte signs law to accelerate Philippines' total electrification". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022.
^Petty, Martin (November 23, 2016). "Philippines president vows to free economy 'from clutches' of oligarchs". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. The outspoken, populist leader said it was high time to change regulations and liberalize sectors like energy, power and telecoms to make the country more competitive, and give Filipinos better services and a share of the wealth.
^Cordero, Ted (November 1, 2020). "Philippines allows 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects —Cusi". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
^Cordero, Ted (October 31, 2020). "Right to develop Philippines' geothermal resources to be given thru open, competitive process—DOE". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
^Yang, Angelica Y. (January 29, 2021). "DoE taps Australian firm to explore Philippines' hydrogen potential". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021.
^Crismundo, Kris (April 8, 2021). "DOE, Japanese firm to study hydrogen as future energy source". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021.
^Santos, Eimor (October 15, 2020). "Duterte lifts suspension of oil exploration in West PH Sea". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020.
^Crismundo, Kris (March 3, 2022). "Duterte approves inclusion of nuclear power in PH energy mix". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022.
^"Duterte signs EO outlining national policy on nuclear energy". CNN Philippines. March 3, 2022. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022.
^"'Compliance by industry players will result in lower power bills, no brownouts'". Daily Guardian. September 6, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022.
^Salaverria, Leila B. (March 2, 2017). "Duterte finally signs Paris Agreement on climate change". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017.
^Quismundo, Tarra (March 15, 2017). "Senate votes to ratify Paris climate pact". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017.
^Corrales, Nestor (May 15, 2018). "Duterte declares Philippine Rise as marine protected area". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018.
^Aurelio, Julie M. (July 7, 2018). "Expanded Nipas law creates 94 more nat'l parks across PH". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018.
^Bautista, Ronn; Morales, Neil Jerome; Petty, Martin; Schuettler, Darren (May 31, 2019). "Philippines sends trash back to Canada after Duterte escalates row". Reuters. Subic, Philippines. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019.
^"Philippines sends tonnes of rubbish back to Canada". BBC News. May 31, 2019. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019.
^Quismorio, Ellson (May 23, 2021). "Cimatu savors victory vs. open dumpsites". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021.
^Añago, Bianca Angelica D. (October 31, 2021). "DENR says rehabilitation of closed dumpsites now in the hands of local governments". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022.
^Dizon, Nikko; Canivel, Roy Stephen C.; Gamil, Jaymee T.; Aurelio, Julie M.; Avendaño, Christine O. (May 9, 2017). "Cimatu appointed DENR secretary". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017.
^ a bSantos, Eimor P. (May 3, 2017). "CA rejects Gina Lopez appointment as DENR chief". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017.
^Ager, Maila (May 3, 2017). "CA panel rejects Gina Lopez' appointment". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017.
^Ramos, Marlon (November 28, 2016). "Duterte reappoints Gina Lopez as environment secretary". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016.
^Geronimo, Jee Y. (February 2, 2017). "DENR announces closure of 23 mining operations". Rappler. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
^Ocampo, Karl R.; Salaverria, Leila B.; Corrales, Nestor (April 16, 2021). "Duterte lifts 9-year ban on new mining deals". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021.
^Reyes, Dempsey; Lagare, Jordeene B. (December 29, 2021). "DENR lifts 4-year ban on open-pit mining". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (November 15, 2020). "PRRD orders Cimatu to probe illegal logging, mining in Region 2". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020.
^Cabrera, Romina (January 22, 2021). "PNP ordered to run after illegal loggers". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.
^"PH withdraws from global initiative on extractives transparency". Philippine News Agency. June 22, 2022. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022.
^Esperas, Raoul (January 12, 2018). "100 Boracay establishments warned over pollution, coliform bacteria". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018.
^Ilao, Micaella (February 14, 2018). "DENR orders closure of 51 Boracay establishments as cleanup begins". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018.
^Meixler, Eli (April 4, 2018). "Popular Philippines Island Shuts Down for Sewage Cleanup". Time. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
^Katrina Domingo; Fernando G. Sepe Jr. (April 26, 2018). "'Closing Time' in Boracay as 6-month shutdown begins". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018.
^Musico, Jelly (May 10, 2018). "Duterte creates Boracay inter-agency task force". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 20, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 14, 2021). "Boracay task force's term extended until June 2022". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021.
^"Boracay reopens after six-month extensive clean-up". CNN Philippines. October 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018.
^Teves, Catherine (July 22, 2019). "Environmental protection remains Duterte admin's top priority". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020.
^ a bCabico, Gaea Katreena (February 21, 2019). "Duterte creates task force to hasten Manila Bay clean-up". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.
^Corrales, Nestor (January 8, 2019). "Duterte orders Manila Bay cleanup, crackdown on errant hotels". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019.
^Teves, Catherine (January 30, 2019). "Baywalk shore faces temporary closure for rehab". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019.
^Orellana, Faye (January 27, 2019). "MMDA hauls 45 tons of garbage in Manila Bay cleanup". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019.
^ a bBagaoisan, Anjo (September 21, 2020). "'What do you want us to do?': Duterte defends Manila Bay crushed dolomite project". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020.
^Morales, Neil Jerome; Russell, Ros (September 19, 2020). "Polluted stretch of Manila Bay gets fake white sand makeover". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020.
^Marcelo, Elizabeth (October 18, 2021). "DENR 'overwhelmed' by public reception of Dolomite Beach". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021.
^Jocson, Luisa Maria Jacinta C. (January 5, 2022). "Manila Bay water quality improves — DENR". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022.
^Viray, Patricia Lourdes (February 4, 2019). "Duterte places reclamation body under Office of the President". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020.
^"Duterte rejects reclamation in Manila Bay". BusinessWorld. February 16, 2020. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (April 1, 2022). "PRRD orders DENR to shun applications for reclamation activities". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (February 20, 2019). "PRRD signs Universal Healthcare Care law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019.
^ a bKabagani, Lade Jean (May 31, 2022). "Duterte admin health care system 'people-centered': Duque". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022.
^Musico, Jelly (June 21, 2018). "Duterte signs Mental Health Law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018.
^Ranada, Pia (January 9, 2019). "Duterte signs law strengthening HIV, AIDS health services". Rappler. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (December 3, 2019). "PRRD signs Malasakit Center law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019.
^Salaverria, Leila B. (May 19, 2017). "Duterte signs EO banning smoking nationwide". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017.
^Viray, Patricia Lourdes (June 21, 2017). "Duterte signs order regulating firecracker use". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 3, 2018). "Duterte signs law on national feeding program". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018.
^Raymundo, Perfecto Jr. (December 20, 2018). "First 1,000 Days Law to benefit kids' health, nutrition". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018.
^"Child rights advocates elated as 'First 1,000 Days' bill gets signed into law". UNICEF. December 8, 2018. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 16, 2020). "Duterte creates task force on 'zero hunger'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020.
^"DSWD's P1-B medical program guidelines tweaked to cover wider needs". Philippine News Agency. October 17, 2018. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018.
^"Over 3T patients benefit DSWD's LinGap sa Masa". The Philippine Star. October 31, 2017. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (February 17, 2020). "Duterte signs EO on medicine price cap". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (December 8, 2021). "Duterte inks EO regulating drugs, medicines prices". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021.
^Esguerra, Darryl John (January 31, 2020). "Duterte orders travel ban from Hubei". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020.
^Jalea, Glee; Gregorio, Xave (February 2, 2020). "Duterte widens travel ban on mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 9, 2020). "State of public health emergency declared in PH". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020.
^"Metro Manila to be placed on 'lockdown' due to COVID-19". CNN Philippines. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 17, 2020). "PH placed under state of calamity due to Covid-19". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 4, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 16, 2020). "Duterte places entire Luzon under 'enhanced community quarantine'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020.
^Samonte, Eunice (March 24, 2020). "Congress passes 'Bayanihan to Heal as One Act'". PTVNews. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022.
^Aguilar, Krissy (March 25, 2020). "LOOK: Bayanihan to Heal as One Act signed by Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020.
^ a bAurelio, Julie M. (June 3, 2020). "Gov't spent P14 billion on protective gear, testing kits". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020.
^"Senators call for probe on alleged overpriced PPE for COVID-19 health workers". CNN Philippines. April 1, 2020. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020.
^"Duterte takes responsibility for PPE procurement". SunStar. May 26, 2020. Archived from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
^"TI FabLabs produce PPEs for healthcare workers, frontliners". SunStar. April 27, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022.
^Crismundo, Kris (July 23, 2020). "PH raises output of PPE, ventilators". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (September 14, 2021). "Cabinet execs need clearance before attending Senate probes". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021.
^Galvez, Daphne (October 5, 2021). "Duterte issues memo forbidding Cabinet execs from attending Pharmally probe". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021.
^Ramos, Christia Marie (February 1, 2022). "Duterte 'betrayed the public trust'—Senate panel draft report". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022.
^Romero, Alexis (February 9, 2022). "Duterte ignores Senate probe report on Pharmally". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022.
^Yang, Angelica Y. (June 1, 2022). "Zubiri says he'll sign Pharmally probe report if allegations vs Duterte are removed". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022.
^Magsambol, Bonz (June 6, 2022). "Senators refuse to sign Pharmally probe report due to inclusion of Duterte". Rappler. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 1, 2021). "PH kick-starts Covid-19 vaccination drive with CoronaVac". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021.
^"LIST: Priority sectors, subgroups in COVID-19 vaccination program". CNN Philippines. February 5, 2021. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021.
^Villa, Kathleen de (April 14, 2022). "Amid push for boosters, many in PH still fear 'side effects'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022.
^de Villa, Kathleen; Corrales, Nestor (April 22, 2022). "Vaccine czar lowers target as jab rate slows down". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022.
^"Vergeire to push redefining fully vaccinated under Marcos admin". CNN Philippines. June 30, 2022. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022.
^"DOH: 88% of provinces, cities in PH seeing increase in COVID-19 cases". CNN Philippines. July 1, 2022. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022.
^Palicte, Che (June 23, 2022). "NHA turns over 640 housing units to Davao gov't workers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022.
^Roque, EJ (February 19, 2019). "PRRD signs law creating Human Settlements and Urban Department". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019.
^Go, Alec (October 5, 2021). "DHSUD: 84% of 1.2-M housing target complete". PTVNews. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (February 14, 2022). "Housing sector under PRRD achieves four-decade high". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022.
^Reyes-Estrope, Carmela (December 31, 2019). "How are Kadamay folk after 2017 takeover of Bulacan housing?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019.
^Placido, Dharel (March 13, 2017). "Duterte won't tolerate 'Occupy Pandi'". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017.
^Torres, Nestor (March 21, 2017). "NHA issues eviction notices to Kadamay illegal settlers". UNTV News and Rescue. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022.
^ a bMusico, Jelly (June 18, 2018). "PRRD directs PNP to stop Kadamay takeover of NHA houses: Palace". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018.
^Vibar, Ivy Jean (April 4, 2017). "Duterte lets Kadamay have Bulacan homes". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017.
^Nicolas, Jino (June 14, 2018). "Gov't warns Kadamay against occupying idle housing projects". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022.
^Simeon, Louise Maureen (March 3, 2022). "Government rolls out housing for Ips". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022.
^ a b cTomacruz, Sofia (May 1, 2018). "TIMELINE: Duterte's promise to abolish endo". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018.
^Pasion, Patty (February 4, 2017). "DOLE order ending contractualization expected in February". Rappler. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021.
^Pasion, Patty (February 14, 2017). "Duterte to meet with labor groups on February 27". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020.
^Pasion, Patty (March 8, 2017). "Labor groups: Draft order vs contractualization betrays dialogue with Duterte". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020.
^Ranada, Pia (May 1, 2017). "Duterte to sign EO vs 'endo'". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020.
^Rey, Aika (March 15, 2018). "Labor groups hit Duterte: Where's signed EO vs contractualization?". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020.
^Bunachita, Jose Santino S. (May 2, 2018). "Duterte signs executive order on 'endo'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021.
^Ballaran, Jhoanna (April 2, 2018). "Palace powerless to ban 'endo' in PH – official". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020.
^Aurelio, Julie M.; Salaverria, Leila B.; Aning, Jerome; Jovic (September 26, 2018). "Duterte pushes anti-contractualization bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018.
^Valencia, Czeriza (July 18, 2019). "Business groups urge veto of Security of Tenure bill". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019.
^"Employers welcome Duterte's veto of 'anti-endo' bill". ABS-CBN News. July 26, 2019. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019.
^Cudis, Christine (July 26, 2019). "'Scare tactics' by bizmen behind Security of Tenure Bill veto". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022.
^Acse, Rochelle (November 26, 2019). "DoLE: Almost 600K workers regularized". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019.
^"How Duterte gov't cared for OFWs in first 100 days". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020.
^Parrocha, Azer (December 30, 2021). "Duterte signs law creating Department of Migrant Workers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021.
^Placido, Dharel (January 18, 2018). "Overseas Filipino Bank launched". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018.
^Azer, Parrocha (December 7, 2021). "PRRD signs EO hastening completion of OFW hospital". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022.
^"Duterte signs law extending passport validity to 10 years". CNN Philippines. August 5, 2017. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017.
^ a b cDe Leon, Susan (June 2, 2022). "Pres Duterte made OFW lives better -Bello". Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022.
^"ASEAN Regulatory Brief: Cambodia Tax Regulations, Laos Foreign Currency Loans, and Philippines-Cambodia Bilateral Relations". ASEAN Business News. December 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020.
^Medenilla, Samuel P. (March 21, 2022). "Canada's Yukon labor market opened for Filipino workers". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022.
^Nicolas, Jino (September 3, 2018). "Philippines, Israel forge agreements on labor, science, and trade". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (December 12, 2018). "PH, Israel sign labor accord on hiring Filipino hotel workers". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018.
^"Signing of Memorandum of Cooperation between Japan and the Philippines on the Basic Partnership Framework for the Proper Operation of the System pertaining to Foreign Human Resources with the Status of Residence of "Specified Skilled Worker"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. March 19, 2019. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019.
^Cortez, Gillian M. (March 29, 2019). "Filipinos preferred under Japan's new special worker program". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022.
^"Jordan, Philippines 'start new era' of cooperation". The Jordan Times. September 6, 2018. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018.
^ a b"PH, Kuwait sign agreement for the protection of OFWs, agree on return of 3 Filipino diplomats". CNN Philippines. May 12, 2018. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018.
^Cayabyab, Charlene A. (June 19, 2021). "DOLE, Romanian labor ministry ink agreement to hire more OFWs". SunStar. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021.
^"President Duterte Strengthens Ties with Saudi Arabia During Visit to the Kingdom". The Official Website of the Philippine Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. April 24, 2017. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022.
^"Philippines and UAE Sign MOU on Labor Cooperation". Department of Foreign Affairs. September 19, 2017. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022.
^"The Philippines and the United Arab Emirates Sign Agreement to Fight Human Trafficking". Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. September 26, 2019. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
^Jaymalin, Mayen (August 16, 2016). "POEA opens one-stop shop for overseas workers". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016.
^Jaymalin, Mayen (September 15, 2016). "OFWs exempted from paying travel tax, POEA fees". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016.
^Soriano, JP (November 6, 2018). "OWWA launches OFW e-Card". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018.
^Aben, Ellie (September 22, 2021). "Philippines' Duterte renews call to abolish kafala system". Arab News. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021.
^"Philippines and Kuwait sign agreement on workers' rights". BBC News. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018.
^"Philippines OKs total deployment ban of workers to Kuwait". CNN Philippines. January 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020.
^"PH, Kuwait seal 'harmonized' template contract for OFWs". CNN Philippines. February 5, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020.
^Kang, Jong Woo; Latoja, Ma. Concepcion G. (February 4, 2022). "COVID-19 and Overseas Filipino Workers: Return Migration and Reintegration into the Home Country—the Philippine Case" (PDF). ADB Southeast Asia Working Paper Series (12). Asian Development Bank: 10–12. doi:10.22617/WPS220002-2 (inactive April 10, 2024). S2CID 246574479. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
^ a bMendez, Christina (October 31, 2020). "Duterte signs salary law for 1.4 million government workers". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020.
^"Duterte approves pay hike for soldiers, policemen". CNN Philippines. January 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 12, 2018.
^Balana, Cynthia D.; Cabacungan, Gil C. (October 4, 2016). "Duterte gives soldiers, cops huge pay hike". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (February 22, 2022). "'I will leave my office with a strong military': Duterte". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022.
^Porcalla, Delon (January 14, 2022). "1.7 million state workers to receive pay hike". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (May 17, 2022). "Duterte signs law granting night shift differential pay to gov't employees". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (February 21, 2019). "PRRD signs Expanded Maternity Leave bill into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 19, 2021). "Give PhilSys a chance, Duterte urges Pinoys". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021.
^Musico, Jelly (August 6, 2018). "PRRD signs national ID law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018.
^Aning, Jerome (February 17, 2022). "Accept new national ID, Duterte orders gov't, private offices". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022.
^Quiros, Judy (May 16, 2021). "PhilSys applicants growing with Step 1 online registration". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021.
^Aurelio, Julie M. (July 10, 2022). "Management issues hound P3.48-billion PhilSys cards". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (June 8, 2022). "PhilSys registers over 66.4M Filipinos for Step 2". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022.
^Ranada, Pia (February 3, 2016). "Duterte to push for land reform, free irrigation for farmers". Rappler. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022.
^Tacadena, Kiersnerr Gerwin (July 5, 2016). "DAR opens its main gates after 2 decades". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022.
^Domingo, Katrina; Placido, Dharel (November 8, 2018). "Duterte distributes land to Ati tribe in Boracay". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018.
^Romero, Alexis (February 22, 2019). "Duterte orders government lands to be converted to agricultural lands". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019.
^Moaje, Marita (August 17, 2021). "405K farmers benefited from land reform under Duterte admin". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 23, 2019). "Duterte to Congress: Help me lift 6M Pinoys out of poverty". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022.
^Viray, Patricia Lourdes (July 4, 2016). "Duterte's first EO: Restructure Office of the President". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. The 12 agencies are tasked to evaluate existing poverty reduction programs and formulate projects that seek to reduce poverty and improve the lives of the most venerable sectors of the society.
^Vera, Ben O. de (October 13, 2016). "Duterte backs plan to triple incomes, wipe out poverty by 2040". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 27, 2019). "Duterte signs Magna Carta of the Poor". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 22, 2019). "PRRD signs law institutionalizing 4Ps". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019.
^Cruz, Maricel; Ramos-Araneta, Macon (May 23, 2019). "Duterte lauded for signing institutionalized 4Ps bill into law". Manila Standard. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019.
^Balinbin, Arjay L. (July 16, 2019). "Duterte signs innovation, poverty-monitoring legislation". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019.
^Yap, Cecilia; Lopez, Ditas (December 5, 2019). "Six Million Filipinos Lifted Out of Poverty, Philippines Says". BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021.
^ a bLeyco, Chino S. (February 27, 2022). "High poverty rate awaits next leader—DOF". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022.
^ a b cVenzon, Cliff (May 29, 2020). "Philippines to ease lockdown as hunger and unemployment surge". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020.
^Vera, Ben O. de (September 9, 2021). "COVID-19 makes Duterte's 2022 poverty-reduction goal unachievable". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021.
^Lopez, Virgil (June 22, 2020). "63% of employed Filipinos returned to work following eased restrictions - Duterte". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (August 12, 2021). "Duterte OKs P3.4 B more for ECQ ayuda". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 31, 2021). "PRRD signs law extending electricity lifeline rate till 2051". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021.
^Viray, Patricia Lourdes (January 17, 2017). "Duterte signs EO to implement RH Law". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
^Cabato, Regine (January 11, 2017). "Duterte orders full implementation of modern family planning by 2018". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017.
^ a bMontemayor, Jocelyn (January 14, 2022). "Duterte signs law protecting rights of adopted children". Malaya. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022.
^ a bParrocha, Azer (January 6, 2022). "Duterte signs law criminalizing child marriage". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 7, 2022). "Duterte signs bill raising age of sexual consent to 16". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (February 19, 2019). "Duterte signs law protecting children in armed conflict". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (September 27, 2019). "Duterte forms nat'l council vs. child labor". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey; Bacelonia, Wilnard (May 17, 2022). "PRRD signs law promoting foundlings' rights". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^"Duterte reiterates support for family planning but not abortion". ABS-CBN News. March 11, 2017. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 13, 2022). "Law simplifying adoption process for Filipino children inked". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 23, 2021). "Duterte signs law taxing POGOs". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021.
^ a bParrocha, Azer (July 7, 2021). "Online gambling allowed to boost Covid response funds: PRRD". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021.
^"Philippine president Duterte says he will stop all online gambling". CNBC. Reuters. December 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016.
^Aurelio, Julie M.; Pazzibugan, Dona Z. (August 10, 2018). "Duterte 'hates gambling,' rules out new casinos". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018.
^Musico, Jelly (August 8, 2018). "Duterte won't allow construction of new casinos". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018.
^Venzon, Cliff (September 4, 2019). "Defying China, Duterte decides to keep online gambling in Philippines". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019.
^"Duterte unwilling to ban online gambling despite China's request". South China Morning Post. Reuters. September 5, 2019. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019.
^ a bVenzon, Cliff (August 27, 2021). "Duterte drops Boracay casino ban, opening door for Macao's Galaxy". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021.
^Atienza, Kyle Aristophere T. (May 3, 2022). "Duterte stops e-sabong operations". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 16, 2022). "Duterte nixes calls to suspend e-sabong ops". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022.
^Yang, Angelica Y. (April 8, 2022). "Duterte: E-sabong revenues needed since COVID-19 depleted other funds". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022.
^"PAGCOR earns over P373 billion in the past six years; contributes P238.74 billion to nation-building". The Manila Times. June 16, 2022. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022.
^Sabillo, Kristine (March 12, 2019). "EXPLAINER: Why is there a water shortage in Metro Manila?". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2019.
^ a bAurelio, Julie M. (December 4, 2019). "Duterte threatens water execs, orders new deals". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019.
^ a bSantos, Eimor (December 10, 2019). "Duterte warns of gov't takeover, warrantless arrests over water deals". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019.
^Joel, San Juan; Fernandez, Butch (December 11, 2019). "Maynilad, Manila Water waive P10.8-billion awards". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019.
^Santos, Eimor (December 11, 2019). "Manila Water admits Duterte's anger led to waiving of ₱7.4-B award". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 5, 2021). "Gov't inks new concession agreement with Manila Water". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021.
^Añago, Bianca Angelica D. (May 19, 2021). "Maynilad, MWSS ink revised water concession agreement". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (January 7, 2022). "Duterte signs into law new franchises for Maynilad, Manila Water". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022.
^Flores, Mikhail (January 10, 2017). "Duterte approves costly pension hike". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (January 10, 2019). "PRRD signs law hiking war veterans' monthly pension". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019.
^Musico, Jelly (June 22, 2018). "Duterte signs Balik Scientist Act to bolster research, dev't". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018.
^Fernandez, Daniza (April 27, 2022). "Duterte signs law compensating Marawi Siege victims". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 29, 2022). "Duterte signs law giving frontliners allowances, benefits during public health emergency". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (January 13, 2022). "Duterte OKs survivorship benefits to kin of deceased retired prosecutors". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (May 17, 2022). "Duterte okays bill giving Sangguniang Kabataan officials monthly pay". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^Musico, Jelly (December 10, 2018). "PRRD grants P7K monthly aid to CAFGU members". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018.
^Mendez, Christina (November 15, 2019). "Duterte signs EO for financial grant to CAFGUs". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019.
^"Duterte approves 'Balik Probinsya' to help decongest Metro Manila amid crisis". CNN Philippines. May 6, 2020. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020.
^Kabagani, Lade Jean (March 15, 2022). "654 BP2 beneficiaries return to provinces since pandemic". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022.
^Navarro, June (June 1, 2022). "Duterte doubles cash incentives for Filipino SEA Games medalists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (June 28, 2022). "Bill granting more benefits to solo parents lapses into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (August 13, 2019). "Duterte signs law creating Philippine Space Agency". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019.
^Luci-Atienza, Charissa (February 25, 2021). "How the Philippines' space program evolved: From late-comer to fast-learner". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 27, 2020). "Improve your services by December, PRRD to telcos". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020.
^Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (July 27, 2020). "Duterte threatens telcos: Improve services by December or face expropriation". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020.
^ a b"Streamlined application rules as Duterte orders to fast-track cell site construction". CNN Philippines. July 30, 2020. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020.
^ a bRomero, Alexis (October 6, 2020). "LGUs complying with Duterte's order to act on telco tower applications—Año". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.
^ a bCaliwan, Christopher Lloyd (December 1, 2020). "LGUs approve 2.2K telco tower permits: DILG". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (December 8, 2020). "Telcos able to improve services after Duterte warning: NTC". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020.
^"Duterte policies move PH 113 spots up in the Speedtest Global Index". Manila Standard. February 11, 2022. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022.
^"The entrance of a third major telecoms provider set to break the duopoly in the Philippines". Oxford Business Group. September 9, 2019. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020.
^Nicolas, Jino (November 20, 2017). "Duterte: Telecom duopoly to end". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on November 24, 2017.
^Pateña, Aerol John (November 7, 2018). "Mislatel Consortium selected as provisional 3rd telco player". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 8, 2019). "PRRD hands Mislatel Consortium permit to operate as 3rd telco". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019.
^Camu, Miguel R. (March 9, 2021). "Dito makes its debut as 3rd telco, launches in Cebu, Davao". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021.
^Aguilar, Krissy (May 18, 2021). "Duterte grants 3rd telco Dito Telecommunity a 25-year franchise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
^"Cabinet secretary: Duterte approves national broadband program". CNN Philippines. March 6, 2017. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (March 4, 2022). "More onsite work OK but internet services must be improved". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 5, 2022. The Philippines' National Broadband Plan was developed by the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) and approved by President Duterte in 2017, aimed at addressing the clamor for universal, faster, and affordable Internet access among the public. However, challenges in budget allocation hampered its full implementation. For its budget in 2021, the DICT had asked the government PHP13.4 billion for the implementation of the program but it only received P1.9 billion.
^Ayeng, Raffy (April 12, 2022). "BCDA: Taiwanese must consider Poro Point". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022.
^ a bMarasigan, Lorenz S. (May 30, 2022). "Sadain highlights Duterte administration's achievements under BBB program". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
^ a bGomez, Carla (July 18, 2020). "Church leaders in Bacolod condemn non-renewal of ABS-CBN's franchise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 6, 2021). "Duterte says ABS-CBN franchise renewal bid 'piece of garbage'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (February 26, 2020). "Duterte accepts ABS-CBN apology, distances from franchise issue". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020.
^Mercado, Neil Arwin (May 5, 2020). "NTC orders ABS-CBN to stop broadcast operations". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (July 10, 2020). "Several issues led to denial of ABS-CBN franchise bid: House body". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020.
^Jazul, Noreen (July 13, 2020). "Media groups condemn rejection of ABS-CBN franchise renewal". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022.
^ a bBajo, Anna Felicia; Casilao, Joahna Lei (May 6, 2020). "Universities, academic departments condemn shutdown order vs. ABS-CBN". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022.
^Alba, Katrina Elaine (July 10, 2020). "'MANININGIL ANG KASAYSAYAN'; Opposition lawmakers condemn ABS-CBN franchise non-renewal". News5 (in English and Filipino). Archived from the original on August 8, 2020.
^Corrales, Nestor (August 2, 2017). "Duterte signs law giving free internet access in public places". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017.
^Parrocha, Azer (February 19, 2019). "PRRD signs law making mobile numbers 'portable'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (March 11, 2022). "Duterte signs EO allowing inclusive access to satellite services". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021.
^Hilotin, Jay (May 27, 2022). "Approved in 30 minutes: Elon Musk's Starlink gets Duterte government's OK". Gulf News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022.
^Abella, Lizbeth Ann (July 6, 2019). "Duterte inaugurates upgraded Ormoc Airport". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 19, 2022.
^"Taking the high road". LEAGUE Magazine (August–September 2018 Issue: The Local Government Unit Magazine). The League Publishing Company, Inc.: 20 August 1, 2018.
^Dela Cruz, Raymond Carl (May 12, 2021). "Consolidated franchises under PUV modernization now 95K". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021.
^"PUV modernization rules eased". Malaya. February 2, 2021. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022.
^Pateña, Aerol John (June 28, 2019). "DOTr, TESDA launch 'Tsuper Iskolar' in Metro Manila". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022.
^Marasigan, Lorenz S. (September 29, 2021). "3,077 graduates under DOTr's Tsuper Iskolar program find jobs". BusinessMirror. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021.
^Romero, Alexis (February 25, 2019). "Duterte: I've delivered on all my promises". The Philippine Star. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022.
^"Duterte: I won't beg for emergency powers to fix traffic in Metro Manila". CNN Philippines. September 11, 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019.
^Esguerra, Darryl John (September 11, 2019). "Metro Manila traffic is Poe's 'legacy,' says Duterte". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019.
^Regalado, Edith (September 13, 2018). "Duterte gives up on EDSA traffic, blames Congress". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018.
^Corrales, Nestor (July 22, 2019). "Duterte orders Año: Suspend mayors, governors refusing to clear public roads". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019.
^Subingsubing, Krixia (July 26, 2019). "Mayors told: Clear roads in 60 days". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019.
^Dava, Bianca (October 11, 2019). "97 LGUs fail to meet Duterte's road clearing deadline". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2019.
^Manahan, Job (May 30, 2022). "'We delivered': Tugade touts airport, railway rehab under Duterte administration". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
^Rey, Aika (June 30, 2021). "DOTr's 500-km bike lane network completed". Rappler. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021.
^Marcelo, Ver (August 2, 2017). "Duterte signs law extending driver's license validity to 5 years". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017.
^Parrocha, Azer (July 15, 2019). "PRRD signs law granting 20% fare discount to students". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (April 26, 2022). "Bills regulating vintage, electric vehicles lapse into law". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022.
^"The Philippine government launches infrastructure programme to improve the country's transport network". Oxford Business Group. June 27, 2018. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019.
^Ortega, Angelika (June 15, 2022). "Highlights of the Duterte administration". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022.
^Abadilla, Emmie V. (May 2, 2022). "DOTr completes 246 airport projects". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022.
^Mogato, Manuel; Roche, Andrew (May 23, 2016). "Philippines' Duterte to allow burial of Marcos at heroes' cemetery". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016.
^Nicolas, Fiona (August 17, 2016). "Duterte defends hero's burial for Marcos: A matter of enforcing the law". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016.
^"Marcos buried at Libingan ng mga Bayani". Rappler. Agence France-Presse. November 18, 2016. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016.
^Pasion, Patty; Espina, Marchel; Fabro, Keith Anthony S. (November 18, 2016). "Post-Marcos burial rage: Rallies to go on until Nov 30". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016.
^McKirdy, Euan; Quiano, Kathy; Bernal, Buena (November 18, 2016). "Former Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos buried in Heroes' cemetery". CNN. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016.
^Reganit, Jose Cielito (August 9, 2017). "Duterte abolishes Negros Island Region". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017.
^Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (April 13, 2019). "Duterte signs law dividing Palawan into 3 provinces". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019.
^Peralta, Janine (March 16, 2021). "Palawan residents vote 'No' to division of province into three". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 27, 2021). "Duterte signs law dividing Maguindanao into 2 provinces". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021.
^Fernandez, Edwin (June 24, 2022). "Referendum set to split Maguindanao province". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 23, 2019). "PRRD signs law renaming Compostela Valley to Davao de Oro". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019.
^Tomacruz, Sofia (December 9, 2019). "Compostela Valley votes to rename itself Davao de Oro". Rappler. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019.
^Bacelonia, Wilnard (May 1, 2022). "New law eases conversion of towns into cities". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022.
^Aben, Ellie (September 2, 2018). "'A friend to all,' says Duterte ahead of landmark Mideast visit". Arab News. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018.
^Parrocha, Azer (August 4, 2020). "Duterte stance remains 'friend to all, enemy to none'". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020.
^Nawal, Allan (September 10, 2016). "Duterte: Gov't to pursue 'independent foreign policy'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016.
^Credo, Jeremie P. (September 2017). "Understanding the Strategic Importance of Duterte's Foreign Trips" (PDF). CIRSS Commentaries. IV. Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies: 1. ISSN 2423-2920. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
^Corrales, Nestor (January 8, 2023). "Davos will be Marcos' 8th foreign trip in under 7 months". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Marcos' predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, so far remains the most traveled president in his first year in office, with 21 foreign trips, including seven state visits and attendance at four summits.
^Regalado, Edith (September 5, 2016). "Duterte off to Laos for Asean Summit". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016.
^Cabacungan, Gil (September 9, 2016). "Duterte, Widodo agree on case of Indonesians with PH passports". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020.
^Nawal, Allan (September 30, 2016). "PH, Vietnam reaffirm maritime, security ties in Duterte visit". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016.
^Corrales, Nestor (November 9, 2016). "Duterte arrives in Kuala Lumpur". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016.
^Salaverria, Leila B. (December 13, 2016). "Duterte arrives in Cambodia". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016.
^Andrade, Jeannette I. (December 16, 2016). "Duterte goes on state visit to Singapore". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 16, 2016.
^Corrales, Nestor (March 20, 2017). "Duterte arrives in Bangkok". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017.
^"Philippine president arrives in Myanmar on state visit". Xinhua. March 19, 2017. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021.
^Corrales, Nestor (March 16, 2017). "Duterte to complete Asean swing with visit to Myanmar, Thailand". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017.
^Paterno Esmaquel II (November 10, 2017). "LIST: World leaders attending ASEAN 2017 in the Philippines". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017.
^Pasion, Patty (November 14, 2017). "ASEAN leaders sign commitment protecting migrant workers". Rappler. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022.
^Petty, Martin (October 2, 2016). "Philippines' Duterte says China, Russia supportive when he complained of U.S". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Duterte has said repeatedly during recent, frequent speeches that he planned to open new alliances with Russia and China, particularly for trade and commerce, as part of his pursuit of an independent foreign policy.
^Romero, Alexis (October 3, 2016). "Duterte eyes review of EDCA". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016.
^Tesiorna, Ben (September 29, 2016). "Duterte wants to end military exercises with U.S." CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016.
^Javier, Kristian (May 1, 2017). "Duterte: Philippines, China can have military exercises in Sulu Sea". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017.
^Zengerle, Patricia (October 31, 2016). "Exclusive: U.S. stopped Philippines rifle sale that senator opposed - sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016.
^Torres, Estrella (July 6, 2016). "Duterte goes soft on China: Let's talk". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016.
^Jennings, Ralph (May 28, 2021). "Relations Between China, Philippines Seen Smoothing After Upbeat Talks". VOA. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (May 25, 2022). "Bilateral consultation on SCS among Duterte admin's legacies". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022.
^"China, Philippines confirm twice-yearly bilateral consultation mechanism on South China Sea". Xinhua. May 19, 2017. Archived from the original on September 12, 2018.
^Mogato, Manuel (May 19, 2017). "Duterte says China's Xi threatened war if Philippines drills for oil". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017.
^ a b c d e fGrossman, Derek (November 2, 2021). "Duterte's Dalliance with China Is Over". The RAND Blog. RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021.
^Musico, Jelly (November 20, 2018). "PH, China ink 29 deals during Xi's Manila visit". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018.
^Mendez, Christina; Romero, Paolo (November 21, 2018). "Philippines, China sign MOU on joint gas, oil developement [sic]". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018.
^Petty, Martin (September 11, 2019). "Philippines' Duterte says Xi offering gas deal if arbitration case ignored". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019.
^Romero, Alexis; Felipe, Cecille; Laude, Jaime; Macairan, Evelyn (April 7, 2017). "Duterte orders AFP to occupy Philippine islands in South China Sea". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017.
^Balana, Cynthia; Uy, Jocelyn; Salaverria, Leila (March 15, 2017). "Duterte wants 'structures' built on Benham Rise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017.
^Santos, Eimor (May 22, 2017). "Benham Rise is now Philippine Rise". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017.
^Zambrano, Chiara (May 1, 2017). "PH plans to repair Pag-asa Island 'illegal', says Chinese envoy". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017.
^"The Long Patrol: Staredown at Thitu Island Enters its Sixteenth Month". Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative. Center for Strategic and International Studies. March 5, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020.
^Aurelio, Julie M. (April 6, 2019). "Duterte to China: We're pals but don't touch Pag-asa". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019.
^Tian, Yew Lun (January 22, 2021). "China authorises coast guard to fire on foreign vessels if needed". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021.
^Dela Cruz, Enrico (March 21, 2021). "Philippines says 220 Chinese boats have encroached in South China Sea". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021.
^Lendon, Brad (March 22, 2021). "Philippines demands Chinese fishing flotilla leave disputed South China Sea reef". CNN. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (November 24, 2021). "231 protests filed vs. Chinese activities since 2016: DFA". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021.
^"Philippines files new diplomatic protests over Chinese boats in disputed waters". Reuters. April 14, 2021. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021.
^Santos, Tina G. (November 11, 2021). "After pro-China pivot, Duterte warming ties with US – defense analyst". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021.
^Gomez, Jim (September 23, 2020). "Duterte gets rare praise for raising sea feud ruling at UN". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020.
^Yumol, David Tristan (September 23, 2020). "Duterte affirms 2016 arbitral win by PH vs. China before UN". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020.
^Gregorio, Xave (January 23, 2020). "Duterte threatens to terminate VFA if US does not reverse cancellation of Dela Rosa's visa". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020.
^Santos, Eimor (January 24, 2020). "Duterte: China, Russia – unlike US – respect PH sovereignty". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020.
^"Duterte cancels order to terminate VFA with US". CNN Philippines. July 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021.
^Venzon, Cliff (December 27, 2020). "Duterte threatens to end US military pact if no vaccines". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on December 27, 2020.
^Musico, Jelly (August 3, 2021). "Duterte thanks Biden, US people for vax donations". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021.
^"Duterte admits US vaccine donations persuaded him to cancel VFA termination". CNN Philippines. August 3, 2021. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021.
^Lema, Karen; Williams, Alison (December 8, 2020). "Philippines receives $29 million of military equipment from U.S. to boost defences". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022.
^Nepomuceno, Priam (August 24, 2021). "US Indo-Pacific Command chief affirms MDT commitment with PH". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021.
^Sadongdong, Martin (September 14, 2021). "PH, US Marines eye stronger collaboration". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021.
^Brunnstrom, David; Lema, Karen (September 8, 2021). "Philippines defense minister says U.S. treaty needs comprehensive review". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021.
^Villanueva, Ralph Edwin (September 12, 2021). "Top officials affirm Philippine-US alliance". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021.
^Lema, Karen; Petty, Martin (September 21, 2021). "Philippines supports Australia nuclear sub pact to counter China". Reuters. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 28, 2021). "Duterte 'concerned' over AUKUS nuclear submarine deal". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021.
^Pitlo III, Lucio Blanco (November 15, 2021). "Chinese Vaccine Diplomacy in The Philippines and Its Impacts" (PDF). Perspective (2021). Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute: 2, 3. ISSN 2335-6677. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2021.
^"PH receives first shipment of COVID-19 vaccines". CNN Philippines. February 28, 2021. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021.
^"Duterte: Call with Xi Jinping only on vaccine assistance, nothing on WPS". CNN Philippines. May 11, 2021. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021.
^Mangosing, Frances (January 21, 2022). "China donates P1B in disaster equipment to PH". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022.
^Honrada, Gabriel (January 16, 2022). "Philippines bets Brahmos will keep China at bay". Asia Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022.
^Vijayan, Vipin (January 21, 2022). "China counters India's BrahMos deal, donates military aid to Philippines worth $20 million". Asianet Newsable. Asianet News Media & Entertainment Private Limited. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022.
^Salaverria, Leila B. (March 9, 2022). "Duterte: PH must honor agreements with China". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 9, 2022.
^Santos, Tina G. (June 24, 2022). "PH ends talks for joint oil, gas search with China in WPS". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022.
^Ramos, Christia Marie (March 10, 2022). "PH ready to open facilities to US if Russia-Ukraine conflict 'spills over' to Asia – envoy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (May 26, 2021). "45 years after, PH-Russia ties make strides". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021.
^Mogato, Manuel; Macfie, Nick (November 10, 2017). "We'll buy arms from Russia, Philippines' Duterte tells Putin". Reuters. Manila. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. But China and Russia, whose relations with the Philippines have vastly improved in recent months, donated a total of 11,000 assault rifles and trucks.
^Yap, DJ (November 20, 2016). "Duterte talks to Putin about distrust with US, hypocrisy of the West". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016.
^"Duterte meets with Putin, Xi at APEC Economic Leaders' Summit". CNN Philippines. November 20, 2016. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016.
^Corrales, Nestor (December 1, 2016). "Duterte: PH not ready for military alliances with Russia, China". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016.
^Gotinga, JC; Cabato, Regine (November 30, 2016). "Russian envoy: Moscow offering 'strategic partnership' to PH, not military alliance". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016.
^ a bTan, Lara (May 24, 2017). "Duterte meets with Putin amid Marawi crisis". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017.
^Romero, Alexis (April 22, 2017). "Defense cooperation eyed between Philippines, Russia". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017.
^Romero, Alexis; Laude, Jaime (October 25, 2017). "Philippines, Russia ink pact on military, technical cooperation". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018.
^Mogato, Manuel (October 25, 2017). "Philippines, Russia sign two military deals". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 20, 2018.
^"Duterte kicks off second visit to Russia". CNN Philippines. October 2, 2019. Archived from the original on October 3, 2019.
^Jennings, Ralph (October 4, 2019). "Putin-Duterte Meeting Signals Bigger, Trickier Russian Role in South China Sea". VOA. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022.
^"PRRD receives honorary doctorate from top Russian school". PTVNews. October 6, 2019. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
^"President of the Philippines Rodrigo Roa Duterte Conferred MGIMO Honorary Doctorate". MGIMO University. Moscow, Russia. October 5, 2019. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
^Mendez, Christina (October 8, 2019). "With Russian honorary doctorate, Duterte preaches about climate change". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (April 13, 2021). "PRRD, Putin share Covid notes in 30-minute telesummit". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021.
^Parrocha, Azer (May 3, 2021). "Duterte thanks Putin for Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccines". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021.
^Ramos, Christia Marie (February 28, 2022). "PH backs UN resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022.
^ a bValente, Catherine S. (April 12, 2022). "Duterte: Russia's invasion of Ukraine deserves 'condemnation'". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022.
^Manahan, Job; Gutierrez, Pia (March 4, 2022). "Duterte calls Putin 'suicidal' in Russia's invasion of Ukraine". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (March 17, 2022). "Duterte maintains 'neutral' stance on Russia-Ukraine conflict". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022.
^Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 24, 2022). "Duterte will ask 'friend' Putin to control troops in Ukraine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022.
^Gomez, Jim (July 27, 2022). "AP Exclusive: Philippines scraps Russian chopper deal". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
^Gita-Carlos, Ruth Abbey (September 22, 2021). "Duterte says PH willing to aid Afghan, Rohingya refugees". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021.
^Calleja, Joseph Peter (March 10, 2022). "Duterte opens Philippine borders to Ukrainian refugees". Union of Catholic Asian News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022.
^Rocamora, Joyce Ann L. (September 9, 2021). "PH welcomes Afghan refugees". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021.
^Mabasa, Roy (September 8, 2021). "Locsin confirms arrival of Afghan refugees in PH". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021.
^Cervantes, Filane Mikee (March 2, 2022). "Duterte issues EO protecting refugees in the PH". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022.
^Santos, Eimor P. (March 16, 2017). "Duterte faces impeachment complaint over alleged killings, corruption". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 16, 2017.
^"Duterte says he's not intimidated by impeachment attempt". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. March 19, 2017. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017.
^Santos, Eimor P. (March 30, 2017). "Duterte faces more impeachment charges over 'inaction' in sea row". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017.
^Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (March 30, 2017). "Solon files impeach rap vs Duterte over West PH Sea, Benham Rise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017.
^"House committee effectively dismisses impeachment complaint vs. Duterte". CNN Philippines. May 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017.
^Cayabyab, Marc Jayson (May 15, 2017). "House panel junks Duterte impeach complaint for lack of substance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.
^Galvez, Daphne (May 22, 2019). "LOOK: Senators-elect do Duterte fist bump except Poe, Binay". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022.
^Gregorio, Xave (February 18, 2019). "'Midterm polls a referendum on Duterte'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on May 20, 2019.
^Shrikanth, Siddarth (May 13, 2019). "Duterte's allies expected to win in Philippines midterm Senate race". Financial Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2019.
^"Duterte's Senate bets dominate 2019 midterm elections". CNN Philippines. May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019.
^Cabico, Gaea Katreena (May 22, 2019). "Opposition slate Otso Diretso suffers a resounding loss". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019.
^"Philippines' Duterte Raises Rivals' Suspicions by Seeking Vice Presidency in 2022". U.S. News & World Report. Reuters. August 24, 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^"Duterte confirms he'll run for Philippines VP next year". Associated Press. August 25, 2021. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
^Galvez, Daphne (October 8, 2021). "'Bato' dela Rosa is Cusi wing PDP-Laban's standard-bearer for 2022 polls". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (October 19, 2021). "Bato, suspected to be a placeholder, agrees to amend substitution rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^David Tristan, Yumol (October 2, 2021). "Duterte announces retirement from politics". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
^Yumol, David Tristan (November 13, 2021). "Bato Dela Rosa withdraws from 2022 presidential race". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Fernandez, Daniza (November 14, 2021). "Duterte's possible VP run a show of dismay for Sara Duterte's candidacy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (November 15, 2021). "Duterte to run for senator in 2022 – Bong Go". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (November 17, 2021). "Duterte endorses Bong Go-Inday Sara tandem in meeting with lawmakers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Mercado, Neil Arwin (November 16, 2021). "It's official: Bongbong Marcos, Sara Duterte running in tandem in 2022 elections". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Torregoza, Hannah (November 30, 2021). "Bong Go backs out of May 2022 presidential race". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^"Duterte withdraws from 2022 Senate race". CNN Philippines. December 14, 2021. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Manahan, Job (March 22, 2022). "Palace: Presidential bets still seeking Duterte's endorsement". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Mendoza, John Eric (March 23, 2022). "Isko still hopeful of Duterte's endorsement despite PDP-Laban backing of Marcos Jr". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^"VP spox: Robredo to welcome Duterte endorsement provided 'it's not transactional'". CNN Philippines. March 16, 2022. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ a b c dFernandez, Daniza (March 31, 2022). "After PDP-Laban endorsement of Marcos Jr., Duterte insists neutrality". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Galvez, Daphne (March 23, 2022). "Adviser urges Duterte: Endorse Marcos, he is the best to protect you". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Geducos, Argyll Cyrus (April 2, 2022). "Duterte endorses Sara's VP candidacy". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Israel, Dale G. (April 2, 2022). "Duterte endorses 17 senatorial bets". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ a bGeducos, Argyll Cyrus (February 26, 2022). "Duterte: Cabinet members, except Cusi, banned from campaigning". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
^Valente, Catherine S. (April 7, 2022). "Duterte will not endorse presidential bet". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Peralta-Malonzo, Third Anne (March 14, 2022). "PDP-Laban official endorses Robredo for president". SunStar. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Felipe, Cecille Suerte (March 25, 2022). "Duterte, Marcos Talk, But No Endorsement – Go". One News. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^Corrales, Nestor (May 5, 2022). "Duterte creates Palace transition team". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
^Manahan, Job (May 10, 2022). "Duterte's popularity, regionalism crystalized votes for Marcos Jr., Sara Duterte: analysts". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022.
^"Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 2 of 2)". Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^ a b cDe Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (February 8, 2022). "75% of Filipinos satisfied with Duterte – SWS survey". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (July 13, 2022). "Former President Duterte's net satisfaction rating rises to +65 in April SWS survey". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
^ a b"Second Quarter 2022 Social Weather Survey: Pres. Rodrigo Duterte's final net satisfaction rating at +81" (PDF). Social Weather Stations. September 23, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2022.
^Weedon, Alan (May 10, 2019). "'Gold, guns and goons': Why the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte remains incredibly popular". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^Estopace, F. G. (July 13, 2016). "Duterte rides on 'excellent' trust rating". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^Parco, Bernadette (July 13, 2016). "Duterte starts presidency with 'excellent' trust rating – SWS poll". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^Hegina, Aries Joseph (July 20, 2016). "Duterte becomes PH's most trusted official". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^Bencito, John Paulo (July 21, 2016). "Duterte's trust rating hits new high". The Standard. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^Morallo, Audrey (July 10, 2018). "SWS: Duterte's satisfaction rating plunges across all areas". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^Layug, Margaret Claire (September 29, 2018). "SWS: Duterte net satisfaction rating in Q3 improves, now 'very good'". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^Merez, Arianne (December 28, 2018). "Duterte closes 2018 with 'very good' satisfaction rating- SWS". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^Venzon, Cliff (July 8, 2019). "Duterte on track to become Philippines most popular president". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^Heydarian, Richard Javad (May 2, 2019). "Philippine midterms could extend Duterte's rule". Asia Times. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020.
^Vera, Ben O. de (December 20, 2019). "Duterte approval rating of 87 percent in December attributed to poverty reduction, SEA Games 'high'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019.
^Parrocha, Azer (October 8, 2020). "8 in 10 Pinoys approve Duterte admin's Covid-19 response". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
^Malindog-Uy, Anna (October 11, 2020). "In Duterte We Trust". The ASEAN Post. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
^Romero, Alexis (October 31, 2021). "Despite Duterte rating drop, Palace thanks Pinoys". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^"Special report on Satisfaction Rating of the President: Pres. Duterte's Net Satisfaction at +79 in November 2020, +65 in May 2021, and +62 in June 2021" (PDF). Social Weather Stations. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
^Cruz, Kaithreen (April 12, 2022). "Duterte bowing out with high ratings". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^Parrocha, Azer (April 11, 2022). "Duterte's end of term high rating 'rarity' in PH pres'l politics". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (March 22, 2022). "More than half of Pinoy voters support 'partial continuity' of Duterte's policies — survey". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
^De Vera-Ruiz, Ellalyn (June 27, 2022). "PUBLiCUS survey: Duterte is most popular post-EDSA 1 president". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
Further reading
Juego, Bonn (2017). "The Philippines 2017: Duterte-led authoritarian populism and its liberal-democratic roots" (PDF). Asia Maior; the Journal of the Italian Think Tank on Asia Founded by Giorgio Borsa in 1989. XXVIII. Viella s.r.l. & Associazione Asia Maior: 129–163. ISSN 2385-2526. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
_Executive_Order_in_Davao_(Ph2-072416-JALL1747-1).jpg/1280px-President_Rodrigo_R._Duterte_signs_the_Freedom_of_Information_(FOI)_Executive_Order_in_Davao_(Ph2-072416-JALL1747-1).jpg)
_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_on_April_15,_2019_7.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_signs_into_law_the_%E2%80%9CEase_of_Doing_Business_and_Efficient_Government_Service_Delivery_Act_of_2018%E2%80%9D_(052918-PRRD-EODB-ARTA-Act).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-President_Rodrigo_Duterte_receives_proposed_federal_constitution_of_Consultative_Committee_on_July_9,_2018_(20180709-Photo2-PR).jpg)
.pdf/page1-1280px-Republic_Act_No._11203_(20190214-RA-11203-RRD).pdf.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-Aerial_inspection_of_areas_affected_by_Tropical_Storm_Agaton_in_the_Province_of_Capiz_on_April_16,_2022_(4).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-Rodrigo_Duterte_at_WEF_Forum,_Phnom_Penh_(2017-05-11).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-Athletic_Stadium_of_the_New_Clark_City_sports_complex_(July_19,_2019).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-PRRD_signs_2018_budget,_TRAIN_(34794).jpg)
_wiki.jpg/1280px-Manila_Bay_beach_front_(Roxas_Boulevard,_Manila;_09-19-2020)_wiki.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
_at_the_Matina_Enclaves_in_Davao_City_on_June_4,_2020_05.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
_to_the_Region_10_beneficiaries_at_the_USTP_Gymnasium,_Claro_M._Recto_Avenue_in_Cagayan_de_Oro_City_on_October_31,_2018_02.jpg/1280px-thumbnail.jpg)
.pdf/page1-1280px-Republic_Act_No._11590_(20210922-RA-11590-RRD).pdf.jpg)
.pdf/page1-1280px-Republic_Act_No._11363_(20190808-RA-11363-RRD).pdf.jpg)
.jpg/1280px-President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_leads_the_unveiling_of_the_Ormoc_City_Airport%E2%80%99s_marker_(07).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-Secretary_Tillerson_Shakes_Hands_with_President_Rodrigo_Duterte_(36027526740).jpg)
.jpg/1280px-Donald_Trump_and_Rodrigo_Duterte_in_Manila_(3).jpg)
_02.jpg/1280px-Rodrigo_Duterte_and_Sergey_Shoigu_(2017-10-25)_02.jpg)
